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Journal articles on the topic 'Psilocyn'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

McKernan, Kevin, Liam Kane, Yvonne Helbert, Lei Zhang, Nathan Houde, and Stephen McLaughlin. "A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production." F1000Research 10 (December 17, 2021): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55301.2.

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The Psilocybe genus is well known for the synthesis of valuable psychoactive compounds such as Psilocybin, Psilocin, Baeocystin and Aeruginascin. The ubiquity of Psilocybin synthesis in Psilocybe has been attributed to a horizontal gene transfer mechanism of a ~20Kb gene cluster. A recently published highly contiguous reference genome derived from long read single molecule sequencing has underscored interesting variation in this Psilocybin synthesis gene cluster. This reference genome has also enabled the shotgun sequencing of spores from many Psilocybe strains to better catalog the genomic diversity in the Psilocybin synthesis pathway. Here we present the de novo assembly of 81 Psilocybe genomes compared to the P.envy reference genome. Surprisingly, the genomes of Psilocybe galindoi, Psilocybe tampanensis and Psilocybe azurescens lack sequence coverage over the previously described Psilocybin synthesis pathway but do demonstrate amino acid sequence homology to a less contiguous gene cluster and may illuminate the previously proposed evolution of psilocybin synthesis.

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2

McKernan, Kevin, Liam Kane, Yvonne Helbert, Lei Zhang, Nathan Houde, and Stephen McLaughlin. "A whole genome atlas of 81 Psilocybe genomes as a resource for psilocybin production." F1000Research 10 (September 23, 2021): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55301.1.

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The Psilocybe genus is well known for the synthesis of valuable psychoactive compounds such as Psilocybin, Psilocin, Baeocystin and Aeruginascin. The ubiquity of Psilocybin synthesis in Psilocybe has been attributed to a horizontal gene transfer mechanism of a ~20Kb gene cassette. A recently published highly contiguous reference genome derived from long read single molecule sequencing has underscored interesting variation in this Psilocybin synthesis gene cassette. This reference genome has also enabled the shotgun sequencing of spores from many Psilocybe strains to better catalog the genomic diversity in the Psilocybin synthesis pathway. Here we present the de novo assembly of genomes of 81 Psilocybe genomes compared to the P.envy reference genome. Surprisingly, the genomes of Psilocybe galindoi, Psilocybe tampanensis and Psilocybe azurescens lack sequence coverage over the previously described Psilocybin synthesis pathway but do demonstrate amino acid sequence homology to an alternative pathway and may illuminate previously proposed convergent evolution of Psilocybin synthesis.

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3

Wieczorek, Marek. "The effect of particular active substances of hallucinogenic mushrooms." Folia Biologica et Oecologica 10 (November 30, 2014): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fobio-2014-0014.

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Magic mushrooms have accompanied man for thousands of years. Formerly they were used for religious and culture purposes. Those fungi belong mainly to the genera Conocybe, Copelandia, Panaeolus, Psilocybe and Stropharia. A number of these fungal species produce substances, like psilocybin, psilocin, ibotenic acid or muscimol. Because of their chemical similarity to naturally occurring neurotransmitters like serotonin and GABA these substances, after ingestion, affect brain neurochemistry and by this induce hallucinations. This mini review presents the influence of psilocybin, psilocin, ibotenic acid and muscimol on the nervous system. Also the effects of the above mentioned substances on emotion and mental health of people are discussed.

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4

Law, Francis, Grace Poon, Y. C. Chui, and Shao-Xiong He. "14C-Psilocin tissue distribution in pregnant rats after intravenous administration." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 4, no. 6 (July 27, 2014): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v4i6.9.

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Background: Many species of hallucinogenic mushrooms have been found in the genus Psilocybe. The main psychoactive chemicals of Psilocybe mushrooms are psilocin and its phosphoryloxy derivative, psilocybin. In addition to its psychedelic effects, psilocybin is an effective agent to lift the mood of depressed patients with terminal cancers.Objective: To study the dispositional kinetics of 14C-psilocin in pregnant rats after intravenous injection, to calculate tissue dose surrogates i.e., tissue 14C concentration and area under the concentration-time curve using the experimental data, to quantify trans-placental passage of psilocin and/or its metabolites, and to identify new psilocin metabolite(s) in rat urine.Methods: A group of 15 pregnant Wistar rats weighing between 0.30-0.36 kg was used in the study. Each rat was given a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg 14C-psilocini.v. Three rats were randomly selected and sacrificed at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 hr post-dosing. The maternal and fetal tissues were quickly removed and the radioactivity in these tissues determined by liquid scintillation counting.In a separate study, urine samples were collected from 6 male Wistar rats after administering 15 mg/kg of unlabeled psilocin i.p. The urine samples were collected and extracted by chloroform-methanol (9:1 v/v) and analyzed using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer.Results: 14C-Psilocin crossed the placental barrier of pregnant rats readily after i.v. administration; maternal tissue 14C concentrations were found to be much higher than those in fetal tissues. The areas under the curve for maternal tissues also were much higher than the fetal tissues. In general, maternal tissues could be divided into the fast eliminating organ group, which included the brain (elimination half-life <13 hr) and the slow eliminating organ group, which included all fetal tissues (elimination half-life >13 hr). A new psilocin metabolite tentatively identified as dihydroxyindoleacetic acid was found in the urine.Conclusion: Our study showed that psilocin readily crossed the placental and blood-brain barriers of pregnant rats. Because psilocin was eliminated slowly from the fetal tissues of rats, human consumption of magic mushrooms should be avoided during pregnancy. Key words: magic mushrooms, psilocin, placental barrier, pregnant rats

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5

Kuhn, Antonia, and Matthias F. Melzig. "Psilocybe mexicana R. Heim – Mexikanischer Kahlkopf." Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 43, no. 02 (April 2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1540-9907.

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Psilocybe mexicana R. Heim ist ein Pilz mit langer ethnopharmakologischer Tradition, der als wirkungsbestimmende Inhaltsstoffe Psilocybin und Psilocin enthält. Die psychostimulierende, halluzinogene Wirkung wurde bisher vor allem in traditionellen Zeremonien der indigenen Bevölkerung Mittel- und Südamerikas genutzt. Die Eignung als Therapeutikum für verschiedene psychische Krankheiten, wie der Depression, soll in aktuellen klinischen Studien untersucht werden. Noch ist die Studienlage nicht ausreichend und sind zugrundeliegende Mechanismen nicht abschließend geklärt.

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6

Kuhn, Antonia, and Matthias F. Melzig. "Psilocybe mexicana R. Heim – Mexikanischer Kahlkopf." Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie 43, no. 02 (April 2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1540-9907.

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Psilocybe mexicana R. Heim ist ein Pilz mit langer ethnopharmakologischer Tradition, der als wirkungsbestimmende Inhaltsstoffe Psilocybin und Psilocin enthält. Die psychostimulierende, halluzinogene Wirkung wurde bisher vor allem in traditionellen Zeremonien der indigenen Bevölkerung Mittel- und Südamerikas genutzt. Die Eignung als Therapeutikum für verschiedene psychische Krankheiten, wie der Depression, soll in aktuellen klinischen Studien untersucht werden. Noch ist die Studienlage nicht ausreichend und sind zugrundeliegende Mechanismen nicht abschließend geklärt.

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7

Brenneisen, Rudolf, and Stefan Borner. "The Occurrence of Tryptamine Derivatives in Psilocybe semilanceata." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 43, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1988): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1988-7-806.

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The content of tryptamine derivatives in Psilocybe semilanceata, a popular hallucinogenic mushroom, was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Most of the 52 samples have been collected at several localities in Switzerland during a 1-5 year period. The content of psilocybin and baeocystin varied in the range of 0.21-2.02% and 0.05-0.77%, respectively, whereas only traces of psilocin were present. The variability of the alkaloid level depending on origin, year of collection, size and part of mushrooms is discussed.

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8

Polo-Castellano, Curro, José Á. Álvarez, Miguel Palma, Gerardo F. Barbero, Jesús Ayuso, and Marta Ferreiro-González. "Optimization through a Box–Behnken Experimental Design of the Microwave-Assisted Extraction of the Psychoactive Compounds in Hallucinogenic Fungi (Psylocibe cubensis)." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8060598.

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Hallucinogenic fungi, mainly those from the Psilocybe genus, are being increasingly consumed even though there is no control on their culture conditions. Due to the therapeutic potential as antidepressants and anxiolytics of the alkaloids that they produce (psilocin and psilocybin), some form of control on their production would be highly recommended. Prior to identifying their optimal culture condition, a methodology that allows their study is required. Microwave-assisted extraction method (MAE) is a technique that has proven its efficiency to extract different compounds from solid matrices. For this reason, this study intends to optimize a MAE method to extract the alkaloids found in Psylocibe cubensis. A surface-response Box–Behnken design has been employed to optimize such extraction method and significantly reduce time and other resources in the extraction process. Based on the Box–Behnken design, 50 °C temperature, 60% methanol as extraction solvent, 0.6 g:10 mL sample mass:solvent ratio and 5 min extraction time, were established as optimal conditions. These mild conditions, combined with a rapid and efficient UHPLC analysis result in a practical and economical methodology for the extraction of psilocin and psilocybin from Psylocibe cubensis.

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9

Hackl, Benjamin, Hannes Todt, Helmut Kubista, Karlheinz Hilber, and Xaver Koenig. "Psilocybin Therapy of Psychiatric Disorders Is Not Hampered by hERG Potassium Channel–Mediated Cardiotoxicity." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 25, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyab085.

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Abstract Psilocybin, a hallucinogen contained in “magic” mushrooms, holds great promise for the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, and early clinical trials are encouraging. Adverse cardiac events after intake of high doses of psilocybin and a trial reporting QT interval prolongation in the electrocardiogram attributed to the drug’s main metabolite, psilocin, gave rise to safety concerns. Here we show that clinical concentrations of psilocin do not cause significant human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channel inhibition, a major risk factor for adverse cardiac events. We conclude that hERG channel blockage by psilocin is not liable for psilocybin- associated cardiotoxic effects.

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10

Lewis, Candace R., Katrin H. Preller, B. Blair Braden, Cory Riecken, and Franz X. Vollenweider. "Rostral Anterior Cingulate Thickness Predicts the Emotional Psilocybin Experience." Biomedicines 8, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8020034.

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Psilocybin is the psychoactive compound of mushrooms in the psilocybe species. Psilocybin directly affects a number of serotonin receptors, with highest affinity for the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT-2Ar). Generally, the effects of psilocybin, and its active metabolite psilocin, are well established and include a range of cognitive, emotional, and perceptual perturbations. Despite the generality of these effects, there is a high degree of inter-individual variability in subjective psilocybin experiences that are not well understood. Others have shown brain morphology metrics derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can predict individual drug response. Due to high expression of serotonin 2A receptors (5HT-2Ar) in the cingulate cortex, and its prior associations with psilocybin, we investigate if cortical thickness of this structure predicts the psilocybin experience in healthy adults. We hypothesized that greater cingulate thickness would predict higher subjective ratings in sub-scales of the Five-Dimensional Altered State of Consciousness (5D-ASC) with high emotionality in healthy participants (n = 55) who received oral psilocybin (either low dose: 0.160 mg/kg or high dose: 0.215 mg/kg). After controlling for sex, age, and using false discovery rate (FDR) correction, we found the rostral anterior cingulate predicted all four emotional sub-scales, whereas the caudal and posterior cingulate did not. How classic psychedelic compounds induce such large inter-individual variability in subjective states has been a long-standing question in serotonergic research. These results extend the traditional set and setting hypothesis of the psychedelic experience to include brain structure metrics.

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11

Marcano, V., A. Morales Méndez, F. Castellano, F. J. Salazar, and L. Martinez. "Occurrence of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe pseudobullacea (Petch) Pegler from the Venezuelan Andes." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 43, no. 2 (July 1994): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90013-2.

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12

Zhou, Liying, Ping Xiang, Di Wen, Baohua Shen, Xin Wang, Le Li, Hongxiao Deng, et al. "Sensitive quantitative analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hair samples from suspected users and their distribution in seized hallucinogenic mushrooms." Forensic Toxicology 39, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 464–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11419-020-00566-3.

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Abstract Purpose In this study, we developed a very sensitive method for quantitative analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hair samples of magic mushroom consumers. Methods The analyses were performed with pretreatments of samples, followed by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (LC) connected to a Q-Trap type tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). For LC, mobile phase (A) consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water, and mobile phase (B) was acetonitrile for gradient elution using a Acquity™ UPLC HSS T3 column. For MS/MS, electrospray ionization measurements in positive selected reaction monitoring mode were used. Results The calibration curves were linear from 5 to 500 pg/mg (r > 0.99) and no selectivity problems occurred. The limit of detection was 1 pg/mg, and the lower limit of quantitation was 5 pg/mg. The ranges of the matrix effects and recovery rates were 90.4–107% and 76.0–102%, respectively. Conclusions The concentrations of psilocin in two authentic hair were 161 and 150 pg/mg, respectively, and psilocybin was not detected from both samples. This method was also used to analyze the distribution of psilocin and psilocybin in seven hallucinogenic mushrooms. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of psilocin concentrations in hair samples of hallucinogenic mushroom consumers, and also our method is most sensitive for quantitative analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hair samples.

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13

Halberstadt, Adam L., Liselore Koedood, Susan B. Powell, and Mark A. Geyer. "Differential contributions of serotonin receptors to the behavioral effects of indoleamine hallucinogens in mice." Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, no. 11 (December 8, 2010): 1548–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881110388326.

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Psilocin (4-hydroxy- N, N-dimethyltryptamine) is a hallucinogen that acts as an agonist at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors. Psilocin is the active metabolite of psilocybin, a hallucinogen that is currently being investigated clinically as a potential therapeutic agent. In the present investigation, we used a combination of genetic and pharmacological approaches to identify the serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes responsible for mediating the effects of psilocin on head twitch response (HTR) and the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM) in C57BL/6J mice. We also compared the effects of psilocin with those of the putative 5-HT2C receptor-selective agonist 1-methylpsilocin and the hallucinogen and non-selective serotonin receptor agonist 5-methoxy- N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). Psilocin, 1-methylpsilocin, and 5-MeO-DMT induced the HTR, effects that were absent in mice lacking the 5-HT2A receptor gene. When tested in the BPM, psilocin decreased locomotor activity, holepoking, and time spent in the center of the chamber, effects that were blocked by the selective 5-HT1A antagonist WAY-100635 but were not altered by the selective 5-HT2C antagonist SB 242,084 or by 5-HT2A receptor gene deletion. 5-MeO-DMT produced similar effects when tested in the BPM, and the action of 5-MeO-DMT was significantly attenuated by WAY-100635. Psilocin and 5-MeO-DMT also decreased the linearity of locomotor paths, effects that were mediated by 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors, respectively. In contrast to psilocin and 5-MeO-DMT, 1-methylpsilocin (0.6–9.6 mg/kg) was completely inactive in the BPM. These findings confirm that psilocin acts as an agonist at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptors in mice, whereas the behavioral effects of 1-methylpsilocin indicate that this compound is acting at 5-HT2A sites but is inactive at the 5-HT1A receptor. The fact that 1-methylpsilocin displays greater pharmacological selectivity than psilocin indicates that 1-methylpsilocin represents a potentially useful alternative to psilocybin for development as a potential therapeutic agent.

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14

Keller, Thomas, Andrea Schneider, Priska Regenscheit, Richard Dirnhofer, Thomas Rücker, Jürgen Jaspers, and Wolfgang Kisser. "Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in Psilocybe subcubensis GUZMÁN by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry." Forensic Science International 99, no. 2 (January 1999): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-0738(98)00168-6.

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15

Keller, T., A. Schneider, P. Regenscheit, R. Dirnhofer, T. Rucker, J. Jaspers, and W. Kisser. "Analysis of psilocybin and psilocin in psilocybe subcubensis Guzman by ion mobility spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 6, no. 3 (September 1999): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-1131(99)90073-1.

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16

Kovacic, Peter. "Unifying electron transfer mechanism for psilocybin and psilocin." Medical Hypotheses 73, no. 4 (October 2009): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.06.022.

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17

Gotvaldová, Klára, Jan Borovička, Kateřina Hájková, Petra Cihlářová, Alan Rockefeller, and Martin Kuchař. "Extensive Collection of Psychotropic Mushrooms with Determination of Their Tryptamine Alkaloids." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 14068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214068.

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Since not only psilocybin (PSB) but also PSB-containing mushrooms are used for psychedelic therapy and microdosing, it is necessary to know their concentration variability in wild-grown mushrooms. This article aimed to determine the PSB, psilocin (PS), baeocystin (BA), norbaeocystin (NB), and aeruginascin (AE) concentrations in a large sample set of mushrooms belonging to genera previously reported to contain psychotropic tryptamines. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify tryptamine alkaloids in the mushroom samples. Most mushroom collections were documented by fungarium specimens and/or ITS rDNA/LSU/EF1-α sequencing. Concentrations of five tryptamine alkaloids were determined in a large sample set of 226 fruiting bodies of 82 individual collections from seven mushroom genera. For many mushroom species, concentrations of BA, NB, and AE are reported for the first time. The highest PSB/PS concentrations were found in Psilocybe species, but no tryptamines were detected in the P. fuscofulva and P. fimetaria collections. The tryptamine concentrations in mushrooms are extremely variable, representing a problem for mushroom consumers due to the apparent risk of overdose. The varied cocktail of tryptamines in wild mushrooms could influence the medicinal effect compared to therapy with chemically pure PSB, posing a serious problem for data interpretation.

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18

Patocka, Jiri, Ran Wu, Eugenie Nepovimova, Martin Valis, Wenda Wu, and Kamil Kuca. "Chemistry and Toxicology of Major Bioactive Substances in Inocybe Mushrooms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 2218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042218.

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Mushroom poisoning has always been a threat to human health. There are a large number of reports about ingestion of poisonous mushrooms every year around the world. It attracts the attention of researchers, especially in the aspects of toxin composition, toxic mechanism and toxin application in poisonous mushroom. Inocybe is a large genus of mushrooms and contains toxic substances including muscarine, psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, lectins and baeocystin. In order to prevent and remedy mushroom poisoning, it is significant to clarify the toxic effects and mechanisms of these bioactive substances. In this review article, we summarize the chemistry, most known toxic effects and mechanisms of major toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms, especially muscarine, psilocybin and psilocin. Their available toxicity data (different species, different administration routes) published formerly are also summarized. In addition, the treatment and medical application of these toxic substances in Inocybe mushrooms are also discussed. We hope that this review will help understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of Inocybe mushrooms as well as the potential clinical application of its bioactive substances to benefit human beings.

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Chue, P., A. Andreiev, E. Bucuci, C. Els, and J. Chue. "A Review of Aeruginascin and Potential Entourage Effect in Hallucinogenic Mushrooms." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2297.

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Introduction The 5-HT2A agonist classic psychedelic, psilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a tryptophan, indole-based alkaloid present in up to 2% of certain hallucinogenic “magic” mushroom species; typically Psilocybe azurescens, semilanceata, and cyanescens,. In addition, mushrooms may contain psilocin (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine). Both are indolylalkylamines (tryptamines); other naturally occurring tryptamine compounds include norbaeocystin, baeocystin, norpsilocin, and aeruginascin. A putative synergistic contribution of these compounds has been referred to as the “entourage” effect. Aeruginascin (N,N,N-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine) is found naturally in Inocybe aeruginascens and Pholiotina cyanopus mushroom species and ingestion reportedly invokes elevation in mood without accompanying hallucinogenic effects: Objectives To review the pharmacology of aeruginascin and putative entourage effect. Methods The extant literature on aeruginascin was reviewed and discussed. Results Methylation of aeruginascin results in an active metabolite, 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine (4-HO-TMT) which has been shown to bind at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2B receptors with Inhibition Constants (Ki) of 4400, 670, and 120 nM respectively; compared with psilocybin’s binding of 567.4, 107.2 and 4.6 nM respectively. Further, 4-HO-TMT does not bind at the 5-HT3 receptor, and as a quaternary trimethylammonium compound it is less likely to be able to cross the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). Conclusions There are very limited data with respect to the pharmacology of aeruginascin. Its activity at serotonin receptors is less by several orders of magnitude than psilocybin and it has potentially less brain penetrance. Given that it is found in different mushrooms species the data would suggest that its direct contribution to any entourage effect is limited. Further research in needed into other naturally occurring tryptamine compounds. Disclosure PC is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Zylorion. AA, EB, JC, CE have no disclosures to report.

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Ohenoja, E., J. Jokiranta, T. Mäkinen, A. Kaikkonen, and M. M. Airaksinen. "The Occurrence of Psilocybin and Psilocin in Finnish Fungi." Journal of Natural Products 50, no. 4 (July 1987): 741–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50052a030.

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Lee, Robert Earl. "A Technique for the Rapid Isolation and Identification of Psilocin from Psilocin/Psilocybin-Containing Mushrooms." Journal of Forensic Sciences 30, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 11028J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs11028j.

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22

Jefsen, Oskar, Kristoffer Højgaard, Sofie Laage Christiansen, Betina Elfving, David John Nutt, Gregers Wegener, and Heidi Kaastrup Müller. "Psilocybin lacks antidepressant-like effect in the Flinders Sensitive Line rat." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 31, no. 04 (May 20, 2019): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2019.15.

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AbstractObjective:Psilocybin is a serotonin receptor agonist with a therapeutic potential for treatment-resistant depression and other psychiatric illnesses. We investigated whether the administration of psilocybin had an antidepressant-like effect in a rat model of depression.Methods:Using the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rat model of depression, we assessed the antidepressant-like effect of psilocin and psilocybin, measured as a reduction in immobility time in the forced swim test (FST). We measured locomotor activity in an open field test (OFT) to control for stimulant properties of the drugs. We performed a set of experiments to test different doses, treatment paradigms, and timing of the tests in relation to the drug administration.Results:Psilocin and psilocybin showed no effect on immobility, struggling, or swimming behaviour in the FST and no effect on locomotor activity in the OFT. FSL rats did show significantly more immobility than their control strain, the Flinders Resistant Line, as expected.Conclusion:Psilocin and psilocybin showed no antidepressant-like effect in the FSL rats, despite a positive effect in humans. This suggests that other animal models of depression and other behavioural tests may be more appropriate for translational studies in the effects of psilocybin.

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Nkadimeng, Sanah M., Alice Nabatanzi, Christiaan M. L. Steinmann, and Jacobus N. Eloff. "Phytochemical, Cytotoxicity, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Psilocybe Natalensis Magic Mushroom." Plants 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091127.

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Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms, have been used since ancient and recent times for depression and to improve quality of life. However, their anti-inflammatory properties are not known. The study aims at investing cytotoxicity; antioxidant; and, for the first time, anti-inflammatory effects of Psilocybe natalensis, a psilocybin-containing mushroom that grows in South Africa, on lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Macrophage cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and treated with different concentrations of Psilocybe natalensis mushroom extracted with boiling hot water, cold water and ethanol over 24 h. Quercetin and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester were used as positive controls. Effects of extracts on the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and cytokine activities were investigated. Phytochemical analysis, and the antioxidant and cytotoxicity of extracts, were determined. Results showed that the three extracts inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and interleukin 1β cytokine production significantly in a dose-dependent manner close to that of the positive controls. A study proposed that ethanol and water extracts of Psilocybe natalensis mushroom were safe at concentrations used, and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds in the mushroom extracts.

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Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge. "Metabolism of psilocybin and psilocin: clinical and forensic toxicological relevance." Drug Metabolism Reviews 49, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602532.2016.1278228.

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Madsen, Martin K., and Gitte M. Knudsen. "Plasma psilocin critically determines behavioral and neurobiological effects of psilocybin." Neuropsychopharmacology 46, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00823-4.

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Morita, Izumi, Hiroyuki Oyama, Yuki Kiguchi, Akari Oguri, Natsumi Fujimoto, Atsuko Takeuchi, Rie Tanaka, Jun Ogata, Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri, and Norihiro Kobayashi. "Immunochemical monitoring of psilocybin and psilocin to identify hallucinogenic mushrooms." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 190 (October 2020): 113485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113485.

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Borowiak, Krzysztof S., Kazimierz Ciechanowski, and Piotr Waloszczyk. "Psilocybin Mushroom (Psilocybe semilanceata) Intoxication with Myocardial Infarction." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 36, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15563659809162584.

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Descalço, N., A. B. Medeiros, C. Fernandes Santos, and G. Borges. "Psilocybin in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: What do we know so far?" European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1114.

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IntroductionPsilocybin is a naturally occurring plant alkaloid in mushrooms and a prodrug of psilocin. It is a serotonin receptor (5-HT2A) agonist and known psychedelic, with similar hallucinatory properties to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). It has been identified as a safe and effective option in treatment-resistant depression. Literature focus mainly on its use on depressive but its interest in other psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has grown.ObjectivesTo review the clinical evidence for the use of hallucinogens such as psilocybin in OCD.MethodsNon-systematic review of literature found on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using the keywords “obsessive-compulsive disorder”, “psilocybin” and “hallucinogens”. Articles may include clinical trials, case report or case series. Articles found were admitted according to their relevance for the topic in review; only articles in English were included. Ongoing research trials on this topic were checked on ClinicalTrials.gov.ResultsSo far, only one open-label non-randomized study directly assessed the effects of psilocybin on OCD patients that found acute reductions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Case reports of patients improving with off-label use of psilocybin are reported. There are two ongoing phase I research trials, aiming to explore the effect of the substance on symptomatology, hypothesizing that psilocybin will normalize cerebral connectivity and thus correlate with clinical improvement.ConclusionsMore research to establish the usefulness of psilocybin in OCD patients is needed; the collected data is encouraging are there may be a role for its use on this disorder.

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Cao, Dongmei, Jing Yu, Huan Wang, Zhipu Luo, Xinyu Liu, Licong He, Jianzhong Qi, et al. "Structure-based discovery of nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analogs." Science 375, no. 6579 (January 28, 2022): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abl8615.

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Drugs that target the human serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT 2A R) are used to treat neuropsychiatric diseases; however, many have hallucinogenic effects, hampering their use. Here, we present structures of 5-HT 2A R complexed with the psychedelic drugs psilocin (the active metabolite of psilocybin) and d -lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), as well as the endogenous neurotransmitter serotonin and the nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analog lisuride. Serotonin and psilocin display a second binding mode in addition to the canonical mode, which enabled the design of the psychedelic IHCH-7113 (a substructure of antipsychotic lumateperone) and several 5-HT 2A R β-arrestin–biased agonists that displayed antidepressant-like activity in mice but without hallucinogenic effects. The 5-HT 2A R complex structures presented herein and the resulting insights provide a solid foundation for the structure-based design of safe and effective nonhallucinogenic psychedelic analogs with therapeutic effects.

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Musikaphongsakul, Prinya, Kimheang Ya, Pakpoom Subsoontorn, and Manupat Lohitnavy. "Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of psilocybin and psilocin from magic mushroom in rats and humans." F1000Research 10 (March 15, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.28133.1.

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Background: Psilocybin (PB) is a psychoactive compound commonly found in magic mushroom (Psilocybe cubensis). PB is quickly converted by the body to psilocin (PI), which has a psychedelic effect through the activation of the 5-HT2A receptor in the brain. The objective of this study is to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of PB and PI in rats and humans for predicting concentrations of the psychoactive substance in the brain. Methods: Following a search in PubMed, three studies were retrieved and information concerning concentration-time profiles of PI were extracted from the selected studies. In the study in rats, PI was orally administered with a dose of 10.1 mg/kg. There were two studies in humans following a single intravenous dose of PB (1 mg) and oral dose of PB (0.224 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg). Berkeley Madonna software was used for computer coding and simulations. The developed PBPK model consisted of seven organ compartments (i.e. lung, heart, brain, fat, muscle, kidney, and liver). Results: The simulations show a good agreement between observed and simulated data, although results for oral administration in rats and humans showed under-predictions and results for intravenous administration in humans showed over-predictions. Conclusions: A PBPK model of PB and PI in rats and humans was developed and could predict concentration-time profiles of PI in plasma, particularly in the brain, following intravenous and oral administration of PB. This model may be useful for a safer dosage regimen of PB for patients with some disorders.

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McKernan, Kevin, Liam T. Kane, Seth Crawford, Chen-Shan Chin, Aaron Trippe, and Stephen McLaughlin. "A draft sequence reference of the Psilocybe cubensis genome." F1000Research 10 (April 9, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51613.1.

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We describe the use of high-fidelity single molecule sequencing to assemble the genome of the psychoactive Psilocybe cubensis mushroom. The genome is 46.6Mb, 46% GC, and in 32 contigs with an N50 of 3.3Mb. The BUSCO completeness scores are 97.6% with 1.2% duplicates. The Psilocybin synthesis cluster exists in a single 3.2Mb contig. The dataset is available from NCBI BioProject with accessions PRJNA687911 and PRJNA700437.

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McKernan, Kevin, Liam T. Kane, Seth Crawford, Chen-Shan Chin, Aaron Trippe, and Stephen McLaughlin. "A draft reference assembly of the Psilocybe cubensis genome." F1000Research 10 (June 15, 2021): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51613.2.

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We describe the use of high-fidelity single molecule sequencing to assemble the genome of the psychoactive Psilocybe cubensis mushroom. The genome is 46.6Mb, 46% GC, and in 32 contigs with an N50 of 3.3Mb. The BUSCO completeness scores are 97.6% with 1.2% duplicates. The Psilocybin synthesis cluster exists in a single 3.2Mb contig. The dataset is available from NCBI BioProject with accessions PRJNA687911 and PRJNA700437.

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Kusumadewi, Andrian Fajar. "Case Report: Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe Cubensis) Intoxication." Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/amcr.v1i2.505.

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A B S T R A C TIntroduction Psilocybe mushroom, or widely known as the magic mushroom is avariety of mushroom commonly consumed because of hallucinogenic traits it causestoward its consumer. This hallucinogenic effect is caused by Psilocybin, ahallucinogenic substance often found within Psilocybe mushroom. This substanceaffects mental state of the consumer and has similar effect to those of LSD andMescaline. Aside from its effect to cause mental disturbance, consumption of thismushroom may cause acute renal injury which leads to a fatal and life-threateningsituation.Case presentation: A case of Psilocybe intoxication had been reported in a22 years old male with a confirmed history of consuming Psilocybe mushroom. Patientfirst came with a symptom of disorientation and restlessness. Patient also often shookhis head off, laughed out, screamed, and continuously making bizarre movements.Psychiatric examination confirmed a sign of auditory hallucination, unstable mood,and stereotypical behavior experienced by the patient. Conclusion: An approach isneeded in the form of a physical examination and support that supports a promptand precise diagnosis, as well as comprehensive management that focuses on thedirect management of life-threatening symptoms and symptomatic treatment, takinginto account the signs and symptoms of life-threatening nephrotoxicity

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Kusumadewi, Andrian Fajar. "Case Report: Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe Cubensis) Intoxication." Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/amcr.v1i2.13.

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A B S T R A C TIntroduction Psilocybe mushroom, or widely known as the magic mushroom is avariety of mushroom commonly consumed because of hallucinogenic traits it causestoward its consumer. This hallucinogenic effect is caused by Psilocybin, ahallucinogenic substance often found within Psilocybe mushroom. This substanceaffects mental state of the consumer and has similar effect to those of LSD andMescaline. Aside from its effect to cause mental disturbance, consumption of thismushroom may cause acute renal injury which leads to a fatal and life-threateningsituation.Case presentation: A case of Psilocybe intoxication had been reported in a22 years old male with a confirmed history of consuming Psilocybe mushroom. Patientfirst came with a symptom of disorientation and restlessness. Patient also often shookhis head off, laughed out, screamed, and continuously making bizarre movements.Psychiatric examination confirmed a sign of auditory hallucination, unstable mood,and stereotypical behavior experienced by the patient. Conclusion: An approach isneeded in the form of a physical examination and support that supports a promptand precise diagnosis, as well as comprehensive management that focuses on thedirect management of life-threatening symptoms and symptomatic treatment, takinginto account the signs and symptoms of life-threatening nephrotoxicity

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Fraga, A., D. Esteves-Sousa, J. Facucho-Oliveira, M. Albuquerque, M. Costa, P. Espada Dos Santos, N. Moura, and A. Moutinho. "Effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy on treatment-resistant depression." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S693—S694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1836.

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Introduction Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent clinical condition, affecting more than 300 million individuals worldwide. About 1/3 of patients with MDD fail to achieve remission despite treatment with multiple antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Novel antidepressants with rapid and sustained effects on mood and cognition could represent a breakthrough in the TRD and may potentially improve or save lives. Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, more commonly found in the Psilocybe mushrooms has a combined serotonergic and glutamatergic action. The preliminary evidence of antidepressant effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy indicates the potential of psilocybin-assisted therapy as a novel antidepressant intervention.ObjectivesThe authors elaborate a narrative literature review about the effects of Psilocybin-based therapy on patients diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression.MethodsPubMed database searched using the terms “Treatment-Resistant Depression AND Psilocybin” and targeting clinical trials. References of selected articles and review articles were also assessed.Results2 articles evaluate psilocybin effects in 32 patients with TRD and showed that two doses of psilocybin alongside psychological support significantly reduces depressive symptoms. All patients presented some reduction in symptoms from baseline to one week after the second dose and reproduced immediate and substantial improvements in depression that ultimately could sustain up to 6 months.ConclusionsPsilocybin-assisted therapy is a very appealing new possibility in the treatment of depression. However, due to the small populations of the existing trials, future studies are needed to prove this positive association and to fully understand Psilocybin’s mechanisms of actions and effects.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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Hirschfeld, Tim, and Timo T. Schmidt. "Dose–response relationships of psilocybin-induced subjective experiences in humans." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 4 (March 4, 2021): 384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881121992676.

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Background: Psilocybin is the psychoactive component in Psilocybe mushrooms (‘magic mushrooms’). Whether and how the quality of the psilocybin-induced experience might mediate beneficial health outcomes is currently under investigation, for example, in therapeutic applications. However, to date, no meta-analysis has investigated the dose-dependency of subjective experiences across available studies. Aim: Establishing dose–response relationships of the subjective experiences induced by psilocybin in healthy study participants and a comparison of patient groups. Method: We applied a linear meta-regression approach, based on the robust variance estimation framework, to obtain linear dose–response relationship estimates on questionnaire ratings after oral psilocybin administration. Data were obtained from the Altered States Database, which contains data extracted from MEDLINE-listed journal articles that used standardized and validated questionnaires: the Altered States of Consciousness Rating Scale, the Mystical Experience Questionnaire and the Hallucinogen Rating Scale. Results: Psilocybin dose positively correlated with ratings on most factors and scales, mainly those referring to perceptual alterations and positively experienced ego dissolution. Measures referring to challenging experiences exhibited small effects and were barely modulated by dose. Conclusion: Psilocybin intensified almost all characteristics of altered states of consciousness assessed with the given questionnaires. Because subjective experiences are not only determined by dose, but also by individual and environmental factors, the results may only apply to controlled laboratory experiments and not to recreational use. This paper may serve as a general literature citation for the use of psilocybin in experimental and clinical research, to compare expected and observed subjective experiences.

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Kargbo, Robert B., Alexander Sherwood, Andrew Walker, Nicholas V. Cozzi, Raymond E. Dagger, Jessica Sable, Kelsey O’Hern, et al. "Direct Phosphorylation of Psilocin Enables Optimized cGMP Kilogram-Scale Manufacture of Psilocybin." ACS Omega 5, no. 27 (July 1, 2020): 16959–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02387.

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Kysilka, Roman, and Milan Wurst. "A Novel Extraction Procedure for Psilocybin and Psilocin Determination in Mushroom Samples." Planta Medica 56, no. 03 (June 1990): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-960970.

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Pedersen-Bjergaard, Stig, Ellen Sannes, Knut Einar Rasmussen, and Finn Tønnesen. "Determination of psilocybin in Psilocybe semilanceata by capillary zone electrophoresis." Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 694, no. 2 (July 1997): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00127-8.

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Kusumadewi, Andrian Fajar. "Case Report: Magic Mushroom (Psilocybe Cubensis) Intoxication." Archives of The Medicine and Case Reports 1, no. 2 (October 13, 2021): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/amcr.v1i2.7.

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Introduction. Psilocybe mushroom, or wi dely known as the magic mushroom is a variety of mushroom commonly consumed because of hallucinogenic traits it causes toward its consumer. This hallucinogenic effect is caused by Psilocybin, a hallucinogenic substance often found within Psilocybe mushroom. This substance affects mental state of the consumer and has similar effect to those of LSD and Mescaline. Aside from its effect to cause mental disturbance, consumption of this mushroom may cause acute renal injury which leads to a fatal and life -threatening situation. Case presentation. A case of Psilocybe intoxication had been reported in a 22 years old male with a confirmed history of consuming Psilocybe mushroom. Patient first came with a symptom of disorientation and restlessness. Patient also often shook his head off, laughed out, screamed, and continuously making bizarre movements. Psychiatric examination confirmed a sign of auditory hallucination, unstable mood, and stereotypical behavior experienced by the patient. Conclusion. An approach is needed in the form of a ph ysical examination and support that supports a prompt and precise diagnosis, as well as comprehensive management that focuses on the direct management of life-threatening symptoms and symptomatic treatment, taking into account the si gns and symptoms of life-threateningnephrotoxicity

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Jensen, Mathias Ebbesen, Dea Siggaard Stenbæk, Tobias Søgaard Juul, Patrick MacDonald Fisher, Claus Thorn Ekstrøm, Gitte Moos Knudsen, and Anders Fink-Jensen. "Psilocybin-assisted therapy for reducing alcohol intake in patients with alcohol use disorder: protocol for a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 12-week clinical trial (The QUANTUM Trip Trial)." BMJ Open 12, no. 10 (October 2022): e066019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066019.

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IntroductionAlcohol use disorder is a difficult-to-treat psychiatric disorder and a major burden on public health. Existing treatment efficacy is moderate, and relapse rates are high. Preliminary findings suggest that psilocybin, a psychedelic compound, can safely and reliably occasion highly meaningful experiences that may spur a positive change in drinking behaviour when administered in a therapeutic context. However, the efficacy of a single psilocybin administration and its potential neurobiological underpinnings still remain unknown.Methods and analysisTo establish efficacy, we will investigate the effects of psilocybin-assisted therapy versus placebo in a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled 12-week clinical trial. Ninety treatment-seeking patients, aged 20–70 years, diagnosed with alcohol use disorder will be recruited from the community via advertisement and referrals from general practitioners or specialised treatment units. The psilocybin or placebo will be administered in accordance with a protocol for psychological support before, during and after the dosing. Outcome assessments will be carried out 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks postdosing. The primary outcome is reduction in the percentage of heavy drinking days from baseline to follow-up at 12 weeks. Key secondary outcomes are as follows: (1) total alcohol consumption, (2) phosphatidyl-ethanol, an objective biomarker for alcohol, (3) plasma psilocin, the active metabolite, to establish a possible therapeutic range, (4) the acute subjective drug experience as a possible predictor of treatment outcome and (5) neuronal response to alcohol cues and cognitive flexibility within corticostriatal pathways by use of functional MR brain imaging 1-week postdosing.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been obtained from the Committee on Health Research Ethics of the Capital Region of Denmark (H-20043832). All patients will be provided oral and written information about the trial before screening. The study results will be disseminated by peer-review publications and conference presentations.Trial registration numberEudraCT 2020-000829-55 andNCT05416229.

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dos Santos, Rafael G. "Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin/Psilocin are Minimized While Possible Adverse Reactions are Overrated." Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 36, no. 1 (February 2014): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ftd.0000000000000028.

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Madsen, Martin K., Patrick M. Fisher, Daniel Burmester, Agnete Dyssegaard, Dea S. Stenbæk, Sara Kristiansen, Sys S. Johansen, et al. "Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels." Neuropsychopharmacology 44, no. 7 (January 26, 2019): 1328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0324-9.

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Shirota, Osamu, Wataru Hakamata, and Yukihiro Goda. "Concise Large-Scale Synthesis of Psilocin and Psilocybin, Principal Hallucinogenic Constituents of “Magic Mushroom”." Journal of Natural Products 66, no. 6 (June 2003): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np030059u.

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James, Edward, Thomas L. Robertshaw, Andrew D. Westwell, and Andrew P. Smith. "Pharmacies as potential providers of harm reduction services: A preliminary online survey." Drug Science, Policy and Law 4 (January 2018): 205032451876744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050324518767441.

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Background Recreational drug use is a major cause of disease, injury, physical and mental impairment and death in developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States. Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and psilocybe mushrooms are recreational drugs with capacity to cause harm. Cannabis, MDMA and psilocybin have reported therapeutic applications. Objectives The primary purpose of this study was to determine which of the three types of vendor (pharmacy, shop and the black market) are perceived to be the most suitable for selling the substances discussed according to a general population sample. Methods A sample of 105 UK nationals was selected for the survey. Participants were presented information regarding reported relative dangers of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, MDMA and psilocybin and potential therapeutic applications. Participants were then asked to review harm reduction strategies. Results It was found that participants concluded that pharmacists with available NHS support from GPs and mental health workers are the most suitable vendors of cannabis, MDMA and psilocybin as opposed to regulated shops or the black market (p < 0.001). There was a high level of support for selling cannabis in pharmacies both for therapeutic use and for harm reduction purposes with a mean score of 7.0 out of 10. Participants (60) with a university education were found to be more in favour of the substances being sold primarily in pharmacies (alcohol 5.6, tobacco 6.7, cannabis 7.6, MDMA 6.5 and psilocybin 6.5) than participants (45) with no university qualification (alcohol 5.0, tobacco 4.8, cannabis 6.3, MDMA 5.0 and psilocybin 5.1). Conclusions The data suggest that the university-educated participants are supportive of treating recreational drug use as a health issue with GPs, mental health workers and pharmacists taking on roles.

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Madsen, Martin K., Patrick M. Fisher, Daniel Burmester, Agnete Dyssegaard, Dea S. Stenbæk, Sara Kristiansen, Sys S. Johansen, et al. "Correction: Psychedelic effects of psilocybin correlate with serotonin 2A receptor occupancy and plasma psilocin levels." Neuropsychopharmacology 44, no. 7 (March 8, 2019): 1336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41386-019-0360-5.

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Hasler, Felix, Daniel Bourquin, Rudolf Brenneisen, and Franz X. Vollenweider. "Renal excretion profiles of psilocin following oral administration of psilocybin: a controlled study in man." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 30, no. 2 (September 2002): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00278-9.

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Morita, I., H. Oyama, R. Tanaka, R. Kikura-Hanajiri, and N. Kobayashi. "Generation of monoclonal antibodies for on-site analysis of psilocin and psilocybin in hallucinogenic mushrooms." Clinica Chimica Acta 493 (June 2019): S62—S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.139.

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Yan, Ya-Ya, Yi-Zhe Zhang, Jukka Vauras, Li-Na Zhao, Yu-Guang Fan, Hai-Jiao Li, and Fei Xu. " Pseudosperma arenarium (Inocybaceae), a new poisonous species from Eurasia, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence." MycoKeys 92 (August 30, 2022): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.92.86277.

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In this study, Pseudosperma arenarium is proposed as a new species, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence. The new species grows on sandy ground under Populus and Pinus sylvestris in north-western China and northern Europe, respectively. It is characterised by the combination of the robust habit, nearly glabrous pileus, large cylindrical basidiospores, thin-walled cheilocystidia and ecological associations with Populus alba × P. berolinensis and Pinus sylvestris and unique phylogenetic placement. Additionally, a comprehensive toxin determination of the new species using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was conducted. Results showed that it was a muscarine-positive species. The content were approximately five times higher in the pilei [4012.2 ± 803.1–4302.3 ± 863.2 mg/kg (k = 2, p = 95%)] than in the stipes [850.4 ± 171.1–929.1 ± 184.2 mg/kg (k = 2, p = 95%)], demonstrating the severity of mushroom poisoning when patients consumed different parts of the poisonous mushroom. Amatoxins, phallotoxins, ibotenic acid, muscimol, psilocybin and psilocin were not detected.

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Madsen, Martin K., Dea S. Stenbæk, Albin Arvidsson, Sophia Armand, Maja R. Marstrand-Joergensen, Sys S. Johansen, Kristian Linnet, Brice Ozenne, Gitte M. Knudsen, and Patrick M. Fisher. "Psilocybin-induced changes in brain network integrity and segregation correlate with plasma psilocin level and psychedelic experience." European Neuropsychopharmacology 50 (September 2021): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.001.

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