Journal articles: 'Psychiatric rating scales Australia'

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Kasinathan, John, Teresa Flower, Yolisha Singh, and Scott Harden. "Psychiatric impairment ratings in children and adolescents." Australasian Psychiatry 25, no. 6 (October 16, 2017): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856217732482.

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Objectives: It is accepted practice in Australia and New Zealand for psychiatric impairment rating scales to be applied for persons claiming psychiatric injury. These scales were derived for adults, not children. There is less clarity as to whether and how these scales may be applied for children claiming psychiatric injury. Methods: We review Australian and New Zealand guidelines and methods for assessing permanent psychiatric impairment, as they apply to children and adolescents. Results: With significant caution, psychiatric impairment rating scales can be administered for children. Guidance and recommendations in this regard are provided. For some, the effects of psychiatric injury may not be stable, and permanent impairment assessment should be delayed until sufficient maturity occurs. Conclusions: Psychiatric impairment rating scales are widely applied for adults claiming psychiatric injury, however caution must be exercised when these scales are used in children.

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Trauer, Tom, Tom Callaly, Paul Hantz, John Little, Robert B. Shields, and Jenny Smith. "Health of the Nation Outcome Scales." British Journal of Psychiatry 174, no. 5 (May 1999): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.174.5.380.

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BackgroundIn Victoria, Australia, systematic assessment of outcomes in mental health services are being instituted.AimsTo carry out a large-scale field trial of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS).Method2137 clients were rated by mental health workers on the HoNOS, and about half were rated again within a few months.ResultsWhile interrater reliability of the total score was satisfactory, that of some individual items was unacceptable. Significant associations with age and gender were found, and clients with non-psychotic disorders obtained higher (i.e. worse) ratings than those with psychotic disorders. There were relationships between service use and HoNOS total score. For the group as a whole, total scores had not changed at the second rating, but admissions and discharges were associated with increases and decreases in total score. Among clients in the community, there was no relationship between change in HoNOS total score and frequency of contacts.ConclusionsCertain items, notably 11 and 12, were unreliable. The absence of evidence of sensitivity to change may be due to the short re-rating interval, little real change in the clients, or the characteristics of the scale itself.

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Walterfang, Mark A., John O'Donovan, Michael C. Fahey, and Dennis Velakoulis. "The Neuropsychiatry of Adrenomyeloneuropathy." CNS Spectrums 12, no. 9 (September 2007): 696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900021532.

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ABSTRACTBackground: While the adult form of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) has been associated with an elevated rate of affective disturbance, the myeloneuropathic form of the disease known as adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) has been associated with only occasional cases of major mental illness. Given that cerebral involvement occurs in up to half of AMN sufferers, we hypothesized that rates of mental illness may match those with adult ALD.Objective: To describe the psychiatric, cognitive, and disability variables in a sample of Australian AMN sufferers.Methods: Ten genetically confirmed AMN sufferers underwent diagnostic psychiatric interview (Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Axis I Disorders), rating scales of psychiatric disturbance (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, and Short-Form 36), and cognitive function (the Neuropsychiatry Unit Cognitive Assessment Tool and Mini-Mental State Examination).Results: While the group as a whole was generally cognitively intact, it demonstrated a higher than expected prevalence of lifetime and current major affective illness. Current symptom levels were low at the time of study participation. Psychopathology did not relate to adrenal status, nor to level of physical or functional impairment.Conclusion: This small sample suggests that the level of psychiatric morbidity in AMN patients is elevated, and the rate of affective disturbance approaches those of adult ALD sufferers. This may reflect that AMN is not a “pure” myeloneuropathy, and that mild cerebral involvement may be associated with affective illness.

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Berkhout, Suze G. "Paradigm shift? Purity, progress and the origins of first-episode psychosis." Medical Humanities 44, no. 3 (February 3, 2018): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2017-011383.

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First-episode psychosis has garnered significant attention and resources within mental health services in North America, Europe and Australia/New Zealand since the 1990s. Despite this widespread embrace, little scholarship exists that examines underlying concepts, ideologies and imagery embedded within the early intervention paradigm. In this paper, I offer a sociohistorical analysis of the emergence of first-episode psychosis and early intervention as entities in psychiatry, drawing on contemporary philosophical thought to explore various concepts embedded in them. Although scattered references to ‘prodrome’ and ‘incipient cases’ exist in the historic psychiatric literature, the notion of first-episode psychosis as a distinct chronological stage emerged in the late 1980s. This occurred in response to a desire for a homogeneous, medication-naive population within schizophrenia research. Thematically, concerns regarding ‘purity’ as well as notions of ‘progress’ can be read off of the body of work surrounding the creation of the term and its development into a clinical organising concept. Furthermore, examining the sociohistorical context of the term demonstrates its entanglement with the course of atypical antipsychotic drug development, the expansion of clinical rating scales and wider neoliberal biopolitics within healthcare. Within psychiatry, the early intervention model has been termed a ‘paradigm shift,’ with the promise that earlier interventions will translate into shorter durations of untreated illness, improved utilisation of services and better prognoses for recovery. While these are laudable goals, they are tied to assumptions about biomedical progress and idealisations of clinical populations that feminist and disability critiques problematise.

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Williams, Lana J., Amanda L. Stuart, Michael Berk, Sharon L. Brennan-Olsen, Jason M. Hodge, Stephanie Cowdery, Vinoomika Chandrasekaran, and Julie A. Pasco. "Bone health in bipolar disorder: a study protocol for a case–control study in Australia." BMJ Open 10, no. 2 (February 2020): e032821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032821.

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IntroductionLittle is known about the bone health of adults with bipolar disorder, aside from evidence purporting bone deficits among individuals with other mental illnesses, or those taking medications commonly used in bipolar disorder. In this paper, we present the methodology of a case–control study which aims to examine the role of bipolar disorder as a risk factor for bone fragility.Methods and analysisMen and women with bipolar disorder (~200 cases) will be recruited and compared with participants with no history of bipolar disorder (~1500 controls) from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Both cases and controls will be drawn from the Barwon Statistical Division, south-eastern Australia. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Research Version, Non-patient edition is the primary diagnostic instrument, and psychiatric symptomatology will be assessed using validated rating scales. Demographic information and detailed lifestyle data and medical history will be collected via comprehensive questionnaires. Participants will undergo dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans and other clinical measures to determine bone and body composition. Blood samples will be provided after an overnight fast and stored for batch analysis.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been granted from Barwon Health Research Ethics Committee. Participation in the study is voluntary. The study findings will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and reports to the funding body.

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Kent, Suzanne, and Peter Yellowlees. "The Relationship between Social Factors and Frequent Use of Psychiatric Services." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 3 (September 1995): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679509064947.

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The purpose of the study was to develop a comprehensive demographic, diagnostic and social profile of patients who are heavy service users of hospital and community based services within the South Australian Mental Health Services (SAMHS). This paper concentrates on the relationship of social issues to heavy service use. The 50 heaviest users of public adult acute psychiatric services in a defined catchment area of Adelaide were identified. Data were obtained retrospectively from the case notes over a 3 year study period. All patients' primary therapists were interviewed, as were 35 of the patients. These structured interviews included a variety of psychosocial rating scales investigating disability and social networks. The 50 patients studied were found to be seriously disabled by chronic psychiatric illness, with substance abuse often complicating their management and their ability to live successfully in the community. The study confirms the emergence in the literature of a valid global profile of the heavy service user patient, and indicates that social factors are strongly related to heavy service use.

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Draper, Brian, Henry Brodaty, Lee-Fay Low, and Vicki Richards. "Prediction of Mortality in Nursing Home Residents: Impact of Passive Self-Harm Behaviors." International Psychogeriatrics 15, no. 2 (June 2003): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203008871.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether indirect self-destructive behaviors predict mortality in nursing home residents. Method: This cross-sectional study with follow-up after 2 years and 3 months surveyed 593 residents in 10 nursing homes in the eastern suburbs of Sydney, Australia. The following instruments were used: Harmful Behaviors Scale (HBS), Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD), Functional Assessment Staging Scale, Resident Classificatin Index, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, Even Briefer Assessment Scales for Depression, and the suicide item from the Structured Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Diagnoses of depression, dementia, and psychosis were obtained from nursing home records. Mortality data were obtained in August 1999. Results: At follow-up, 297 (50.1%) residents were still alive with a mean survival time of 565.4 days. Survival analyses found that mortality was predicted by older age, male gender, lower level of functioning, lower levels of behavioral disturbance on the BEHAVE-AD, and higher scores on the HBS “passive self-harm” factor-based subscale, which includes refusal to eat, drink, or take medication. Discussion: These results suggest that passive self-harm behaviors predict mortality in nursing home residents.

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Schweitzer, Isaac, Kay Maguire, and Chee Ng. "Sexual Side-Effects of Contemporary Antidepressants: Review." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 9 (January 1, 2009): 795–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048670903107575.

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The aim of the present study was to review the sexual side-effects of contemporary antidepressants in Australia, comparing the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) with venlafaxine, reboxetine, mirtazepine, duloxetine, bupropion, desvenlafaxine and agomelatine. Double-blind, randomized comparative studies of these antidepressants that included assessment of sexual dysfunction with validated rating scales in patients with major depressive disorder were identified from the literature using MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsychINFO databases. Bupropion and duloxetine caused significantly less sexual dysfunction than the SSRIs in short-term studies and reboxetine significantly less in both short- and longer term studies. Bupropion and agomelatine caused significantly less sexual dysfunction than venlafaxine. The evidence for mirtazepine having an advantage over the SSRIs is lacking and there are currently insufficient data for desvenlafaxine. Well-designed comparative studies of contemporary antidepressants with direct assessment of sexual side-effects as the primary outcome measure are scarce. Future studies should be randomized, double-blind, active controlled trials in sexually active subjects with major depressive disorder. There should be direct assessment of sexual function and depression using reliable, validated rating scales before and during treatment. Studies should assess treatment-emergent effects in patients with normal function and resolution of baseline dysfunction over treatment, in both the short and long term. Further research should compare available instruments for measuring sexual function, and include separate analyses of both remitters/non-remitters and male/female subjects.

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Farrand, Sarah, Andrew H. Evans, Simone Mangelsdorf, Samantha M. Loi, Ramon Mocellin, Adam Borham, JoAnne Bevilacqua, et al. "Deep brain stimulation for severe treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: An open-label case series." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 7 (September 30, 2017): 699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867417731819.

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Objective: Deep brain stimulation can be of benefit in carefully selected patients with severe intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder. The aim of this paper is to describe the outcomes of the first seven deep brain stimulation procedures for obsessive-compulsive disorder undertaken at the Neuropsychiatry Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital. The primary objective was to assess the response to deep brain stimulation treatment utilising the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale as a measure of symptom severity. Secondary objectives include assessment of depression and anxiety, as well as socio-occupational functioning. Methods: Patients with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder were referred by their treating psychiatrist for assessment of their suitability for deep brain stimulation. Following successful application to the Psychosurgery Review Board, patients proceeded to have deep brain stimulation electrodes implanted in either bilateral nucleus accumbens or bed nucleus of stria terminalis. Clinical assessment and symptom rating scales were undertaken pre- and post-operatively at 6- to 8-week intervals. Rating scales used included the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale. Results: Seven patients referred from four states across Australia underwent deep brain stimulation surgery and were followed for a mean of 31 months (range, 8–54 months). The sample included four females and three males, with a mean age of 46 years (range, 37–59 years) and mean duration of obsessive-compulsive disorder of 25 years (range, 15–38 years) at the time of surgery. The time from first assessment to surgery was on average 18 months. All patients showed improvement on symptom severity rating scales. Three patients showed a full response, defined as greater than 35% improvement in Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale score, with the remaining showing responses between 7% and 20%. Conclusion: Deep brain stimulation was an effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder in these highly selected patients. The extent of the response to deep brain stimulation varied between patients, as well as during the course of treatment for each patient. The results of this series are comparable with the literature, as well as having similar efficacy to ablative psychosurgery techniques such as capsulotomy and cingulotomy. Deep brain stimulation provides advantages over lesional psychosurgery but is more expensive and requires significant multidisciplinary input at all stages, pre- and post-operatively, ideally within a specialised tertiary clinical and/or academic centre. Ongoing research is required to better understand the neurobiological basis for obsessive-compulsive disorder and how this can be manipulated with deep brain stimulation to further improve the efficacy of this emerging treatment.

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Montgomery, Linda M., William R. Shadish, Robert G. Orwin, and Richard R. Bootzin. "Psychometric structure of psychiatric rating scales." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 96, no. 2 (May 1987): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.96.2.167.

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Mendelson, George. "The Rating of Psychiatric Impairment in Forensic Practice: A Review." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 25, no. 1 (March 1991): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679109077722.

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One of the questions often asked of the psychiatric expert witness is to rate the extent of psychiatric impairment as part of the evaluation of a plaintiff in personal injury litigation, or of a claimant for statutory benefits. At present, there is no generally agreed upon or validated scale for the rating of psychiatric impairment, and the guides to the rating of permanent impairment which are available have not been adequately researched. This article reviews the few rating scales which have been published. It is concluded that, because of the increasing need for objective and valid rating of psychiatric impairment for legal and administrative purposes, there is an urgent need for research to determine the reliability and validity of psychiatric impairment rating scales. Nevertheless, the rating scales currently available do provide a structured approach to the rating of psychiatric impairment and offer a degree of objectivity, and therefore they should be utilized more frequently as clinical judgment within the often adversary setting of forensic practice may be influenced by non-clinical factors which may undermine the validity of the assessment.

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Keller, Jennifer, Rowena G. Gomez, Heather A. Kenna, Joel Poesner, Charles DeBattista, Benjamin Flores, and Alan F. Schatzberg. "Detecting psychotic major depression using psychiatric rating scales." Journal of Psychiatric Research 40, no. 1 (February 2006): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.07.003.

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Snyder, Scott, Wesley M. Pitts, and Alex D. Pokorny. "Borderline Personality Traits in Psychiatric Inpatients." Psychological Reports 58, no. 1 (February 1986): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.1.51.

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While some believe the borderline personality disorder cuts across a variety of diagnoses, others feel it is a discrete clinical entity. The present study was designed to assess retrospectively the degree of borderline psychopathology in a group of 4800 psychiatric inpatients with a variety of primary diagnoses (i.e., major affective disorder, dementia, etc.) and to measure the relationship of schizophrenia and depression scales with borderline traits. Patients with schizophrenia or personality disorder had the most marked borderline traits. Borderline psychopathology was closer to the schizophrenic spectrum than had been anticipated. Objective rating scales for depression were more powerful discriminators of depression in borderline patients compared to the subjective rating scales. Findings are discussed in light of the theoretical literature and recent empirical studies.

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Silverstein, Marshall L., Linda Daniels, and Gabriel G. Feldmar. "Levels of Psychopathology at Hospital Admission and Discharge: The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory as a Prognostic Measure." Psychological Reports 75, no. 3 (December 1994): 1104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.3.1104.

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This study compares two pathological personality disorder scales and two severe clinical syndrome scales from the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory in relation to clinical change from admission to discharge on the major dimensions of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. For a sample of 52 inpatients, 17 with schizophrenia, 27 with major depression, and 8 with bipolar (manic) disorder, we investigated the prognostic utility of these Millon scales for identifying clinical improvement. Findings indicated that, while the Millon scales identified admission levels of psychopathology on three Brief Psychiatric Rating Scales, the Millon inventory predicted clinical improvement on only the brief rating of Thinking Disturbance. These findings are considered in light of prognosis as a clinical research question that is distinct from diagnostic discrimination and case identification.

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Davidhizar, Ruth, Robert Cosgray, Jerlyn Smith, and Ron Fawley. "Comparison of Three Rating Scales Used With Psychiatric Patients." Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 27, no. 3 (September 1991): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.1991.tb01558.x.

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Ghaemi, S. Nassir. "Using Psychiatric Rating Scales in Clinical Trials: A Proposal." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 40, no. 5 (July 15, 2020): 433–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0000000000001220.

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Le Moigne, Philippe, and Pascal Ragouet. "Science as instrumentation. The case for psychiatric rating scales." Scientometrics 93, no. 2 (February 21, 2012): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0673-1.

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Isaacs, David, Jessie S. Gibson, Jeffrey Stovall, and Daniel O. Claassen. "The Impact of Anosognosia on Clinical and Patient-Reported Assessments of Psychiatric Symptoms in Huntington’s Disease." Journal of Huntington's Disease 9, no. 3 (October 8, 2020): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jhd-200410.

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Background: Psychiatric symptoms are widely prevalent in Huntington’s disease (HD) and exert greater impact on quality of life than motor manifestations. Despite this, psychiatric symptoms are frequently underrecognized and undertreated. Lack of awareness, or anosognosia, has been observed at all stages of HD and may contribute to diminished patient self-reporting of psychiatric symptoms. Objective: We sought to evaluate the impact of anosognosia on performance of commonly used clinical rating scales for psychiatric manifestations of HD. Methods: We recruited 50 HD patients to undergo a formal psychiatrist evaluation, the Problem Behavior Assessment-Short Form (PBA-s), and validated self-report rating scales for depression, anxiety, and anger. Motor impairment, cognitive function, and total functional capacity were assessed as part of clinical exam. Patient awareness of motor, cognitive, emotional, and functional capacities was quantified using the Anosognosia Rating Scale. Convergent validity, discriminant validity, classification accuracy, and anosognosia effect was determined for each psychiatric symptom rating scale. Results: Anosognosia was identified in one-third of patients, and these patients underrated the severity of depression and anxiety when completing self-report instruments. Anosognosia did not clearly influence self-reported anger, but this result may have been confounded by the sub-optimal discriminant validity of anger rating scales. Conclusion: Anosognosia undermines reliability of self-reported depression and anxiety in HD. Self-report rating scales for depression and anxiety may have a role in screening, but results must be corroborated by provider and caregiver input when anosognosia is present. HD clinical trials utilizing patient-reported outcomes as study endpoints should routinely evaluate participants for anosognosia.

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Hansen, Lars K., Selvaraj Vincent, Scott Harris, Emily David, Sheeba Surafudheen, and David Kingdon. "A patient satisfaction rating scale for psychiatric service users." Psychiatrist 34, no. 11 (November 2010): 485–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.107.019067.

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Aims and methodThe patient's experience of the clinician is an increasingly important area in time of ‘consumer choice’ and appraisal of the individual practitioner. Validated, easy-to-use scales are scarce. The aim was to validate a user-friendly, brief scale measuring patient satisfaction (PatSat scale). Over three phases, patients were involved in developing and validating the scale against the Verona satisfaction subscale.ResultsA highly significant correlation was found between the two scales (Spearman's correlation coefficient 0.97, two-tailed P <0.001).Clinical implicationsThe PatSat is a new patient satisfaction scale validated in a psychiatric out-patient population. It appeared popular with patients and took less than 1 minute to fill in. The use of validated scales measuring patient satisfaction is a pivotal part of mental health delivery and advancing overall quality of care.

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Margo, Geoffrey M., Mantosh J. Dewan, Seymour Fisher, and Roger P. Greenberg. "Comparison of Three Depression Rating Scales." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 1 (August 1992): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.1.144.

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We directly compared scores on the self-rated Beck Depression Inventory with two other common rating scales that assess a wider range of psychopathology, including depression, the self-rated Symptom Check List-90—R (SCL-90—R), and the clinician-rated Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for 71 inpatients who suffered from depression ( n = 50) and other disorders. All measures of depression showed robust correlations among themselves. The self-rated scales correlated better between themselves than with the clinician-rated scale. Since the SCL-90—R assesses depression as well as the Beck inventories, is also a self-report instrument, yet provides a richer description of psychopathology with little extra effort, it may have some advantage over the latter.

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Rice, Karl, and Peter Donnelly. "Use of rating scales by consultant psychiatrists." Psychiatric Bulletin 16, no. 6 (June 1992): 329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.6.329.

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The number and diversity of rating scales and tests of psychiatric status has increased dramatically in the last 20 to 30 years. Tests are in screening, e.g. for dementia the Mini Mental State Examination and the Abbreviated Mental Test; to aid clarification of the diagnosis in difficult cases, e.g. Walton-Black New Word Learning Test, to differentiate between depression and dementia; and in assessing severity of symptoms, e.g. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

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Al-Mousawi, A., O. Protti, N. Tanna, and J. Pitkin. "Assessment of Psychiatric Symptomatology in a Menopause Clinic: Clinician's Rating versus Psychiatric Scales." British Menopause Society Journal 7, no. 3_suppl (September 2001): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13621807010070s311.

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Burch, Earl A., and Susan Ring Andrews. "Comparison of Two Cognitive Rating Scales in Medically Ill Patients." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 17, no. 2 (June 1988): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gcvn-d2lj-aph3-kn0k.

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Patients with acute, complex behavioral syndromes combined with impaired comprehension and communication are difficult diagnostic challenges. Using a structured mental status interview can significantly reduce the chance of overlooking the presence of cognitive dysfunction. The authors tested the applicability of the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-COG) as a screening instrument on a psychiatric consultation service. The ADAS-COG compared favorably with the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), but appeared to be less influenced by educational level. The advantages and disadvantages of using each of these tests on a psychiatric consultation service are discussed.

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Mortimer, Ann M. "Symptom rating scales and outcome in schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, S50 (August 2007): s7—s14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.191.50.s7.

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BackgroundSymptom rating scales are now well established in schizophrenia research buttheir scores are notthe same as outcomeAimsTo appraise the usefulness of symptom rating scales in evaluating the outcome of people with schizophreniaMethodLiterature on the use of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) in schizophrenia research was studiedResultsScales were designed to make diagnoses, to categorise patients, syndromes or both, and to demonstrate antipsychotic efficacy, as well as to measure outcome. There is much redundancy both between and within scales. Early work suggests limited concurrent validity with external outcome variables. Data are at best ordinal and there are particular difficulties in equating outcome with percentage changes in scores. The concept of remission, which uses absolute item score thresholds with a duration criterion, is a promising outcome measureConclusionsSymptom rating scale scores can only comprise a limited part of outcome measurement. Standardised remission criteria may present advantages in outcome research

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Cummings, Jeffrey L. "Theories Behind Existing Scales for Rating Behavior in Dementia." International Psychogeriatrics 8, S3 (May 1997): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610297003517.

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Clinical scientists developing rating scales to assess the behavior of patients with dementia have adopted a variety of evaluation strategies. Scales differ according to the source of information (e.g., caregiver versus patient), type of behavior assessed (e.g., mood, agitation, or delusions), origin of the scale (i.e., imported from psychiatry, adapted from psychiatric scales, adapted from scales for neurologic conditions, or developed specifically for dementia), and anticipated application of the tool (e.g., behavioral characterization, longitudinal follow-up, or differential diagnosis). Investigators have rarely articulated the theoretic framework on which their scales are based, and in most cases, theories were eschewed in favor of empirically based assessments of observed behaviors. Theoretic assumptions, however, can be inferred from the structure of the scales.

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Wehner, Jessica S., and Steven C. Stoner. "Tools and Techniques for Evaluating Depression." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 14, no. 6 (December 2001): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719001129040937.

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Depression is a common and under-recognized disease state usually treated in the outpatient setting. Since it does not usually require sophisticated laboratory tests or physical evaluations as a component of monitoring, depression is a condition that can be managed by pharmacists in any setting. Due to depression’s high prevalence, pharmacists must be aware of the usual presentation so they can better identify patients in need of treatment. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSMIV) describes specific criteria needed for the diagnosis of depression to be made. The diagnostic criteria in DSM-IV are essentially the target symptoms used to monitor changes in a patient’s status. Psychometric rating scales assess the severity of psychiatric symptoms in a standardized manner. Several rating scales are currently available to assess depression, including the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory and Zung Self-Rating Scale. Rating scales can help pharmacists assess a change in symptoms or determine the baseline severity of symptoms. They also provide a framework to gather information from the patient. By understanding the presentation of depression and simple ways to assess it, pharmacists can be proactive in treating this common and sometimes life-threatening psychiatric disorder.

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Rich, Betty E., Gordon L. Paul, and Marco J. Mariotto. "Judgmental relativism as a validity threat to standardized psychiatric rating scales." Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 10, no. 3 (September 1988): 241–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00962548.

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Blackburn, Ronald, and Stanley J. Renwick. "Rating scales for measuring the interpersonal circle in forensic psychiatric patients." Psychological Assessment 8, no. 1 (1996): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.8.1.76.

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Thorley, G. "Factor Study of a Psychiatric Child Rating Scale." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 1 (January 1987): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.1.49.

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Symptom rating sheets completed by psychiatrists over a 9-year period on 2602 intellectually normal child and adolescent clinic attenders were subjected to factor analysis (principal components). Two types of factor sets were derived, one for younger subjects (3–11 years) and another for older subjects (12–18). Both had three factors in common: conduct disturbance, relationship problems and emotionality, but differed on the fourth – developmental immaturity for the younger group, depression for the older. A factor solution was also derived for the whole clinic sample with three scales: conduct, emotionality and immaturity. Both types of factor solutions were subjected to MANOVA for age and sex effects, both of which proved to be of significant influence. Good correspondence was found between the symptom factors identified and conceptually similar clinical diagnoses.

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Page, Andrew C., Geoffrey R. Hooke, and Elizabeth M. Rutherford. "Measuring Mental Health Outcomes in a Private Psychiatric Clinic: Health of the Nation Outcome Scales and Medical Outcomes Short Form SF-36." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 35, no. 3 (June 2001): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00908.x.

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Objective: This study reports on data collected from the routine use of the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) and the Medical Outcomes Short Form (SF-36). Three main aims were addressed in using these measures: (i) to establish patient disability levels; (ii) to determine the level of treatment effectiveness; and (iii) to explore the ability of these instruments to predict length of stay and mood change. Method: The clinician-rate HoNOS and the patient-rated SF-36 were included in the assessment battery, at admission and discharge, of consecutive inpatients (n = 754) at one private psychiatric facility over a 2-year period. Results: The sample, on admission, was comparable in illness severity to levels reported at other Australian private psychiatric facilities. Treatment was shown to be effective, and the degree of changes in HoNOS ratings compared favourably with other private psychiatric facilities. Certain factors underlying the structure of the HoNOS and the SF-36 only weakly predicted length of stay and changes in depression and anxiety levels. Conclusion: The HoNOS and the SF-36 provided valid and reliable data on patient function, with the HoNOS being most sensitive to treatment change. However, neither instrument proved useful in predicting length of stay or levels of depression and anxiety at discharge.

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Platt, Stephen. "Measuring the burden of psychiatric illness on the family: an evaluation of some rating scales." Psychological Medicine 15, no. 2 (May 1985): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700023680.

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SynopsisThe gradual shift towards non-institutional treatment for severe and chronic psychiatric illnesses has been accompanied by a recognition of potentially harmful effects (‘burden’) upon the patient's caregivers. This paper aims to provide a framework for the development of further research into the burden of ‘community care’ by offering a clear definition of the burden concept, an exposition of the criteria for evaluating rating scales to measure the concept, a review of major rating scales of burden, and some suggestions for improvements in methodology which are urgently required.

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Joshi, Neelam, Pradip Man Singh, and Shristi Shrestha. "Study of Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Psoriasis attending Outpatient Department in a Tertiary Hospital." Nepal Medical College Journal 23, no. 2 (July 29, 2021): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v23i2.38512.

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The neuro-immuno-cutaneous endocrine model explains the mind-body connection. This model explains how many inflammatory dermatoses are triggered or exacerbated by stress factors. These conditions are called psychophysiological skin diseases. Psoriasis is a common psychophysiological skin disease. It affects 2-4% of the population worldwide and involves multiple systems in the body. The rates of psychiatric comorbidities are high in psoriasis, but still, they are not given due attention which leads to an increase in morbidity and mortality in the long run. This study intends to uncover the psychiatric comorbidities in psoriasis patients. In this study, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders was investigated among 104 patients with psoriasis. Following rating scales were used; Hamilton rating scales for depression and anxiety, Presumptive stressful life event scale, Beck scale for suicidal ideation, and Dermatology life quality index. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Psoriasis patients was found to be 66.35%. Among the psychiatric disorders, 29.8 % were dependent on substances, 18.27% were found to be suffering from depression,15.38 % with anxiety disorder and 2.88 % with psychotic disorders. Psoriasis has a high prevalence of psychiatric morbidity.

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Reisberg, Barry, Stefanie R. Auer, and Isabel M. Monteiro. "Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (BEHAVE-AD) Rating Scale." International Psychogeriatrics 8, S3 (May 1997): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610297003529.

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Before the development of the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease (BEHAVE-AD) rating scale in 1987 by Reisberg and colleagues and its predecessor scale, the Symptoms of Psychosis in Alzheimer's Disease (SPAD) rating scale, in 1985 by Reisberg and Ferris, other scales were available for measuring behavioral disturbances and psychiatric disorders in patients with Alzheimer's disease. However, these scales generally mixed together cognitive disturbances with behavioral symptoms and sometimes included functional impairments as well. These predecessor scales also were not specifically designed to assess the types of behavioral problems seen in Alzheimer's disease. If a scale did address behavioral disturbances of dementia, it tended to be seriously underspecified in terms of the nature of behavioral disturbances.

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Friedman, Trevor, and Dennis Gath. "The Psychiatric Consequences of Spontaneous Abortion." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 6 (December 1989): 810–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.6.810.

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Sixty-seven women were interviewed four weeks after spontaneous abortion. As determined by the Present State Examination, 32 of these women were psychiatric cases. This rate is four times higher than in the general population of women. In each case the diagnosis was depressive disorder, a finding confirmed by scores on three depression rating scales. Many women showed typical features of grief. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with a history of previous spontaneous abortion, and less so with childlessness.

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Shansis, Flávio, Eugênio Grevet, Betina Mattevi, Marcelo Berlim, Gabriela Maldonado, Aida Santin, Marcelo Fleck, and Iván Izquierdo. "Development and application of the mania rating guide (MRG)." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 25, no. 2 (June 2003): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462003000200008.

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In this article we present the development and application of the Mania Rating Guide (MRG), a semi-structured interview. This guide was created in order to assist the filling of three mania Scales: Mania Rating Scale, Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale and Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania. The MRG consists of twenty-one Psychopathological Dimensions, that correspond to the Items of the original Scales, and are structured in Questions. The guide was applied to fifteen manic patients admitted in the Psychiatric Unit of the Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre. A psychiatrist interviewed them using the MRG, and the interviews were videotaped. Afterwards, three independent raters scored the Mania scales based on the films. The impression of the raters was that the MRG allows not only to easily score all the Items of the Scales but also to cover the wide spectrum of the symptomatological presentation of a manic syndrome.

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Issakidis, Cathy, and Maree Teesson. "Measurement of Need for Care: A Trial of the Camberwell Assessment of Need and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 5 (October 1999): 754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00598.x.

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Objective: The accurate assessment of the individual needs of clients has been the focus of increasing discussion in mental health service delivery and evaluation. There is evidence to suggest that clinicians and clients differ in their perceptions of need and that staff assessments alone may not be sufficient for determining need for care. This study addresses these discrepancies in an Australian setting. Method: The Camberwell Assessment of Need (short version) and the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) were completed on a sample of 78 clients of a mental health service in inner Sydney. Results: Clinicians identified a mean number of 7.3 needs per client (SD = 5.0) compared with 6.0 (SD = 2.4) identified by clients. The mean kappa coefficient for agreement between clinicians and clients in identification of the 22 need areas was 0.18 (range = 0–0.45), indicating poor to moderate agreement. Similarly, client ratings of need were only moderately correlated with clinician ratings of disability on the HoNOS (Pearson's r = 0.35). Clinician ratings of disability and unmet need were highly correlated (Pearson's r = 0.80), whereas ratings of disability and met need were moderately correlated (Pearson's r = 0.52). Conclusions: Individual needs assessments using the CAN are applicable in this Australian setting. Staff and clients differ in their assessment of need. It is important to consider both the role of the rater and the context in which they are making the ratings when applying need and disability assessments in clinical practice.

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Beck, Alan M., Louisa Seraydarian, and G. Frederick Hunter. "Use of Animals in the Rehabilitation of Psychiatric Inpatients." Psychological Reports 58, no. 1 (February 1986): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.58.1.63.

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This study compared the impact of therapy and activity groups on two matched groups of 8 and 9 psychiatric inpatients. Daily sessions of the groups were held for 11 wk. in identical rooms except for the presence of caged finches in one of the rooms. The patients were evaluated before and after the sessions using standard psychiatric rating scales. The group who met in the room that contained animals (a cage with four finches) had significantly better attendance and participation and significantly improved in areas assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Other positive trends indicated that the study should be replicated with larger samples and modified to increase interactions with the animals.

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Zaudig, Michael. "Assessing Behavioral Symptoms of Dementia of the Alzheimer Type: Categorical and Quantitative Approaches." International Psychogeriatrics 8, S2 (February 1996): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610297003347.

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Behavioral disturbances are a prevalent and important aspect of dementia of the Alzheimer type, but they have been relatively neglected by researchers. To characterize patients as having dementia, at least two goals should be addressed: first, determining a reliable definition and categorical diagnosis of dementia using such criteria as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)–IV and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)–10; second, establishing a reliable and valid measurement of the severity of cognitive and noncognitive impairment by means of rating scales. DSM-IV and ICD-10 do not provide definitions of behavioral disturbance, whereas more than 100 geriatric rating scales exist that include some measurement of behavioral disturbances of dementia. There is a need for consensus on the term for these noncognitive symptoms. Some authors prefer the subdivisions of (a) psychiatric and noncognitive symptomatology into psychiatric symptoms, or syndromes and behavioral distrubances; and (b) cognitive syndromes. Given the frequency and clinical significance of behavioral and psychiatric disturbances in dementia, a standardized assessment procedure is needed for reliably and comprehensively describing psychiatric phenomena and behavioral disturbances in patients with dementia.

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Forrester, Alfred W., John R. Lipsey, Mark L. Teitelbaum, J. Raymond Depaulo, Paula L. Andrzejewski, and Robert G. Robinson. "Depression following Myocardial Infarction." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 22, no. 1 (March 1992): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/cj9d-32c2-8cm7-ft3d.

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Objective: Although many investigators have studied mood disorders following myocardial infarction, the prevalence, severity, and persistence of depression have been disputed, and standard rating scales and criteria for depressive disorders have infrequently been utilized. The authors' goal was to determine how frequently depressive disorders occur after myocardial infarction, and to investigate predisposing factors for such disorders. Method: Structured clinical interviews were administered to 129 inpatients within ten days of myocardial infarction. Patients were also evaluated using standardized rating scales for depression, social function, cognition, and physical impairment. DSM-III diagnoses were derived from the structured interview. Results: Major depressive syndromes were present in 19 percent ( n = 25) of the patients and were associated with prior history of mood disorder, female sex, large infarcts, and functional physical impairment. Conclusion: Major depression is common in the acute post-myocardial infarction period. Such disorders confer significant psychiatric morbidity and, if sustained, require psychiatric intervention.

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Mundt, Ch, S. Kasper, and M. Huerkamp. "The Diagnostic Specificity of Negative Symptoms and their Psychopathological Context." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, S7 (November 1989): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000291447.

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Rating scales for negative symptoms, basic symptoms and other comparable psychopathological syndromes were not originally constructed in order to make psychiatric diagnoses. Moreover, these scales were intended to be applied principally to schizophrenic patients. From the point of view of psychological testing their application to non-schizophrenic patients could be rejected on methodological grounds. Nevertheless there are some considerations which may justify such an investigation.

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Steinert, J., A. Neder, E. Erba, C. R. Pugh, C. Robinson, and R. G. Priest. "A Comparative Trial of Depot Pipothiazine." Journal of International Medical Research 14, no. 2 (March 1986): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006058601400204.

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Thirty-nine chronic schizophrenic patients were selected for a 12-month double-blind evaluation of the effectiveness of pipothiazine palmitate (PPT) and flupenthixol decanoate (FPX) in the maintenance management of their illness. Allocation was at random and, in order to allow constant injection intervals, the patients typically received every 2 weeks either 40 mg of flupenthixol decanoate or alternating injections of 100 mg of pipothiazine palmitate and placebo. At monthly intervals the patients were assessed using both a battery of rating scales (which included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale (EPS)) and a general side-effects evaluation. At 3-monthly intervals they were also rated on the Comprehensive Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS) and the Zung Depression Scale. Haematological and biochemical tests were performed every 3 months. Both drugs provided good control of psychotic symptoms and side-effects were not troublesome. No substantial difference was detected on the CPRS and the Zung scales. There was a trend in favour of PPT on the BPRS survey, detectable at 6 months and reaching statistical significance by 12 months. We conclude that the PPT regime is at least as effective as the FPX treatment and probably more so. It is possible that even longer periods of control could be obtained with PPT.

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Carmin, Cheryl N., and Raymond L. Ownby. "The Relationship Between Discharge Readiness Inventory Scales and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale." Psychiatric Services 45, no. 3 (March 1994): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.45.3.248.

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JENSEN, PETER S., JOHN TRAYLOR, STEPHEN N. XENAKIS, and HARRY DAVIS. "Child Psychopathology Rating Scales and Interrater Agreement: I. Parents' Gender and Psychiatric Symptoms." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (July 1988): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-198807000-00012.

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Coyne, Lolafaye, and HerbertE Spohn. "Dimensions of the brief psychiatric rating scales in schizophrenic samples with increasing psychopathology." Schizophrenia Research 2, no. 1-2 (January 1989): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(89)90235-1.

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Khoosal, D. I., A. G. Oswald, and R. J. Smith. "Practical Appraisal of a New Rating Scale (MRSS) for Rehabilitation." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 80, no. 2 (February 1987): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688708000209.

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Rating scales are available to assess patients undergoing rehabilitation for chronic psychiatric disorders. Few are universally acceptable because of pitfalls in their structure or administration. This study examines the recently printed Morningside Rehabilitation Status Scale in one rehabilitation network. The MRSS was found to be suitable in discriminating between severely and moderately disabled groups but not between mildly and moderately disabled groups.

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Habib, Osama, Azhar Ali Khan, Maryam Javed, Sameer Sattar, Sehrish Sarwar, and Ayesha Jamil. "A Comparison of Psychiatric Rating Scales for the Assessment of Anxiety and Depression in ESRD Patients." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 7 (August 31, 2022): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22168189.

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Background: Depression and anxiety are among the most comorbid disorders in End stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Most of the scales currently in use for screening of anxiety and depression are translated into Urdu language from English. Aga khan university anxiety and depression scales (AKUADS) ,a scale developed in Urdu language contains items that assess for psychological as well as somatic symptoms of anxiety and depression. The aim of the current study was to compare the AKUADS with two other commonly used scales for the detection of anxiety and depression in ESRD patients Materials and methods: Current inpatients at Nephrology unit, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore who were on dialysis were invited to take part in the study. Patients who provided informed written consent were administered three psychiatric rating scales: AKUADS, patient health questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) for assessment of depression and General anxiety disorder 7 (GAD-7) for assessment of anxiety. Results: AKUADS was strongly related to both GAD-7 and PHQ-9. The prevalence rate of depression in our patients was 36.4% (Mild depression) as assessed by PHQ-9 and of anxiety was 24.6% as assessed by GAD-7. The prevalence of anxiety and depression as assessed by AKUADS was 33%. Female participants were significantly more likely to have higher scores on all the three scales as compared to male patients Conclusions: AKUADS can be used for the screening of anxiety and depressive disorders in the local population and is well correlated with other more widely used and well validated psychiatric rating scales.

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Bech, P. "Clinical target syndromes in psychiatry: latent structure analysis versus factor analysis." European Psychiatry 6, no. 6 (1991): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800000420.

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SummaryThe algorithms for the demonstration of shared phenomenology of psychiatric syndromes in DSM-III are resistant to quantification. In contrast, the rating scale approach quantifies clinical target syndromes in psychiatry. The two most useful statistical models for quantifying shared phenomenology by symptom rating scales have been reviewed; namely factor analysis and latent structure analysis. Results have shown that factor analysis has demonstrated dimensions of dementia, delirium, schizophrenia, mania, outward aggression, depression and anxiety. Latent structure analysis has confirmed that the items of brief rating scales (such as the Melancholia Scale) are additively related implying that their total scores are sufficient statistics for the measurement of these factors or dimensions. Latent structure analysis should be considered as a psychometric “glasnost” compared to algorithm-resistant logic of quantification in DSM-III.

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Buhmann, Cæcilie, Erik Lykke Mortensen, Merete Nordentoft, Jasmina Ryberg, and Morten Ekstrøm. "Follow-up study of the treatment outcomes at a psychiatric trauma clinic for refugees." Torture Journal 25, no. 1 (September 26, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/torture.v25i1.109505.

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Purpose: To describe change in mental health after treatment with antidepressants and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Methods: Patients receiving treatment at the Psychiatric Trauma Clinic for Refugees in Copenhagen completed self-ratings of level of functioning, quality of life, and symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety before and after treatment. Changes in mental state and predictors of change were evaluated in a sample that all received well-described and comparable treatment. Results: 85 patients with PTSD or depression were included in the analysis. Significant improvement and effect size were observed on all rating scales (p-value <0.01 and Cohen’s d 45-0.68). Correlation analysis showed no association between severity of symptoms at baseline and the observed change. Conclusion: Despite methodological limitations, the finding of a significant improvement on all rating scales is important considering that previous follow-up studies of comparable patient populations have not found significant change in the patients’ condition after treatment.

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Linden, Michael, and Sven Barnow. "The Wish to Die in Very Old Persons Near the End of Life: A Psychiatric Problem? Results From the Berlin Aging Study." International Psychogeriatrics 9, no. 3 (September 1997): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610297004456.

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The wish to die in elderly persons is currently under debate. Experts are questioning whether it is natural for these individuals to show a wish to die, whether the right to eventually kill oneself should be respected, or whether suicidal intentions in old age are expressions of mental disorders that need intensive, professional care. A representative community sample of 516 persons aged 70 to 105 was extensively investigated by psychiatrists using the structured interview Geriatric Mental State Examination-Version A (GMS-A) and several self-rating and observer-rating scales. Diagnoses were made according to DSM-III-R criteria and by clinical judgment. The goal of the study was to find examples of “pathology-free wishes to kill oneself.” A total of 115 out of 516 very old (70 to 105 years) persons, which represents 21.1% of the community population, said at the time of investigation that they wanted to die or felt life was not worth living (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAMD] score 1, 2, or 3). Forty-three very old persons (6% of the community population) had the wish to be dead according to the HAMD or the GMS-A, and 11 persons (2% of the community population) had suicidal intentions. Depending on the intensity of suicidality, 80% to 100% were clinically diagnosed as having psychiatric disorders and half to three quarters showed symptoms fulfilling the criteria of at least one specified psychiatric diagnosis. Acute suicidal intentions were in all cases associated with at least one specified diagnosis according to DSM-III-R. Thirteen persons out of 54 who actually wanted to die (GMS-A category 4, 5, 6 or HAMD category 2, 3) did not fulfill criteria for specified diagnoses. Seven individuals showed scores in self-rating and observer-rating scales that speak for mental disorders apart from pure suicidality. Six remaining persons are described in greater detail in short case vignettes. They showed either mild but chronic psychiatric disorders, fluctuating courses, or an atypical phenomenology of psychiatric disorders. The results of this study strongly suggest that the wish to be dead in the very old is most probable, and suicidal intentions are definitely associated with psychiatric disorders.

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Foster, Jeffrey R., Steven Sclan, Joan Welkowitz, Istvan Boksay, and Irene Seeland. "Psychiatric assessment in medical long-term care facilities: Reliability of commonly used rating scales." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 3, no. 3 (July 1988): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.930030310.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Psychiatric rating scales Australia'

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