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Journal articles on the topic 'Psychiatric classification'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Daza-Cardona, Jorge Alexander. "Classifications in Psychiatric Education. A Postcolonial Approach." Trilogía Ciencia Tecnología Sociedad 14, no. 27 (May 30, 2022): e2298. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/21457778.2298.

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This article contributes to the understanding of psychiatric classifications by adopting a postcolonial approach to science and technology. For this purpose, I examine the case of a psychiatry training program in a medium-sized city in Colombia. The method I used was ethnography, taking part in classes, case presentations, and academic meetings. It was found that learning about psychiatric classifications involves dynamics in which the global and the local are reconfigured according to the positions assumed by psychiatrists and psychiatry students. In this study, some participants stated that there is a cultural domination of North American psychiatry over its Colombian counterpart, and, therefore, they should adhere to the classification of the former. Others argued that psychiatric education should follow the European orientation and leave the North American classification aside. And a small group considered that they should use Latin American classifications. I conclude that the manuals of the American Psychiatric Association and the World Health Organization are established as what Rodríguez Medina calls subordinating objects, while Latin American classifications are positioned as local entities that serve specific purposes. However, the hierarchies involved in the geopolitics of knowledge can be contested in daily pedagogical practices.

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2

Jablensky, Assen. "The Nature of Psychiatric Classification: Issues Beyond ICD-10 and DSM-IV." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 2 (April 1999): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00535.x.

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Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the methodological underpinnings of current classification systems in psychiatry, their impact on clinical and social practices, and likely scenarios for future development, as an introduction to a series of related articles in this issue. Method: The method involved a selective literature review. Results: The role and significance of psychiatric classifications is placed in a broader social and cultural context; the ‘goodness of fit’ between ICD-10 and DSMIV on one hand, and clinical reality on the other hand, is examined; the nature of psy chiatric classification, compared to biological classifications, is discussed; and questions related to the impact of advances in neuroscience and genetics on psychiatric classification are raised for further discussion. Conclusions: The introduction of explicit diagnostic criteria and rule-based classification, a major step for psychiatry, took place concurrently with the ascent to dominance of a biomedical paradigm and the synergistic effects of social and economic forces. This creates certain risks of conceptual closure of clinical psychiatry if phenomenology, intersubjectivity and the inherent historicism of key concepts about mental illness are ignored in practice, education and research.

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3

Claudio E. M. Banzato. "Deflating Psychiatric Classification." Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 16, no. 1 (2009): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ppp.0.0213.

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4

Sartorius, N. "International Perspectives of Psychiatric Classification." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, S1 (May 1988): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s000712500029555x.

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When Renaudin, aghast at the situation in 1856 wrote, “We now see anarchy in the field of classification threatening to split our ranks and robbing us of the victories of our predecessors”, he was not only providing an argument for adhering to a common system of communication in psychiatry, he was also stating why classifications are such an enchanting conundrum attracting attention, arousing emotion and giving rise to thought.

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5

Kendler, K. S., and A. Jablensky. "Kraepelin's concept of psychiatric illness." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 6 (September 1, 2010): 1119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710001509.

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Emil Kraepelin fundamentally shaped our current psychiatric nosology. Although much has been written about his diagnostic formulations, less is known about his views on the fundamental nature of psychiatric illness and the goals of psychiatric nosology. We focus on his writings from 1896 to 1903 but also review his inaugural lecture in Dorpat in 1887 and his last two papers, published in 1919–1920. Kraepelin hoped for a ‘natural’ classification of psychiatric illness but realized that the level of etiologic knowledge required to undergird this effort was not feasible in his own lifetime. This did not stop him, however, from developing a pragmatic approach based on his clinical method of careful description with detailed follow-up, coupled with the available fallible tools of pathological anatomy and, by 1919, genetics and biochemistry. Kraepelin saw psychiatric disorders as multifactorial, arising from the difficult to untangle action and interaction of internal and external causes. He was aware of the problem of defining the boundaries of illness and health but knew this was not unique to psychiatry. Contrary to his stereotype, he was sensitive to the importance of personality factors in psychiatric illness and advocated for their investigation. He also recognized the limitations of his ‘clinical method’ and was especially critical of classifications based on single prominent symptoms. Ultimately, Kraepelin was a skeptical realist when it came to psychiatric nosology. His goal of developing a consistent ‘natural’ classification of the major mental disorders has yet to be attained, but his ‘research agenda’ remains central to psychiatry to the present day.

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6

VAN DEN EEDE, FILIP, and BERNARD SABBE. "Catatonia in Psychiatric Classification." American Journal of Psychiatry 161, no. 12 (December 2004): 2327—a—2328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2327-a.

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7

O'Connell, Ralph A. "Psychiatric classification and publication." Comprehensive Psychiatry 36, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(95)90090-i.

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8

Blashfield, Roger K., and Josepha A. Cheong. "Politics and Psychiatric Classification." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 39, no. 3 (March 1994): 310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/034018.

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9

Müller, Christian. "Psychiatric Classification of ICD." Psychiatrische Praxis 28, no. 6 (September 2001): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-16884.

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Nojima, Sayumi, Ichiko Kajimoto, Hiroko Azechi, Noriko Aoki, Yoko Nakayama, Sachiko Ando, and Mutsumi Igaue. "Classification of Psychiatric Nursing Activities." Journal of Japan Academy of Nursing Science 23, no. 4 (2004): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5630/jans1981.23.4_1.

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RINGERMAN, EILEEN STORCH, and SYLVIA LUZ. "A Psychiatric Patient Classification System." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 21, no. 10 (October 1990): 66???71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-199010000-00020.

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12

O??Leary, Christine. "A Psychiatric Patient Classification System." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 22, no. 9 (September 1991): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-199109000-00016.

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13

Ashcraft, Marie L. F., Brant E. Fries, David R. Nerenz, Spencer P. Falcon, Sujan V. Srivastava, Caryl Z. Lee, S. E. Berki, and Paul Errera. "A Psychiatric Patient Classification System." Medical Care 27, no. 5 (May 1989): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-198905000-00009.

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14

Jablensky, A. "Methodological Issues in Psychiatric Classification." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, S1 (May 1988): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000295561.

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Against the background of impressive advances in the neurosciences, which are opening new perspectives on the mechanisms of mind, and the development of increasingly powerful instruments and methods with a potential to revolutionise clinical research in psychiatry, clinicians continue to disagree on the definition and taxonomy of the elementary units of observation in their universe of discourse: the individual mental disorders.

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15

Fabrega, Horacio. "Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Classification." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 183, no. 8 (August 1995): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199508000-00016.

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Cooper, Rachel. "Psychiatric Classification and Subjective Experience." Emotion Review 4, no. 2 (April 2012): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073911430139.

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The Lancet Psychiatry. "Psychiatric classification: playing the game." Lancet Psychiatry 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30025-7.

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18

Schwartz, Michael Alan, and Osborne P. Wiggins. "Logical empiricism and psychiatric classification." Comprehensive Psychiatry 27, no. 2 (March 1986): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(86)90019-2.

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19

Allsopp, Kate, John Read, Rhiannon Corcoran, and Peter Kinderman. "Heterogeneity in psychiatric diagnostic classification." Psychiatry Research 279 (September 2019): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2019.07.005.

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20

Hall, Jeremy, and Michael J. Owen. "Psychiatric classification – a developmental perspective." British Journal of Psychiatry 207, no. 4 (October 2015): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.159996.

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SummaryCurrent classification systems treat developmental and adult psychopathologies as separate. However, as risk factors for psychiatric disorders are identified it is increasingly clear that these can lead to multiple outcomes across different developmental stages. Research and classification schemes will therefore in the future need to adopt a lifespan approach to risk.

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21

Bueter, Anke. "Epistemic Injustice and Psychiatric Classification." Philosophy of Science 86, no. 5 (December 2019): 1064–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/705443.

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22

Blashfield, Roger K. "Being Multilingual About Psychiatric Classification." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 37, no. 9 (September 1992): 945–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/032607.

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23

Grünbaum, Thor, and Andrea Raballo. "Brain Imaging and Psychiatric Classification." Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 18, no. 4 (2011): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ppp.2011.0042.

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Robert, Jason Scott, and Thane Plantikow. "Genetics, Neuroscience and Psychiatric Classification." Psychopathology 38, no. 4 (2005): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000086095.

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25

Keshavan, Matcheri S. "Psychiatric classification at cross-roads." Asian Journal of Psychiatry 7 (February 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2014.01.001.

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26

Tsou, Jonathan Y. "The Importance of History for Philosophy of Psychiatry: The Case of the DSM and Psychiatric Classification." Journal of the Philosophy of History 5, no. 3 (2011): 446–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187226311x599907.

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Abstract Recently, some philosophers of psychiatry (viz., Rachel Cooper and Dominic Murphy) have analyzed the issue of psychiatric classification. This paper expands upon these analyses and seeks to demonstrate that a consideration of the history of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) can provide a rich and informative philosophical perspective for critically examining the issue of psychiatric classification. This case is intended to demonstrate the importance of history for philosophy of psychiatry, and more generally, the potential benefits of historically-informed approaches to philosophy of science.

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Robles, Rebeca, Tania Real, and Geoffrey M. Reed. "Depathologizing Sexual Orientation and Transgender Identities in Psychiatric Classifications." Consortium Psychiatricum 2, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/cp61.

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Introduction. This article presents the history and rationales of conceptualization and classification of homosexuality and transgender identity in both ICD and DSM. We review the efforts that have been made (and those that remain pending) to improve psychiatric classifications with new scientific knowledge, changing social attitudes and human rights standards. Method. We conducted a literature search of the classification of homosexuality and transgender identity as mental disorders. Result. We provide a historical description of these concepts in ICD and DSM, including fundamental points of disagreement as well as arguments that have been effective in achieving changes in both classifications. Conclusions. Fundamental changes have been made in the International Classification of Diseases Eleventh Revision (ICD-11) in terms of the classification of sexual orientation and gender identity based on scientific evidence and the ICDs public health objectives. These changes might support the provision of accessible and high-quality healthcare services, and are responsive to the needs, experience and human rights of the populations involved.

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28

Amin, Malik Awais, Muhammad Kamran, Shehzad Rauf, Sumaira Bukhsh, Isbah Gul, and Ahmed Shoaib Tabassum. "PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN CHILDREN: PATTERN AND CORRELATES AMONG THOSE REPORTING TO A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL." PAFMJ 71, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71i3.2527.

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Objective: To determine the pattern of psychiatric disorders among children reporting to the Psychiatry department Pakistan Naval Ship Shifa Hospital, Karachi. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Psychiatry department Pakistan Naval Ship Shifa Hospital, Karachi, from Feb to Aug 2018. Methodolgy: A total of 100 children, aged between 6-12 years of age, both male and female, meeting the selection criteria of the study, presenting to the Psychiatry department at Pakistan Naval Ship Shifa Hospital, were enrolled for this study. Informed consent was taken from the parents. The consultant psychiatrist interviewed the patients and diagnosed any psychiatric disorders based on international classification of diseases version 10. The data was recorded on the study proforma. Results: Out of a total of 100 children, 66 (66%) were male, while 34 (34%) were female. The mean age of the participating children was 8.66 + 1.97 years. The most common psychiatric disorder was attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 44 (44%), followed by depression 30 (30%). Other diagnoses included oppositional defiant disorder 12 (12%), conduct disorder 9 (9%) and separation anxiety disorder 5 (5%). Conclusion: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression are amongst the quite prevalent psychiatric disorders, than that was considered earlier.

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29

Risal, Ajay, and Pushpa Prasad Sharma. "Psychiatric Morbidity Patterns in Referred Inpatients of Other Specialties." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 52, no. 189 (March 31, 2013): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.563.

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Introduction: Consultation-liaison psychiatry is an upcoming field dealing with interdepartmental collaboration heading into multidisciplinary and holistic care. In general hospital setting, psychiatrists need to be involved in evaluation of patients referred from other specialties. This study analyzed the psychiatric morbidity among the inpatients referred to Psychiatry Department from different wards in a Tertiary care University Teaching Hospital. Methods: Total 385 subjects were referred to the Department of Psychiatry from different wards during a period of one year. Each of them underwent a detailed psychiatric evaluation by a consultant psychiatrist once they were medically stable. Psychiatric diagnosis was considered as per International Classification of Disease-10 criteria. Results: The mean age of the subjects evaluated was 37.26 (±1.86); most of them were females 216 (56.4%), married 287 (74.5%), and homemaker 159 (41.3%). Maximum 271 (70.4%) referral was from Medical ward, and most of them 292 (75.8%) were admitted in general bed. The most common medical diagnosis was self-poisoning 115 (30.6%) followed by alcoholic liver disease 49 (12.7%); while the commonest 123 (31.9%) psychiatric diagnosis was depression (including Dysthymia and Adjustment disorder). Depression remained the commonest diagnosis among those referred from medical ward 131 (34.7%); while anxiety was mostly found in the emergency referral 94 (24.5%). Significant Correlation (P <0.05) was seen between the source of referral and Psychiatric diagnosis. Conclusions: Psychiatric consultation was sought mostly by medical ward that had maximum number of patients presenting with self-poisoning. The commonest diagnosis seen in the referred in-patients was depression and anxiety disorder. Keywords: consultation-liaison psychiatry; in-patient referral; psychiatric morbidity.

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30

Ranjan, Sanjeev, Reet Poudel, and Pradeep Pandey. "PATTERN OF PSYCHIATRIC REFERRAL FROM EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT OF A TERTIARY LEVEL HOSPITAL IN NEPAL." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 3, no. 2 (January 11, 2016): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v3i2.14283.

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INTRODUCTION: Emergency department serves as one of the gateway through which patients with psychiatric disorders come for treatment. The referral to the psychiatry department enables a psychiatrist to provide services to these patients in need. So, the study of this pathway of care becomes important. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 100 consecutive patients referred from emergency to the department of psychiatry were enrolled in this study. Their socio-demographic variables, reason and purpose for referral was assessed. The psychiatric diagnosis was made according to the International Classification of Diseases -10 (ICD-10) system. RESULTS: The psychiatric referral rate from the emergency was found to be 8.46%. Out of one hundred patients more referred patients were female (64%), from rural background (90%). Family members were the source of referral for emergency visit in most of the patients (74%). Dissociative disorder was the most common diagnosis (26%) followed by acute & transient psychotic disorders at 12%. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer patients are referred to psychiatry department even in a tertiary level hospital of Nepal. Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2015) Vol.03 No.02 Issue 10 Page : 5-9

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31

Farmer, Anne, and Peter McGuffin. "The Classification of the Depressions." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 4 (October 1989): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.4.437.

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It is 13 years since Kendell (1976) reviewed the ‘contemporary confusion’ surrounding the classification of depression. Reconsideration of this issue is now timely, especially in light of the development of the new classifications of affective disorder included in DSM–III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980), the revised version, DSM–III–R (American Psychiatric Association, 1987), and the forthcoming ICD–10 (World Health Organization, 1988). Recent activities in neurobiological, genetic and social research also bear importantly on our concepts of the aetiology of depression.

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Burns, Jonathan K. "Social and ethical implications of psychiatric classification for low- and middle-income countries." South African Journal of Psychiatry 20, no. 3 (August 30, 2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v20i3.589.

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<p>With the publication of the <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual</em>, 5th edition, and the ongoing revision of the <em>International Classification of Diseases</em>, currently 10th edition, it is timely to consider the wider societal implications of evolving psychiatric classification, especially within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). </p><p>The author reviewed developments in psychiatric classification, especially the move from categorical to dimensional approaches based on biobehavioural phenotypes. While research supports this move, there are several important associated ethical challenges. Dimensional classification runs the risk of ‘medicalising’ a range of normality; the broadening of some definitions and the introduction of new disorders means more people are likely to attract psychiatric diagnoses. Many LMICs do not have the political, social, legal and economic systems to protect individuals in society from the excesses of medicalisation, thus potentially rendering more citizens vulnerable to forms of stigma, exploitation and abuse, conducted in the name of medicine and psychiatry. Excessive medicalisation within such contexts is also likely to worsen existing disparities in healthcare and widen the treatment gap, as inappropriate diagnosis and treatment of mildly ill or essentially normal people has an impact on health budgets and resources, leading to relative neglect of those with genuine, severe psychiatric disorders.<strong> </strong></p><p>In an era of evolving psychiatric classification, those concerned for, and involved in, global mental health should be critically self-reflective of all aspects of the modern psychiatric paradigm, especially changes in classification systems, and should alert the global profession to the sociopolitical, economic and cultural implications of changing nosology for LMIC regions of the world.</p>

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33

Tyrer, Peter. "From the Editor's desk." British Journal of Psychiatry 195, no. 5 (November 2009): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.195.5.470.

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Classification in the dock‘Dr Nosology, you are charged with bringing the science of classification into disrepute in your handling of psychiatric disorders. Specifically, you have developed a set of spurious categories that have no independent standing and which have led to confusion, doubt and error. How do you plead?’ It would take a tough-minded psychiatrist with a capacity for psychopathic dissociation to plead anything but ‘guilty as charged’ to this accusation, and we have admitted as much in our pages many times recently. This is sad, as diagnosis is intended to be one of the strongest assets of the psychiatrist. I have worked in many multidisciplinary psychiatric settings over the years and in some the hierarchy of management had become almost as flat as a pancake, but even in these the exercise of diagnosis was regarded as a skill that was the special province of the psychiatrist. So now is it really a false prospectus, exercised by an interpreter who pretends to be fluent in languages but in practice picks up only the odd word? Not yet, but in this issue Frances (pp. 391–392) reminds us that psychiatry is still only on the margins of diagnostic credibility. In the UK the initial part of medical training is called the first MB and so it is entirely appropriate that our bottom-line starter is by an author of the same title (First, pp. 382–390). This includes the worrying statistic that 21% of current diagnoses in the ICD and DSM classifications have conceptual differences, but as Jablensky (pp. 379–381) points out it would be quite bizarre if there was good agreement – it would almost represent scientific fraud. The search for validity as a long-term goal may seem to be a mirage, but at least we should try for clinical utility.

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Thornton, William L. "Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification." Psychiatric Services 46, no. 6 (June 1995): 625—a—626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ps.46.6.625-a.

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Eklof, Mona, and Weishuang Qu. "Validating a Psychiatric Patient Classification System." JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration 16, no. 5 (May 1986): 10???17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005110-198605000-00004.

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36

Owen, Michael J. "New Approaches to Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification." Neuron 84, no. 3 (November 2014): 564–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.028.

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Prichep, L. S., and E. R. John. "Quantitative EEG (QEEG) and psychiatric classification." Biological Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (July 1997): 64S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)87138-7.

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Fink, Max, Tom G. Bolwig, Gordon Parker, and Edward Shorter. "Melancholia: restoration in psychiatric classification recommended." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 115, no. 2 (February 2007): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00943.x.

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Mack, Avram H., Leslie Forman, Rebekah Brown, and Allen Frances. "A Brief History of Psychiatric Classification." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 17, no. 3 (September 1994): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30096-0.

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Varga, Somogy. "“Relaxed” natural kinds and psychiatric classification." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 72 (December 2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2018.10.001.

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Stein, Dan J. "Psychiatric classification: Merely repetitive and problematic?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 8 (August 2016): 716–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416660386.

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42

Savulescu, J. "Philosophical perspectives on psychiatric diagnostic classification." Journal of Medical Ethics 21, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.21.4.253.

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Westermeyer, Joseph John. "Managing the Classification of Psychiatric Diagnoses." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 200, no. 9 (September 2012): 745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0b013e318266b604.

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Alper, K., O. Devinsky, K. Perrine, B. Vazquez, and D. Luciano. "Psychiatric Classification of Nonconversion Nonepileptic Seizures." Archives of Neurology 52, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1995.00540260105025.

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Jacobs, A., and A. G. Herzog. "Psychiatric Classification of Nonconversion Nonepileptic Seizures." Archives of Neurology 52, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1044–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.1995.00540350030006.

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46

Bell, Carl C. "Philosophical Perspectives on Psychiatric Diagnostic Classification." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 22 (December 14, 1994): 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520220090039.

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Hull, Alastair M., Patricia M. Doherty, and Linda J. Bowes. "What is the profile of post-traumatic reactions within medical literature? A survey of eight journals." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 19, no. 4 (December 2002): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700007333.

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AbstractObjectives: The importance of traumatic events is recognised by the public but the profile of psychological sequelae such as Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) within psychiatry and medicine is unclear. We aimed to establish the profile of PTSD within high impact medical journals and within psychiatric journals based in America and the United Kingdom, since the initial classification of PTSD in DSM-III in 1980 and, before and after classification of PTSD in ICD-10 in 1992.Method: A survey of all articles on post-traumatic reactions published in eight journals between 1980 and 2000.Results: The proportion of articles on PTSD was less in UK based psychiatric journals than their counterparts based in America. The proportion of articles published after the classification of PTSD in ICD-10 has increased in both psychiatric and medical journals.Conclusions: In UK based journals, there is an under-representation of articles on PTSD compared with disorders of similar prevalence.

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Tyrer, Peter. "A comparison of DSM and ICD classifications of mental disorder." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 20, no. 4 (July 2014): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.113.011296.

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SummaryMost disorders in medicine are classified using the ICD (initiated in Paris in 1900). Mental and behavioural disorders are classified using the DSM (DSM-I was published in the USA in 1952), but it was not until DSM-III in 1980 that it became a major player. Its success was largely influenced by Robert Spitzer, who welded its disparate elements, and Melvyn Shabsin, who facilitated its acceptance. Spitzer pointed out that most diagnostic conditions in psychiatry were poorly defined, showed poor reliability in test-retest situations, and were temporally unstable. The consequence was that the beliefs of the psychiatrist seemed to matter much more than the characteristics of the patient when it came to classification. Since DSM-III there has been a split between those who adhere to DSM because it is a better research classification and those who adhere to ICD because it allows more clinical discretion in making diagnoses. This article discusses the pros and cons of both systems, and the major criticisms that have been levelled against them.LEARNING OBJECTIVESUnderstand the principles and reasoning behind classification in medicine and psychiatry.Be able to describe the recent history of psychiatric classification.Be able to compare DSM and ICD classifications of mental disorder.

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Kulkarni, Karishma, Alur Manjappa Adarsha, Rajini Parthasarathy, Mariamma Philip, Harihara Nagabhushana Shashidhara, Basavaraju Vinay, Narayana Manjunatha, Channaveerachari Naveen Kumar, Suresh Bada Math, and Jagadisha Thirthalli. "Concurrent Validity and Interrater Reliability of the “Clinical Schedules for Primary Care Psychiatry”." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 10, no. 03 (July 2019): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697878.

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Abstract Background and Objectives There is limited access to specialized mental health care in countries such as India with a wide treatment gap for psychiatric illnesses. Integrating mental health delivery with primary health-care services is vital. The clinical schedules for primary care psychiatry (CSP) was designed for training primary care doctors (PCDs) to identify and diagnose psychiatric illness in patients presenting to primary care settings. This study aims to study the validity and reliability of the CSP and its hypothesis is that the CSP would help PCDs to identify psychiatric caseness. Methods The study was conducted at three primary health centers of Karnataka. Consented PCDs were briefly trained in the use of CSP and screened patients who were later interviewed by a psychiatrist using a semistructured interview and confirmed by International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th edition (ICD-10) symptom checklist. The appropriate statistical analysis was performed. Results A total of 180 patients were included. Agreement was found between diagnoses made by PCDs and psychiatrist for 142 (78. 9%) patients with a Cohen's kappsychiatry pa (K) = 0. 57. The sensitivity was 91. 1% and specificity was 68. 3%. The interrater reliability showed K = 0. 7. Conclusion The CSP helps PCDs to make psychiatric diagnoses. It has a relatively high sensitivity with reasonably high specificity but mayneed clinical training.

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Kendler, K. S. "An historical framework for psychiatric nosology." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 12 (April 16, 2009): 1935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709005753.

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This essay, which seeks to provide an historical framework for our efforts to develop a scientific psychiatric nosology, begins by reviewing the classificatory approaches that arose in the early history of biological taxonomy. Initial attempts at species definition used top-down approaches advocated by experts and based on a few essential features of the organism chosena priori. This approach was subsequently rejected on both conceptual and practical grounds and replaced by bottom-up approaches making use of a much wider array of features. Multiple parallels exist between the beginnings of biological taxonomy and psychiatric nosology. Like biological taxonomy, psychiatric nosology largely began with ‘expert’ classifications, typically influenced by a few essential features, articulated by one or more great 19th-century diagnosticians. Like biology, psychiatry is struggling toward more soundly based bottom-up approaches using diverse illness characteristics. The underemphasized historically contingent nature of our current psychiatric classification is illustrated by recounting the history of how ‘Schneiderian’ symptoms of schizophrenia entered into DSM-III. Given these historical contingencies, it is vital that our psychiatric nosologic enterprise be cumulative. This can be best achieved through a process of epistemic iteration. If we can develop a stable consensus in our theoretical orientation toward psychiatric illness, we can apply this approach, which has one crucial virtue. Regardless of the starting point, if each iteration (or revision) improves the performance of the nosology, the eventual success of the nosologic process, to optimally reflect the complex reality of psychiatric illness, is assured.

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