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Journal articles on the topic 'Psychiatric disability'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Noffsinger, Stephen G., Adrienne Saxton, and Britta Ostermeyer. "Psychiatric Disability Evaluations." Psychiatric Annals 48, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20180110-02.

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2

Guidry-Grimes, Laura. "Modelling psychiatric disability." Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 21, no. 3 (March 10, 2015): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jep.12316.

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3

Gater, R. A., P. Kind, and C. Gudex. "Quality of Life in Liaison Psychiatry." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 4 (April 1995): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.4.515.

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BackgroundThis exploratory study investigates the performance of the Health Measurement Questionnaire (HMQ), as compared with the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (PAS) and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), and compares self- and observer-completed measures.MethodA total of 138 medical patients scoring over the screening threshold for probable psychiatric illness completed the HMQ, NHP and PAS, and were rated by a psychiatrist on Rosser disability and distress.ResultsHMQ disability correlated well with NHP and PAS physical health items, while HMQ distress correlated well with the NHP emotional reactions and PAS Index of Definition. There was significant correlation between self-report and psychiatrist ratings, the latter being more sensitive to distress.ConclusionThe HMQ is a useful measure of generic health status in liaison psychiatry settings.

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Nahdarina, Rini, and Hendy Muagiri Margono. "Role of Psychiatrist in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry for Burn Injury Patient." Jurnal Psikiatri Surabaya 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jps.v9i1.17399.

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Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry is sub specialistic in psychiatric as a connector in clinical service team, teaching and research in borderline between psychiatric and medical medicine/surgery science. Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry is the connector to all diagnoses, therapeutic, research and educational service which being done by psychiatrist in general hospital and as a bridge between psychiatrist and other specialists. Burn injury is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world. Global Burden Disease’s study reported approximately 265.000 deaths happened every year. According to WHO, 238.000 peo- ple died due to burn injury in 2000 and 95% of the death happened in developing and low income countries. Burn injury can be a remarkable traumatic, psychologic, social and economic experience. Physiologic changes can cause symptoms, both organic and psychiatric, starting from anxiety, delirium to psychosis. Psychiatric relation team can contribute substantially in order to manage this problem.

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5

Chaplin, Robert, and Andrew Flynn. "Adults with learning disability admitted to psychiatric wards." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 6, no. 2 (March 2000): 128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.6.2.128.

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People with learning disability have an increased risk of developing a mental disorder. When they need acute psychiatric hospitalisation, they are frequently admitted to general psychiatric beds under the care of general adult psychiatrists, many of whom have had little training in the assessment and treatment of mental illness in this group. They may have unusual presentations of common mental disorders leading to difficulty in diagnosis and idiosyncratic responses to treatment. Boundary disputes between general adult and learning disability services frequently lead to a reduced quality of care for people with complex needs (see Bernal & Hollins (1995) for an overview of psychiatric illness and learning disability). This paper will focus on the issues specific to the management of people with learning disability on general psychiatric wards, and is aimed at psychiatrists working in both general psychiatry and learning disability.

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Singh, Darpan Kaur Mohinder, and Shaunak Ajinkya. "Disability and Psychiatric Disorders." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 34, no. 2 (April 2012): 198–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.101790.

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Goering, Paula, Elizabeth Lin, Dugal Campbell, Michael H. Boyle, and David R. Offord. "Psychiatric Disability in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 41, no. 9 (November 1996): 564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379604100924.

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Objective To describe the disability associated with psychiatric disorder in a community sample in order to refine estimates of service need and identify subgroups with greater priority for intervention. Method Disability is conceptualized broadly as performance difficulties, troubled relationships, and dissatisfaction in various life domains. Data from the Mental Health Supplement are used to compare disability between those with and without disorder and among various subtypes of disorder. Results Although the majority of those with disorder do not report disability, their difficulties with functioning are far greater than for the rest of the population. Those with comorbid or affective disorders typically have more disability than those with anxiety or substance abuse disorders. Conclusions Society needs to recognize the high human and economic costs associated with the prevalence of psychiatric disorder. Assessments of service need and decisions about priorities should take both disorder and disability into consideration.

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Nemec, Patricia B., and Judith A. Taylor. "Adjustment to Psychiatric Disability." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 21, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 49–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.21.4.49.

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The rehabilitation literature speaks eloquently of the stages of adjustment to disability for individuals with physical disability, but discussions in the literature about adjustment to psychiatric disability are virtually non-existent. The parallels in the fields of physical and psychiatric disability, and the newly accepted emphasis on rehabilitation of people with psychiatric disabilities, suggest that the psychology of adjustment to disability needs to be broadened to include an application to the field of psychiatric rehabilitation.

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Gagnon, Fabien, and Les Kertay. "Avoiding Psychiatric Disability Overdiagnosis, Part 1: General Disability and Occupational Disability—Going Beyond Medical Impairment Assessments." Guides Newsletter 26, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2021.julaug01.

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Abstract Claims of occupational psychiatric disability have increased considerably over the past 20 years. To avoid psychiatric disability overdiagnosis, it is important to improve the clinical assessment of mental health work disability. This article discusses general disability issues and their impact on individual well-being, social participation, and frequently associated poverty. It defines the difference between impairment assessment and disability assessment, explores three common disability models, and raises issues about psychiatric disability and its potential overdiagnosis.

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10

Nagarajan, Padmavathi, Balaji Bharadwaj, and Shivanand Kattimani. "Five-Year Trend in Issuing Disability Certificates from a General Hospital Psychiatric Unit in South India." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 42, no. 5 (August 25, 2020): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0253717620947163.

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Background: Mental disability is a common condition but is considered as an invisible disability. The disability certificate in psychiatry remains underexplored. Some reasons are issues of confidentiality, stigma, lack of awareness in the public, and the hesitancy in the mental health professionals. We aim to provide a brief profile of patients with mental illness issued disability certificates from a psychiatric unit over a five-year period (2013–2017). Methods: Our retrospective study is based on the data available from the copies of the issued disability certificates from a psychiatric unit that functions in a multispecialty tertiary care teaching government hospital in Southern India. Patients undergoing treatment in psychiatry apply for a disability certificate to the medical superintendent of the hospital. Each applicant undergoes a detailed workup to ascertain the diagnosis, and the mental disability is assessed using Indian Disability Evaluation and Assessment Scale (IDEAS). Those with intellectual developmental disorder (IDD) are assessed by a clinical psychologist for quantifying intelligence quotient, based on which the disability certificate is issued. Data were extracted and analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: Over five years, 258 disability certificates were issued. A total of 218 were for mental illness and 40 were for IDD. Schizophrenia was the commonest primary diagnosis. There was no gender predominance, nor the influence of gender on different domains of IDEAS except on work domain dysfunction due to mental illness. The validity period was not mentioned in 81% of the issued certificates for mental illness. Conclusions: This descriptive study found a lower number of certificates issued from the psychiatric unit. Schizophrenia remains the main psychiatric diagnosis for which a disability certificate was issued. We did not assess the utilization pattern of the issued certificates.

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11

Cockburn, Lynn, Terry Krupa, Jerome Bickenbach, Bonnie Kirsh, Rebecca Gewurtz, Philana Chan, and Meridith McClenaghan. "Work and Psychiatric Disability in Canadian Disability Policy." Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 32, no. 2 (June 2006): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4128728.

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12

Lennox, Nicholas, and Robert Chaplin. "The Psychiatric Care of People with Intellectual Disabilities: The Perceptions of Trainee Psychiatrists and Psychiatric Medical Officers." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (December 1995): 632–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679509064978.

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Objective: The main aim of this study was to document the perceptions of trainee psychiatrists and psychiatric medical officers regarding the psychiatric care of people with intellectual disabilities. Method: A 28-item self-administered questionnaire was developed by the investigators and pretested on eight psychiatrists and psychiatric trainees. A revised version of the questionnaire was then sent to 128 psychiatric trainees and 27 medical officers working in the public psychiatric services in Victoria. 116 questionnaires were returned, and the responses analysed. Results: The results indicate a high degree of interest in the psychiatry of intellectual disability, however this was tempered by a feeling that the respondents and their senior colleagues are inadequately trained. The respondents expressed major concerns regarding the care of people with dual disabilities in the hospital and community setting, and significant support for the development of specialised units and subspecialisation within psychiatry. The major concerns which were identified would in part explain why 30% of the respondents felt that they would prefer not to treat people with an intellectual disability and a psychiatric disorder. Conclusion: We can only support the assertion made by the Burdekin Report [12] that “there is an urgent need for academic research, increased clinical expertise and substantial increased resources in the much neglected area of dual disability.”

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13

Rubenstein, Leonard S. "Science, law, and psychiatric disability." Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 9, no. 1 (1985): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0099166.

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14

Corbett, John. "Psychiatric Aspects of Developmental Disability." International Review of Psychiatry 2, no. 1 (January 1990): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540269009028266.

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Nielsen, Michele. "Case management in psychiatric disability." Case Manager 11, no. 3 (May 2000): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1061-9259(00)80071-5.

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16

Chamberlin, Judi. "Citizenship rights and psychiatric disability." Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 21, no. 4 (1998): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0095282.

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17

Rudnick, Abraham. "What is a Psychiatric Disability?" Health Care Analysis 22, no. 2 (January 24, 2013): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10728-012-0235-y.

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18

Boardman, Jed. "Work, employment and psychiatric disability." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9, no. 5 (September 2003): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.9.5.327.

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Unemployment is high among those with mental disorders, particularly severe mental disorders, and there are a range of social and economic barriers impeding their employment. In general, there is a lack of vocational rehabilitation services in the UK for people with both physical and mental illnesses, despite good evidence for the effectiveness of some work schemes. Here, the need is discussed for a national strategy for vocational rehabilitation that involves employment and health services, and covers both physical and mental disorders.

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19

Reich, James. "Factors related to psychiatric disability." Social Psychiatry 21, no. 1 (1986): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00585317.

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20

Gagnon, Fabien, and Les Kertay. "Avoiding Psychiatric Disability Overdiagnosis, Part 3: Iatrogenesis in Diagnosing Mental Health Work Disability—The Need for Implementing a Comprehensive Psychiatric Work Disability Assessment." Guides Newsletter 27, no. 2 (March 1, 2022): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2022.marapr01.

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Abstract Claims of occupational psychiatric disability have significantly increased over the past 20 years. This article is the third in a series on avoiding psychiatric disability overdiagnosis. The first article focused on general disability issues and their effects and defined basic terms and models. The second article focused on improving the diagnosis and assessment of mental health disorders and psychiatric work disability. In this final article, we focus on iatrogenesis in diagnosing mental health work disability and argue for implementing a comprehensive disability assessment approach.

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Thygesen, Johan H., Kate Wolfe, Andrew McQuillin, Marina Viñas-Jornet, Neus Baena, Nathalie Brison, Greet D'Haenens, et al. "Neurodevelopmental risk copy number variants in adults with intellectual disabilities and comorbid psychiatric disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 212, no. 5 (April 25, 2018): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2017.65.

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BackgroundCopy number variants (CNVs) are established risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders. To date the study of CNVs in psychiatric illness has focused on single disorder populations. The role of CNVs in individuals with intellectual disabilities and psychiatric comorbidities are less well characterised.AimsTo determine the type and frequency of CNVs in adults with intellectual disabilities and comorbid psychiatric disorders.MethodA chromosomal microarray analysis of 599 adults recruited from intellectual disabilities psychiatry services at three European sites.ResultsThe yield of pathogenic CNVs was high – 13%. Focusing on established neurodevelopmental disorder risk loci we find a significantly higher frequency in individuals with intellectual disabilities and comorbid psychiatric disorder (10%) compared with healthy controls (1.2%, P<0.0001), schizophrenia (3.1%, P<0.0001) and intellectual disability/autism spectrum disorder (6.5%, P < 0.00084) populations.ConclusionsIn the largest sample of adults with intellectual disabilities and comorbid psychiatric disorders to date, we find a high rate of pathogenic CNVs. This has clinical implications for the use of genetic investigations in intellectual disability psychiatry.Declaration of interestNone.

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22

Leo, Raphael J. "Social Security Disability and Psychiatric Illness." Psychiatric Annals 32, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 279–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-20020501-04.

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Leo, Raphael J., and Paula Del Regno. "Social Security Claims of Psychiatric Disability." Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 03, no. 06 (December 1, 2001): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v03n0608.

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Christopher, P. P., R. J. Boland, P. R. Recupero, and K. A. Phillips. "Psychiatric Residents' Experience Conducting Disability Evaluations." Academic Psychiatry 34, no. 3 (April 29, 2010): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.34.3.211.

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Price, Marilyn. "Psychiatric Disability in Law Enforcement Officers." Behavioral Sciences & the Law 35, no. 2 (March 2017): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2278.

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Scott, Marcia. "Psychiatric Assessment in Injury and Disability." Guides Newsletter 3, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1998.mayjun01.

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Abstract Chapter 14 of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) discusses diagnosis, mental impairment, impairment severity assessment, special impairment categories, report format, and psychiatric impairment evaluation. The chapter differs from others in the AMA Guides insofar as it does not provide percentages for estimates of mental impairment because such usage suggests a certainty that does not exist. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, is a widely accepted classification system for mental disorders, but it omits context. Few clinically standardized tests can identify functional or structural effects, and neuropsychological testing is not the standard for documenting subtle impairment. How individuals manage their illness and cope with life demands are better measures of impairment than diagnostic labels or numbers and kinds of symptoms. Further, assessment requires an evaluation of the context in which the illness unfolds, including premorbid function and previous response to treatment; details about the individual's life course; review of developmental and functional deficits; character style and comorbidities such as anxiety and substance abuse; severity of precipitants, current stage of the episode, and current effectiveness of treatment; and external supports that can moderate impairment. A table lists areas of functional impairment, symptoms to consider, and patient history relevant to symptoms.

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Sansone, Randy A., Hassan Dakroub, Michele Pole, and Melissa Butler. "Childhood Trauma and Employment Disability." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 35, no. 4 (December 2005): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3xur-1pwj-0dt3-bjfj.

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Introduction: While the relationship between childhood trauma and employment disability has undergone very limited study, existing data suggest a possible correlation. Method: In this study of 91 outpatients in an internal medicine setting, we surveyed participants and inquired about their childhood histories of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, of physical neglect, and of witnessing violence. We also asked whether participants had ever been on employment disability, either psychiatric or non-psychiatric, and the length of that disability. Results: Being or having been on disability was significantly related to childhood histories of emotional abuse, physical neglect, and witnessing violence. Being or having been on psychiatric disability was significantly related to childhood emotional abuse and physical neglect while being on non-psychiatric medical disability was significantly related to witnessing violence. The percent of one's lifetime on disability was significantly related to physical and emotional abuse as well as witnessing violence. Conclusions: Maltreatment in childhood appears to have a relationship to employment disability in adulthood. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.

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Thompson, Christina L., and Andrew Reid. "Behavioural symptoms among people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities: A 26-year follow-up study." British Journal of Psychiatry 181, no. 1 (July 2002): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.181.1.67.

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BackgroundVery little is known about the natural history of challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorder in people with severe and profound degrees of intellectual disability.AimsTo clarify the natural history of challenging behaviour and psychiatric disorder in this population through a long-term prospective cohort study over a 26-year period.MethodOne hundred individuals with severe or profound intellectual disability were randomly selected in 1975. Their behaviour was recorded through carer and psychiatrist ratings using the Modified Manifest Abnormality Scale of the Clinical Interview Schedule. The presence and severity of psychiatric disorder were also recorded. The study was repeated in 1981/82 and 1992/93. We repeated the study again in 2001, supplementing the original observational data with the Checklist of Challenging Behaviour.ResultsBehavioural symptomatology is remarkably persistent, particularly stereotypy, emotional abnormalities, eye avoidance and overactivity although the severity of overall psychiatric disorder does show some abatement through time.ConclusionsThese findings influence the prospects of success in relocating adults with severe and profound degrees of intellectual disability back into the community.

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BASSETT, S. S., G. A. CHASE, M. F. FOLSTEIN, and D. A. REGIER. "Disability and psychiatric disorders in an urban community: measurement, prevalence and outcomes." Psychological Medicine 28, no. 3 (May 1998): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291798006606.

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Background. The purpose of this analysis was to examine: (1) the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among disabled people, using seven different measures of disability; (2) variation in disability between and within psychiatric diagnostic categories; and (3) relationship of diagnosis and disability to health service utilization.Method. Data were drawn from Phase I and Phase II of the Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey, part of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program (ECA) conducted in 1980–1 to survey mental morbidity within the adult population. A total of 810 individuals received both a household interview and a standardized clinical psychiatric evaluation. Estimated prevalence rates were computed using appropriate survey sampling weights.Results. Prevalence of disability ranged from 2·5 to 19·5%, varying with specific disability measure. Among those classified as disabled by any of the measures examined, 56 to 92% had a psychiatric disorder and serious chronic medical conditions were present in the majority of these cases (54 to 78%). Disability was expressed differently among the various diagnostic groups. Diagnostic category and disability were significant independent predictors of medical service utilization and receipt of disability payments.Conclusions. The majority of disabled adults living in the community have diagnosable psychiatric disorders, with the majority of these individuals suffering from significant chronic medical conditions as well, thus making co-morbidity the norm.

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Kong, Camillia, Mehret Efrem, and Megan Campbell. "Education versus screening: the use of capacity to consent tools in psychiatric genomics." Journal of Medical Ethics 46, no. 2 (September 28, 2019): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2019-105396.

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Informed consent procedures for participation in psychiatric genomics research among individuals with mental disorder and intellectual disability can often be unclear, particularly because the underlying ethos guiding consent tools reflects a core ethical tension between safeguarding and inclusion. This tension reflects important debates around the function of consent tools, as well as the contested legitimacy of decision-making capacity thresholds to screen potentially vulnerable participants. Drawing on human rights, person-centred psychiatry and supported decision-making, this paper problematises the use of consent procedures as screening tools in psychiatric genomics studies, particularly as increasing normative emphasis has shifted towards the empowerment and participation of those with mental disorder and intellectual disabilities. We expound on core aspects of supported decision-making, such as relational autonomy and hermeneutic competence, to orient consent procedures towards a more educative, participatory framework that is better aligned with developments in disability studies. The paper concludes with an acknowledgement of the pragmatic and substantive challenges in adopting this framework in psychiatric genomics studies if this participatory ethos towards persons with mental disorder and intellectual disability is to be fully realised.

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Morgan, Vera A., Helen Leonard, Jenny Bourke, and Assen Jablensky. "Intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness: population-based study." British Journal of Psychiatry 193, no. 5 (November 2008): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.044461.

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BackgroundThe epidemiology of intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness is poorly understood. The separation of mental health from intellectual disability services has led to a serious underestimation of the prevalence of dual diagnosis, with clinicians ill-equipped to treat affected individuals.AimsTo estimate the prevalence of dual diagnosis and describe its clinical profile.MethodThe Western Australian population-based psychiatric and intellectual disability registers were cross-linked (totaln=245 749).ResultsOverall, 31.7% of people with an intellectual disability had a psychiatric disorder; 1.8% of people with a psychiatric illness had an intellectual disability. Schizophrenia, but not bipolar disorder and unipolar depression, was greatly overrepresented among individuals with a dual diagnosis: depending on birth cohort, 3.7–5.2% of those with intellectual disability had co-occurring schizophrenia. Pervasive developmental disorder was identified through the Intellectual Disability Register and is therefore limited to individuals with intellectual impairment. None the less, pervasive developmental disorder was more common among people with a dual diagnosis than among individuals with intellectual disability alone. Down syndrome was much less prevalent among individuals with a dual diagnosis despite being the most predominant cause of intellectual disability. Individuals with a dual diagnosis had higher mortality rates and were more disabled than those with psychiatric illness alone.ConclusionsThe facility to combine records across administrative jurisdictions has enhanced our understanding of the epidemiology of dual diagnosis, its clinical manifestations and aetiological implications. In particular, our results are suggestive of a common pathogenesis in intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia.

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Naveed, Sheikh. "A RANZCP trainee’s experience of working with patients with an intellectual disability: a case series." Australasian Psychiatry 27, no. 5 (April 1, 2019): 522–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219839474.

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Objectives: This study aimed to highlight the interplay of intellectual disability and psychiatric presentation using a case series. Methods: A brief review of the current literature and an illustrative case series of five intellectually disabled patients with psychiatric patients whose diagnosis were clarified over time who presented with a psychiatric illness are provided. Results: The presence of intellectual disability often compounds the difficulty of establishment of mental-health diagnosis. Conclusions: More focus is required on training and skills development across mental-health services regarding the assessment of psychiatric disorders in people with an intellectual disability.

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Gagnon, Fabien, and Les Kertay. "Avoiding Psychiatric Disability Overdiagnosis (Part 2): Improving Diagnosis and Assessment of Mental Health Disorders and Psychiatric Work Disability." Guides Newsletter 26, no. 6 (November 1, 2021): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2021.novdec02.

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Abstract Given the increase in psychiatric occupational disability claims over the past 20 years, better patient psychiatric assessment and management is critical. To minimize iatrogenic psychiatric disability and maximize positive outcomes, it is important to understand the issues involved and establish better procedures for diagnosing conditions and assessing any associated impact on function. This second article in a three-part series focuses on ways to improve the diagnosis and assessment of mental health work disability.

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La Malfa, Giampaolo, and Pierluigi Cabras. "Intellectual disability: an Italian perspective." International Psychiatry 4, no. 3 (July 2007): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600001971.

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Italy is a country that has a very long tradition, dating back to the Middle Ages, of offering assistance to people with all kinds of disabilities. The approach taken to intellectual disability in recent times can be divided into two periods: before and after the enactment of Law 180 in 1978. That law set in train a profound reform of Italy's public sector psychiatric care, which principally involved the closure of the psychiatric hospitals and the establishment of a system of community care.

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Newell, Christopher, and Fran Gillespie. "Psychiatric Disability and Pastoral Care: Towards a Richer Theology of Disability." Contact 136, no. 1 (January 2001): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13520806.2001.11758924.

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Mokoka, Matlhodi T., Solomon T. Rataemane, and Monika Dos Santos. "Disability claims on psychiatric grounds in the South African context: A review." South African Journal of Psychiatry 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v18i2.290.

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We review the nature of disability claims on psychiatric grounds in the South African context, including factors contributing to disability claims, specific disorders usually leading to disability claims, impairment and disability, assessing the degree of impairment, guidelines in assessing psychiatric disability, ethical considerations, consequences of medical boarding, and rehabilitation. Psychiatrists should consider the potential benefits of supervised and mentored work rehabilitation programmes, graded return to work or an appropriate alternative position in consultation with employers.

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Sönmez, E., D. Tunca, and Y. Akvardar. "Factors Related to Disability Pensions – A Cross-Sectional Analysis From A University Hospital In Istanbul." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1783.

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IntroductionMental disorders are one of the leading reasons for disability-related retirement and payment of associated long-term benefits in many countries.ObjectivesTo explore the characteristics of psychiatric outpatients who apply for disability pensions and to investigate the factors associated with making an application.MethodsA four-month cross-sectional evaluation of disability pension and retirement applications to the psychiatry outpatient clinic in a university hospital in Istanbul.ResultsThe majority of 144 patients were male (n = 102, 70.8%), based in Istanbul, married, living with their families and had no occupation at the time of inquiry. Excluding applications for individuals with a diagnosis of intellectual disability (n = 44), most applicants were primary school graduates (n = 31, 32.3%). For the whole group, the median age of application was 34. 60%, (n = 87) had an established psychiatric diagnosis before the application, with average duration since diagnosis of approximately 8 years. The most frequent diagnoses were intellectual disability, followed by schizophrenia and depression. More than half of the patients were treated only outpatiently, with no hospitalization (n = 55, 58%). Thirty-two of them (22.4%) had a comorbid psychiatric diagnosis and 58 (40.3%) had at least one comorbid medical diagnosis.ConclusionsThere are some similarities between our findings and findings from other countries, such as low educational level and frequent comorbid somatic diseases among patients applying for disability pension. In contrast with the literature and as an indicator of social inequality, most patients applied for disability pension were male. The results are reflecting the specificities of different health systems and cultural perceptions of disability.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Fairley, Nigel A., Richard Siegert, Alexander Simpson, Janice Wilson, and Brendan Roach. "Psychiatric Disorder and Disability in New Zealand Long-Stay Psychiatric Patients." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 27, no. 4 (December 1993): 590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679309075820.

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A study was undertaken of the prevalence of physical disease, psychiatric disorder and deviant behaviour in a sample of 137 long stay psychiatric patients at Porirua Hospital near Wellington, New Zealand. Patients were in the main male, single, middle-aged to elderly and of European descent. Schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis. Psychiatric symptoms were moderately severe, the most common being unusual mannerisms and posturing, anxiety, blunted affect, tension, unusual thought content and somatic concerns. Known physical disorders were present in 66 patients. Levels of neuroleptic medication were high and tardive dyskinesia was observed in almost 60% of patients. Frequency of deviant behaviour was low in absolute terms but nonetheless problematic. The frequency of deviant behaviour was similar to those reported for British patients.

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Bhaumik, S., F. C. Tyrer, C. McGrother, and S. K. Ganghadaran. "Psychiatric service use and psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disability." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 52, no. 11 (November 2008): 986–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01124.x.

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Skakic, Olivera, and Ljiljana Trajanovic. "Working disability evaluation of mentally ill persons in times of socioeconomic crisis." Medical review 64, no. 1-2 (2011): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1102041s.

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Introduction. Mental disorders reduce social functioning of ill persons in general and often cause permanent work disability. Psychiatric services try to solve individual professional or financial status in economic crisis conditions. The possible causes of disability in psychiatric patients, besides illness, are psychosocial factors. The aim of this research was to determine the number of mentally ill persons as well as morbidity structure changes in work disability evaluation in the last five years. Material and methods. The research included 617 psychiatric patients referred for work disability evaluation in this five-year period (2004-2008). The data contained gender, age, psychiatric diagnosis and the suggested level of disability. Results and conclusion. In the morbidity structure, a significant increase was found in the group of patients with psychoactive substance abuse, in whom the likelihood of permanent work disability was frequent. A significant decrease was observed in the group of patients with mental retardation. The number of patients with schizophrenia was similar in the study period. The patients with mood disorders, neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders were present in a relatively high number. The evaluation and suggestion for permanent work disability increased statistically significantly, while the number of patients in need for material security decreased in the period of socioeconomic crisis. Disability trend in the population of mentally ill patients is still not favourable, and therefore, their work disability monitoring is an adequate parameter which identifies work inefficacy and unemployment as an important factor of a poor life quality in psychiatric patients.

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BIJL, R. V., and A. RAVELLI. "Current and residual functional disability associated with psychopathology: findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS)." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 3 (May 2000): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799001841.

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Background. Few population studies have investigated the functional disabilities that accompany specific psychiatric diagnoses. This study assesses the nature and strength of current and residual impairments in various functional domains of life.Methods. Data were derived from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), a prospective study in the Dutch general population aged 18 to 64 (N = 7147). Psychiatric diagnoses were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview; functional disability was assessed on the basis of the Short-Form-36 and the number of disability days.Results. Psychopathology was associated with increased disability in social, emotional and physical domains of life. Disability levels varied by psychiatric diagnosis, with mood disorders showing the poorest levels of functioning, especially for vitality and social functioning; alcohol-related disorders were associated with few disabilities. Co-morbidity strongly aggravated the disability. The effect of contextual factors on disability was limited, although somatic ill health, unemployment and adverse youth history increased the likelihood of functional disability. The findings indicate that psychopathology can also have residual debilitating effects.Conclusions. Mental health care providers should be aware that the extent and the type of disability may vary with the different types of disorders and among different groups within the population. Since recovery from functional limitations may not be complete or may take more time than the remission of the psychiatric symptomatology, non-psychiatric follow-up care is needed. The high number of lost work days is relevant from an economic perspective. There is a need for illness-specific disability assessment instruments.

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Moss, Steve, Eric Emerson, Chris Kiernan, Steve Turner, Chris Hatton, and Alison Alborz. "Psychiatric symptoms in adults with learning disability and challenging behaviour." British Journal of Psychiatry 177, no. 5 (November 2000): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.177.5.452.

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BackgroundIn people with learning disability one of the most frequent reasons for psychiatric referral is challenging behaviour.AimsTo determine what proportion of people with challenging behaviour actually have psychiatric symptoms.MethodUsing an instrument specifically designed for use by informants, a sample of 320 people with administratively defined learning disability, with and without challenging behaviour, was surveyed for the presence of psychiatric symptoms.ResultsIncreasing severity of challenging behaviour was associated with increased prevalence of psychiatric symptoms, depression showing the most marked association. Anxiety symptoms were associated with the presence of self-injurious behaviour.ConclusionsThere is clearly the potential for reducing challenging behaviour by improved identification and treatment of coexisting psychiatric disorders. The possibility of modifying diagnostic criteria for depression in people with learning disability, by including aspects of challenging behaviour, merits attention.

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Willets, Laura, Paul Mooney, and Nicholas Blagden. "Social climate in Learning Disability services." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities and Offending Behaviour 5, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jidob-10-2013-0025.

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Purpose – The social climate of psychiatric institutions correlates with multiple outcomes related to staff and patients. Research into social climate in Learning Disability services is limited. Staff and patients in Learning Disability services have documented both positive and negative experiences. No research has directly compared the social climate of Learning Disability and non-Learning Disability psychiatric services. The purpose of this paper is to understand how these compare. The study will also compare staff and patient views of social climate and the impact of security on social climate in Learning Disability services. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 64 patients and 73 staff, from Learning Disability and non-Learning Disability psychiatric hospitals completed the Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) measure of social climate. Findings – Patients in Learning Disability and non-Learning Disability services did not differ in their perceptions of social climate. Staff in non-Learning Disability services had a more positive perception of social climate than staff in Learning Disability services. Patients and staff did not differ in their views on climate. Security was negatively related to patients’ Experienced Safety. Originality/value – The findings suggest that staff perceive that the deficits associated with Learning Disabilities may limit patients’ therapeutic experience and relationships with their peers. Despite this, patients with Learning Disabilities feel supported by their peers, have positive views of the treatment process and feel as safe as non-Learning Disabled psychiatric patients.

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Bernal, Jane, and Sheila Hollins. "Psychiatric illness and learning disability: a dual diagnosis." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 1, no. 5 (May 1995): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.1.5.138.

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The prevalence of moderate to profound learning disability is roughly 3 per 1000 and of mild learning disability about 3 per hundred (Abramowicz & Richardson, 1975). There are estimated to be more than 120 million people with learning disability worldwide.

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Majuri, Tuomas, Hanna Huovinen, Tanja Nordström, Leena Ala-Mursula, Jouko Miettunen, and Erika Jääskeläinen. "M131. RETURN TO LABOUR MARKET IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOSES – THE NORTHERN FINLAND BIRTH COHORT 1966." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.443.

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Abstract Background People with psychotic disorders typically have the poorest rate of employment compared to other mental disorders. However, the chances of returning back to labour market and work after long-term work disability is unclear. Aim of this study was to study proportion of persons who can return to labour market after they have received disability pension. We also aim to study potential predictors for return to work. Methods The study was based on the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) (N=12 058) which is an unselected, general population-based sample. NFBC1966 offers us a unique way to examine return to labour market and its predictors in general population sample with true prospectively collected data with 50-years follow-up. Different national registers were utilized in the study (information about psychiatric diagnoses and occupational outcomes). Occupational outcomes until end of the 2016 were measured by information about disability pension, disability benefits and employment contracts. The sample included 232 schizophrenia patients, 208 persons with other psychosis and 1927 persons with non-psychotic psychiatric disorder diagnosed until the end of 2016. There is also large amount of predictor data (for occupational outcomes) collected since birth until recent years. Results Of the 141 (61%) persons with schizophrenia who had been on disability pension due to psychiatric reason, disability pensions of 16 (11%) persons had ended due to return to labour market. Of the 74 (32%) persons in the other psychosis subgroup and 180 (9%) in the non-psychotic psychiatric disorder subgroup who had been on disability pension due to psychiatric reason, corresponding numbers of pension’s ending due to return to labour market were 18 (24%) and 56 (31%), respectively. Disability pensions of 14 (10%) persons in schizophrenia group, 3 (4%) persons in other psychosis subgroup and 4 (2%) persons in non-psychotic psychiatric disorder subgroup had ended due to death. Disability pensions of 111 (79%) persons in schizophrenia group, 53 (72%) persons in other psychosis subgroup and 120 (67%) persons in non-psychotic psychiatric disorder subgroup were still running. Later, also sociodemographic information, psychiatric and somatic comorbidity and age at the onset of disease as predictors for the good occupational outcome (i.e. return to work) will be analysed and presented. Discussion Our results indicate that having schizophrenia diagnosis often means relatively poor occupational outcome compared to other psychiatric disorders and ending up on disability pension. Besides of that some people with psychosis manage to maintain their working ability, some people also manage to return to labour market after being on disability pension. Finding the predictors for returning back to labour force in long-time follow-up can help us to cut off the long-term disability periods and support people back to work in the future.

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MacDonald-Wilson, Kim L., Laura L. Mancuso, Karen S. Danley, and William A. Anthony. "Supported Employment for People with Psychiatric Disability." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 20, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.20.3.50.

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Supported employment services have expanded through recent federal funding initiatives. For programs to be effective they should be tailored to the varying needs and situations of their participants. The Choose-Get-Keep approach to supported employment was specifically developed to assist people with psychiatric disability to select, obtain, and maintain competitive employment positions. This article presents the theory and research base for the Choose-Get Keep approach and describes its implementation. illustrative examples are provided.

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Koskentausta, Terhi, Matti Iivanainen, and Fredrik Almqvist. "Psychiatric disorders in children with intellectual disability." Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 56, no. 2 (January 2002): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/080394802753617944.

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McCulloch, Joyce, Ronald J. Ozminkowski, Brian Cuffel, Rodney L. Dunn, William Goldman, Dolores Kelleher, and Andrea Comporato. "Analysis of a Managed Psychiatric Disability Program." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 43, no. 2 (February 2001): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200102000-00006.

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Driessen, G., M. DuMoulin, M. J. Haveman, and J. Os. "Persons with intellectual disability receiving psychiatric treatment." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 41, no. 6 (December 1997): 512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1997.tb00744.x.

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Alford, Joe, John F. Aruffo, Ronald G. Thompson, William N. Dobbins, and Anita A. Gottlieb. "HIV and psychiatric clients with developmental disability." Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal 17, no. 4 (April 1994): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0095557.

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