Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prunus – Résistance aux maladies'
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kfoury, Linda. "Analyse des causes de la résistance du pêcher, Prunus (L) Batsch, au puceron vert du pêcher, Myzus persicae Sulzer." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30085.
Full textDe, Oliveira Lino Leandro. "Etude de la variabilité génétique de la sensibilité à la pourriture brune au cours du développement du fruit chez la pêche en lien avec l’évolution des caractéristiques physiques et biochimiques du fruit." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0677/document.
Full textBrown rot (BR) in peach fruit caused by the fungus Monilinia spp. is a common disease that can provoke as much as 30 to 40% losses of crop. Currently, all cultivated peaches are more or less sensitive to BR. No other alternative than chemical treatment is available, hence fungicide applications are required until pre-harvest. Such applications are damaging the environment and may let residues in fruits. A review of literature was accomplished to compile the knowledge scattered in the literature from many years. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors of resistance of the fruit to M. laxa at different stages of fruit growth and their genetic control by studying contrasted genotypes and an interspecific peach progeny. The first focus was made on few cultivars to study the evolution of sensibility of fruits to M. laxa during their development in relation with structural and biochemical characteristics of the fruit, e.g. cuticular conductance, micro-cracks and fruit surface compounds. Some compounds were detected for the first time on peach fruit. The results confirmed that during the stage I immature fruits are susceptible to BR. Fruit cuticular conductance was high probably due to high density of stomata and thin cuticule in formation. In contrary, at pit hardening stage fruits were resistant, cuticular conductance was low and the levels of surface compounds exhibit a peak. When maturity approaches, fruit become susceptible again. With rapid development of the fruit during this stage, the surface compounds were diluted and micro-cracks often appear which resulted in high cuticular conductance. At stage I we explored the different physical characteristics of the immature fruit in relation with susceptibility to M. laxa. A hundred of individuals of an interspecific peach progeny called BC2 were characterized through laboratory infection, monitoring of fruit transpiratory losses and estimating stomata density (only for nectarines). Unexpected symptoms (not progressing ‘clear spot’) were observed. The cuticular conductance was significantly linked to the likelihood of infection, but the stomata number had no effect on the likelihood of infection. QTL controlling fruit resistance to BR, cuticular conductance and stomata number have been identified and some co-locations observed. At maturity stage we investigated the genetic control of BR resistance together with biochemical compounds of fruit epidermis. For three years, mature fruits from the BC2 progeny were infected with two modalities of infection: spray until runoff in the orchard to measure infection probability and drop in the laboratory conditions in order to observe the characters of beginning, progression and speed of infection. The BC2 progeny displayed high variability for BR resistance. Despite low stability between years, genotypes with high level of resistance were identified. In addition in 2015, we explored the variation in epidermis compounds of fruit within the BC2 progeny. Phenolic compounds, terpenoids and derivatives were quantified by HPLC. The relationship between BR resistance and presence and/or levels of certain epidermis compounds and the genetic control of these compounds were investigated. BR of peach fruit is a complex problem which is still far from resolved. Progress has been made in the knowledge of structural and biochemical characteristics involved in BR resistance and regions of the genome that could confer certain disease tolerance have been detected. Further work is needed to develop molecular markers for marker assisted selection. The results obtained suggest that solutions for the future lie in associations of tolerant cultivars _ less susceptible to micro-cracks and with high content of epidermis compounds potential inhibitor of the fungus development _ with cultural practices reducing both risks of fruit cracking and occurrence of micro-climatic conditions favorable to BR spread and sporulation
Espinoza, Christian. "Approche métabolomique non-ciblée pour révéler les réponses métaboliques des prunus à l'infection par le PPV, conduisant au développement d'un outil de détection innovant pour la détection précoce de la maladie de la sharka et la sauvegarde des vergers en Occitanie." Thesis, Perpignan, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PERP0018.
Full textSharka disease, caused by Plum pox virus (PPV), is responsible for significant economic losses in Prunus. However, no preventive or curative treatments are currently available and only a few sources of natural resistance have been found. In France, a prophylactic approach has been adopted in an attempt to limit the spread of the PPV, which is essentially based on the rapid detection and removal of infected trees. However, certain technical and economic limitations do not allow the early andeffective detection of PPV on a large scale by conventional methods. The department of Pyrénées Orientales (France) is the most affected by this disease (85% of infections). These issues motivated the creation of the Antishark project, which is the result of a collaboration between AkiNaO, the University of Perpignan Via Domitia, FDGDON66 and local producers. The objective of the project was to develop an innovative method of early detection, targeting the metabolic responses of Prunuspersica at an early stage of the infection. Consequently, two studies under monitored conditions using an untargeted metabolomics approach (UHPLC-HRMS) were carried out. This approach is a promising tool to reveal the metabolic interactions between PPV and its host. In a first study, the global metabolic response to PPV-infection (Dideron and Marcus strains), including symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves, allowed the discrimination of metabolic profiles from PPV-infected and healthy leaves. Although there was a common response between the two strains, metabolic differences were also revealed, notably highlighting strain-specific metabolic alterations. In fact, this novel result could eventually lead to the possibility of identifying the viral strain(s) responsible for the infection. Furthermore, it was possible to discriminate PPV-infected plants (symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves) from healthy plants and from plants infected by another plant pathogenic virus. These observations suggest the existence of a potential specific response to the sharka disease. Based on all these findings, the hypothesis that asymptomatic PPVinfected trees could be detected through virus-induced metabolic alterations is supported.Furthermore, the metabolic responses collected from asymptomatic leaves could be considered as early responses to PPV-infection, i.e., before the appearance of symptoms. In a second step, early metabolic alterations, before the appearance of sharka symptoms, were confirmed by a kinetic study, despite negative molecular tests (RT-qPCR). Our results indicate that early detection of PPVinfected plants by targeting metabolic responses in Prunus persica was a promising strategy. Finally,statistical correlations between the two studies were found. Although the cultivars showed significantly different metabolic profiles, some discriminant features were common between the different cultivars tested (GF-305, yellow nectarine, yellow peach) and also between the different stages of the virus infection (symptomatic and asymptomatic). Nevertheless, a co-infection of PPV and powdery mildew observed during the kinetic experiment under monitored conditions could alter the impact of PPV-infection. Consequently, a new kinetic study without co-infection, is ongoing to confirm or refute these first observations. In addition, the identification of biomarkers related to the sharka disease, also in progress, would provide a betterunderstanding of the metabolic interactions between peach and PPV. Finally, other experiments under natural conditions are underway to evaluate the robustness of our potential biomarkers
Rousselin, Aurélie. "Contribution des pratiques culturales (irrigation et fertilisation azotée) à la gestion des populations de pucerons en verger fruitier : Cas des systèmes pêcher - puceron vert du pêcher (Prunus persica - Myzus persicae) et pommier - puceron cendré (Malus domestica - Dysaphis plantaginea)." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0681/document.
Full textAphids are major pests of important fruit trees in France, especially peach and appletrees. In order to reduce chemical use, various alternatives can be implemented for themanagement of aphids in orchards. This thesis starts by a review of the different alternativemanagement methods and their positioning at different aphid life cycle stages. Then our workfocuses on the study of the effects of modulation of host plant characteristics, through culturalpractices, on aphid abundance. Our study is based on the Plant Vigor Hypothesis which statesthat phytophagous insects are more performant on vigorous plant or organ. Thus, in theexperimental part we combined dynamic assessment of vegetative growth and aphid abundanceduring two factorial experiments: Prunus persica – Myzus persicae (2 levels of water supply ×2 levels of nitrogen supply) and Malus domestica – Dysaphis plantaginea (2 levels of watersupply × 2 tree genotypes). We chose those factors for their possible impact on vegetativegrowth and nutritional quality of the host plant. We conducted the experiments on young nonbearingpotted trees. At shoot scale, aphid abundance is positively correlated to vegetativegrowth for both studied systems. On peach tree, the positive impact of nitrogen availability onaphid abundance seems to be mediated by the strong positive impact of nitrogen on vegetativegrowth. The negative effect of water restriction on aphid abundance seems to be unrelated toan impact of water availability on vegetative growth. Thus on the second studied system: appletree – rosy apple aphid, we chose to vary water supply and to work on two genotypes to test thegenericity of the observed pattern. At shoot scale, water restriction has a positive effect on aphidabundance on one tree genotype and a negative effect on the other one, whereas at tree scalefor both tree genotypes aphid abundance is positively correlated to vegetative growth and waterrestriction negatively impacts aphid abundance. These results suggest that aphid performanceon water restricted trees is limited by another host plant characteristics than vegetative growth.This thesis shows that water restriction and vigour management through nitrogen fertilizationcan be implemented to manage aphids in fruit orchards. However, the patterns evidenced aredependent on tree genotype and on the scale of analysis. The applicability of these alternativemethods remains to be assessed in producing orchards, taking into account the effects of waterand nitrogen restrictions on fruit production
Marandel, Grégoire. "Organisation génomique de la résistance quantitative au Plum pox virus chez les Prunus." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21562.
Full textThe Plum pox virus (PPV), the causal agent of the sharka disease, is the most detrimental virus on stone-fruit trees, worldwide. Infected fruits are not marketable. To date, no peach cultivar is resistant. However sources of resistance have been identified and mapped in apricot and Prunus davidiana, a wild peach-related species. Several of the mapped QTL co-localize with candidate genes previously identified. Among them are the translation initiation factors. In this study, resistance in P. Davidiana was confirmed in an F2 population and two new QTL were identified. Quantitative analysis of the apricot cultivar 'Harlayne' resistance was also performed. A candidate gene strategy followed, including translation initiation factors elF4E, elF4G and their isoforms. Molecular markers targeting these genes were developped as a tool for marker-assisted selection. It revealed a striking co-localization with several resistance QTL identified in P. Davidiana and P. Armeniaca cv. 'Harlayne'. The implication od these genes in PPV resistance is discussed. In order to validate the consistency of these results with those previously published, data were merged in a QTL meta-analysis. It enabled to refine the boundaries of the genomic region controlling PPV resistance in both species, P. Davidiana and P. Armeniaca
Palloix, Alain. "Potentiel et limites d'une résistance polygénique : la résistance du piment (Capsicum annuum) à Phytophthora capsici." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10094.
Full textBarnadas, Céline. "Épidémiologie moléculaire et résistance de Plasmodium vivax aux antipaludiques à Madagascar." Lyon 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/33/05/91/PDF/theseCeline_vivax.pdf.
Full textOur objective was to assess (i) the importance of Plasmodium vivax infections in Madagascar, (ii) the parasite sensitivity to antimalarial drugs, and (iii) molecular markers role to monitor antimalarial drug resistance. The study was led on 8 sentinel sites. An in vivo protocol was conducted according to WHO criteria. P. Vivax isolates were analysed for nucleotidic polymorphisms on pvcrt-o, pvmdr1, pvdhfr and pvdhps genes. We searched fro polymorphisms on pvcsp, pvmsp3, pvmsp1 genes and on microsatellites sequences to genotype the isolates from the in vivo protocol. Microsatellites markers were also used to assess the genetic diversity of the Malagasy isolates. Other microsatellites sequences located in the flanking regions of dhfr and dhps genes were identified to assess the origin and propagation of resistant clones
Bonduelle, Olivia. "Etude multiparamétrique des mécanismes de la réponse immunitaire contre les infections virales des voies respiratoires et après vaccination." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066447.
Full textImmune protection against viral respiratory infections requires the induction of synchronized innate and adaptive immune responses. In this thesis, the role of various immune effectors acting in the early and late phases of the immune responses after infection and vaccination was studied. A murine model of vaccinia virus nasal infection allowed us to establish the pivotal role of myeloid dendritic cells expressing the CX3CR1 chemokine receptor in the initiation of specific T cell response. These results demonstrate the existence of an early coordination between innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, which is involved in the induction of a protective response. Data from two clinical studies were used to study various immune parameters after vaccination and infection with pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus and to model the induced responses. A multiparametric analysis of seven effectors of the adaptive immunity shows strong heterogeneity of vaccine-induced immune responses, depending on the residual anti-influenza response. A principal component analysis identifies five profiles of adaptive responses. In addition, a year after vaccination, specific immune memory has similar characteristics to the induced responses detected after a moderate viral infection. However, the quality and intensity of memory responses after pandemic vaccine are different from the one observed after a severe infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus. These results suggest that a balance between the different compartments of the cellular immune responses after vaccination or infection is essential for immune protection. This work opens up new ways in the correlates of vaccine efficacy and protection
Millet, Anne. "Résistance aux pathogènes et régulation de la réponse immune chez Caenorhabditis elegans." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22040.pdf.
Full textMonteiro-Sepulveda, Milena. "Functional and immune alterations of the intestine in human obesity." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066573.
Full textL'épithélium intestinal contribue à l'homéostasie glucidique assurant la digestion des aliments, l'absorption des nutriments et la sécrétion des entero-hormones aprs un repas. GLUT2, un transporteur de sucre à haute capacité, est transitoirement recruté dans la membrane apicale des entérocytes en réponse à un repas riche en sucre. L'augmentation de l'insulinémie provoquée par l'hyperglycémie postabsorptive déclenche l'internalisation de GLUT2 dans l'entérocyte, mécanisme qui est perdu chez les rongeurs diabétiques ou rendus résistants à l'insuline par le régime. Dans le jéjunum de sujets obèses morbides résistants à l'insuline et/ou diabétiques de type 2, j'ai montré une localisation anormalement permanente, de GLUT2 dans la membrane apicale des entérocytes. La localisation apicale de GLUT2 favorise un échange bidirectionnel transépithélial de glucose. GLUT2 peut aussi s'accumuler dans les endosomes des sujets dont l'alimentation est riche en graisse et plus pauvre en hydrate de carbone. Ces localisations anormales de GLUT2 dans les entérocytes sont un signe d'adaptation pathologique de l'intestin à l'obésité humaine (Diabetes J 2011). L'obésité est une maladie inflammatoire à bas grade, affectant la sensibilité à l'insuline de plusieurs organes. L'immunité intestinale est peu étudiée dans l'obésité humaine. J'ai montré que la muqueuse intestinale des sujets obèses est hypertrophique et associée à un accroissement du nombre de cellules de l'immunité innée et adaptative. Ces modifications sont en lien avec les changements biocliniques mesurés chez les sujets obèses. Le phénotype des lymphocytes T du jéjunum a été établi en cytométrie de flux et par l'expression de gènes. L'activité des lymphocytes T de sujets obèses, pas celle des sujets minces, dégrade la sensibilité à l'insuline des entérocytes Caco2/TC7 (2 manuscripts en préparation). Nos résultats suggèrent que l'adaptation de l'immunité intestinale dans l'obésité affecte la sensibilité à l'insuline des entérocytes modifiant la fonction d'absorption des sucres dans l'intestin
Viau, Muriel. "Effets des superantigènes B in vitro et in vivo dans un modèle de souris transgèniques humanisées." Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA132031.
Full textTasiemski, Aurélie. "Caractérisation et rôle des peptides antimicrobiens dans l'immunité innée de la sangsue Theromyzon tessulatum." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-349.pdf.
Full textBozdogan, Bülent. "Mécanismes de résistance aux lincosamides et aux streptogramines chez les bactéries à Gram positif." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05N132.
Full textFopa, Fomeju Berline. "Impact des duplications du génome du colza (Brassica napus L. ) sur l’organisation des régions génomiques impliquées dans la résistance quantitative à Leptosphaeria maculans." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARC114.
Full textAll crop species are recent or ancient polyploids and have more or less duplicated genomes. Following polyploidy events, structural and functional modifications result in differential gene content or regulation in the duplicated regions, which can play a fundamental role in the diversification o the genes underlying complex traits. To better understand the functioning of the genetic factors controlling the agronomic traits, I is necessary to analyze them in the light of the duplications in the genome. We have addressed this issue in oilseed rape, a species with a highly duplicated genome, with the aim of studying the consequences of genome duplications on the structural and functional organization of the genomic regions involved in quantitative resistance to stem canker. Numerous genomic regions were identified, which confirmed the high polygenic nature of this resistance. Their distribution was quite equivalent between A and C genomes of oilseed rape but a bias was observed in relation with the subgenomes deriving from the ancestral triplication event of Brassica clad. A least 44 % of the genomic regions corresponded to homologous duplicated regions of five Arabidopsis thaliana syntetic blocks. A comparative genomic analysis with A. Thaliana showed that many genes maintained in several duplicated regions were involved in the stress response, which converges with the results obtained in other species. Comparative genomics also allowed us to draw hypotheses on the function of genes underlying the QTL located in these genomic regions
Boisnard, Arnaud. "Caractérisation des QTL de résistance au Rice yellow mottle virus chez le riz et relation avec les facteurs d’initiation de la traduction de type 4E et 4G." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20080.
Full textThis document presents the analysis of QTLs of partial resistance to Rice yellow mottle virus in rice. Classical genetic and mapping approaches were associated with a candidate-gene approach on eIF4E and eIF4G translation initiation factor genes, which seems to be largely involved in plant/virus interactions. In a first step, QTL mapping was improved by the analysis of two populations in a multi-cross design using an integrative map. In a second step, translation initiation factor eIF4E and eIF4G genes were identified on the rice genomic sequence; four of them were co-located with QTLs. In a third step, near-isogenic lines were developed in order to confirm or to reject these co-locations. EIF4E candidate gene, located near a major QTL on chromosome 1, was rejected. On chromosome 2, an eIF4G-like candidate gene was also rejected, whereas an eIF(iso)4G gene was neither confirmed, nor rejected. Finally, a co-location between a major QTL of chromosome 12 and an eIF4G-like gene was confirmed. The QTL was mapped to a 1,66 Mb interval, but a suppression of recombination impaired the reduction of this interval. The interval presents characteristics of pericentromeric regions: low gene density and large stretches of nested transposable elements. EIF4G-like characterization revealed non-synonymous polymorphisms between susceptible and resistant varieties, and the insertion of a retrotransposon in an intron, in resistant varieties. Finally, our results suggest that genes from eIF4E family do not control partial resistance and that two genes from eIF4G family are candidate for governing QTLs of resistance
Chopy, Damien. "Modulation de la réponse immunitaire au cours d'une infection virale du système nerveux, l'étude du virus de la rage." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066129.
Full textOlicard, Cécile. "Recherche de substances anti-virales chez l'huître creuse, Crassostrea gigas." La Rochelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LAROS110.
Full textBarbier, Diane. "Impact du virus Influenza de type A sur la régulation de MUC5AC, l’une des principales mucines respiratoires." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066683.
Full textDostert, Catherine. "Etude de la réponse antivirale de la drosophile." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13146.
Full textBilak, Hana. "DmMyD88, un nouvel élément pour l'étude des récepteurs Toll de la drosophile." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2004. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2004/BILAK_Hana_2004.pdf.
Full textLefebvre, Christophe. "Étude de la réponse immunitaire chez la sangsue theromyzon tessulatum : approches différentielles." Lille 1, 2002. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2002/50376-2002-101.pdf.
Full textLafarge, Sandrine. "Signalisation dans le lymphocyte B humain au décours de son activation in vitro via les molécules de l'immunité innée." Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STET007T.
Full textMartin, Estelle. "Les conséquences de l’infection par le virus chikungunya sur les vecteurs du genre Aedes." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066306.
Full textSchikorski, David. "Mise en évidence de molécules impliquées dans la réponse immunitaire innée du système nerveux central de la sangsue médicimale Hirudo medicinalis." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-303.pdf.
Full textChazara, Trokiner Olympe. "Diversité génétique structurale et fonctionnelle du CMH chez le Poulet : Implication pour la résistance aux maladies." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00601989.
Full textChazara, Olympe. "Diversité génétique structurale et fonctionnelle du CMH chez le Poulet : implication pour la résistance aux maladies." AgroParisTech, 2010. https://pastel.hal.science/index.php?halsid=35l606vho81sjdsfhrtdi0bke1&view_this_doc=pastel-00601989&version=1.
Full textThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a complex genomic region in Vertebrates, still imperfectly known in the chicken and which shows a great genetic variability. The MHC is also an interesting region for studying the genetic determinism of adaptation to pathogens in an evolutionary context. Moreover, the MHC plays a central role in the immune response of an animal to infectious diseases, while a better understanding of the genetic determinism of the immune response against pathogens is important for developing a comprehensive strategy to fight against infectious diseases. We therefore used recent tools of genomics, including genetic markers such as SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) to characterize the B region of the chicken MHC. First, genetic diversity has been evaluated in more than 80 breeds or populations with the LEI0258 marker. Then, to cover the entire region using SNP markers, we chose to identify these polymorphisms by resequencing 11 genes of interest and comparing the sequences obtained with the genome sequence and reference sequences available in databases. It also led to the improvement of the knowledge of a number of genes, including three DM-like non-classical class II genes. A 96 SNPs chip, dedicated to the B region of the chicken MHC, has been produced and will soon provide the genotypes of a number of infectious challenge studies conducted at INRA
Richard, Manon. "Clusters de gènes de résistance aux maladies chez le haricot commun : bases moléculaires, régulation et évolution." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112401.
Full textCommon bean is the main source of protein for human consumption in many developing countries. Several huge disease resistance (R) gene clusters have been mapped at the end of common bean linkage groups. The common bean genome (Andean genotype G19833) has recently been sequenced. Access to the complete genome sequence of common bean allowed us to annotate the Nucleotide Binding-Leucine Rich Repeat (NL) encoding gene family, the prevalent class of disease R genes in plants, and to perform the 3 following studies: (i) We have investigated the molecular basis of Co-x, an anthracnose R gene to a highly virulent strain of C. lindemuthianum, previously identified in the Andean cultivar JaloEEP558. Fine mapping of Co-x and sequencing of the target region in JaloEEP558, allowed us to identify a candidate gene encoding an atypical kinase. We hypothesised that this atypical kinase is a fungal effector target. (ii) Several recent studies have highlighted the role of small RNA (miRNAs that triggered phased siRNAs production) in the regulating of NL gene expression. Analyses of small RNAs libraries of common bean led to the identification of this mechanism in common bean and also allowed us to propose a new NL regulation pathway involving 24 nt sRNAs. (iii) We have studied centromeric and subtelomeric satellite DNAs at common bean genome level. We have identified 2 different satellite DNAs in common bean centromeres, Nazca and CentPv2. We have also conducted the analyze of the subtelomeric satellite khipu, previously identified in common bean R clusters and confirmed that frequent sequence exchange occurs between non-homologous chromosome ends in common bean genome. Together, these results led us to propose that both structural elements and a combination of regulatory mechanisms (TGS, PTGS) allow the amplification of NL sequences without detrimental effect for the plant leading to the large NL clusters observed in common bean
Bussmann, Vincent. "Caractérisation physique et expression du gène NRAMP1 chez les petits ruminants : application à l'évaluation de son rôle dans la résistance du mouton à la salmonellose abortive ovine." Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR3806.
Full textPercoco, Giuseppe. "Biomolécules et immunité cutanée en lien avec l'écologie microbienne de la peau." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES007.
Full textSire, Christelle. "Etude des effets de la protéine P1 et du virus de la panachure jaune du riz (Rice yellow mottle virus) sur l'extinction post-transcriptionnelle des gènes : application à la construction de vecteurs viraux chez le riz." Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0598.
Full textMost plant viruses have evolved to conteract the defence mechanism based on RNA silencing. Thus, many viral proteins have been well studied for their features in silencing suppression. Among these proteins, P1 protein from Rice yellow mottle virus, responsible for serious disease in irrigated rice systems in Africa, has been described. This study characterised silencing suppression features of RYMV under natural infection on rice plants. Biolistic delivery assays on rice leaves and Agrobacterium-based leaf infiltration assays on Nicotiana benthamiana, determined that P1 undergoes silencing with variable efficiency when inoculating different P1. Moreover, as RYMV is a highly diverse virus, both at genetic scale or at pathogenicity scale, we attempted to evaluate variability of silencing suppression with RYMV particles. Infected O. Sativa with different RYMV isolates, exhibited contrasted silencing suppression on uidA transgene. We thus revealed that RYMV has a qualitative effect on silencing suppression, which is not correlated to virus phylogeny. Silencing suppression at virus scale was also inversely correlated to pathogenicity of isolates. These results suggested that silencing suppression occuring under RYMV infection, is a complex mechanism. Thus, the involvement of the coat protein, on miRNA accumulation regulation, was demonstrated in transgenic rice lines expressing this protein. Moreover these results will be usefull to improve RYMV-based expression and VIGS vectors, that have been developed in a second study. The purpose of this work is to assess the ability of construction of RYMV-based expression and VIGS vectors and to evaluate gene insertion constraint
Leone, Philippe. "Etudes structurales de protéines impliquées dans la réponse immunitaire innée des insectes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX11077.
Full textUpon microbial infection, the activation of innate immunity in the hemolymph of insects involves principally two protein families: receptors which interact with specific molecular patterns on microorganisms, and serine proteases which amplify and regulate the signal through proteolytic cascades. I used different expression systems (bacteria, yeast and insect cells) to produce four drosophila clip-trypsins in order to solve their crystallographic structure. These trypsin-like serine proteases have at least one small N-terminal cysteine-rich domain called ‘clip' which is involved in the regulation of the enzyme. The best result was obtained with SF9 cells which expressed and properly secreted the clip-trypsin CG9733. The clip domain of CG16705 was also refolded from inclusion bodies expressed in bacteria. In collaboration with the laboratory IBMC (Strasbourg), I expressed the receptor PGRP-SD in drosophila S2 cells and solved its crystallographic structure. This peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) from drosophila is a receptor for Gram+ bacteria, as PGRP-SA, but the data suggest they recognize different bacteria and interact with different co-receptors. Although the peptidoglycan binding site is conserved, the comparison of PGRP-SD and PGRP-SA structures reveals some differences, especially in the surface charge distribution. Furthermore, the analysis of surface residues highlights two regions: one that is not conserved between the two receptors and probably interacts with co-receptors, the other, a hydrophobic crevice that is highly conserved across the PGRP family
Levy, Francine. "Analyse de la réponse immunitaire de la drosophile par une approche protéomique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LEVY_Francine_2005.pdf.
Full textSequencing of the genome of the insect model, Drosophila melanogaster, which was completed in 2000, gave a great impetus to post-genomic studies. Investigation of gene and gene product expression can be achieved by transcriptomic and peptidomic/proteomic analyses. These approaches are complementary, however, only the latter allows the study of post-translational modifications, which play an important role in protein functionality, or interactions within protein complexes. Improvements in advanced techniques and bioinformatics provide new tools to characterize proteins involved in physiological processes, such as the immune response of Drosophila. Profiling of the proteins present in the hemolymph of noninfected flies versus flies infected by various microorganisms, was realized by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and differential isotope labelling of samples. Through this differential analysis, various families of molecules were found to be regulated after the infection. Among them, I identified proteases, protease inhibitors, odorant binding proteins and molecules involved in the binding of lipids, calcium or iron. These molecules are thus new candidates for the further detailed investigation of innate immune mechanisms. In summary, this differential proteomic analysis of the immune response of Drosophila, provides new prospects for the study of proteins regulated during innate immunity
Michel, Tatiana. "Rôle des protéines de reconnaissance du peptidoglycane (PGRPs) dans la réponse immunitaire de la drosophile." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13107.
Full textBischoff, Vincent. "Rôle des PGRPs dans l'activation et dans le contrôle de la réponse immunitaire de Drosophila melanogaster." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/BISCHOFF_Vincent_2006.pdf.
Full textAbi, Khattar Ziad. "Impact de la résistance aux peptides antimicrobiens et aux composés toxiques sur les interactions bactéries-insectes : cas des infections par Photorhabdus luminescens et Bacillus cereus." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20202.
Full textAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the major effectors of insect humoral immune response. Enterobacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus as well as the Gram-positive bacilli Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis are able to infect and to kill many insects at larval stage. That suggests that bacteria develop mechanisms of resistance to these AMPs. The goal of this study was to identify genes that confer resistance to AMPs in P. Luminescens and B. Cereus and to study their role in insect infections. In this study, we first demonstrated that in vitro AMP resistance of Xenorhabdus strains is not correlated with their virulence in insects unlike P. Luminescens and B. Thuringiensis strains. In P. Luminescens, we identified the msbB (lpxM) gene which encodes an acetyltransferase involved in the secondary acylation of lipid A moiety of the Lipopolysaccharide. The heterologous expression of P. Luminescens msbB gene in the AMP sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae lpxM mutant restores AMP resistance to the wild-type levels. In addition, we addressed the role of P. Luminescens MdtABC efflux pump during the infection process. Inactivation of P. Luminescens mdtA gene allowed us to show that this gene is neither essential for in vitro resistance to various antimicrobial agents (including AMPs) nor for virulence in insects. Using a strain of P. Luminescens harbouring a transcriptional fusion of the mdtA gene promoter with a reporter gene encoding the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), we showed that in vitro mdtABC operon expression is not constitutive but it is significantly induced by copper. Nevertheless, this operon is highly induced in supernatants from stationary phase bacterial cultures as well as during late stages of insect infection. This strong mdtABC induction was only observed within bacteria colonizing the extracellular matrixes of Locusta migratoria hematopoietic organ and Spodoptera littoralis gut. For the first time in entomopathogenic bacteria, we identified a specific signal from an insect tissue that induces bacterial gene expression during infection. Finally, we studied the dlt locus of B. Cereus which is involved in teichoic acid D-alanylation in Gram-positive bacteria. A similar dlt region was also found in P. Luminescens. We have shown that a B. Cereus dlt operon mutant is highly sensitive to the in vitro action of AMPs including those of insect innate immunity such as lysozyme and the inducible AMP cecropin B of Spodoptera frugiperda. This mutant was also avirulent after intrahemocoelic injection within insects. These results illustrate the correlation between AMP resistance and virulence in entomopathogenic bacteria
Vézilier, Julien. "Résistance aux insecticides et transmission de la malaria chez le moustique Culex pipiens." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20038.
Full textThe evolution of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes threatens our ability to control many-vector-transmitted diseases, thereby raising serious public health issues. Insecticide resistance entails numerous physiological changes in mosquitoes. This thesis investigates whether these physiological changes alter the quality of mosquitoes as vectors of malaria. To address this issue, we developed a new experimental system consisting in the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum SGS1 and its natural vector, the mosquito Culex pipiens. We investigated the impact of two insecticide resistance mechanisms (target site resistance and metabolic resistance) on several mosquito and parasite life history traits relevant for malaria transmission. The effect of different insecticide resistant genes was investigated using both isogenic laboratory mosquito strains (i.e. against a homogeneous genetic background) and sympatric field caught mosquitoes (i.e. under the more realistic, albeit noisier, conditions of a heterogeneous genetic background). We show that insecticide resistance has a pleiotropic effect on several mosquito traits (immunocompetence, longevity, fecundity), whereas it has only a limited effect on Plasmodium development. We discuss, on the one hand, the need to pursue such a multi-factorial approach (combining the mosquito physiology, immunity and behavior) to better understand the impact of insecticide resistance on malaria transmission and, on the other hand, the promising perspectives offered by this new experimental system for studying the evolutionary-ecology of infectious diseases
Charles, Marie Thérèse. "Bases physiologiques de la résistance aux maladies post-récolte induite par les rayons UV chez la tomate." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ51252.pdf.
Full textMeaux, Juliette de. "Polymorphisme moléculaire relatif à la résistance aux maladies dans les populations naturelles de haricot commun (Phaseolus vulgaris)." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112001.
Full textMolecular analysis of diversity at complex resistance gene loci suggest that selection could have contributed to their organisation. In common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) two multigenic families of Resistance Gene Candidates (RGCs) have been identified, among which one shows a greater complexity with more numerous members than the other. In an attempt to bring insight into the question of the evolutionary forces which may have shaped their evolution, RFLP polymorphism for these 2 gene families was assessed in wild populations sampled across several regions. The populations had been previously assessed for diversity at neutral loci (RAPD) and diversity for resistance phenotypes to strains of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, one of the major pathogen of bean. RGC polymorphism was detected for both gene families both within and among populations, at all geographical scales. The analysis of diversity shown by the less complex of the two families indicates that copy number polymorphism may be found at all geographical scales. .
Waldschmidt, Ingrid. "Effet de l’effort, l’entrainement et l’inflammation sur l’immunité innée des voies respiratoires profondes du Trotteur Français." Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2095.
Full textLower airway diseases are a common problem in sport and racing horses. Because the innate immunity plays an essential role in lung defense mechanisms against pathogens, we aimed to assess the effect of acute exercise, training and inflammation on pulmonary innate immune responses. In the first step of these PhD research, we evaluate an experimental model to assess equine pulmonary innate immune response which could be used in several conditions. Alveolar macrophages were isolated from broncho-alveolar lavages using an adhesion method and stimulated by TLR 2/6, 3 and 4 agonists. TLR are receptors able to recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and to induce an immune response. Best conditions of alveolar macrophages stimulations were selected using PCR method. Evaluation of alveolar macrophages response to TLR ligands was performed by measurement of cytokine production in culture supernatants by ELISA. TLR relative expression was quantified by PCR. This experimental model was used in the second step of this work to evaluate the effect of strenuous exercise and training on respiratory innate immunity of horses. A longitudinal study was organized using eight young standardbred horses. Horses were trained and respiratory samplings were performed at different step of the protocol. Results of this study show a moderate effect of strenuous exercise and a negative and prolonged effect of training on alveolar macrophage response against viruses and bacteria. Effect of respiratory inflammation was assessed on owner horses presented at Cirale for respiratory affections. Pulmonary innate immunity was evaluated using the experimental model and compared between healthy horses and horses suffering of IAD and bacterial infection. Results show that alveolar macrophage response of IAD horses was not different from those of healthy horses. Alveolar macrophage response to TLR 4 stimulation was higher in bacterial infection group than in healthy group but the low number of horses included in each group need to take these results with caution. To conclude, this PhD research provides an experimental model to evaluate the ability of alveolar macrophages to recognize pathogens and initiate an immune response. The effect of strenuous exercise and training was assessed using this experimental model and show the negative impact of training on viral and bacterial immunity, which partly explain the high sensitivity of horses to respiratory affections during training periods. Molecular mechanisms involved in IAD stay unknown; complementary studies including higher number of horses should be required to complete these data
Ballimi, Elsa. "Etude des interactions riz-Magnaporthe oryzae. Diversité, origine et évolution du locus du gène de résistance Pi33." Montpellier, ENSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0035.
Full textThe specific recognition of the pathogen follows the gene-for-gene theory. A review of the literature allowed to show that 85 genes and 347 QTLs of resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae have already been mapped. The product of the avirulence gene ACE1 of M. Oryzae is original because it is not secreted. Consequently, the resistance gene corresponding to ACE1, Pi33, could reveal a resistance mechanism different from those already known. During this work, the presence of the resistance gene Pi33 was detected at a high frequency in the domesticated rice subspecies indica. Using couples of isogenic strains, Pi33 was also identified in some accessions of wild rice species, suggesting an ancient origin of Pi33. Moreover, we characterized the introgression of Pi33 from an accession of the wild species O. Rufipogon in the variety IR64. In addition, we constructed a physical map of the Pi33 locus in a resistant variety. A partial sequence of the locus in this resistant variety was obtained and compared with the sequence of two susceptible varieties. The comparative study of the locus in 3 varieties confirmed a complex evolution of the locus. 3 NBS-LRR candidate genes were identified in the susceptible variety Nipponbare and 7 in the resistant variety IR64. Sequence polymorphism and level of expression of various candidate genes was characterized in different varieties. Although this approach did not allow identifying Pi33, the identification of 20 mutant lines for Pi33 will allow a functional analysis of the gene. Cloning Pi33 was attempted by different approaches (mutants, complementation). This work is still in progress. Finally, because the originality of the interaction ACE1/Pi33 could result in an original regulation pathway, the expression of marker genes was compared between different incompatible and compatible interactions involving Pi33 or not. These results suggest that even within different genetic backgrounds, Pi33 contributes to a conserved defence pathway
Ferrero, Frédéric. "Approche physio-pathologique et exploitation génétique de l'expression de la résistance à l'oïdium (sphaerotheca pannosa lev. , var. Rosae) dans le genre Rosa." Avignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AVIG0314.
Full textPowdery mildew of the rose tree induces heavy economic consequences. This disease is due to an external fungus Sphaerotheca pannosa var. Rosae that develops on the host without resulting in his death. This work of thesis points out a study in four steps of the relations host-parasite : 1- the evaluation of the expression of the symptoms of powdery mildew, in two collections, one of botanical species and another of modern rose trees. This approach allowed to identify resistant genotypes. 2- a program of crossings to evaluate the transmission of resistance and abilities for combination. The observation of the segregations, on the progenies from a diallele crossing plan between diploid species, confirmed that the character of resistance was controlled by several genes. The process for introgression of resistance, via a dihaploïd (2x) of modern rose tree (4x) cross with R. Wichuraïana (2x) followed with serial brother-sister crossings revealed as essential to fix the character. 3- the search for tools of sifting. This one led to a biological test of evaluation of resistance to powdery mildew and to methods for the isolation of the inoculum and following for the obtainment of mono-conidial isolates. 4- the study of the installation of the foliar cuticle and its efficiency according to : genotype, age of the organ and environmental conditions. A process was established to modulate the installation of the cuticle on plantlets resulting from in vitro. The cuticular evapotranspiration of resistant genotypes was measured lower than that of sensitive. At last, high calcium level in the nutrition of rose tree would activate the biosynthesis of the cuticle. In conclusion, the whole of these results contributes to the knowledge of the disease and to the definition of a strategy for the selection of the character of Resistance to powdery mildew
Bouanani, Majida. "Immunité et autoimmunité humorale dans le modèle de la thyroglobuline humaine : profils de spécificité épitopique des autoanticorps dans différentes situations physiopathologiques." Montpellier 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON13522.
Full textTexereau, Joëlle. "Variabilités génétiques de l'immunité innée pulmonaire dans le risque infectieux : application à la mucoviscidose." Paris 12, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA120013.
Full textCystic fibrosis is a frequent life-threatening disorder. Despite identification of the genetic defect, disease physiopathology remains unclear, especially for pulmonary involvement that conditions prognosis. Role of genetic background is suspected. Potential influence of genetic polymorphysms in nitric oxide (NO) pathway and pathogen recognition Toll-like receptors (TLRs) was studied. A repeat polymorphism within the regulatory region of the NOS1 gene was associated with high airway NO production and better lung function in adults with CF. High exhaled NO was linked to preserved transepithelial ion transport. Absence of TLR2 and TLR4 impaired antibacterial roles of alveolar macrophage. The tlr2-753R[to]Q variant allele, which results in aloss of cellular response to CF pathogens, conferred to carriers a fourfold risk of airway infection. By contrast, tlr4-299D[to]G polymorphism, which lowers inflammatory response, was associated with a better lung function and prognosis
Flori, Laurence. "A la recherche des gènes contrôlant la résistance humaine au paludisme à P. Falciparum : apport des analyses de liaison génétique et d'association allélique avec la parasitémie et le risque d'accès palustre." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22037.
Full textBriolat, Jenny. "Nouvelles données en neuroimmunoendocrinologie : Effets des rythmes biologiques sur l'activité antibactérienne de l'ubiquitine sécrétée.Caractérisation des propriétés antimicrobiennes de la cateslytine, un peptide multifonctionnel dérivé de la chromogranine A." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13045.
Full textZhang, Dan. "The expression and role of chromogranin A and its derived peptides in septic patients." Strasbourg 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13063.
Full textResearch results presented in my thesis concern the role of chromogranine A (CGA) and its derived peptides in the innate immunity. In the clinical research part, we have demonstrated that serum CGA on admission increases significantly in the group of sepsis and SIRS patients. Moreover, it is an independent prognostic marker for medical ICU patients. In the basic research part, we found that chromofungin and catestatin, two CGA derived antimicrobial peptides, can provoke a specific Ca2+ entry on neutrophils via a mechanism involving iPLA2 activation. We proposed that these 2 peptides can play a role in neutrophils activation. All together, our results are important to understand the biological role of CGA derived peptides in the innate immunity
Poitrineau, Karine. "Evolution de la résistance aux ennemis naturels et intéractions multiples : théorie et système biologique drosophiles-parasitoi͏̈des." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20016.
Full textPoumarat, François. "Epidémiologie de l'infection à Mycoplasma bovis chez les bovins en France." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO11739.
Full textAllorent, Delphine. "Analyse et modélisation épidémiologique de la tache angulaire du haricot ("Phaseolus vulgaris") due à "Phaeoisariopsis griseola"." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20041.
Full textCorbel, Vincent. "Interactions entre insecticides sur "Anopheles gambiae" giles et "Culex quinquefasciatus" say et impact sur l'évolution de la résistance." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20076.
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