Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Psilocyn'
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Shaba, Reham. "Development of an improved psilocybin synthesis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Uppsala universitet Innovation (UU Innovation), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-420295.
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Psilocybin is a hallucinogenic compound found in fungi and is currently evaluated inclinical trials for treatment of depression, anxiety and addiction. Psilocybin is aprodrug of the pharmacologically active metabolite, psilocin. The synthetic route topsilocybin relies on synthesizing psilocin from the starting material, 4-hydroxyindoleand latter converting psilocin into psilocybin by phosphorylation. The synthesis ofpsilocybin has been challenging because of the labile nature of the phosphorylationdibenzyl ester reagent and related intermediates. Several attempts to optimizepsilocybin synthesis have been published but there is still a need for furtherimprovements.The first aim of this project was to synthesize psilocybin using literature methods,while the second aim was to optimize the phosphorylation step with differentreagents and conditions.Initial studies focused on coupling the two-side chain carbon onto position three ofthe indole, this required protection of the hydroxyl group which was achieved byacylation in room temperature. With sufficient amount of dimethylamine solution, theamine addition reaction was investigated and resulted in a pure product. Thefollowing reduction with lithium aluminum hydride provided an unknown side-productinstead of psilocin.The first aim was successfully accomplished, up to psilocin, with pure intermediatesbut low yields. The second aim was not achieved due to lack of time and access tothe laboratory during covid-19 crisis. However, a literature survey of reagents andconditions for phosphorylation was performed which enables continuation of theproject.
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Engström, Natalie. "Lysergsyradietylamid (LSD) och psilocybin vid depression och ångestsjukdom : En litteraturstudie om effekter och biverkningar av LSD- och psilocybin-assisterad psykoterapi." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Farmakologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136681.
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Gabay, Anthony Stuart. "An investigation of social cognition using psilocybin and MDMA." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-investigation-of-social-cognition-using-psilocybin-and-mdma(dedc1c2c-5023-4cba-9994-6178214334f3).html.
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Impairments of social function are increasingly thought to be fundamental to the psychopathology of psychiatric disorders. Current treatments are not assessed against these social domains and the effects of medication are poorly understood. Furthermore, the neural mechanisms and psychopharmacology underlying these functions in the healthy population are poorly understood. This thesis addresses this knowledge gap. A meta-analysis of antipsychotic treatment effects on emotion processing in schizophrenia confirms the lack of efficacy of current treatments in treating these social deficits. Following this, the thesis largely focuses on social decision-making, investigating tasks which model trust, cooperation and social norm violations. A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies investigating the Ultimatum Game (UG) provides robust evidence of regions underlying the processing of social norms. Results are presented from two psychopharmacological studies, utilising serotonergic agonists to investigate their effects on social decision-making and emotion processing. The first study administered psilocybin with an open-label design. This study additionally investigated the efficacy of a src-kinase inhibitor to attenuate any psilocybin effect; this followed a placebo-controlled, double-blind design. The second study investigated 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) with a placebo-controlled, double-blind design. Both MDMA and psilocybin caused a decrease in rejection of unfair offers in the UG. MDMA increased cooperation with trustworthy, but not untrustworthy, partners in an iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (PD), as well as reducing recognition of negative facial affect. Increased cooperation in the PD was accompanied by increased activation in the superior temporal sulcus, cingulate cortex and insula, during feedback of other player’s decisions. The findings of these studies suggest that serotonergic mechanisms are fundamental to the processing of normative behaviour during interpersonal interactions. Manipulation of this neurotransmitter system produced context-sensitive changes in behaviour. These behavioural alterations were accompanied by changes in activity of brain regions proposed to be involved in the processing and appraisal of other’s intentions and motivations. It is hypothesised that this was largely achieved through activity at the serotonin 2A receptor. These findings provide insight for the development of new treatment mechanisms for disorders of social cognition.
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Keay, Susan M. "Psilocybe semilanceata : hyphal interactions with the roots of grassland flora." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317086.
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Allgulin, Marcus. "Psilocybin and LSD in the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18843.
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Psychiatry is in a crisis. Mental health disorders are on the rise worldwide and there are currently not enough efficient treatment methods that would meet the patients’ needs. Hence, the societal and economic costs of mental health problems are enormous, as well as the suffering of individuals afflicted by mental health problems. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and psilocybin are substances that create an altered state of consciousness characterized by altered sensory perception and on some occasions, ego-dissolution, and mystical experiences. In recent studies, LSD and psilocybin have been shown to carry significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders in conjunction with psychotherapy. The therapeutic effects of LSD and psilocybin have also been shown to persist for between 3-12 months post-treatment. LSD and psilocybin, like other classical hallucinogens, increase serotonin availability, which has been suggested to attenuate symptoms of anxiety and depression. In addition, LSD and psilocybin alter the activity of the default mode network, which has been suggested to be overly active in depressed and anxious patients. This essay is a literature review of the neural mechanisms of LSD and psilocybin, their potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders, and how insights about said neural mechanisms may be useful in understanding the possible application of psychedelics in the treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders. In sum, recent studies have provided converging and convincing evidence on therapeutic potential of LSD and psilocybin. Yet, few conclusions on the exact neural mechanisms of how LSD and psilocybin alleviate depressive and anxiety symptoms can be made. Although the future of this research field looks promising, archaic national- and international regulations continue to be a hindrance to research into psychedelic drugs. Yet, due to the psychiatric crisis and the promising results so far, more studies in this field are warranted.
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Stendahl, Isabella. "THE POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF PSILOCYBIN : In Relation to Depression." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17749.
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Depression is one of the most disabling and prevalent mental disorders, which causes excessive feelings of sadness and despair. Unfortunately, there are a substantial number of patients that do not respond well to conventional interventions and new approaches are therefore needed. Recent studies have revealed that psilocybin can effectively reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety, particularly when combined with psychological support. It has been further suggested that psilocybin can reduce symptoms of alcohol abuse, cluster headaches and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results have shown that psilocybin can give long-lasting beneficial changes in mood, behavior, values, and attitudes. Psilocybin enables creative thinking and increases emotional access, which seems suitable for therapeutic implications. Neuroimaging studies have shown that psilocybin alters similar neural networks to those in depressed patients, in particular: the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala. The mechanisms behind the clinical improvements are still poorly understood. Using psilocybin for clinical purposes is controversial since it is categorized as a Schedule I substance, although the drug is not physically addictive nor harmful and has low abuse potential. Recent studies have demonstrated that psilocybin has clinical potential and is safe to use in supervised settings.
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Wark, Colin D. "A social and cultural history of the federal prohibition of psilocybin." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://etd.missouri.edu/Summer2007/Dissertation/WarkC-080307-D8335/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on December 17, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Machado, Pedro Miguel Sá. "The frontiers of psychedelic therapy: psilocybin as a new treatment option." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14878.
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Mestrado em Biomedicina FarmacêuticaThe current work intends to offer a global outlook of the state-of-the-art of clinical research using classic psychedelics, with a special focus on clinical studies using psilocybin, which is the active ingredient in “magic mushrooms”. This thesis approaches the legacy of the research conducted during the 60s, but goes further in depth into the research carried out during the last decade, after several decades of suppression due to the political and legal panorama, evidencing the evolution of clinical studies to comply with currently accepted standards. Psilocybin has been used in clinical studies together with psychological intervention aiming at assessing its safety, dosage and efficacy in alleviating problems such as anxiety, alcohol dependence, tobacco dependence and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The results from clinical research are promising, however, these are small-scale studies with limitations. Therefore, more and larger trials are necessary to better understand the value of this therapy.
O presente trabalho propõe fornecer uma visão geral sobre o estado atual da investigação clínica utilizando psicadélicos clássicos, com especial relevo nos ensaios clínicos com a substância psilocibina que constitui o princípio ativo dos “cogumelos mágicos”. Este trabalho aborda o legado deixado pela pesquisa inicial nos anos 60, mas explora em profundidade a pesquisa conduzida na última década, após várias décadas de supressão devido ao panorama político e legal, evidenciando a evolução dos ensaios clínicos de forma a cumprir os padrões aceites atualmente. A psilocibina tem sido utilizada em ensaios clínicos em conjunto com intervenção psicológica com o intuito de estabelecer a sua segurança, dose e eficácia em aliviar problemas como a ansiedade, dependência do álcool, dependência do tabaco e transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. Os resultados da pesquisa clínica são promissores, no entanto os ensaios são de pequena escala e apresentam limitações, o que torna necessária a realização de mais e maiores ensaios clínicos para que se possa entender melhor o valor desta terapia.
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Larsson, Anisha Lela. "Mikrodosering av lysergsyradietylamid och psilocybin och dess effekter på psykisk hälsa." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-358476.
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Mikrodosering av psykedeliska droger är den senaste trenden som verkar ha fått en stor spridning, främst bland unga människor för att uppnå ökad produktivitet och kreativitet, men även för att uppnå allmän psykisk hälsa. Denna uppsats lägger fokus på lysergsyradietylamid (LSD) och psilocybin (magic mushroom). Mikrodosering innebär att användaren tar en väldigt låg dos av substansen. Dosen ger ingen psykedelisk effekt, d.v.s. inga visuella effekter, inget förändrat medvetandetillstånd,och ingen förändrad tids-eller rumsuppfattning. Deltagare (n=201) besvarade en elektronisk enkät som distribuerades i olika forum med intresse för psykedeliska substanser. I denna deskriptiva sambandsstudie undersöktes motiveringen av att mikrodosera LSD-och psilocybin, samt vilka positiva och negativa effekter mikrodosering av dessa substanser har på den psykiska hälsan.Deltagare uppgav upplevd minskad depression, ångest och stress, men att det inte var den primära anledningen till att de mikrodoserade trots att 62% hade självdiagnostiserat sig med någon form av upplevd ohälsa. De primära motiven med att mikrodosera, som angavs i enkäten, var att förbättra den allmänna hälsan, samt för att nå ökad kreativitet och produktivitet. Trots upplevda negativa bieffekter under mikrodoseringscykeln uppgav majoriteten att de ville fortsätta att mikrodosera. På grund av urvalet är studieresultatet inte generaliserbart och efterföljande undersökningar med hypoteser och frågor är att föreslå.
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Buis, Cécile Sallenave-Namont Claire. "Intoxications par les champignons supérieurs observées au Centre Antipoison d'Angers au cours des années 2000 et 2001." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/PHbuis.pdf.
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Lee, James Chun-I. "Towards a molecular approach for the identification of fungal taxa that contain psilocybin." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20356.
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The classical taxonomic methodologies for determining taxa of mushrooms are based primarily on morphological traits. If the mushroom specimens are dried or pulverized, the morphological characteristics are frequently disguised or no longer apparent. Included among these fungi are known to produce psilocybin, which are hard to identify by their macroscopic features. Molecular techniques could help to overcome these problems. In this study, twenty samples of two genera, Psilocybe and Panaeolus, of fungi from genera known to produce psilocybin were analyzed. The profiles of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) produced by two primer sets were analyzed. Fingerprints of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) produced by five selective primer pairs were also analyzed. By the analysis of genetic similarity, RAPD and AFLP method were capable of providing genus and species information. AFLP band patterns can provide reliable species test and can be separated in a simple way using PAGE electrophoresis and stained by silver nitrate. The sequencing data of twenty psilocybin-producing mushrooms were established by fluorescent sequencing method on the nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (nuc-ssu-rDNA) and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) DNA regions. The sequences of 877 bp DNA fragment of nuc-ssu-rDNA exhibited genus specific DNA sequences. The size (307-344 bp) and sequences variation of ITS-1 showed not only genus-specific but also species-specific DNA motifs. In the results of RNA gene analysis, the internal transcribed spacer DNA has much faster evolving sequences than the small subunit rDNA. A simple method was developed to perform the genus identification using a primer that is specific to either members of the Psilocybe or Panaeolus genus. A second primer was used to amplify a common product. This multiplex PCR was successfully developed for the quick screening of a large number of samples for identification of the genus. The SSCP pattern of the common product is sufficient to reveal the species that was present. If dye-labeled primer was used, the accurate size of common product is also a valuable evidence of species. If an automatic sequencer is available in the lab, the best method of species and genus identification is sequencing the RNA gene. The multiallele DNA fragments of ITS-1 DNA in Panaeolus subalteatus and Psilocybe semilanceata gave strong evidence in species identification. By the phylogenetic analysis of sequence in nuclear small subunit rDNA and the variable internal transcribed spacer 1, even the other species (not included in this study) of the same genus can be easily determined their relationship to the fungal genera known to produce psilocybin. This study developed DNA profiling methods for the identification of members of the genera Psilocybe and Panaeolus, which can provide information not only in taxon determination but also in forensic identification.
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Sarajärvi, Katariina. "Psilocybin's effects on the brain and implications for depression treatment." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79481.
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Mental illnesses, especially depression, are a global problem that require new treatment options to those whose symptoms are resistant to the current ones. Psilocybin, which is a naturally occurring drug in mushrooms, has become a potential candidate. It affects the brain by deactivating certain areas, causing not only changes in perception and consciousness but antidepressive responses as well, thereby improving well-being. Previous studies have looked at psilocybin and how it affects the brain, and also shown that short trials with psilocybin can cause long-lasting improvement. Here, I conducted an analysis including nine experimental articles that had studied psilocybin’s effects on depressive symptoms. Results confirm that psilocybin does decrease depressive symptoms, even long-lastingly, while only transient mild side effects being fairly common. Some conclusions could also be drawn of which types of patients will benefit of psilocybin treatment most likely. Future research with bigger sample sizes is needed, as well as more focus on identifying the ideal settings and patients of psilocybin-assisted therapy.Mental ohälsa och särskilt depression är globala problem. Nya behandlingsalternativ behövs för de som inte får hjälp av nuvarande behandlingar. Psilocybin är ett ämne som finns i så kallade magiska svampar och har blivit en potentiell kandidat. Psilocybin påverkar hjärnan genom att inaktivera vissa delar, vilket leder till förändringar i perception, medvetandet och antidepressiva responser bland annat. Tidigare forskning har fokuserat på hur psilocybin påverkar hjärnan samt visat att även kortvarig behandling med psilocybin kan framkalla en långvarig förbättring av hur man mår. Denna analys inkluderar nio experiementella studier om psilocybins effekter på depressiva symtom. Resultatet visar att psilocybin minskar depressiva symptom, även långvarigt. Endast kortvariga milda bieffekter var rapporterade. Framtida forskning bör ha ett större antal av deltagare samt fokusera på att identifiera idealgruppen för denna typ av behandling.
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Gyllvik, Sofia. "The Therapeutic Potential of Psilocybin and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in the Treatment of Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18729.
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The psychedelic psilocybin and the entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are being scientifically studied again after a long hiatus, and especially for their potential in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Their profound effect on cognitive, perceptual, and affective processes have led to several clinical studies during the last decade that have forced the reconsideration of the utility of these substances. The research includes clinical trials with psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy for depressive and anxiety symptoms, and MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The results have shown a significant reduction in depressive and anxiety symptoms in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy, and in PTSD symptoms in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy, with acceptable adverse effects. Moreover, the reductions in symptoms have been shown to be sustained several years later. Given the results indicate short- and long-term safety and efficacy, even for treatment resistant conditions, this suggest that these substances administered with psychotherapy are promising and deserve to be taken seriously as a therapeutic tool. The present thesis provides an overview of the latest clinical studies on the treatment of depression, anxiety, and PTSD with psilocybin and MDMA, respectively, as well as reviews the history, mechanisms of action, the therapeutic process used with psilocybin and MDMA, and any adverse physiological and psychological effects of both substances.
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Hansson, Max Daniel. "Psilocybin, ett förteckning I narkotikum med potentiellt medicinskt värde vid behandling av depressiva symtom?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-103423.
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Depression is a potentially life-threatening disease that is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. In 2017, more than 300 million people suffered from depression. That equates to about 4.4% of the world's population, making it the world's second most common public health disease after cardiovascular disease. About 50% who are treated for depression develop unipolar treatment-resistant depression, a type of severe persistent depression in which conventional methods or drugs do not have effect. Psilocybin is a tryptamine found in a variety of species of psychedelic mushrooms. Psilocybin is a prodrug that breaks down into the active substance psilocin which interacts with serotonin receptors and produces psychoactive effects. Psilocybin is classified as a schedule I drug in most of the world and is therefore not considered to have any medical value. Psilocybin has been researched intensively in recent years, mainly focusing on its potential antidepressant effect. Psilocybin's effects have been widely covered in English literature but hardly at all in Swedish literature. This bachelor thesis will hopefully fill that gap and encourage more research on the subject here in Sweden. The purpose of this bachelor thesis was to evaluate, based on published studies, whether psilocybin potentially can have an effective, safe, and long-lasting antidepressant effect on depressive symptoms. Six studies are presented, and the results indicate that that 20–30 mg of psilocybin together with psychological support in an optimal environment can potentially have a long-acting, safe, and effective antidepressant effect on adult people with moderate to severe unipolar depression. Based on these results, the drug classification of psilocybin should be questioned and investigated.
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Okada, William Seiti. "Otimização da produção de inóculo fúngico de Psilocybe castanella CCB 444 para biorremediação de solos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/87/87131/tde-23122010-114622/.
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A perda de eficiência do inóculo fúngico na incorporação ao solo devido ao atrito indica a necessidade de desenvolvimento de um inóculo efetivo, viável, que mantenha a atividade biológica durante transporte e aplicação no solo, e proporcione melhora da remediação do solo contaminado. O projeto visou determinar a melhor formulação de inóculo peletizado de P. castanella afim de melhorar a resistência mecânica do inóculo e garantir as taxas de atividade enzimática e degradação de poluentes em solo. Avaliou-se o uso de agar-agar, fécula de mandioca e carragena na agregação do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar do inóculo por meio de ensaio enzimático, resistência mecânica, biomassa, colonização e degradação de pentaclorofenol (PCF). Fécula de mandioca foi capaz de melhorar a resistência do inóculo, não alterou significativamente o perfil fisiológico do fungo e proporcionou ótima taxa de degradação de PCF em relação aos demais agregantes. Este processo de imobilização mostra-se promissor em relação a outros processos por ser de simples formulação e requerer menos constituintes.The loss of efficiency of fungal inocula during soil incorporation due to friction indicates the need to develop an effective and viable inoculum, capable to maintain its biological activity during transportation and land application, and improve the remediation of contaminated soil. The project aimed to determine the best formulation of pelleted inoculum of P. castanella in order to improve its mechanical strength and guarantee enzyme activity and degradation of pollutants in soil. We evaluated the use of agar-agar, cassava starch and carrageenan on the aggregation of sugarcane bagasse by carrying enzymatic and mechanical strength assays, biomass quantification, analysis of colonization and pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation. Cassava starch improved the inoculums mechanical strength, did not significantly alter the physiological profile of the fungus and provided a great rate of PCP degradation when compared to the other compounds. This immobilization process is promising compared to other existing due to its simple formula and for requiring fewer components.
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Carter, Olivia. "Altered states of consciousness : a study of visual perception and cognition incorporating psychophysics, neuropharmacology and meditation /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19153.pdf.
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Thompson, James. "Appeasing the mushroom gods : a Foucauldian discourse analysis of magic mushroom users' constructions of meanings surrounding psilocybin mushroom use." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.642034.
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Magic mushrooms, more than any other psychoactive substance, are steeped in mythology. Since their (re)discovery by the West in the mid-20th Century they have been constructed as spiritual sacraments, recreational drugs, psychological tools and gateways to metaphysical realities (Letcher 2007). Each of these conceptions represents multiple and competing discourses which constitute magic mushrooms and the experiences they occasion. In this thesis I address how these multiple and competing discourses are utilised and negotiated by people who consume magic mushrooms in the contemporary social world. Data was generated for this study through active interviews, combing narrative and semi-structured styles, which were conducted in person, via Skype and by telephone. Twenty three participants (7 female, 16 male; aged 19-60) were recruited to the study representing varied styles and frequencies of magic mushroom use; from psychedelic enthusiast ‘psychonauts’ to more casual poly-drug users. Using Foucauldian Discourse Analysis I explore the discourses participants mobilised and negotiated in constructing accounts of the meanings surrounding magic mushrooms. Analysis focused upon three key aspects of magic mushrooms, their use and the experiences they occasion: ‘what magic mushrooms do’; how participants conceptualised the ways they ‘alter reality’, ‘what magic mushrooms are’; ‘natural’ drugs or beings with agency, and ‘what magic mushrooms are for’; recreation or spiritual improvement. In addition I explore the relationships between discourses; how magic mushroom users construct new and complex understandings by negotiating, wrestling, and playing with available discourses, to make sense of experiences which often appear ineffable and bizarre. In exploring these discourses and the relationships between them, participants constructed magic mushrooms in three broad ways: as ‘just drugs’ as ‘drugs of distinction’ and as ‘neo-shamanic sacraments’. I discuss these ways of conceptualising magic mushrooms in light of the dominant neo-liberal order and the limited potential of magic mushrooms to provide a counter-cultural alternative.
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ESCOBAR, José Arturo Costa. "Observação e exploração da percepção visual e do tempo em indivíduos sob o estado ampliado de consciência após o consumo de cogumelos mágicos (Psilocybe cubensis)." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2008. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/8226.
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Os cogumelos do gênero Psilocybe são utilizados por culturas tradicionais indígenas há milênios em rituais mágicos devido aos seus efeitos psicoativos e, seu uso ainda perdura entre os descendentes, principalmente na América Central; na América do Sul a utilização tradicional mais recente desses cogumelos data de 300 anos a.C. No Brasil é registrada a ocorrência de diversas espécies desses cogumelos capazes de produzir os compostos secundários psilocina e psilocibina, potentes psicoativos em pequenas quantidades. Embora não haja registros do uso tradicional de cogumelos em nosso país, sua utilização nãoritualística ou recreacional é compartilhada por uma grande teia de usuários de diversas localidades, passando despercebido pelos censos epidemiológicos, sendo a prática de uso da espécie Psilocybe cubensis observada em Recife-Pernambuco. A ingestão de pequenas quantidades desses cogumelos proporciona uma experiência psicodélico-mística, onde diversas funções mentais encontram-se alteradas e emergentes, percepção visual (de olhos abertos), sonora, tato, linguagem, imaginação criativa (percepção visual de olhos fechados), lógica, etc. O presente estudo visou explorar experimentalmente aspectos básicos da percepção visual e a percepção subjetiva de duração do tempo através de tarefas simples e objetivas. Os aspectos gerais da experiência foram acessados através de testes psicométricos em voluntários humanos saudáveis que já haviam ou não feito o uso de substâncias psicodélicas. Vinte e oito pessoas participaram do estudo mediante a aceitação do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. A pesquisa foi conduzida em ambiente não-laboratorial e no formato grupo-pesquisador. A percepção visual motora dos participantes não apresentou diferenças significativas quando comparados o estado comum com o ampliado de consciência e quando comparados com o grupo controle. Entretanto, observou-se um déficit significativo da memória de trabalho visual dos participantes após consumo dos cogumelos. Os participantes, sob o efeito dos cogumelos, apresentaram diferenças significativas da percepção subjetiva do tempo em relação aos pré-testes. O tempo subjetivo se tornara mais lento, dessa forma houve uma tendência ao atraso na contagem correta dos segundos. Os resultados são discutidos em termos qualitativos do funcionamento da cognição perceptiva entre os estados comum e ampliado de consciência e quanto às características psicotomimética e psicodélica da substância
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ABREU, Patrícia Marinho Sampaio. "Produção de enzimas lignocelulolíticas por fermentação em estado sólido de resíduos agroindustriais sob ação do fungo Psilocybe castanella CCIBt 2781." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2014. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/525.
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Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-30T15:58:21Z
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Capes
Este trabalho teve por objetivo produzir as enzimas lacase e endoglicanase (CMCase) por meio da fermentação em estado sólido (FES) utilizando resíduos agroindustriais sob ação do fungo Psilocybe castanella CCIBt 2781. O fungo foi previamente crescido em MEA 2% e inoculado em substratos a base de palha de milho verde suplementado com cana-de-açúcar e bagaço de coco verde suplementado com farinha de soja nas proporções adequadas para se obter C/N 90, mediadores óleo vegetal (1 mL), Tween 80 (0,1 mL), RBBR 2% (1 mL) e 70% de umidade a 28ºC, por 60 dias. A extração enzimática foi feita em tampão acetato de sódio, pH 4,8. A atividade de lacase foi determinada pela oxidação do ABTS, e a atividade de endoglicanase determinada por meio da dosagem dos açúcares redutores produzidos na degradação enzimática da carboximetilcelulose (CMC). Obteve-se a produção de lacase pelo fungo Psilocybe castanella CCIBt 2781 sob as diferentes condições de cultivo. Uma maior produtividade foi alcançada quando o meio foi suplementado com soja. O pico de atividade de lacase ocorreu em torno do 30º dia de fermentação (113,12 U/L), contendo coco como fonte de carbono, suplementado com soja como fonte de nitrogênio, sob ação de todos os mediadores. Para o substrato a base de milho e cana, os maiores valores de atividade, foi de 98,25 U/L em 60 dias, para o mesmo tratamento. A maximização da produção de endoglicanase (0,29 U/g) ocorreu apenas para o substrato a base de milho e cana, em 45 dias, sob a influência do corante têxtil RBBR. Esses resultados mostram que a bioconversão desses resíduos sob fermentação em estado sólido (FES) é uma forma viável de obtenção das enzimas lignocelulolíticas e possuem aplicabilidade na área biotecnológica. Os dados obtidos neste estudo permitiram também evidenciar a capacidade de P. castanella CCIBt 2781de degradar o corante Azul Brilhante Remazol R em meio de cultura utilizado, durante o intervalo de tempo de 45 dias, havendo total descoloração do corante após esse período.
This study aimed to produce the enzymes laccase and endoglucanase (CMCase) by solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro-industrial residues by the action of the fungus Psilocybe castanella CCIBt 2781. Fungus was previously grown on 2% MEA substrates and inoculated into the background of green maize straw supplemented with sugar cane bagasse and coconut supplemented with soybean meal in the proper proportions to obtain C/N 90, mediators vegetable oil (1 ml), Tween 80 (0,1 mL), RBBR 2% (1 mL) and 70% humidity at 28°C for 60 days. The enzyme extraction was performed in sodium acetate buffer, pH 4,8. The laccase activity was determined by oxidation of ABTS, and the activity of endoglucanase determined by dosage of the reducing sugars produced in the enzymatic degradation of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Obtained the production of laccase by the fungus Psilocybe castanella CCIBt 2781 under different culture conditions. A higher yield was achieved when the medium was supplemented with soy. The peak activity of laccase occurred around the 30th day of fermentation (113,12 U/L), containing coconut oil as carbon source, supplemented with soy as nitrogen source, under the action of all mediators. For the substrate from corn and sugarcane, the highest values of activity was 98,25 U/L in 60 days for the same treatment. Maximising production of endoglucanase (0,29 U/g) was observed only for the substrate from corn and sugar cane, in 45 days, under the influence of textile dye RBBR. These results show that the bioconversion of these wastes in solid state fermentation (SSF) is a feasible way of obtaining lignocellulolytic enzymes form and have applicability in biotechnology field. The results of this study also allowed to show the ability of P. castanella CCIBt 2781de degrade Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye in used culture medium during the time interval of 45 days, resulting in complete decolorization after this period.
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Blei, Felix [Verfasser], Dirk [Gutachter] Hoffmeister, Timo H. J. [Gutachter] Niedermeyer, and Pierre [Gutachter] Stallforth. "Untersuchungen zur Biosynthese von Indolalkaloiden aus den Basidiomyceten der Gattung Psilocybe / Felix Blei ; Gutachter: Dirk Hoffmeister, Niedermeyer Timo, Stallforth Pierre." Jena : Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220356182/34.
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Catlow, Briony J. "Involvement of 5-HT2A Receptor in the Regulation of Hippocampal-Dependent Learning and Neurogenesis." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002728.
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Gießler, Alexander Verfasser], Ursula [Akademischer Betreuer] Kües, Martin [Gutachter] [Ziehe, and Holger [Gutachter] Kreft. "Psilocybe cyanescens in Germany : Ecology and Taxonomy of an Invasive Neomycete / Alexander Gießler ; Gutachter: Martin Ziehe, Holger Kreft ; Betreuer: Ursula Kües." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1150960280/34.
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Gießler, Alexander [Verfasser], Ursula Akademischer Betreuer] Kües, Martin [Gutachter] [Ziehe, and Holger [Gutachter] Kreft. "Psilocybe cyanescens in Germany : Ecology and Taxonomy of an Invasive Neomycete / Alexander Gießler ; Gutachter: Martin Ziehe, Holger Kreft ; Betreuer: Ursula Kües." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1150960280/34.
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CUNHA, Lahyana Rafaella de Freitas. "Avaliação da biodegradação de copos descartáveis de polipropileno (PP) e produção de enzimas celulolíticas e ligninolíticas por psilocybe castanella (CCIBt 2781) na fermentação semissólida." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2014. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/175.
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LAHYANA RAFAELLA DE FREITAS CUNHA - TESE (PPGEP) 2014.pdf: 2398176 bytes, checksum: 737e0981fa2c124c8593a36e031175d1 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-01T15:43:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LAHYANA RAFAELLA DE FREITAS CUNHA - TESE (PPGEP) 2014.pdf: 2398176 bytes, checksum: 737e0981fa2c124c8593a36e031175d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-22
Capes
Uma das formas de remediar poluentes urbanos, como polímeros plásticos, é a utilização de processos biotecnológicos que exploram a capacidade de micro-organismos decompositores, produzirem enzimas na presença de substratos que possuem fontes indutoras adequadas, a exemplo de fungos do gênero Basidiomiceto em substratos como biomassas lignocelulósicas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o potencial de substratos como a casca de coco verde, farinha de soja comercial, farelo da palha de milho verde e cana-de-açúcar na produção de lacase e CMCase por meio da fermentação semissólida (FES) utilizando o micro-organismo Psilocybe castanella (CCIBt 2781) como agente da fermentação, bem como, avaliar a degradação de pedaços de copos de polipropileno por esse basidiomiceto, sem e com interferência de mediadores orgânicos e inorgânicos. O fungo foi previamente crescido em ágar extrato de malte (MEA) 2% e inoculado em substratos a base de farelo de palha de milho verde com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e bagaço da casca de coco verde com farinha de soja comercial nas proporções adequadas para se obter C/N 90 e com os mediadores, óleo vegetal, Tween 80 e azul brilhante de remazol (RBBR). Durante 60 dias de cultivo foram analisados as atividades enzimáticas de lacase e carboximetilcelulase. A degradação causada pela ação microbiana nos polímeros plásticos foi analisada por medidas de perda de massa, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de raio X (DRX). A maior atividade da lacase ocorreu em torno do 15º dia de fermentação (95,67 UL-1), contendo bagaço da casca de coco verde como fonte de carbono e soja como fonte de nitrogênio, sob ação dos mediadores tween e RBBR. Para o substrato a base de milho e cana, a maior atividade foi de 69,77 UL-1 em 30 dias, utilizando tween como mediador. A maior produção de CMCase foi de 0,29 U/g, para o substrato a base de milho e cana e de 0,22 U/g no substrato contendo bagaço da casca de coco verde e farinha de soja comercial. Todas as amostras de PP submetidas à incubação nos dois substratos apresentaram alterações nas superfícies dos polímeros, indicadas por ranhuras, sulcos e furos, quando analisadas por MEV. Esses resultados mostram que a bioconversão dos resíduos utilizados nesse trabalho por meio da fermentação semissólida (FES) é uma forma viável de obtenção das enzimas lignocelulolíticas, além da relação positiva entre a degradação de polímeros sintéticos (PPs) e a atividade enzimática de lacase.
One way to remedy urban pollutants such as plastic polymers, would be the use of biotechnological processes that exploit the ability of decomposing micro-organisms produce enzymes in the presence of substrates that have appropriate inducing sources, like basidiomycete fungi of the genus substrates as lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the potential of coconut husk and commercial soy flour, bran straw corn and cane sugar as substrates in the production of laccase and CMCase by semisolid fermentation (SSF) Psilocybe castanella (CCIBt 2781) microorganism as the fermentation agent, as well as to evaluate the degradation of pieces of polypropylene cups by this basidiomycete with and without interference from inorganic and organic mediators. The fungus was previously grown on malt extract agar (MEA) 2% and inoculated in substrates bran straw corn with crushed sugar cane bagasse and coconut husk with commercial soy flour in the proportions adequate to obtain C/N 90 and mediators, vegetable oil, Tween 80 and Remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR). During cultivation for 60 days were analyzed, the enzymatic activities of laccase and carboxymethylcellulase, besides the degradation of plastics by polymer mass loss, MEV and DRX. The highest activity of laccase occurred around the 15th day of fermentation (95.67 UL-1), containing bagasse coconut husk as carbon source and soybean as nitrogen source, under the action of mediators tween and RBBR. To the substrate from corn and sugarcane, the highest activity was 69.77 UL-1 in 30 days, using tween as a mediator. The largest production of CMCase was 0.29 U/g, for the substrate from corn and sugarcane and 0.22 U/g substrate containing bagasse in the coconut husk and commercial soy flour. All samples analyzed by MEV and DRX were subjected to incubation with both substrates showed changes in the surfaces of polymers, indicated by grooves, grooves and holes. These results show that bioconversion of waste materials through this work semisolid fermentation (SSF) is a feasible way of obtaining the enzymes lignocellulolytic way, besides the positive relationship between the degradation of synthetic polymers (PP) and enzymatic activity.
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Silva, Paula Santos da. "Os gêneros Deconica (W.G.Sm.) P.Karst.e Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Agaricales) na região Sul do Brasil : contribuíção á sua filogenia com bases morfológicas, moleculares e químicas." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/78755.
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Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Strophariaceae), no sentido amplo, inclui espécies psicotrópicas e não psicotrópicas. Estudos moleculares recentes indicaram que, devido à presença e ausência de alcalóides alucinógenos, essas espécies correspondem a dois gêneros distintos, Psilocybe sensu strictu e Deconica (W. G. Sm.) P. Karst., respectivamente. Ambos os gêneros incluem espécies saprofíticas, distribuídas em todo o mundo; compartilham uma série de caracteres morfológicos, como píleo convexo a campanulado, às vezes umbonado, de coloração creme a marrom, lamelas adnexas, sinuadas ou adnatas, marrons a vináceas, esporada marrom a vinácea, basidiósporos de parede lisa, marrons a amarelados, presença ou ausência de pleurocistídios e queilocistídios sempre presentes. Este estudo trata de uma revisão dos dois gêneros no sul do Brasil, objetivando incrementar o conhecimento de sua diversidade e distribuição, além de fornecer dados morfológicos, moleculares e químicos de algumas espécies estudadas, para uma melhor compreensão de sua sistemática. O estudo morfológico revelou a ocorrência de 22 táxons de Psilocybe s.l. para a Região Sul do Brasil. Psilocybe aerugineomaculans e P. subaeruginascens representam novos registros para o continente americano; Psilocybe yungensis e P. hoogshagenii var. convexa são novos registros para o Brasil; Deconica musacearum e D. venezuelana são citados pela primeira vez para o Rio Grande do Sul; Deconica coprophila é registrado pela primeira vez para Santa Catarina; Deconica horizontalis e D. singeriana são novos registros para o Paraná; quatro novas combinações são propostas; Psilocybe araucariicola é proposta como nova espécie para a ciência. A análise de culturas de algumas espécies de Psilocybe s.l. revelou diferenças na forma das colônias, taxas de crescimento e algumas características micromorfológicas, como presença de cistídios e hifas diferenciadas. Na análise molecular, foram obtidas 19 novas sequencias (correspondendo a 15 diferentes espécies) da região ITS do rDNA. Os resultados revelam dois subgrupos em Deconica. Na avaliação química de algumas das espécies, Psilocybe caeruleoannulata e P. cubensis apresentaram resultado positivo para a presença de psilocibina e psilocina, enquanto todas as espécies de Deconica testadas apresentaram resultado negativo.Psilocybe (Fr.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Strophariaceae), in a broad sense, includes psychotropic and non-psychotropic species. Recent molecular studies indicated that, due to the presence and absence of hallucinogenic alkaloids, these species correspond to two distinct genera, Psilocybe sensu strictu and Deconica (W. G. Sm.) P. Karst., respectively. Both genera include saprophytic species, worldwide distributed; they share a set of morphological features, such as convex to campanulate pileus, sometimes umbonate, brown to cream coloration, adnexed, sinuate or adnate lamellae, brown to lilaceous brown lamellae, brown to lilaceous brown spore print, smooth walled basidiospores, brown to yellowish, presence or absence of pleurocystidia, and cheilocystidia always present. This study comprises a revision of the two genera in southern Brazil, aiming to increase the knowledge on their diversity and distribution, besides providing morphological, chemical and molecular data of some studied species, for better understanding their systematic. The morphological study revealed the occurrence of 22 taxa of Psilocybe s.l. from southern Brazil. Psilocybe aerugineomaculans and P. subaeruginascens are first recorded from America; Psilocybe yungensis and P. hoogshagenii var. convexa represent first records from Brazil; Deconica musacearum and D. venezuelana are reported as new from Rio Grande do Sul; Deconica coprophila is first recorded from Santa Catarina; Deconica horizontalis and D. singeriana are first records from Paraná; four new combinations are proposed; Psilocybe araucariicola is proposed as new for science. The cultural study of some Psilocybe s.l. species revealed differences on colonies morphology, growth rates, and some micromorphological features, as presence of mycelial cystidia and hyphal modifications. In molecular analysis 19 new rDNA ITS sequences were obtained, corresponding to 15 species. The results revealed two subgroups in Deconica. In chemical evaluation of some species, P. caeruleoannulata and P. cubensis presented positive results for psilocybin and psilocin, while all Deconica species tested presented negative results.
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Prepeliczay, Susanna [Verfasser], Henning [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Schmidt-Semisch, and Lorenz [Gutachter] Böllinger. "Motivationen und Morphologie des Freizeitgebrauchs von Psychedelika (LSD, Psilocybin-Pilze) : eine qualitative Interviewstudie / Susanna Prepeliczay ; Gutachter: Henning Schmidt-Semisch, Lorenz Böllinger ; Betreuer: Henning Schmidt-Semisch." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1127701436/34.
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Christersson, Emma. "The Psychedelic Altered State of Consciousness : An Assessment of the Current Status of Psychedelic Research." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17255.
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Classic psychedelic substances, such as lysergic acid diethylamide and the active compound in magic mushrooms, psilocybin, are being studied again in a renaissance of psychedelic research. Psychedelic substances have profound effects on perception, emotion, and cognition, as well as the capacity to induce mystical-type experiences and ego-dissolution. Recent clinical studies indicate that these substances have positive effects on patient populations and healthy participants, both acutely and long-term. Neuroimaging studies show that psychedelics alter neural integration, by the disintegration of normally stable resting state networks, and increasing network connectivity between normally anticorrelated networks. This thesis will review the phenomenological characteristics of the psychedelic-induced altered state of consciousness, the therapeutic potential of the psychedelic-induced altered state of consciousness, and neuroimaging studies on the psychedelic state. Two theoretical accounts are compared on the brain basis of psychedelic-induced altered state of consciousness. From the recent research on psychedelics a novel theory of conscious states has evolved, the entropic brain theory. This theory will be compared to the integrated information theory, a well-established theory of consciousness within cognitive neuroscience.
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Johansson, Sofia. "Att möta Gud genom psykedeliska substanser : En innehållsanalytisk rapport av psykedeliska substansers effekt på människors livsåskådning och upplevelser av gudsmöten ur ett religionsvetenskapligt perspektiv." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för humaniora och samhällsvetenskap (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-74736.
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Ändamålet med föreliggande rapport har varit att undersöka åtta personliga skildringar för att ta reda på hur deras livsåskådning ser ut efter att ha brukat psykedeliska substanser, samt undersöka huruvida något möte med Gud eller någon annan ”högre makt”, förekom under rusningstiden. För att besvara ändamålet har rapporten brutits ner till två frågeställningar, där den första hanterar vad som händer med livsåskådningen och det andra gudsmötet. För att besvara frågeställningarna har en kvalitativ innehållsanalys med förbestämda kodscheman och analysenheter använts som metod. Undersökningen teoretiseras och stärks dessutom med hjälp av den tidigare forskning som har gjorts på området från John Hopkins universitet, men även med hjälp av teoretiska begrepp som b.la. mysticism, livsåskådning och shamanism. Denna undersökningens resultat stämmer väl överens med tidigare forskning och visar att psykedeliska substanser tenderar att påverka eller förändra en människas livsåskådning till att börja uppskatta andlighet mer än det materiella och att de flesta upplevde någon form av ”högre makt”.
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Kobrlová, Tereza. "Analýza obsahových látek rodu Psilocybe I." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-344171.
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The goal of this work was to determine the contents of two main alkaloid types of Psilocybe species occurring in the Czech Republic. Correct identification of species was checked by mycology specialist. Qualitative and quantitative determination of substances contained in three collected species of the genus Psilocybe was carried out by LC-MSn (LIT). Samples were mainly collected in the north and northeast Bohemia. Three species of Psilocybe were found. The most found species were P. serbica var. bohemica then P. semilanceata and only one deposit of P. serbica var. arcana. Total of 35 deposits within eighteen locations. From qualitative point of view, the two main alkaloids were confirmed in all samples. Quantitative results for content of psilocin and psilocybin (in this order) are: P. bohemica 0,005 - 0,152 %, 0,000 - 0,048 %; P. semilanceata 0,087 - 0,337 %, 0,000 - 0,005 %; P. arcana 0,018 - 0,031 %, 0,003 - 0,022 %. Results in all locations are similar and rather dependent on the fungi type. Our results are based on dry mass. This work brought fundamental knowledge for future optimisation of analytical methods and assumptions for the project extension of other locations and determination of content of minority substances alongside the content of majority substances.
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Gunčagová, Andrea. "Analýza obsahových látek rodu Psilocybe II." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-361785.
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Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of pharmaceutical botany and ecology Candidate: Bc. Andrea Gunčagová Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Luděk Jahodář, CSc. Title of diploma thesis: The analysis of Psilocybe constituents II. The aim of this thesis was to analyse Psilocybe constituents, to plot the places of occurence of chosen Psilocybe brands and also to determinate their water content. The thesis deals with 22 samples that originate in 10 habitats in Slovakia and Moravian- Silesian region. Accuracy of brand specification was supervised by a member of mycological society. Psilocybe serbica var. bohemica was identified in 2, whereas Psilocybe semilanceata in 8 habitats. The average content of H20 in samples was 87,07 % ± 10,91 %. All of the samples were analysed by LC-MS/MS (LIT) method. The qualitative analysis of determinated substances showed the presence of psilocine (PSC) and psilocybine (PSB) in all samples. The results of quantitative analysis (expressed in percentage of dry matter) are similar in particular habitats, but there is a significant difference between two specific brands of Psilocybe mushrooms. The content of determinated alkaloids in P. bohemica was: PSC 0,001-0,011 % a PSB 0,01-0,07%. P. semilanceata contained 0,0005 - 0,011 % PSC a 0,074 - 0,763% PSB....
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Loureiro, Rafael Filipe de Oliveira. "Relatório de Estágio e Monografia intitulada "Psilocibina como Tratamento de Depressão e Distress na Doença Oncológica"." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/92906.
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Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de FarmáciaO presente documento é constituído pelo relatório de estágio em farmácia comunitária, realizado na Farmácia São José, em Coimbra. Este é apresentado sob a forma de análise SWOT (do inglês Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats), onde se destacam os fatores internos – pontos fortes e pontos fracos – assim como os fatores externos – oportunidades e ameaças – que contribuíram para o decorrer do meu estágio curricular. É também apresentada a monografia intitulada “Psilocibina como Tratamento de Depressão e Distress na Doença Oncológica”. A depressão constitui uma patologia do foro psicológico com uma prevalência bastante alta na sociedade moderna. Trata-se de uma doença multifatorial que causa grande incapacidade nos seus portadores, sendo bastante comum desenvolver depressão e outra sintomatologia associada, como distress psicológico e ansiedade, em doenças em estado avançado como a doença oncológica, o que se traduz numa agravante ao estado físico dos doentes que produz uma maior morbilidade e mortalidade. Atualmente, não se encontra disponível medicação específica para o tratamento destas complicações da saúde mental na população de doentes oncológicos, sendo comum na prática clínica o seu tratamento com antidepressivos farmacológicos, embora a eficácia destes não esteja bem estabelecida. É, portanto, imperativo procurar novas abordagens terapêuticas. Ao longo da última década, têm sido realizados ensaios clínicos com psilocibina, um alcaloide presente em cogumelos do género Psilocybe, que têm demonstrado resultados bastante promissores quanto às suas propriedades antidepressivas e ansiolíticas. Este tratamento junta um agente farmacológico com sessões de psicoterapia, procurando proporcionar uma abordagem holística.
The following document encompasses my internship report in community pharmacy, which took place in Farmácia São José, in Coimbra. It’s presented as a SWOT analysis, pointing the internal factors - strengths and weaknesses - as well the external factors - opportunities and threats - that conditioned my curricular internship. This document also presents the monograph entitled “Psilocybin as a Treatment for Depression and Distress in Cancer Patients”. Depression is a psychological condition which has a very high prevalence in modern society. It is a multifactorial disease that causes great disability, being fairly common to develop depression and other associated symptoms, such as psychological distress and anxiety, in advanced diseases such as oncological disease, which could worsen the physical condition of patients, leading up to greater morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is no specific medication available for the treatment of these mental health complications in the population of cancer patients, so it is usual to use pharmacological antidepressants in its treatment in clinical practice, although their effectiveness is not well established. Therefore, it is urgent to research new therapeutic approaches. Over the past decade, clinical trials have been carried out with psilocybin, an alkaloid present in mushrooms of the genus Psilocybe, which have shown very promising results regarding its antidepressant and anxiolytic qualities. This treatment combines a pharmacological agent with psychotherapy sessions, seeking to provide a holistic approach.
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Gießler, Alexander. "Psilocybe cyanescens in Germany." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-002E-E322-0.
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Andrade, Rui Pedro Leal. "Psilocybin-assisted therapy and depression - a systematic review." Master's thesis, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/128706.
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A Psilocibina é um agonista dos recetores da serotonina, mais comummente encontrado, nos cogumelos da espécie Psilocybe. Sendo consumida por culturas indígenas por milénios, foi comercializada em diversos países, na década de 1960, sob o nome comercial Indocybin, e, previamente à sua eventual proibição, foi usada com segurança como adjuvante de psicoterapia no tratamento de depressão e ansiedade. Recentemente, a segurança e facilidade do uso prático da Psilocibina impulsionaram a sua ressurreição e relatórios preliminares positivos sobre a sua segurança e tolerabilidade para múltiplas doenças, como transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e dependência, foram publicados.
O principal objetivo desta revisão é apresentar a informação científica existente sobre os efeitos da terapêutica com Psilocibina em pacientes diagnosticados com depressão.
Recorrendo à PubMed como fonte bibliográfica, foi realizada uma pesquisa, baseada nas palavras *Psilocybin e *Depression, tendo como alvo, ensaios clínicos. Referências dos artigos selecionados e artigos de revisão também foram analisados.
4 artigos cumpriram os critérios de inclusão: 2 destes avaliam os efeitos da Psilocibina em 32 pacientes com depressão resistente; Os restantes 2 artigos avaliam os efeitos da Psilocinbina em 80 pacientes com ansiedade e depressão relacionadas com o cancro. Todos os artigos demonstratam que a Psilocibina produz um efeito imediato e substancial nos sintomas depressivos que, em última análise, se sustentam até 6 meses após a sua administração.
Em conclusão, a utilização da Psilocibina é uma inovadora terapêutica da depressão. Contudo, considerando as pequenas populações dos estudos existentes, são necessárias futuras investigações com o intuito de confirmar esta associação positiva, mas também com o intuito de compreender totalmente os mecanismos de ação e os efeitos da Psilocibina.Background: Psilocybin is a naturally occurring serotonin receptor agonist that can be, more commonly, found in the Psilocybe mushrooms. Consumed by indigenous cultures for millenia, Psilocybin, in the 1960s, was marketed in many countries under the trade name Indocybin, and, before its eventual ban, was safely used as an adjunct to psychotherapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Recently, the safety and ease of practical use of psilocybin propelled its resurrection and positive preliminary reports on the safety and tolerability of psilocybin for multiples diseases, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction, have been published. Aims: The main objective of this review is to outline existing scientific information about the effects of Psilocybin-based therapy on patients diagnosed with depression. Methods: Using PubMed as the database, a research was conducted, based on the research words *Psilocybin and *Depression and targeting clinical trials. References of selected articles and review articles were also assessed. Results: A total of 4 articles met the inclusion criteria. 2 articles evaluate psilocybin effects in 32 patients with treatment-resistant depression. The remaining 2 articles evaluate psilocybin effects in 80 patients with cancer-related anxiety and depression. All articles showed that psilocybin produced immediate and substantial improvements in depression, that, ultimately, could sustain up to 6 months. Conclusion: Psilocybin-assisted therapy is a very appealing new possibility in the treatment of depression. However, due to the small populations of the existing trials, future studies are needed to prove this positive association and to fully understand Psilocybin´s mechanisms of action and effects.
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Andrade, Rui Pedro Leal. "Psilocybin-assisted therapy and depression - a systematic review." Dissertação, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/128706.
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A Psilocibina é um agonista dos recetores da serotonina, mais comummente encontrado, nos cogumelos da espécie Psilocybe. Sendo consumida por culturas indígenas por milénios, foi comercializada em diversos países, na década de 1960, sob o nome comercial Indocybin, e, previamente à sua eventual proibição, foi usada com segurança como adjuvante de psicoterapia no tratamento de depressão e ansiedade. Recentemente, a segurança e facilidade do uso prático da Psilocibina impulsionaram a sua ressurreição e relatórios preliminares positivos sobre a sua segurança e tolerabilidade para múltiplas doenças, como transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo e dependência, foram publicados.
O principal objetivo desta revisão é apresentar a informação científica existente sobre os efeitos da terapêutica com Psilocibina em pacientes diagnosticados com depressão.
Recorrendo à PubMed como fonte bibliográfica, foi realizada uma pesquisa, baseada nas palavras *Psilocybin e *Depression, tendo como alvo, ensaios clínicos. Referências dos artigos selecionados e artigos de revisão também foram analisados.
4 artigos cumpriram os critérios de inclusão: 2 destes avaliam os efeitos da Psilocibina em 32 pacientes com depressão resistente; Os restantes 2 artigos avaliam os efeitos da Psilocinbina em 80 pacientes com ansiedade e depressão relacionadas com o cancro. Todos os artigos demonstratam que a Psilocibina produz um efeito imediato e substancial nos sintomas depressivos que, em última análise, se sustentam até 6 meses após a sua administração.
Em conclusão, a utilização da Psilocibina é uma inovadora terapêutica da depressão. Contudo, considerando as pequenas populações dos estudos existentes, são necessárias futuras investigações com o intuito de confirmar esta associação positiva, mas também com o intuito de compreender totalmente os mecanismos de ação e os efeitos da Psilocibina.Background: Psilocybin is a naturally occurring serotonin receptor agonist that can be, more commonly, found in the Psilocybe mushrooms. Consumed by indigenous cultures for millenia, Psilocybin, in the 1960s, was marketed in many countries under the trade name Indocybin, and, before its eventual ban, was safely used as an adjunct to psychotherapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Recently, the safety and ease of practical use of psilocybin propelled its resurrection and positive preliminary reports on the safety and tolerability of psilocybin for multiples diseases, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction, have been published. Aims: The main objective of this review is to outline existing scientific information about the effects of Psilocybin-based therapy on patients diagnosed with depression. Methods: Using PubMed as the database, a research was conducted, based on the research words *Psilocybin and *Depression and targeting clinical trials. References of selected articles and review articles were also assessed. Results: A total of 4 articles met the inclusion criteria. 2 articles evaluate psilocybin effects in 32 patients with treatment-resistant depression. The remaining 2 articles evaluate psilocybin effects in 80 patients with cancer-related anxiety and depression. All articles showed that psilocybin produced immediate and substantial improvements in depression, that, ultimately, could sustain up to 6 months. Conclusion: Psilocybin-assisted therapy is a very appealing new possibility in the treatment of depression. However, due to the small populations of the existing trials, future studies are needed to prove this positive association and to fully understand Psilocybin´s mechanisms of action and effects.
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Santos, Henrique Castro Pereira. "Psilocybin as a treatment for psychiatric disorders : a systematic review." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/42178.
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Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2018O renaissance dos psicadélicos na investigação está atualmente em curso e o estudo dos efeitos terapêuticos da psilocibina está a crescer como nunca. Neste artigo, faço uma revisão dos estudos realizados até ao momento relativamente aos efeitos terapêuticos da psilocibina em distúrbios psiquiátricos. Foram utilizados critérios de inclusão muito amplos tendo em conta a reduzida investigação relativamente a esta questão. Doze estudos foram incluídos: três ensaios aleatorizados com controlo, seis ensaios open-label e três estudos de caso. Os efeitos da psilocibina estudados focaram-se em três patologias: depressão, perturbação obsessivo-compulsiva e transtornos relacionados com substâncias (nomeadamente tabaco e álcool). Todos os estudos demonstraram um perfil relativamente seguro por parte da psilocibina assim como resultados promissores com reduções observadas na maior parte das escalas psiquiátricas de classificação utilizadas. Os estudos relativos à depressão apresentam maior solidez em termos de resultados sendo que os três ensaios aleatorizados com controlo encontrados exploram os efeitos da psilocibina nesta desordem. Os estudos relativos à perturbação obsessivo-compulsiva e aos transtornos relacionados com substâncias apresentam mais limitações devido ao design open-label ou de estudo de caso. Contudo, os resultados observados nestas patologias são igualmente promissores. Os mecanismos subjacentes aos efeitos da psilocibina são ainda pouco compreendidos, mas várias hipóteses foram propostas. Em suma, os resultados dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão sugerem um substancial potencial efeito terapêutico da psilocibina, que requer mais ensaios aleatorizados, com amostras maiores de modo a confirmar os resultados observados até agora e clarificar os mecanismos subjacentes a esses resultados.
A psychedelic renaissance is currently ongoing and investigation on psilocybin’s therapeutic effects is expanding more than ever. In this paper, I review the research conducted so far on the therapeutic effects of psilocybin on psychiatric disorders. The inclusion criteria used were very broad given the scarce research on the matter. Twelve studies were included: three randomized controlled trials, six open-label trials and three case-reports. The psilocybin’s effects studied focused on three disorders: depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance use disorder (namely tobacco and alcohol). All studies showed that psilocybin has a relatively safe profile and reported very promising results with reductions observed on most of the psychiatric rating scale scores used. Research on depression had the most solid evidence and the three randomized controlled trials included have addressed psilocybin’s effects on this disorder. Studies on obsessive-compulsive disorder and substance use disorder show more limitations due to their open-label or case report designs. Nonetheless, the results reported in regard to these disorders are equally promising. The mechanisms underlying psilocybin’s effects are poorly understood; however, several hypotheses have been proposed. Altogether, the results from the studies reviewed in this paper suggest a substantial therapeutic potential from psilocybin. This calls for further research with more randomized controlled trials, with larger samples to confirm the results observed so far and further explain the underlying mechanisms.
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Teles, José Manuel Gomes Valinho Alves. "Psilocybin-assisted therapy as an option for treatment-resistant depression : a narrative review." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/52520.
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Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2021A Depressão Resistente ao Tratamento é um dos outcomes do Transtorno Depressivo Major e está associada uma baixa qualidade de vida e a um maior uso de cuidados de saúde. Evidência científica demonstrou que a psilocibina, um psicadélico clássico agonista do recetor 2A de serotonina, pode ser usado como uma opção terapêutica no tratamento de diversas doenças psiquiátricas. Este trabalho tem como propósito providenciar uma revisão integrativa da atual evidência científica sobre o uso da psilocibina como opção terapêutica no tratamento da Depressão Resistente ao Tratamento. As seguintes bases de dados foram pesquisadas de 1 de janeiro de 2010 a 1 de maio de 2021: PubMed, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies’ (MAPS) Psychedelic Bibliography e CochraneLibrary. Apenas estudos com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da psilocibina em pacientes com uma idade superior a 18 anos e com o diagnóstico de Depressão Resistente ao Tratamento foram incluídos. Estudos com placebo, placebo ativo e outros tratamentos como modelos comparativos foram incluídos. Nove estudos foram incluídos. Em linha com a evidência científica anterior, o benefício do tratamento com psilocibina não está apenas associado a uma redução dos sintomas depressivos, mas também a outros efeitos como mudanças na personalidade, perspetivas, comportamentos e um bem-estar psicológico geral. Uma análise qualitativa dos pacientes submetidos ao tratamento confirma os resultados quantitativos. A psilocibina parece atuar de uma forma diferente, mas complementar aos antidepressivos clássicos. A nível neurobiológico parece criar um mecanismo de ‘reset’. A psilocibina poderá ser usada no futuro como uma opção terapêutica no tratamento da Depressão Resistente ao Tratamento. No entanto, a confirmação através de estudos randomizados controlados com placebo utilizando uma amostra mais vasta serão necessários.
Treatment-Resistant Depression is one of the outcomes of Major Depression Disorder and is associated with lower health related quality of life, greater work productivity and activity impairment and increased healthcare resources utilization. Evidence has shown that psilocybin, a classic 5-HT2AR agonist psychedelic, can be used in the treatment of several mental disorders, including Major Depressive Disorder. The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrative review and offer novel insights regarding the use of psilocybin as a treatment option for Treatment-Resistant Depression. The PubMed, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies’ (MAPS) Psychedelic Bibliography and CochraneLibrary online databases were searched from January 1st of 2010 to May 1st of 2021. Only clinical trials evaluating the effects of psilocybin on patients, older than 18 years old, with a diagnosis of Treatment-Resistant Depression were included. Clinical trials with placebo, active placebo and previous medications as comparison models were 2 included. Nine studies formed the review. As previous evidence has shown, the benefits of treatment with psilocybin may not be only related to a reduction in depressive symptoms, but to broader effects like changes in personality, perspectives, behaviors, and psychological wellbeing overall. A qualitative analysis of the patients that underwent this treatment confirmed the quantitative results. Psilocybin appears to act in a different but complementary way of classic antidepressants and at a neurobiological level it seems to work through a ‘reset’ mechanism. Psilocybin seems to be a possible future treatment option for Treatment-Resistant Depression. However, this needs confirmation from well-designed placebo controlled randomized trials employing a large sample size.
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Lindenblatt, Hiltrud Helga. "Pharmakokinetik von Psilocybin, N-Ethyl-3,4-methylendioxyamphetamin (MDE) und Methamphetamin in Korrelation zu ihren psychopathologischen und neurobiologischen Wirkungen /." 1998. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/251382818.pdf.
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Shaw, Lindsay Victoria. "Psychedelic revival: a mixed-methods analysis of recreational magic mushroom (psilocybin) use for transformational, micro-dosing and leisure purposes." Thesis, 2018. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10038.
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Background: Following years of inactivity, psychedelic research has rapidly expanded within clinical and therapeutic fields. In particular, magic mushrooms (psilocybin), a plant-based psychedelic, have been researched for the treatment of complex mental health and substance dependence conditions, and yielded promising results. Largely due to the historical baggage of the psychedelic movement in the 1950s-1970s, and the stigma of recreational substance use, recreational magic mushroom users have been ignored within the current psychedelic revival. This thesis addressed this gap, examining the magic mushroom recreational substance use patterns of emerging adults in Victoria, British Columbia. Theory and Methods: Using the normalization thesis as the guiding theoretical framework, this thesis used a sequential-exploratory mixed methods design. Statistical analysis of quantitative cross-sectional interviews (n=558) conducted between 2008 -2016 generated rates of use, availability, and self-rated knowledge rates of magic mushrooms users. Qualitative cross-sectional semi-structured interviews (n=20) analyzed through thematic analysis determined substance use behaviors with reference to the current social and cultural context. Participants were recreational magic mushroom users, aged 19- 24.
Results: Quantitative results indicated high overall rates of lifetime and past year magic mushroom use, with the lowest reported prevalence rate of lifetime use occurring in 2014 (86%), suggesting high rates of use within the recreational substance using population. There were no statistically significant relationships between year and lifetime or past year rates magic mushroom use. Gender was statistically significantly associated with magic mushroom use, with males being more likely to use magic mushrooms. Qualitative results indicated dynamic and strategically planned magic mushroom experiences. Themes developed include: shifting understandings, optimizing experience, purpose driven use; and post-trip impact. Participants reported using for transformational, micro-dosing, and leisure purposes. Discussion: Results suggested that magic mushroom use is in the process of differentiated normalization and assimilative normalization, influenced by developmental, social and cultural forces. Recreational users report substance use practices that have not been widely reported with the substance use literature, including using small doses of magic mushrooms (i.e. micro-dosing) for self-enhancement and therapeutic purposes. Results can be applied to the current psychedelic revival in three ways: (1) directing future clinical research directions and; (2) provide lived and experience and relevancy to clinical research, which will improve applicability and; (3) re-conceptualizing the identity of a recreational substance user, which has important implications regarding stigmatization.Graduate
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Fritz, Markus. "Substanzgestützte Psychotherapie – Wege zur Legalisierung einer neuen Behandlung." 2020. https://diu.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A73314.
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Die Arbeit untersucht verschiedene Möglichkeiten, wie die Substanzgestützte Psychotherapie im deutschen Rechtssystem legalisiert werden kann. Es stellen sich zwei grundlegende Fragen: in welcher juristischen Form soll die Substanzgestützte Psychotherapie geregelt werden und wie detailliert muss eine solche Regelung sein?
Zunächst wird die Vorgeschichte der Psychedelika in der Psychiatrie kurz dargestellt. Erörtert wird, warum ihre Wiedereinführung vorteilhaft sein könnte. Die beiden Substanzen Psilocybin und MDMA - die derzeit aussichtsreichsten Kandidaten - werden vorgestellt und der aktuelle Stand der Diskussion umrissen. Es wird aufgezeigt, welche weiteren Probleme, neben der Verschreibbarkeit bisher verbotener Substanzen, auf dem Weg zur Legalisierung gelöst werden müssen: Abgrenzung zu anderen Verfahren, Balance zwischen Patientenschutz/ Standardisierung und Therapiefreiheit, Finanzierung über die gesetzlichen Krankenkassen, Zuständigkeit des Staates versus ärztliche Selbstverwaltung.
Anhand von Beispielen aus dem In- und Ausland werden verschiedene Wege der Regelung dargestellt und in ihren Vor- und Nachteilen diskutiert. Unterschieden wird zwischen Varianten einer “kleinen Lösung” mit geringen Eingriffen auf Gesetzesebene und weitgehend untergesetzlicher Normierung und einer “großen Lösung” mit einem neuen Substanzgestützte-Psychotherapie-Gesetz. Für die kleine Lösung werden die Regelungen für verschiedene schon in Gebrauch befindliche Psychopharmaka sowie für die Substitutionstherapie opiatabhängiger Patienten herangezogen.
Schließlich wird der Versuch unternommen, aus diesen Untersuchungen den Entwurf eines deutschen Substanzgestützte-Psychotherapie-Gesetzes abzuleiten. Die Argumente für und gegen die unterschiedlichen Möglichkeiten der Normierung werden zusammengeführt und in einen größeren gesellschaftlichen Rahmen gestellt. Die möglichen Vorteile einer großen (gesetzlichen) Lösung gegenüber den verschiedenen kleinen Varianten werden abschließend herausgearbeitet.
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Fernandes, Filipe André Pimenta. "Relatório de Estágio e Monografia intitulada “ Novas Abordagens Terapêuticas na Depressão"." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/93021.
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Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de FarmáciaA Depressão é uma doença que afeta cada vez mais pessoas no mundo. Atualmente, várias são as hipóteses fisiopatológicas elucidadas para explicar esta patologia. É caracterizada por um conjunto de sinais e sintomas e o seu diagnostico baseia-se na presença de pelo menos cinco. Os antidepressivos são utilizados como primeira linha no tratamento da depressão, no entanto apresentam várias limitações e, para alem disso, uma fração de doentes demonstra ser resistente ao tratamento, refletindo as elevadas taxas de insucesso terapêutico. Atualmente, existem abordagens alternativas desenvolvidas com o objetivo de minorar as limitações do tratamento. Como abordagens terapêuticas não farmacológicas, temos a Terapia Eletroconvulsiva e como abordagens terapêuticas farmacológicas, destaca-se os antidepressivos de ação rápida, mais precisamente, a Ketamina e Esketamina e também fármacos com efeitos alucinogénicos, sendo a Psilocibina a que apresenta maior evidencia científica.A Depressão é uma doença que afeta cada vez mais pessoas no mundo. Atualmente, várias são as hipóteses fisiopatológicas elucidadas para explicar esta patologia. É caracterizada por um conjunto de sinais e sintomas e o seu diagnostico baseia-se na presença de pelo menos cinco. Os antidepressivos são utilizados como primeira linha no tratamento da depressão, no entanto apresentam várias limitações e, para alem disso, uma fração de doentes demonstra ser resistente ao tratamento, refletindo as elevadas taxas de insucesso terapêutico. Atualmente, existem abordagens alternativas desenvolvidas com o objetivo de minorar as limitações do tratamento. Como abordagens terapêuticas não farmacológicas, temos a Terapia Eletroconvulsiva e como abordagens terapêuticas farmacológicas, destaca-se os antidepressivos de ação rápida, mais precisamente, a Ketamina e Esketamina e também fármacos com efeitos alucinogénicos, sendo a Psilocibina a que apresenta maior evidencia científica.
Depression is a disease that affects an increasing number of people worldwide. Several pathophysiological hypotheses have been elucidated to explain this pathology. It is characterized by a set of signs and symptoms and its diagnosis is based on the presence of at least five. Antidepressants drugs are used as a first line in the treatment of depression however, they display several limitations, and, in addition, a fraction of patients prove to be resistant to treatment, thus reflecting in high rates of therapeutic failure. Currently, there are alternative approaches developed to decrease treatment limitations. As non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches, we have Electroconvulsive Therapy and as pharmacological therapeutic approaches, fast-acting antidepressants stand out, primarily, ketamine and esketamine, but also drugs with hallucinogenic effects, being Psilocybin the one with the most scientific evidence.Depression is a disease that affects an increasing number of people worldwide. Several pathophysiological hypotheses have been elucidated to explain this pathology. It is characterized by a set of signs and symptoms and its diagnosis is based on the presence of at least five. Antidepressants drugs are used as a first line in the treatment of depression however, they display several limitations, and, in addition, a fraction of patients prove to be resistant to treatment, thus reflecting in high rates of therapeutic failure. Currently, there are alternative approaches developed to decrease treatment limitations. As non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches, we have Electroconvulsive Therapy and as pharmacological therapeutic approaches, fast-acting antidepressants stand out, primarily, ketamine and esketamine, but also drugs with hallucinogenic effects, being Psilocybin the one with the most scientific evidence.
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Letheby, Christopher Edward Ross. "The philosophy of psychedelic transformation." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/104676.
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Recent scientific research arguably confirms the existence of a remarkable phenomenon: durable psychological benefit to an individual resulting from a single ingestion of a psychedelic drug. In this thesis by publication I ask what exactly is going on in such cases of 'psychedelic transformation'. The thesis is situated in the context of a resurgence of interest in psychedelics within neuroscience and psychiatry, and motivated by the need for philosophical examination of the foundations and results of this research program. Two common claims in the literature on therapeutic and transformative uses of psychedelics are: (a) psychedelic experiences are a reliable means of knowledge acquisition or spiritual growth, and (b) such epistemic or spiritual benefits are centrally involved in psychedelics' psychological benefits. My aim is to show how such a conception of psychedelic transformation as an epistemic or spiritual process may be reconciled with philosophical naturalism. Naturalism denies the existence of non-natural or supernatural realities such as gods, souls, and immaterial minds. Naturalism is a very widespread view in philosophy today, and is supported by strong arguments. However, there is a tension between naturalism and the epistemic or spiritual conception of psychedelic transformation, because many psychedelic users claim drug-facilitated knowledge of non-natural realities, such as a mystical 'universal consciousness'. One possible naturalistic response is to dismiss psychedelic users' claims of epistemic or spiritual benefit as mistaken. Here I offer an alternative, showing that we need not throw the epistemic/spiritual baby out with the non naturalistic bathwater. I show that some kinds of psychedelic-induced epistemic and spiritual benefits are compatible with naturalism and plausibly involved in the drugs' transformative effects. In 'The Philosophy of Psychedelic Transformation' I review evidence for psychological benefits of psychedelics and defend the claim that psychedelic transformation is unlike standard pharmacotherapies in centrally involving meaningful conscious experiences. I give arguments for three kinds of epistemic benefits: knowledge by acquaintance of the mind's potential, knowledge by acquaintance of the contingency of the sense of self, and revitalised capacities for the acquisition of modal knowledge. In 'The Epistemic Innocence of Psychedelic States' I extend this work, arguing that whatever psychedelics' epistemic demerits, they offer reliable and sometimes unique access to substantial epistemic benefits, including indirect epistemic benefits resulting from psychological benefits. I argue that a balanced picture of the drugs' epistemic merits and demerits is essential to policy discussions about their uses. In 'Naturalizing Psychedelic Spirituality' I argue that by disrupting mechanisms of self-representation in the brain, psychedelics engender transformative experiences of self-transcendence and mind-expansion which amount to a naturalistic form of spirituality. I propose that such naturalistic spirituality constitutes a viable response to existential anxiety resulting from a naturalistic worldview. Finally, in 'Anatomy of an Avatar: Ego Dissolution in Psychedelic Experiences', I (with Philip Gerrans) argue that such self-transcendent experiences result specifically from disruption to cognitive binding processes implemented by predictive models in the brain. This provides a mechanistic basis for some of the claims of epistemic and spiritual benefit defended earlier.Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, School of Humanities, 2017.
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Červenková, Agáta. "Psychedelická zkušenost a post-expoziční (afterglow) efekt z pohledu zdravých dobrovolníků v experimentální studii: kvalitativní analýza." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-447998.
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Background: Psilocybin is today the most studied psychedelic substance in neuroscience for its psychotomimetic and therapeutic effects. One of the institutions in the Czech Republic that studies this substance is the National Institute of Mental Health, where a clinical evaluation of its effects and safety is underway. The action and safety of this substance is examined here in terms of acute intoxication, but also in terms of long-term effects. Aim: To determine how volunteers perceive the experience with psilocybin administered in a controlled experimental study environment and whether they have experienced any afterglow effects after the cessation of acute intoxication for 28 days after administration, as well as how these effects occur and how long they persist. Methods: Data was obtained using semi-structured interviews. The research group consists of 20 interviews with 10 healthy volunteers of the clinical study at NUDZ. Interviews were conducted on day 28 after administration of an active dose of psilocybin or placebo. A qualitative thematic analysis of these interviews was performed in order to identify topics within the framework set by the research questions. Results: The results showed that for the respondents, the experience with the active dose of psilocybin was significant in terms of...
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Jensen, Niels. "Tryptamines as Ligands and Modulators of the Serotonin 5‑HT2A Receptor and the Isolation of Aeruginascin from the Hallucinogenic Mushroom Inocybe aeruginascens." Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B076-F.
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McBee, Gabriela. "Learning from nature-based Indigenous knowledge: a trail to understanding elders' wisdom." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/4744.
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Fostering collaboration among people of diverse ethnicities is vital to improving our relationships with Nature and with each other. All knowledges known to humans have their limits, including Western scientific knowledge. This study argues that Indigenous elders have a wealth of nature-based wisdom which is urgently needed. The Thirteen International Indigenous Grandmothers have been sharing their wisdom with the world and meeting them inspired this work. Two Grandmothers, one Mazatec and member of the Thirteen Grandmothers who follows in the healing tradition of curandera María Sabina, the other Taíno (Caribbean Arawak), and several members of their families in Mexico and in Cuba kindly agreed to be research participants so that I could bring attention to their gifts and share with the world. Embodying their ancient wisdom they do not see themselves as separate from Nature but as integral part of her. Their relationships to all beings, humans, animals, plants, minerals, and spiritual entities, are imbued with love and care. They can be role models for people who have forgotten the most basic premise of respect, reciprocity, responsibility, and empathy for all our relations.
The methodologies underlying this investigation are Indigenous. I used strategies of inquiry such as storytelling, participant observation, and reflexive self study. Relationality and accountability are its pillars. Being of European descent, doing research with Indigenous elders required great vigilance on my part. I had to challenge my own conventional Western views and question the truths I am surrounded with to gain an understanding of my research participants’ worldview. Even with the best of intentions all I could hope for was an approximation.
As I immersed myself into the worlds of my participants the great significance of plants as part of their physical, emotional, and spiritual wellbeing became evident. Maize, tobacco, and the plant teachers cohoba and psilocybe mushrooms were, and for the most part still are, essential and closely knit into their cultural fabric. Coming from a background where the written word is placed high above the spoken one, and Nature is seen as separate to us, it is important to acknowledge that much rich understanding of the world is beyond pen and paper, even beyond words.Graduate
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gabriela@uvic.ca