Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'PSPNet'

Image segmentation through neural networks and deep learning have, in the recent decade, become a successful tool for automated decision-making. For Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB), this means identifying the amount of slag inside a furnace through computer vision.  There are many prominent convolutional neural network architectures in the literature, and this thesis explores two: a modified U-Net and the PSPNet. The architectures were combined with three loss functions and three class weighting schemes resulting in 18 model configurations that were evaluated and compared. This thesis also explores transfer learning techniques for neural networks tasked with identifying slag in images from inside a furnace. The benefit of transfer learning is that the network can learn to find features from already labeled data of another context. Finally, the thesis explored how temporal information could be utilised by adding an LSTM layer to a model taking pairs of images as input, instead of one. The results show (1) that the PSPNet outperformed the U-Net for all tested configurations in all relevant metrics, (2) that the model is able to find more complex features while converging quicker by using transfer learning, and (3) that utilising temporal information reduced the variance of the predictions, and that the modified PSPNet using an LSTM layer showed promise in handling images with outlying characteristics.

Plasmid pSPNl is a 26.5kb cryptic plasmid, originally isolated from Streptomyces penemafaciens ATCC 31599. A 12.5kb BglII fragment of pSPNl was cloned into the vector pLR2, and this conferred on pLR2 which lacks a Streptomyces origin of replication, the ability to replicate in a number of Streptomyces species. A vector pBlue was constructed by inserting a streptomycin resistance gene from plasmid pIJ4642 into the ampicillin resistance gene of the vector Bluescript. The resistance gene was able to function in both E.coli and Streptomyces species and thus pBlue could serve as a vector for shortening and sequencing in E. coli as well as a origin-probe vector in Streptomyces. The origin-containing BglII fragment of pSPNl was cloned into pBlue to create pFull, which was able to be selected for and replicate in Streptomyces. The conditions affecting selection of pFull in Streptomyces were investigated and optimized. The copy number of pFull was found to be 0.2 per chromosome. Attempts were made to clone origin-containing fragments smaller than the 12.5kb BglII fragment. Initially a Sau3A partial library was made of the origin-containing fragment, this however did not produce any replicating plasmids. As an alternative approach, pFull was extensively mapped and a series of deletion derivatives were constructed. The derivatives were tested for the ability to replicate in Streptomyces. Judging from the deletions that were and were not able to replicate it is apparent that at least 5.5kb of DNA is required for pFull and hence for pSPNl to replicate.

PspE, encoded by the last gene of the phage shock protein operon, is one of the nine proteins of Escherichia coli that contain a rhodanese homology domain. PspE is synthesized as a precursor with a 19-amino acid signal sequence and secreted to the periplasm. Mature PspE is the smallest rhodanese of E. coli (85 amino acids) and catalyzes the transfer of sulfur from thiosulfate to cyanide forming thiocyanate and sulfite. Cation exchange chromatography of a freeze-thaw extract of a PspE-overexpressing strain yielded two major peaks of active, homogeneous PspE. The two peaks contained two forms of PspE (PspE1 and PspE2) of distinct size and/or charge that were distinguished by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel chromatography. PspE2 was converted to the more compact PspE1 by treatment with thiosulfate, which suggested that PspE1 is the persulfide form. One equivalent of cyanizable sulfur was associated with PspE1, with much less present in PspE2. Consistent with the conclusion that the single active site cysteine of PspE1 contains a persulfide sulfur was the observation that this form was much more tolerant to chemical inactivation by thiol-specific modifying reagent DTNB (5,5â -dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)). Rhodanese activity was subject to inhibition by anions (sulfite, sulfate, chloride, phosphate and arsenate), suggesting PspE has a cationic site for substrate binding. Kinetic analysis revealed that PspE employs a double-displacement mechanism, as is the case for other rhodaneses. The Kms for SSO32- and CN- were 3.0 and 43 mM, respectively. PspE exhibited a kcat of 72 s-1. To aid in understanding the physiological role of PspE, a strain with a pspE gene disruption was constructed. Comparison of rhodanese activity in extracts of wild-type and mutant strains revealed that PspE is a major contributor of rhodanese activity in E. coli. The pspE mutant displayed no obvious growth defect or auxotrophies, and was capable of molybdopterin biosynthesis, indicating that pspE is not essential for production of sulfur-containing amino acid or cofactors. Growth of wild-type and mutant strains deficient in pspE and other sulfurtransferase paralogs in medium with cyanide or cadmium was compared. The results indicated that neither PspE nor other E. coli rhodanese paralogs play roles in cyanide or cadmium detoxification. The physiological role of PspE remains to be determined.
Master of Science

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a trajetória de implementação da Lei nº 11.738, a Lei do Piso (PSPN) no contexto de um município paulista e suas relações com a qualidade da Educação Infantil. Assim, procuramos construir análises sobre como se deu o processo de implementação da lei na localidade e como se relacionou com a valorização docente e com a qualidade da Educação Infantil, refletindo sobre a congruência entre a valorização profissional docente e as condições necessárias à gestão democrática da escola. A construção dos dados foi realizada com base em documentos que tratassem a questão, como o Estatuto do Magistério Municipal e leis complementares, realizamos também uma entrevista com uma funcionária da Secretaria Municipal de Educação e Cultura (SMEC) e assim pudemos analisar questões sobre financiamento, valorização docente e políticas públicas municipais. Os resultados mostraram que a luta pela valorização das professoras de Educação Infantil precisa continuar, o investimento nesta etapa da educação básica ainda é aquém do necessário para garantir a qualidade, a falta de recursos e fiscalização permitem a criação de cargos paralelos para profissionais que na prática atuam como professoras de Educação Infantil sem a garantia do que determina a lei do piso.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the implementation of Law No. 11,738, the Law of the Floor (PSPN) in the context of a city from São Paulo State and its relationship with the quality of early childhood education. Thus, we seek to construct analyzes on how the law enforcement process occurred in the locality and how it was related to teacher appreciation and the quality of early childhood education, reflecting on the congruence between the professional valorization of teachers and the conditions necessary for the democratic management of school. The construction of the data was carried out based on documents that dealt with the issue, such as the Municipal Magistrates Statute and complementary laws, we also conducted an interview with an employee of the Municipal Secretariat of Education and Culture and we were able to analyze questions about financing, teacher valorization and municipal public policies. The results of this study showed that the struggle for the valuation of pre-school teachers needs to continue, investment in this stage of basic education is still less than necessary to guarantee quality and lack of resources and supervision allow the creation of parallel positions for professionals that in practice act as nursery school teachers without the guarantee of what determines the law of the floor. Keywords: Early Childhood Educati

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O estudo trata da Carreira e da Remuneração dos profissionais do magistério público do Município do Barcarena – Pará, com o objetivo de analisar as implicações do Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional (PSPN) para a política de Carreira e Remuneração adotada a partir do Plano de Cargos, Carreira e Remuneração dos Profissonais da Educação Básica (PCCR/2010). Na tentativa de aproximação com o materialismo histórico e dialético como forma de abordagem do objeto, buscou-se analisar a carreira e a remuneração dos professores de Barcarena de forma articulada com o contexto histórico mais amplo analisando o cenário de crise do capitalismo e suas conexões com a política nacional e local. Para o processo de investigação utilizou-se estudo documental e entrevistas. Foram analisadas as Leis municipais que tratam da carreira e remuneração docente como: Lei nº 1.899/96 (Estatuto do Magistério) de 16 de outubro de 1996; Lei nº 02/2010 (Plano de Cargos, Carreira e Remuneração dos Profissionais da Educação Escolar Básica do Município de Barcarena – PCCR/2010) de 21 de dezembro de 2010 e leis correlatas. Constatou-se que a política do PSPN trouxe mudanças para a política de carreira e de remuneração dos profissionais do magistério local. O PCCR/2010 fixou um Piso Municipal 9,51% a mais que o PSPN, para o professor com formação de nível médio em magistério, além de considerar o acréscimo de 10% no vencimento do professor conforme os níveis de formação. Estas vantagens foram gradativamente retiradas até igualar o Piso Municipal ao PSPN. Em 2014 o PCCR/2010 foi suspenso por meio de ADI o que trouxe consequências desastrosas para a remuneração dos professores e a falta de perspectivas de carreira
The study deals with the Career and Remuneration of the professionals of the public teaching profession of the Municipality of Barcarena - Pará, with the objective of analyzing the implications of the National Professional Salary Floor (PSPN) for the Career and Remuneration policy adopted from the Career Plan, Career and Compensation of Basic Education Professionals (PCCR / 2010). In an attempt to approach historical and dialectical materialism as a way of approaching the object, we sought to analyze the career and remuneration of the teachers of Barcarena in an articulated way with the broader historical context analyzing the crisis scenario of capitalism and its connections with national and local policy. For the investigation process we used documentary study and interviews. The municipal laws that deal with career and teacher remuneration were analyzed as: Law nº 1.899 / 96 (Statute of the Magisterium) of October 16, 1996; Law no. 02/2010 (Career, Career and Compensation Plan of the Professionals of the Basic School Education of the Municipality of Barcarena - PCCR / 2010) of December 21, 2010 and related laws. It was verified that the policy of the PSPN brought changes to the career politics and of remuneration of the professionals of the local teaching. The PCCR / 2010 set a Municipal Floor 9.51% more than the PSPN, for the teacher with a high school level in teaching, in addition to considering the increase of 10% in the teacher's salary according to the levels of training. These advantages were gradually withdrawn until the Municipal Flat to the PSPN. In 2014 the PCCR / 2010 was suspended through ADI which has had disastrous consequences for teachers' compensation and lack of career prospects

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação, Departamento de Pós-Graduação, Mestrado Profissional em Educação, 2015.
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O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar a instituição do Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional (PSPN) como ação política implementada pelo Estado, por meio da sanção da Lei 11.738/2008, para explicitar a necessidade e relevância que se atribui à valorização econômica e financeira dos professores do magistério público da educação básica, ao mesmo tempo, desvelar como no âmbito da ordem capitalista vigente no país contribui para minimizar a potencialidade do trabalho docente como categoria fundante do ser humano. O eixo norteador foi a seguinte questão: a instituição do Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional por meio da Lei 11.738/2008 valoriza os professores da educação básica? Priorizou-se as categorias analítico-filosóficas ideologia e alienação do Método Histórico e Dialético (MHD), para apreender o sentido de valorização do trabalho docente na instituição do PSPN na visão dos gestores educacionais federais e municipais, e dirigentes de entidade nacional e sindicais municipais participantes da pesquisa empírica e, igualmente, nas ações realizadas pela Secretaria de Articulação com os Sistemas de Ensino (Sase) do Ministério da Educação (MEC). O trabalho de campo foi realizado por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com nove sujeitos. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que, por um lado, a instituição do PSPN é necessária para a implementação de um Sistema Nacional de Educação (SNE); o PSPN é necessário e relevante porque propicia melhores condições de vida aos professores e suas famílias; a instituição do PSPN valoriza o salário dos professores; mas, por outro lado, dentro do sistema capitalista em vigor no país, minimiza a potencialidade do trabalho docente e o professor como ser humano produtor do trabalho educativo nas escolas públicas. Sugere duas alternativas para o desenvolvimento da política de valorização dos professores da educação básica: (a) agregar outros elementos ao PSPN na implementação dos planos de carreira dos professores do magistério da educação básica e, assim, contribuir para legitimar a função do Estado no sentido de fortalecer a ordem capitalista vigente no país; (b) realizar um balanço crítico da política de valorização dos professores do magistério da educação básica vigente, na perspectiva de que seja adotado como eixo dessa política o trabalho docente enquanto emancipação humana dos professores, em substituição ao foco que é dado à valorização salarial dos professores no âmbito da ordem capitalista vigente do país.
The following work aims to analyse tha institution of the Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional – PSPN (the National Professional Minimum Wage) as a political action implemented by the State, by the sanctioning of Law 11.738/2008, to highlight the relevance attributed to the economic and financial valuing of public teachers in the area of basic education, and, at the same time, show how the importance given to this element in the scope of the reigning capitalistic order serves to hide the impoverishment of the potential of pedagogical work as a basic category for the human being. Following this line of reasoning, the guiding principle that was adopted was the question: Does the institution of the national professional minimum wage by Law 11.738/2008 promote the value of the teachers in basic education? In search of an answer, the author made use on the analytic phylosophical categories known as ideology and alienation in the Dialectical and Histotical Method to apprenhend the meaning of promoting the value of pedagogical work in the institution of the PSPN in the understanding of the federal and municipal educational administrators and directors of national entities and municipal unions that took part in the empirical research, as well as in the understanding of the actions carried out by the Office for the Articulation of Systems of Teaching (Secretaria de Articulação com os Sistemas de Ensino – Sase) of the Ministery of Education (MEC). The results of the study have shown that the creation of the PSPN increases the value on the salaries of teachers in basic education within the reigning capitalistic system in our country. However, it disempowers the job of teaching as a basic category for the human being and, in the same way, the teacher as the source of the educational work in the public schools. Therefore, the author concludes by presenting two alternative proposals for the development of a policy to promote the value of the teachers in basic education: (a) adding other elements to the PSPN for the implementation of the career plans of teachers in basic education, in order to legitimize the role of the State and, in this way, strengthen the reigning capitalistic order; and (b) conduct a critical analysis of the existing policy to promote the value of the teachers in basic aducation, with the aim of adopting, as the basis of this policy, the pedagogical work as a means of human emancipation for teachers, as opposed to the importance given to the increase of the wages of teachers in the scope of the reigning capitalistic order.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcos Edgar Bassi
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação. Defesa: Curitiba, 22/03/2016
Inclui referências : f. 202-218
Resumo: A remuneração do magistério público ganhou espaço na agenda pública nos últimos anos, especialmente após a política de fundos de financiamento da educação básica inaugurada com o Fundo de Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e Valorização do Magistério (FUNDEF), substituído a partir de 2007 pelo Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e Valorização dos Profissionais da Educação Básica (FUNDEB). A política de fundos funciona como fundo contábil das receitas da educação pública referente à vinculação constitucional, redistribuindo recursos para o atendimento das etapas e modalidades da educação básica, garantindo também a destinação de percentual dos seus recursos para o pagamento dos profissionais do magistério. O Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional (PSPN), também contribuiu com a valorização da remuneração dos professores brasileiros. No âmbito do estado do Acre, as mudanças na legislação referente ao financiamento da educação estadual, a criação do Plano de Cargos, Carreira e Remuneração (PCCR), de alterações na legislação e políticas relativas ao magistério público compuseram o conjunto de dados e informações que sustentaram as análises do objeto da tese. O foco esteve na remuneração do magistério estadual, procurando em dados educacionais, financeiros, tabelas de vencimento, entre outros, produzindo estudo analítico acerca do desempenho, da organização e da composição da remuneração. O contexto da legislação e os estudos sobre o financiamento da educação pública brasileira, da lei do piso e da remuneração foram fundamentais para compreensão das dinâmicas do estado do Acre. Essa última questão se mostrou efervescente, o período analisado apresenta movimentação nas políticas de financiamento e de valorização do magistério estadual, com aumento das despesas no financiamento da educação, nova vinculação, gasto aluno ano alto diante do padrão médio nacional, PCCR e suas alterações com ampliação da carreira, gratificações e adicionais, que tendem a torná-la mais atrativa e políticas de premiação. Considerando as limitações da pesquisa, com a ausência de determinados dados, como a folha de pagamento, mesmo assim é possível estabelecer considerações no sentido do crescimento das despesas com o financiamento da educação pública estadual no período da política de fundos, alargamento da rede de ensino e a ampliação do atendimento, incluindo também as despesas com o pagamento dos profissionais do magistério, que foi impulsionado pelo aumento no número de funções docentes e no nível de formação. A nova vinculação revelou várias estratégias do governo estadual, entre elas, o fato de que nem todos os recursos são destinados para MDE, atrelando a esse mecanismo outras Funções ligadas a Função Educação, mesmo assim as despesas da rede estadual foram acima do percentual mínimo. A valorização do magistério com a criação de plano de carreira, programas de formação em nível superior, tabelas de vencimento foram fundamentais, após o PSPN, os professores de nível médio tiveram seus vencimentos melhorados, ao passo que carreira de nível superior sofre achatamento. Muitas possibilidades foram criadas para novos estudos, procurando desvendar as políticas de valorização do magistério estadual no Acre. Palavras-chave: Financiamento da Educação. Política de Fundos. Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional. Planos de Carreira. Valorização do Magistério. Remuneração do Magistério Público Estadual.
Abstract: The salary of public school teachers gained space on the public agenda in the recent years, especially after the basic education financing funds policy ushered in the Primary Education Development Fund and Teacher Enhancement (FUNDEF), replaced in 2007 by the development of Basic Education Fund and Valuing of Basic Education Professionals (FUNDEB).The fund policy works as an accounting background of revenues of public education regarding the constitutional linkage, redistributing resources to meet the stages and types of basic education, while also ensuring the allocation of a percentage of their resources to pay the teaching professionals. The National Professional Floor Wage (PSPN) also contributed to the appreciation of the remuneration of Brazilian teachers. Within the scope of state of Acre, changes in the law on the financing state education, the creation of the Career Plan, Career and Remuneration (PCCR), changes in legislation and policies relating to public school teachers formed the data set and information sustained analysis of the thesis object.The focus was on the remuneration of teaching state, searching educational data, financial, salary scales, among others, producing analytical study of the performance of the organization and composition of remuneration. The context of legislation and studies on the financing of Brazilian public education, minimum wage established by the law and compensation were crucial to understanding the state of Acre dynamics. This last question proved effervescent, the period analyzed shows movement in the funding policies and recovery of state teaching, with increased spending on education funding, relinking, worn high year student on the average national standard, PCCR as amended with expanding career, bonuses and additional, which tend to make it more attractive and award policies. Considering the limitations of the research, with the absence of certain data, such as payroll, it's still possible to make considerations in favor of growth of expenditure on financing from public education in the period of the fund policy, enlargement of the educational system and the expansion of the service, also including the expenses for the payment of teaching professionals, which was driven by the increase in the number of teaching positions and level of training.The new link revealed various strategies of the state government, among them the fact that not all features are aimed to MDE, linking to this mechanism other functions related to education function, yet the expenses of the state were above the minimum percentage. The teaching was treasured with the creation of career plans, training programs at a higher level, salary scales were essential after PSPN, mid-level teachers had their salaries improved, while top-level career suffers flattening. Many opportunities have been created for new studies, seeking to unveil the state of teaching valuation policies in Acre. Keywords: Education Financing. Funds policy. Floor Wage National Professional. Career Plan. Appreciation of the Magisterium. Remuneration of the State Public Magisterium.

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O presente trabalho discute as repercuss?es do Piso Salarial Profissional Nacional (PSPN) no vencimento dos profissionais do magist?rio da rede p?blica estadual do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) no per?odo 2008 a 2014, por meio da implementa??o da Lei n? 11.738/2008, considerando o contradit?rio e as similaridades entre governo e Sindicato dos Trabalhadores em Educa??o do Estado do RN (Sinte/RN). Utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliogr?fica e documental, bem como de informa??es do Plano de Cargos Carreira e Remunera??o (PCCR) do magist?rio da rede estadual do RN, aprovado pela Lei Complementar n? 322/2006, folhas de pagamento do magist?rio (refer?ncia m?s de outubro) e seus resumos cedidos pela Secretaria de Administra??o e Recursos Humanos do RN (SEARH-RN). Os estudos te?ricos demonstram que, a partir da Constitui??o Federal de 1988, a pol?tica de valoriza??o do magist?rio vem sendo palco de debates na agenda da pol?tica educacional, determinando suas diretrizes e forma de financiamento, vias Fundos Cont?beis ? Fundo de Manuten??o e Desenvolvimento do Ensino Fundamental e de Valoriza??o do Magist?rio (Fundef) e Fundo de Manuten??o e Desenvolvimento da Educa??o B?sica e de Valoriza??o dos Profissionais da Educa??o (Fundeb) ?, resolu??es do Conselho Nacional de Educa??o e a Lei do Piso. Essas legisla??es visam garantir direitos assegurados, mediante forma??o, condi??es de trabalho, vencimento e remunera??o dos professores. A Lei n? 11.738/08 do PSPN determina o valor m?nimo por ano, a ser pago no vencimento inicial de professores que possuem forma??o em n?vel m?dio e jornada de trabalho de 40 horas. No RN, os resultados apontam que a implementa??o do PSPN apresenta repercuss?es positivas com os reajustes nos vencimentos dos professores e especialistas no per?odo citado. Ocorre, tamb?m, maior investimento via Fundeb no vencimento com o crescimento da sua receita. Em consequ?ncia, a percentagem desse aumento, no vencimento equivaleu a 88% e 86% na remunera??o. Nesse contexto, ocorreram, tamb?m, embates pol?ticos em ?mbito do Sinte/RN e governo no sentido de garantir os reajustes do PSPN, bem como a normatiza??o das horas atividades.
The present paper discusses the repercussions of National Professional Base Salary (PSPN) at maturity of the teaching professionals of the public schools of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) in the period 2008-2014, through the implementation of the Law No. 11,738 / 2008 , considering the adversarial and similarities between the government and the Labor Union in Education of RN State (Sinte / RN). It was used the bibliographic and documentary research, as well as information from the Career and Remuneration Plan (PCCR) from the teachers of the RN?s state network, approved by the Complementary Law No. 322/2006, the teaching payrolls (reference month of October) and their summaries ceded by the Department of Administration and Human Resources of RN (SEARH-RN). The theoretical studies show that, from the 1988 Federal Constitution, magisterium's valuation policy has been the scene of debates in the agenda of educational policy, determining its guidelines and form of financing, by Accounting Funds ? the Funding for Maintenance and Development of Elementary School and Valorization of Teaching (FUNDEF) and the unding for Maintenance and Development of Basic Education and Valorization of Teaching (Fundeb) ?, resolutions of the National Council of Education and the Law of the Wage Floor. These laws aim to guarantee rights assured, under training, working conditions, maturity and remuneration of teachers. The Law No. 11.738/08 of PSPN establishes the minimum value per year, to be payed at the initial maturity of teachers who have training in mid-level and the working day of 40-hour. In RN, the results indicate that the implementation of PSPN has positive repercussions with the readjustment of maturity of teachers and experts in that period. It also happens a bigger investment by Fundeb in the maturity with the growth of its revenue. In consequence, the percentage of this increase, in the maturity amounted to 88% and 86% in the remuneration. In this context there were also political clashes in the context of Sinte/RN and the government to guarantee the readjustments of PSPN, as well as the standardization of the activities hours.

This work presents the building up of basic biological units DNA, RNA and proteins as well as their function. Provided data are kept in biological databases which are connected worldwide to supply preferable communication along with all kinds of available information to be used in the scientific research. The secret of alive is hidden in genes coded in sequences of nucleotides. Genes enable the creation of proteins which are made of sequences of amino-acids. The wide-spread methods of comparing these sequences are FASTA and BLAST algorithms. Their base is used for the PSProt program which is described in this work. PSProt program is the tool for comparing the sequences of proteins. First it is necessary to synthesise the protein from the DNA oligonucleotide because it codes the surveyed protein. The most similar proteins are searched out by heuristic of hitpoints, then their final score that is essential for aligning is modified by semiglobal alignment algorithm.

The growing need for fast sampling of explosives in high throughput areas has increased the demand for improved technology for the trace detection of illicit compounds. Detection of the volatiles associated with the presence of the illicit compounds offer a different approach for sensitive trace detection of these compounds without increasing the false positive alarm rate. This study evaluated the performance of non-contact sampling and detection systems using statistical analysis through the construction of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves in real-world scenarios for the detection of volatiles in the headspace of smokeless powder, used as the model system for generalizing explosives detection. A novel sorbent coated disk coined planar solid phase microextraction (PSPME) was previously used for rapid, non-contact sampling of the headspace containers. The limits of detection for the PSPME coupled to IMS detection was determined to be 0.5-24 ng for vapor sampling of volatile chemical compounds associated with illicit compounds and demonstrated an extraction efficiency of three times greater than other commercially available substrates, retaining >50% of the analyte after 30 minutes sampling of an analyte spike in comparison to a non-detect for the unmodified filters. Both static and dynamic PSPME sampling was used coupled with two ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) detection systems in which 10-500 mg quantities of smokeless powders were detected within 5-10 minutes of static sampling and 1 minute of dynamic sampling time in 1-45 L closed systems, resulting in faster sampling and analysis times in comparison to conventional solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) analysis. Similar real-world scenarios were sampled in low and high clutter environments with zero false positive rates. Excellent PSPME-IMS detection of the volatile analytes were visualized from the ROC curves, resulting with areas under the curves (AUC) of 0.85-1.0 and 0.81-1.0 for portable and bench-top IMS systems, respectively. Construction of ROC curves were also developed for SPME-GC-MS resulting with AUC of 0.95-1.0, comparable with PSPME-IMS detection. The PSPME-IMS technique provides less false positive results for non-contact vapor sampling, cutting the cost and providing an effective sampling and detection needed in high-throughput scenarios, resulting in similar performance in comparison to well-established techniques with the added advantage of fast detection in the field.

碩士
中國醫藥大學
生物科技學系碩士班
102
Obesity is a health hazard which is closely associated with metabolic syndromes which are manifested by many symptoms like elevated, glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, increases in blood pressure, risk of cardiovascular disease, and heightened chances of being diagnosed as type II diabetes. Adipocytes play a critical role in regulating lipid metabolism and energy balance and are associated with adipose tissue mass and obesity. Purple sweet potato leaves (PSPL) contain a high content of anti-oxidants which have been shown to exhibit a number of biological activities. The aim of this study was to investigate whether purple sweet potato leaf extract (PSPLE) could affect differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes. Our data showed that PSPLE significantly decreased the proliferation of as determined by MTT assay, but didn’t lower cell viability by Trypan blue exclusion test. These results also indicated that no cytotoxicity on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes was observed after treatment with PSPLE. In addition, our results demonstrated that PSPLE induced anti-adipogenesis during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. PSPLE may decrease the lipid content of differentiated 3T3-L1 cells via induction of cell apoptosis. Taken together, PSPLE may be beneficial to anti-obesity effect and preventing metabolic syndrome.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica
O serviço militar é um contexto profissional muito exigente e sendo os militares um grupo ocupacional de alto risco para exposição a eventos traumáticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi compreender o impacto que a exposição em teatros de operações tem na Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático e na sintomatologia depressiva. Como objetivos específicos pretendemos 1) comparar por patente militar em função da exposição ao combate, da PSPT e da sintomatologia depressiva, 2) comparar por teatros de operações em função da exposição ao combate, da PSPT e da sintomatologia depressiva e 3) correlacionar entre si as variáveis dependentes, nomeadamente a exposição de combate, PSPT e depressão. A amostra foi constituída por 127 militares, todos do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 21 e os 78 anos. Aplicou-se um questionário que incluía uma parte sociodemográfica, o Questionário de Experiências de Combate, o The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist para militares e o The Patient Health Questionnaire-8. Apesar da comparação por patente militar não evidenciar diferenças estatisticamente significativas, os resultados demonstraram que um maior grau hierárquico possui maiores níveis de exposição ao combate, de PSPT e de sintomatologia depressiva. Por outro lado, missões de combate evidenciaram maiores níveis de exposição ao combate, de PSPT e de sintomatologia depressiva. No que diz respeito ao teatro de operações, apenas se evidenciaram diferenças significativas na variável exposição ao combate. Os resultados também demonstraram que as variáveis se correlacionam entre si de forma positiva e significativa.
Military service is a very demanding professional context and the military is a high risk occupational group for exposure to traumatic events. The aim of the present study was to understand the impact that theater exposure has on Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and depressive symptomatology. As specific objectives we intend to 1) compare by military rank as a function of combat exposure, PTSD and depressive symptoms, 2) compare by theater of operations as a function of combat exposure, PSPT and depressive symptoms and 3) correlate with each other dependent variables, namely combat exposure, PTSD and depression. The sample consisted of 127 military men, all aged between 21 and 78 years. We applied a questionnaire that included a sociodemographic part, the Combat Experiences Questionnaire, The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for military personnel, and The Patient Health Questionnaire-8. Although military patent comparison did not show statistically significant differences, the results showed that a higher hierarchical degree has higher levels of combat exposure, PTSD and depressive symptoms. On the other hand, combat missions showed higher levels of combat exposure, PTSD and depressive symptoms. With regard to theater, only significant differences were shown in the combat exposure variable. The results also showed that the variables correlate positively and significant.

Dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde (Psicogerontologia Clínica), apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra
A Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático é uma perturbação mediada pela ansiedade, despoletada por um acontecimento traumático. Durante a Guerra Colonial, os combatentes portugueses vivenciaram vários acontecimentos traumáticos, sendo que estudos na área mostram que esta exposição durante a vida militar pode ter impacto na qualidade de vida, na saúde física e no domínio psicossocial durante a idade avançada. Com vista a melhorar a sintomatologia associada à perturbação, bem como a qualidade de vida de um grupo de 5 veteranos da Guerra Colonial, foi administrado um programa de 13 sessões grupais, baseado na Terapia da Reminiscência. Os resultados mostram que a administração desta terapia pode ser eficaz na diminuição da sintomatologia da Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático e da sintomatologia depressiva, no momento pós-intervenção, bem como na diminuição da sobregeneralização de memórias autobiográficas e melhoria no desempenho cognitivo.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a disorder mediated by anxiety, triggered by a traumatic event. During the Colonial War, the Portuguese soldiers experienced multiple traumatic events, and studies in the field show that this exposure, during military life, can impact the quality of life, physical health and psychosocial domain during the old age. In order to improve the symptoms associated with the disorder, as well as the quality of life of a group of five veterans of the Colonial War, a program of 13 group sessions, based on the Reminiscence Therapy, was administered. The results show that the administration of this therapy may be effective in reduction of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and depressive symptomatology, at post-intervention time, as well as in decreasing the overgeneralization of autobiographical memories and in the improving of the cognitive performance.

Tese doutoramento em Psicologia (área de especialização em Psicologia da Saúde)
Portugal encontra-se entre os países da Europa em que a sinistralidade rodoviária é das mais elevadas. Para além de ser um tema actual para os cidadãos, os acidentes são uma das preocupações da saúde pública (OMS, 2009), sendo também considerados acontecimentos traumáticos (APA, 2002), que podem dar origem a perturbação psicológica, designadamente Perturbação Aguda de Stress (PAS) e Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático (PSPT). A identificação dos factores de risco que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de perturbação psicológica tem sido uma das preocupações dos investigadores, bem como a compreensão da evolução dos sintomas ao longo do tempo. Num estudo anterior realizado no âmbito de uma tese de mestrado (Pires, 2005), constatámos a elevada prevalência de sintomas de perturbação em vítimas de acidentes rodoviários graves, e considerámos que a realização de estudos longitudinais poderia ser uma mais-valia para a compreensão dos factores de risco para o desenvolvimento de perturbação psicológica. O presente estudo visa estudar o impacto psicológico dos acidentes rodoviários nas suas vítimas directas, nomeadamente analisar a evolução temporal de alguns sintomas psicológicos e os preditores de perturbação psicológica (PAS, PSPT) nos diferentes momentos de avaliação. Participaram nesta investigação 101 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, que estiveram directamente envolvidos em acidentes rodoviários dos quais decorreram danos físicos que exigiram internamento e que foram avaliados em três momentos: dias após o acidente, quatro e 12 meses após a primeira avaliação. Para além da caracterização sócio-demográfica, os sujeitos foram avaliados acerca das características dos acidentes e da sua resposta nesse mesmo momento, nomeadamente percepção de perigo e dissociação peritraumática, relativamente a acontecimentos de vida, sintomas de PAS e de PSPT, psicopatologia geral, características da personalidade (neuroticismo), apoio social, coping e situação de saúde. Os resultados mostraram que alguns dias após o acidente 32.7% apresentaram sintomas compatíveis com o diagnóstico de PAS. Relativamente à PSPT, verificou-se que 58% dos participantes apresentaram sintomas compatíveis com o diagnóstico aos quatro meses e aos 12 meses essa percentagem foi de 46.5%. Quanto à psicopatologia, verificou-se que nos diferentes momentos de avaliação as vítimas reportaram sintomas com significado clínico (72.3% na avaliação inicial, 84.2% aos quatro meses e 50.5% aos 12 meses). Ao longo do tempo, assistiu-se a uma diminuição na psicopatologia geral (av 2 para av 3), no coping geral (av 1 para av 3 e de av 2 para av 3) e no coping de supressão (av 2 para av 3). Também se assiste a uma melhoria estatisticamente significativa na situação de saúde (av 1 para av 3) e o apoio social primeiro diminui (av 1 para av 2) e depois aumenta (da av 2 para av 3), Não se encontraram alterações estatisticamente significativas no neuroticismo ao longo do tempo. O sexo (feminino), a dissociação peritraumática e a psicopatologia geral (av 1) contribuíram para explicar 66.5% da variância dos sintomas de PAS. Apenas a dissociação peritraumática contribuiu significativamente para explicar 26.5% da variância de PSPT quatro meses após o acidente. O coping geral (av 3) e a situação de saúde (av 3) foram as variáveis que contribuíram significativamente para explicar 29.3% da variância dos sintomas de PSPT aos 12 meses. Verificou-se que as mulheres apresentaram mais sintomas de PAS, PSPT (av 2 e av 3) e psicopatologia geral (av 1 e av 2) do que os homens. Não se encontraram diferenças nos sintomas psicológicos em função da posição ocupada pelas vítimas aquando do acidente. A presença de PAS e PSPT após envolvimento em acidentes rodoviários não é uma experiência rara. O desenvolvimento de perturbação psicológica deve-se a uma multiplicidade de factores, sendo a dissociação peritraumática o que melhor explica respostas agudas de stress e sintomas de PSPT aos quatro meses. As variáveis avaliadas aos 12 meses revelam-se factores fundamentais para predizer PSPT nesse mesmo momento. A situação de saúde 12 meses após o acidente parece ter um papel muito importante para explicar os sintomas de PSPT (av 3). Estes resultados sugerem que, no âmbito da psicologia da saúde, se deve avaliar e identificar os sujeitos vítimas de acidentes graves cujos sintomas são significativos e a necessidade de intervenção psicológica, de modo a minimizar o impacto dos acidentes pelo menos neste tipo de vítimas.
Portugal is one of the European countries where more road traffic accidents occur. Road traffic accidents are a present concern both for citizens and for public health authorities (WHO, 2009), and they are described as traumatic experiences (APA, 2002) that can be associated with psychological disorders, such as Acute Stress Disorder (PAS) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Identifying risk factors for psychological disorders and the evolution of symptoms over time has been the researchers concern. A previous study (Pires, 2005) showed a higher prevalence of symptoms among serious road traffic accident victims, and seemed to suggest the relevance of longitudinal studies in risk factor identification. The present dissertation aims to study the psychological impact of road traffic accidents on their victims, in particular the psychological symptoms and the psychological disorder predictors (ASD and PTSD) over time. One hundred and one male and female direct victims of road traffic accidents that needed medical attention were evaluated at three different moments: a few days after the accident, and then four and 12 months after the first evaluation. Participants answered questions about social demographical characteristics and about the accident, their reactions at the time of the accident, particularly danger perception and peritraumatic dissociation, other life experiences, ASD and PTSD symptoms, general psychological symptoms, personality (neuroticism), social support, coping and health status. Results showed that 32.7% of the participants reported symptoms compatible with ASD diagnosis few days after the accident; 58% and 46.5% of the participants presented symptoms compatible with PTSD diagnosis in the second and in the third assessment, respectively. Some participants reported general psychopathological symptoms with clinical significance (72.3% in the first assessment, 84.2% in the second and 50.5% in the third). General psychopathology symptoms (t2 to t3), general coping (t1 to t3 and t2 to t3) and passive coping (t2 to t3) decreased over time. Health status increased (t1 to t3) and social support decreased (t1 to t2), and then increased (t2 to t3). There were no statistical differences on neuroticism over time. Gender (female), peritraumatic dissociation and general psychopathology (t1) explained 66.5% of the ASD variance. Peritraumatic dissociation was the only variable that significantly contributed to explain 26.5% of the PTSD symptoms four months after the accident. General coping (t3) and health status (t3) contributed to the 29.3% PTSD symptoms variance 12 months after the accident. Women reported more ASD and PTSD (t2 and t3) and general psychopathology (t1 and t2) than men. When the participants’ position at the moment of the accident (pedestrians, passengers or drivers) was considered in the analysis, no differences in psychological symptoms were found. ASD and PTSD are frequent after road traffic accidents. A large number of factors can contribute to the psychological disorders after road traffic accidents, but peritraumatic dissociation is the variable that better explains acute stress responses and PTSD four months after the accidents. The variables that were assessed 12 months after the accident were very important to explain PTSD symptoms at that moment in time. The health status assessed 12 months after the accident gave an important contribution to the PTSD symptoms (t3). Based on this evidence, it can be concluded that serious road traffic accidents victims should be evaluated, and psychological intervention to reduce the psychological impact of the accidents should be provided, in order to minimize the suffering of the victims.

Este estudo investigou se os militares Portugueses participantes na Operação de Paz da MINUSMA, apresentavam sintomas de Perturbação de Stress Pós Traumático, a sintomatologia associada e a autoestima antes (pré) e depois (pós) da missão. Este estudo longitudinal foi realizado com um total de 44 participantes militares da Força Aérea (Proteção da Força). Os resultados obtidos não identificaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas na pós-missão comparativamente à pré missão.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Introdução: Os eventos traumáticos, pelas suas características imprevisíveis e impactantes podem levar ao desenvolvimento de algumas perturbações psicológicas, sendo a mais comum a Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático (PSPT). Objetivos: A finalidade da presente investigação é estudar a Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático comparativamente, considerando os seus sintomas comórbidos e atendendo à probabilidade de um acréscimo de riscos para comportamentos suicidários dos portadores desta Perturbação.Metodologia: De acordo com a Checklist para a Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático – Versão Civil (PCL-C), foram comparados dois grupos: (1) sujeitos diagnosticados com PSPT (N=45) e (2) sujeitos sem este diagnóstico. Todos os sujeitos são do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 53 e os 80 anos. Como instrumentos de recolha de dados foram utilizados o PCL-C, o BSI (Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos), o 23QVS (Questionário de Vulnerabilidade ao Stress) e o QCS-R (Questionário de Comportamentos Suicidários – Revisto). Resultados: Foi elaborado um modelo de regressão linear, segundo o método Stepwise, onde se verifica que 72.6% da variância total do diagnóstico é explicada pelos sintomas de obsessão-compulsão, depressão e ideação paranoide. No que se refere à ideação suicida, pelo teste Mann Whitney, o grupo com a Perturbação é mais propenso a comportamentos suicidários. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou como a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos com Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático é afetada. Manifestam uma vida sintomática que condiciona a conduta normal do seu dia-a-dia e apresentam probabilidades elevadas de risco de suicídio.
Introduction: Traumatic events due to their unpredictable and impactful characteristics can develop some psychological disturbances, most commonly Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).Objectives: The main goal of the present research is to study the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder between groups, considering their comorbid symptoms and the probability of the increased risks for suicidal behavior of this patients group.Method: Accordingly with the Checklist for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - Civil Version (PCL-C), two groups were compared: (1) subjects diagnosed with PTSD (N=45) and (2) subjects without this diagnosis. All subjects are males, aged between 53 and 80 years old. For data collection, several instruments were used, namely the PCL-C, the BSI (Brief Symptom Inventory), the 23QVS (Stress Vulnerability Questionnaire) and the QCS-R (Suicide Behavior Questionnaire – Revised).Results: A linear regression model was developed according to the Stepwise method, revealed that 72.6% of the total variance of the diagnosis is explained by the symptoms of obsession-compulsion, depression and paranoid ideation. Regarding the suicidal conception, using Mann Whitney test, the results suggest that the group with this Disorder is more prone to suicidal behavior.Conclusion: This study demonstrated how the quality of life in individuals with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is affected. They manifest a symptomatic life that conditions the normal conduct of their daily life and presents high probabilities of suicide risk.

Este estudo analisou as diferenças ao nível da violação na idade adulta, violência física severa por parte do parceiro, perda de recursos sociais e sintomatologia Perturbação de Stress Pós-Traumático (PSPT), entre mulheres abusadas na infância e mulheres não abusadas na infância; a relação das variáveis em estudo e os preditores da sintomatologia de PSPT. Participaram no estudo 718 mulheres portuguesas, utentes do Agrupamento de Centros de Saúde do Alto Ave, através do preenchimento de instrumentos de autorrelato. Os resultados indicaram que mulheres abusadas na infância perdem mais recursos sociais, são mais abusadas sexualmente na idade adulta e desenvolvem mais sintomas de PSPT, comparativamente a mulheres que não sofreram abuso na infância. Constatou-se ainda que o aumento do abuso físico/emocional na infância, do abuso sexual na infância, da perda de recursos sociais e da violação na idade adulta, está associado ao aumento da sintomatologia de PSPT. Os preditores da sintomatologia de PSPT foram a violação na idade adulta, o abuso físico/emocional e sexual na infância, a perda de recursos sociais e o facto de a mulher não estar casada. Assim, é importante criar futuros programas de intervenção nas vítimas de trauma, de modo a ajudar mulheres com esta morbilidade psicológica, diminuir a perda de recursos sociais e evitar experiências traumáticas no futuro.
This study examined the differences in sexual assault in adulthood, severe physical violence by the partner, loss of social resources and symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), between women abused in childhood and women not abused in childhood; the relationship of the variables under study and the predictors of PTSD symptoms. 718 portuguese women, attending primary care sittings, participated in the study and completed self-report measures. The results indicated that women who were abused in childhood presented more social resources loss, were more sexually abused in adulthood and develop more symptoms of PTSD, when compared to women who did not suffer childhood abuse. We also found that physical/emotional abuse in childhood, sexual abuse in childhood, the loss of social resources and rape in adulthood are positively associated with PTSD symptoms. The predictors of PTSD were rape in adulthood, physical/emotional and sexual abuse in childhood, the loss of social resources and the woman not being married. Thus, it is important to develop future intervention programs in trauma victims, to help women who present psychopathology, decreasing the loss of social resources and avoiding traumatic experiences in the future.

Dissertação de mestrado em Psicologia Clínica.
Exame público realizado em 27 de Julho de 2016.
O Stress Pós-Traumático é uma condição que está associada a níveis de prejuízo funcional e sofrimento clinicamente significativos. A reatividade é um indicador de grande interesse para a investigação e intervenção no stress pós-traumático. Apesar disso a existência de instrumentos de avaliação é muito limitada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as caraterísticas psicométricas da versão portuguesa da UCLA PTSD índex para crianças e adolescentes. Participaram no estudo 652 crianças e adolescentes que frequentavam as escolas do Norte e Centro de Portugal, da amostra portuguesa do Internacional Child Mental Health Study Group II (ICMH-SG II). Os participantes tinham idades compreendidas entre os 11 e os 18 anos, com uma idade média de 16 anos e desvio padrão de 1,924. Os resultados demonstraram que o instrumento apresentou boas características psicométricas, sugerindo a sua adequação na avaliação do índice de reatividade das crianças e adolescentes com PTSD em Portugal.
The post traumatic stress is a condition that is associated to levels of functional damage and significative clinical suffering. The reactivity is an indicator of great interest to the investigation and intervention in the post traumatic stress. Despite this, the existence of instruments of avaliation is very limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometrics characteristics of the portuguese version of the ucla ptsd index to children and teenagers. In this study participated 652 children and teenagers that attended the schools of the north and center of Portugal, from the portuguese sample of the international children mental study group II (ICMH-SG II). The participants aged from the 11 and the 18 years old,with an average age of 16 years old and standard deviation of 1,294. The results demonstrated that the instruments showed good psychometrics characteristics, suggesting its suitability in the avaliation of the reativity index of children and teenagers with PTSD in Portugal.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Psicologia
O PCL-5, questionário que avalia sintomas de Stress Pós-Traumático, não está validado para a população nem para os bombeiros voluntários portugueses. Os bombeiros, devido à exposição a eventos potencialmente traumáticos, são vulneráveis ao desenvolvimento desta perturbação. Estudos indicam que apesar do modelo do DSM-5 apresentar ajustamento adequado, os modelos da Anedonia e Híbrido apresentam o melhor ajustamento. Ademais, são escassos os estudos que analisaram a invariância da medida nos dois sexos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar a estrutura fatorial e a invariância da medida nos dois sexos, numa amostra de bombeiros voluntários portugueses. Uma recolha nacional permitiu analisar dados de 664 bombeiros que responderam a um conjunto de questionários de autorrelato, nomeadamente, o PCL-5 e o BSI. Os resultados indicaram que todos os modelos apresentaram bom ajustamento, com o Híbrido a demonstrar-se o melhor. Ainda, os modelos do DSM-5 e da Anedonia apresentaram invariância configuracional e o Híbrido apresentou invariância métrica. Conforme a literatura, os resultados parecem indicar a necessidade de redefinir a estrutura fatorial da PSPT no DSM-5, sendo o modelo híbrido o mais adequado. Devido à escassez de literatura e à discrepância entre resultados, serão necessários mais estudos acerca da invariância da medida nos dois sexos.
The PCL-5 is a questionnaire that assesses symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and it is not validated for the population neither for the Portuguese volunteer firefighters. Due to the exposure to potentially traumatic events, firefighters, are a vulnerable population to develop this disorder. Studies indicate that although the DSM-5 model presents adequate adjustment, the Anedonia and Hybrid models are the most suitable. There are few studies analysing measurement invariance in both genders. This study aimed to analyze the factorial structure and the measurement invariance in both genders, in a sample of Portuguese volunteer firefighters. A national sample allowed the data analysis of 664 firefighters who answered to a set of self-report questionnaires, namely, PCL-5 and BSI. According to the results, all models demonstrated adequate adjustment, with the Hybrid model having the highest adjustment. Also, the DSM-5 and Anedonia models showed configurational invariance and the Hybrid showed metric invariance. In agreement with literature, results seem to indicate the need to redefine the factorial structure of PTSD in DSM-5, being the Hybrid model the most adequate. Due to the reduced amount of investigation on this topic and results disparity, further studies on measurement invariance in both genres should be carried out.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.
Os acidentes deixam marcas nos acidentados como lesões que em alguns casos traduzem-se em incapacidade permanente (IP). Este estudo pretende tratar dessas situações e perceber a dinâmica da incapacidade provocada pelo acidente de viação e relacioná-la com a perturbação do stress pós-traumático (PSPT). O presente estudo teve como objectivo avaliar a incidência da perturbação do stress pós-traumático numa população proveniente de acidentes de viação num espaço temporal mínimo de dois anos após o acidente e com um grau de incapacidade adquirida (= > a 60% de incapacidade permanente - IP). O grupo de participantes é composto por vinte indivíduos de ambos os sexos. Na recolha dos dados foram utilizados dois instrumentos: Questionário Geral do Acidente (QGA) adaptado a partir do questionário de Oliveira (2009) para caracterizar os dados sócio-demográficos; Escala de Avaliação da Resposta ao Acontecimento Traumático (EARAT) de MacIntyre & Ventura (1996) para avaliar a incidência de stress pós traumático no grupo de participantes. Os resultados demonstram que 55% dos sujeitos da amostra desta investigação tiveram sintomatologia da perturbação do stress pós-traumático (PSPT). A análise das associações entre a perturbação de stress pós-traumático com o género e a idade dos participantes determinou que a associação não foi significativa. A relação entre o nível de perturbação do stress pós-traumático (PSPT) com o tempo decorrido após o acidente e a reincidência de acidentes sofridos demonstrou também não ser significativa para a incidência de stress pós-traumático na população estudada.
Accidents leave marks like lesions which in some cases translates into permanent disability. This study aims to address these situations and understand the dynamics of disability caused by traffic accidents and relate it to the disturbance of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study aims to assess the impact of the disruption of posttraumatic stress in a population from road accidents within a given time of least two years after the accident itself and with a degree of acquired disability (=> 60% permanent disability - PD). The chosen group of twenty participants consists of both sexes. In collecting data we used two instruments: a General Accident Questionnaire (GAQ) adapted from Oliveira (2009) to characterize the socio-demographic data; a Rating Scale Response to Traumatic Event (RSRTE) by MacIntyre & Ventura (1996) to assess the incidence of post-traumatic stress in the group of participants. The results show that 55% of the subjects of this research have had symptoms of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The analysis of associations between post traumatic stress disorder with and the age of the participants resulted in a non significant relation. The relationship between the level of disturbance of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with the time elapsed since the accident and the recurrence of accidents also showed to be non significant for the incidence of post-traumatic stress in this population.

The aim of the present thesis is to evaluate fast scintillator materials, in both single-crystal and powder form, for possible usage in dedicated gamma ray imaging applications as well as in X-ray imaging techniques, requiring high frame rates. Powder scintillators are traditionally used in conventional X-ray imaging due to their property to produce high resolution images. This is because laterally directed optical photons, originating from the point of X-ray interaction, are strongly attenuated by light scattering effects on powder grains. This property however is their principal drawback for routine Nuclear Medicine applications. In these applications, photon counting accuracy rather than spatial resolution is required and to this aim high transparency crystals are used. In the present study we have tried to estimate whether the use of powder phosphors can improve the image quality in a dedicated gamma-ray system where spatial resolution than sensitivity is of primary significance. Evaluation was performed in thin and thick phosphor layers easily produced in the laboratory. In addition we present a low cost solution – consisting of a thick continuous powder scintillator screen – for use in dedicated high resolution small gamma imager. The advantages and disadvantages of proposed powder detector performance were compared to two standard 3 x 3 x 5mm3 and 2 x 2 x 3mm3 pixellated CsI:Tl scintillator detector configurations. System performance in terms of system sensitivity, system spatial resolution, energy resolution and linear energy response were measured at energy of 140 keV for close-proximity nuclear emission imaging. All measurements were carried out in photon counting mode in planar imaging configuration. The investigation was divided into two parts: Fast powder scintillators: In this part, powder scintillator screens of LSO:Ce, YAG:Ce and GOS:Pr were prepared in various coating thicknesses. Measurements concerning determination of emission spectra and absolute luminescence efficiency were carried out under X-ray excitation from 22 to 140 kV. Related parameters giving informations on luminescence and intrinsic properties of the phosphors such as X-ray luminescence efficiency, quantum detection efficiency, energy absorption efficiency and intrinsic conversion efficiency were also examined. Low cost and high resolution detector module: The goal of this part was to propose and evaluate a low cost solution for detector module – consisting of a thick continuous powder scintillator screen – for use in dedicated high resolution small gamma imagers. For the latter purpose, we examined the performance of the aforementioned fast powder scintillators in the form of thick screens easily produced in the laboratory. System performance in terms of system sensitivity, system spatial resolution, energy resolution and linear energy response were measured and compared for two standard 3 x 3 x 5mm3 and 2 x 2 x 3mm3 pixellated CsI:Tl.
Ο σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η αποτίμηση φθοριζόντων υλικών υψηλής απόκρισης, τόσο σε κρυσταλλική όσο και σε κοκκώδη μορφή για πιθανή χρησιμοποίησή τους σε συγκεκριμένους τύπους ανιχνευτικών συστημάτων Πυρηνικής Ιατρικής όπως επίσης σε συστήματα απεικόνισης με ακτίνες Χ που απαιτούν πολύ γρήγορες λήψεις ιατρικής εικόνας. Τα φθορίζοντα υλικά κοκκώδους μορφής χρησιμοποιούνται ευρύτατα στην απεικόνιση με ακτίνες-Χ λόγω της υψηλής διακριτικής ικανότητας που μπορεί να επιτευχθεί. Στην παρούσα διατριβή μελετήθηκε κατά πόσο η χρήση νέων, γρήγορων φθοριζόντων υλικών κοκκώδους μορφής μπορεί να βελτιώσει την απόδοση συγκεκριμένων τύπων ανιχνευτικών συστημάτων Πυρηνικής Ιατρικής (π.χ. dedicated small nuclear imagers), στα οποία η διακριτική ικανότητα του συστήματος είναι πιο σημαντική από την ευαισθησία. Η αποτίμηση έγινε σε φθορίζοντα μεγάλου πάχους που παρασκευάστηκαν στο εργαστήριο. Επιπρόσθετα στην παρούσα διατριβή παρουσιάζεται η εφαρμογή ενός χαμηλού κόστους συμπαγούς ανιχνευτικού υλικού κοκκώδους μορφής σε ένα εξειδικευμένο σύστημα Πυρηνικής Ιατρικής. Γίνεται συστηματική μελέτη και εκτενής αναφορά στα πλεονεκτήματα και τα μειονεκτήματα αυτού του συστήματος. Τα αποτελέσματα συγκρίνονται με αντίστοιχα αποτελέσματα που ελήφθησαν με χρήση διακριτοποιημένων σπινθηριστών τύπου CsI:Tl, μεγέθους 3 x 3 x 5mm3 και 2 x 2 x 3 mm3. Η απόδοση του συστήματος ως προς την ευαισθησία (sensitivity), τη χωρική διακριτική ικανότητα (spatial resolution) και την ενεργειακή διακριτική ικανότητα (energy resolution) αποτιμήθηκε για ενέργεια 140 keV, που αντιστοιχεί στην ενέργεια του ισοτόπου 99mTc που χρησιμοποιείται ευρύτατα σε εξετάσεις Πυρηνικής Ιατρικής. Η πειραματική μελέτη χωρίστηκε σε δύο μέρη: Φθορίζοντα υλικά κοκκώδους μορφής: Στο πρώτο μέρος της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής μελετήθηκαν τα φθορίζοντα υλικά κοκκώδους μορφής LSO:Ce, YAG:Ce και GOS:Pr σε διάφορα πάχη και για μεγάλη κλίμακα ενεργειών (Υψηλή τάση λυχνίας ακτίνων-Χ από 22 kV έως 140 kV). Ανιχνευτής χαμηλού κόστους και υψηλής διακριτικής ικανότητας: Ο τελικός στόχος της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν η κατασκευή ενός ενιαίου ανιχνευτή, βασισμένου σε σπινθηριστή κοκκώδους μορφής, χαμηλού κόστους και υψηλής διακριτικής ικανότητας, κατάλληλου για χρήση σε εξειδικευμένα συστήματα Πυρηνικής Ιατρικής. Για το σκοπό αυτό μελετήθηκε η συμπεριφορά των υλικών κοκκώδους μορφής LSO:Ce, YAG:Ce και GOS:Pr υπό διέγερση ακτίνων γάμμα με ισότοπο Τεχνητίου (99mTc), ενέργειας 140 keV, που χρησιμοποιείται ευρύτατα στην Πυρηνική Ιατρική. Τα υλικά αυτά υπό την μορφή ενιαίου, μεγάλου πάχους ( ≥2mm) και διαμέτρου (9 cm), συμπαγούς ανιχνευτή αξιολογήθηκαν με τεχνικές απεικόνισης μονού φωτονίου (single photon counting mode).