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Journal articles on the topic 'Proxy respondent'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Zuckerbraun, Sara, Rachael Welsh Allen, and Tim Flanigan. "Paired Interviews to Evaluate Patient and Proxy Responses on Patient Experience of Care Surveys (PECS)." Field Methods 32, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x19888612.

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Paired interviews are used to evaluate whether a questionnaire functions properly for both the target respondent and an alternate respondent (proxy). We developed a new application of this tool to evaluate whether a Patient Experience of Care Survey (PECS) for long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) and inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) functioned acceptably for patients and their family members. Frequently, patients in LTCHs and IRFs cannot fully recall their care experience and are often unable to complete surveys because of cognitive or physical limitations. For this project, researchers conducted interviews with 20 paired respondents: a patient and a proxy. Results revealed that the patient and their proxy went through similar response strategies and answered questions similarly to each other a majority of the time. We concluded that the questionnaires function acceptably for patients and proxies.

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Harel, Y., M. D. Overpeck, D. H. Jones, P. C. Scheidt, P. E. Bijur, A. C. Trumble, and G. E. Hendershot. "The quality of proxy-respondent data in NCHS surveys." American Journal of Public Health 85, no. 4 (April 1995): 591–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.85.4.591.

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DeBell, Matthew, Jon A. Krosnick, Katie Gera, David S. Yeager, and Michael P. McDonald. "The Turnout Gap in Surveys: Explanations and Solutions." Sociological Methods & Research 49, no. 4 (May 6, 2018): 1133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124118769085.

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Postelection surveys regularly overestimate voter turnout by 10 points or more. This article provides the first comprehensive documentation of the turnout gap in three major ongoing surveys (the General Social Survey, Current Population Survey, and American National Election Studies), evaluates explanations for it, interprets its significance, and suggests means to continue evaluating and improving survey measurements of turnout. Accuracy was greater in face-to-face than telephone interviews, consistent with the notion that the former mode engages more respondent effort with less social desirability bias. Accuracy was greater when respondents were asked about the most recent election, consistent with the hypothesis that forgetting creates errors. Question wordings designed to minimize source confusion and social desirability bias improved accuracy. Rates of reported turnout were lower with proxy reports than with self-reports, which may suggest greater accuracy of proxy reports. People who do not vote are less likely to participate in surveys than voters are.

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Andridge, Rebecca R., and Roderick J. A. Little. "Proxy Pattern-Mixture Analysis for a Binary Variable Subject to Nonresponse." Journal of Official Statistics 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 703–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2020-0035.

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AbstractGiven increasing survey nonresponse, good measures of the potential impact of nonresponse on survey estimates are particularly important. Existing measures, such as the R-indicator, make the strong assumption that missingness is missing at random, meaning that it depends only on variables that are observed for respondents and nonrespondents. We consider assessment of the impact of nonresponse for a binary survey variable Y subject to nonresponse when missingness may be not at random, meaning that missingness may depend on Y itself. Our work is motivated by missing categorical income data in the 2015 Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey (OMAS), where whether or not income is missing may be related to the income value itself, with low-income earners more reluctant to respond. We assume there is a set of covariates observed for nonrespondents and respondents, which for the item nonresponse (as in OMAS) is often a rich set of variables, but which may be potentially limited in cases of unit nonresponse. To reduce dimensionality and for simplicity we reduce these available covariates to a continuous proxy variable X, available for both respondents and nonrespondents, that has the highest correlation with Y, estimated from a probit regression analysis of respondent data. We extend the previously proposed proxy-pattern mixture (PPM) analysis for continuous outcomes to the binary outcome using a latent variable approach for modeling the joint distribution of Y and X. Our method does not assume data are missing at random but includes it as a special case, thus creating a convenient framework for sensitivity analyses. Maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and multiple imputation versions of PPM analysis are described, and robustness of these methods to model assumptions is discussed. Properties are demonstrated through simulation and with the 2015 OMAS data.

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Sheikhzadeh, Khodadad, Mohammad Reza Baneshi, Mahdi Afshari, and Ali Akbar Haghdoost. "Comparing direct, network scale-up, and proxy respondent methods in estimating risky behaviors among collegians." Journal of Substance Use 21, no. 1 (July 30, 2014): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2014.942401.

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6

Hornsby, Benjamin W. Y., Samantha J. Gustafson, Hope Lancaster, Sun-Joo Cho, Stephen Camarata, and Fred H. Bess. "Subjective Fatigue in Children With Hearing Loss Assessed Using Self- and Parent-Proxy Report." American Journal of Audiology 26, no. 3S (October 12, 2017): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_aja-17-0007.

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Purpose The primary purposes of this study were to examine the effects of hearing loss and respondent type (self- vs. parent-proxy report) on subjective fatigue in children. We also examined associations between child-specific factors and fatigue ratings. Method Subjective fatigue was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (PedsQL-MFS; Varni, Burwinkle, Katz, Meeske, & Dickinson, 2002). We compared self- and parent-proxy ratings from 60 children with hearing loss (CHL) and 43 children with normal hearing (CNH). The children ranged in age from 6 to 12 years. Results School-age CHL experienced more overall and cognitive fatigue than CNH, although the differences were smaller than previously reported. Parent-proxy report was not strongly associated with child self-report, and parents tended to underestimate their child's fatigue, particularly sleep/rest fatigue. Language ability was also associated with subjective fatigue. For CHL and CNH, as language abilities increased, cognitive fatigue decreased. Conclusions School-age CHL experience more subjective fatigue than CNH. The poor association between parent-proxy and child reports suggests that the parent-proxy version of the PedsQL-MFS should not be used in isolation when assessing fatigue in school-age children. Future research should examine how language abilities may modulate fatigue and its potential academic consequences in CHL.

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Macarthur, C., G. Dougherty, and I. B. Pless. "Reliability and Validity of Proxy Respondent Information about Childhood Injury: An Assessment of a Canadian Surveillance System." American Journal of Epidemiology 145, no. 9 (May 1, 1997): 834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009177.

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8

Ali, Akhter, and Dil Bahadur Rahut. "Healthy Foods as Proxy for Functional Foods: Consumers’ Awareness, Perception, and Demand for Natural Functional Foods in Pakistan." International Journal of Food Science 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6390650.

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Using comprehensive primary dataset collected from 400 respondents from all four major provinces of Pakistan, this study assesses consumers’ knowledge, awareness, and perception regarding the use of functional foods. The empirical findings show that the majority of the consumers do not have information and knowledge about the functional foods in Pakistan. Hence, the frequency of consumption of functional food was low especially in rural areas. The result revealed that consumers with ill health were more eager to consume functional foods compared to healthier people. Besides health, the level of education and gender (female) of the respondent also play significant role in the acceptability and consumption of the functional foods in Pakistan. Geographically the people in the cities were more aware and willing to pay more for the functional foods as compared to people living in the villages. Majority of the consumers think that consumption of functional foods can help them to maintain good health, hence the policy makers’ needs to create more awareness.

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Campbell, Peter T., Margaret Sloan, and Nancy Kreiger. "Utility of Proxy versus Index Respondent Information in a Population-Based Case–Control Study of Rapidly Fatal Cancers." Annals of Epidemiology 17, no. 4 (April 2007): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.07.012.

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Basri, Yesi Mutia. "Analisis Kesiapan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Menerapkan PP Nomor 12 Tahun 2019 Tentang Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah." Berkala Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/baki.v6i1.22020.

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This study aims to analyze the readiness of the Kampar Regency Government in implementing PP No. 12 of 2019. The population in this study is all SKPD in the Kampar district, amounting to 48 SKPD. The sampling technique using saturated sampling method. A total of 112 respondents participated in the research consisting of Budget User Proxy, Technical Implementation Officials of Activities, Head of Finance Subdivision, and Financial Staff Staff. The data collection technique is carried out by using questionnaires which is sent directly to the respondent. The results of the analysis using multiple regressions show Human Resource Competence, Utilization and Use of Technology and Information, Leadership Style affects Readiness in Implementation of Government Regulation No.12 of 2019. The results of this study have contributed to the government in preparing for the implementation of regulatory changes.

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Mirzazadeh, Ali, Mostafa Shokoohi, Soodabeh Navadeh, Ahmad Danesh, Jennifer P. Jain, Abbas Sedaghat, Marziyeh Farnia, and AliAkbar Haghdoost. "Underreporting in HIV-Related High-Risk Behaviors: Comparing the Results of Multiple Data Collection Methods in a Behavioral Survey of Prisoners in Iran." Prison Journal 98, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885517753163.

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We explored the potential of using three indirect methods including crosswise, proxy respondent method, and network scale-up (NSU) in comparison with direct questioning in collecting sensitive and socially stigmatized HIV-related risk behavior information from Iranian prisoners. Participants reported more sexual contact in prison for their friends than they did for themselves. In men, NSU provided lower estimates than direct questioning, whereas in women NSU estimates were higher. Different data collection methods provide different estimates and collectively offer a more comprehensive picture of HIV-related risk behaviors in prisons.

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Yamamoto-Mitani, N., T. Abe, Y. Okita, K. Hayashi, C. Sugishita, and K. Kamata. "The impact of subject/respondent characteristics on a proxy-rated quality of life instrument for the Japanese elderly with dementia." Quality of Life Research 13, no. 4 (May 2004): 845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:qure.0000021691.21667.1f.

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Lansky, Amy, Amy Drake, Cyprian Wejnert, Huong Pham, Melissa Cribbin, and Douglas D. Heckathorn. "Assessing the Assumptions of Respondent-Driven Sampling in the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System among Injecting Drug Users." Open AIDS Journal 6, no. 1 (September 7, 2012): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601206010077.

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Several assumptions determine whether respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is an appropriate sampling method to use with a particular group, including the population being recruited must know one another as members of the group (i.e., injection drug users [IDUs] must know each other as IDUs) and be networked and that the sample size is small relative to the overall size of the group. To assess these three assumptions, we analyzed city-specific data collected using RDS through the US National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System among IDUs in 23 cities. Overall, 5% of non-seed participants reported that their recruiter was “a stranger.” 20 cities with multiple field sites had ≥1 cross-recruitment, a proxy for linked networks. Sample sizes were small in relation to the IDU population size (median = 2.3%; range: 0.6%- 8.0%). Researchers must evaluate whether these three assumptions were met to justify the basis for using RDS to sample specific populations.

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Fujimoto, Kayo, Ming Cao, Lisa M. Kuhns, Dennis Li, and John A. Schneider. "Statistical adjustment of network degree in respondent-driven sampling estimators: Venue attendance as a proxy for network size among young MSM." Social Networks 54 (July 2018): 118–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2018.01.003.

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Carbone, Jason T., and Stephen Edward McMillin. "Reconsidering Collective Efficacy: The Roles of Perceptions of Community and Strong Social Ties." City & Community 18, no. 3 (September 2019): 1068–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12413.

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Collective efficacy is an often–studied concept, yet theoretical differences and confusing terminology lead to an inability to translate the concept across disciplines. Utilizing a nationally representative sample, this study employs structural equation modeling combined with a series of hierarchical models to test the hypotheses that the focal independent variables of neighborhood perceptions, strong social ties, and civic engagement as a proxy for weak social ties are each positively associated with collective efficacy while controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Findings show that all the focal independent variables were positively associated with collective efficacy. The full model accounts for nearly half the variance in collective efficacy. These results support other, recent research findings that the collective efficacy measure is more highly associated with respondent perceptions of the community and strong social ties than originally theorized.

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Roth, M. Garrett, and Ryan Morris. "Here I come to save the day? Reassessing the efficacy of small business development centers in the Internet Era." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 9, no. 3 (July 25, 2020): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-12-2019-0095.

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PurposeThis paper assesses the efficacy of the 18 small business development centers (SBDCs) located throughout the state of Pennsylvania during 2013–2016 as a proxy for publicly funded, small business consulting services in general.Design/methodology/approachThe paper compares the sales growth of SBDC clients, as reported in postconsultation surveys, to comparable growth measures for the corresponding business population using one- and two-sample t-tests.FindingsThe results show that respondent clients with existing businesses clearly outperform the broader population following consultation, both in aggregate and when decomposed by region and industry.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the best available data, the results are tempered by low response rates and self-reporting.Originality/valueThe paper empirically demonstrates that SBDC clients experience higher growth in sales and employment following their consultation than the broader business population. The net benefit of such services is, however, impossible to determine.

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Strickland, Ora L. "Using Proxy Respondents." Journal of Nursing Measurement 12, no. 1 (May 2004): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jnum.12.1.3.66321.

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Larios, Daisy, Thomas M. Brooks, Nicholas B. W. Macfarlane, and Sugoto Roy. "Access to scientific literature by the conservation community." PeerJ 8 (July 9, 2020): e9404. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9404.

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Access to the scientific literature is perceived to be a challenge to the biodiversity conservation community, but actual level of literature access relative to needs has never been assessed globally. We examined this question by surveying the constituency of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a proxy for the conservation community, generating 2,285 responses. Of these respondents, ∼97% need to use the scientific literature in order to support their IUCN-related conservation work, with ∼50% needing to do so at least once per week. The crux of the survey revolved around the question, “How easy is it for you currently to obtain the scientific literature you need to carry out your IUCN-related work?” and revealed that roughly half (49%) of the respondents find it not easy or not at all easy to access scientific literature. We fitted a binary logistic regression model to explore factors predicting ease of literature access. Whether the respondent had institutional literature access (55% do) is the strongest predictor, with region (Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand) and sex (male) also significant predictors. Approximately 60% of respondents from Western Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand have institutional access compared to ∼50% in Asia and Latin America, and ∼40% in Eastern Europe and in Africa. Nevertheless, accessing free online material is a popular means of accessing literature for both those with and without institutional access. The four journals most frequently mentioned when asked which journal access would deliver the greatest improvements to the respondent’s IUCN-related work were Conservation Biology, Biological Conservation, Nature, and Science. The majority prefer to read journal articles on screen but books in hard copy. Overall, it is apparent that access to the literature is a challenge facing roughly half of the conservation community worldwide.

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Olsen, Søren Bøye, Jürgen Meyerhoff, Morten Raun Mørkbak, and Ole Bonnichsen. "The influence of time of day on decision fatigue in online food choice experiments." British Food Journal 119, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-05-2016-0227.

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Purpose Fatigue effects related to answering a sequence of choice tasks have received much scrutiny in the stated choice experiments (SCE) literature. However, decision fatigue related to the time of day when respondents answer questionnaires has been largely overlooked in this literature even though time of day related fatigue effects are well known in the psychology literature. The purpose of this paper is to hypothesize that variations in the time of day when respondents answer an online food choice experiment will translate into observable fatigue effects in the food choices. Design/methodology/approach An empirical SCE concerning food choices is conducted using a web-based questionnaire for interviews in a pre-recruited online panel of consumers. Timestamps collected during the online interviews provide knowledge about the time of day at which each respondent has answered the survey. This information is linked with knowledge from a food sociology survey on typical meal times as well as biophysical research linking food intake to blood sugar and mental energy in order to generate a proxy variable for each respondent’s level of mental energy when answering the food choice tasks in the questionnaire. Findings Results show evidence of a time of day effect on error variance in the stated food choices as well as the subsequently estimated market share predictions. Specifically, respondents provide less consistent answers during the afternoon than at other times of the day. Originality/value The results indicate that time of day can affect responses to an online survey through increased fatigue and correspondingly less choice consistency. Thus, especially online surveys might account for this in data analysis or even restrict accessibility to the online survey for certain times of day.

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Petrou, Stavros, Kamran Khan, and Colin Kennedy. "Bilateral Permanent Childhood Hearing Loss and Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescence." Children 8, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8060484.

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Little is known about the impact of bilateral permanent childhood hearing loss (PCHL) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The objective of this study was to describe preference-based and non-preference based HRQoL outcomes in adolescence, from both self and proxy perspectives, amongst participants of the Hearing Outcomes Project. The Health Utilities Index Marks II (HUI2) and III (HUI3) and the PedsQLTM Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales were used to measure HRQoL based on self and parent proxy reports in 114 adolescents aged 13–19 years, 76 with bilateral PCHL and 38 with normal hearing, recruited from a population sample that was followed up from birth to adolescence. Descriptive statistics and multivariable analyses were used to estimate the relationship between severity of PCHL and HRQoL outcomes. PCHL was associated with decrements in mean multi-attribute utility score that varied between 0.078 and 0.148 for the HUI2 (p = 0.001) and between 0.205 and 0.315 for the HUI3 (p < 0.001), dependent upon the national tariff set applied and respondent group. Multivariable analyses revealed that, after controlling for clinical and sociodemographic covariates, mean HUI3 multi-attribute utility scores were significantly lower in adolescents with moderately severe, severe and profound hearing loss than in adolescents with normal hearing. Significant differences in physical functioning, social functioning, psychosocial functioning and total PedsQLTM scores were only observed when assessments by parents were relied upon, but these dissipated in the multivariable analyses. Bilateral PCHL is associated with poorer HRQoL outcomes in adolescence. Further studies conducted are needed to understand the trajectory and underpinning mechanisms of HRQoL outcomes following PCHL.

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NELSON, LORENE M., W. T. LONGSTRETH, THOMAS D. KOEPSELL, and GERALD VAN BELLE. "PROXY RESPONDENTS IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC RESEARCH." Epidemiologic Reviews 12, no. 1 (1990): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036063.

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Stancliffe, Roger J. "Proxy respondents and quality of life." Evaluation and Program Planning 23, no. 1 (February 2000): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7189(99)00042-7.

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Mpundu-Kaambwa, C., G. Chen, E. Huynh, R. Russo, and J. Ratcliffe. "Does The Study Population And The Use Of Proxy Respondent Have An Effect On The Latent Quality Of Life Constructs Measured By The CHU9D And The Pedsqltm 4.0? An Exploratory Factor Analysis." Value in Health 20, no. 9 (October 2017): A503—A504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.08.595.

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Chen, Xiaoying, Xia Wang, Candice Delcourt, Jingwei Li, Hisatomi Arima, Maree L. Hackett, Thompson Robinson, et al. "Ethnicity and Other Determinants of Quality of Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke." Stroke 51, no. 2 (February 2020): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.027639.

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Background and Purpose— Patient-centered outcomes are important. We aimed to determine predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and develop utility-weighted modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores in thrombolyzed acute ischemic stroke patients from both arms of ENCHANTED (Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study). Methods— ENCHANTED was an international quasi-factorial clinical trial of different doses of intravenous alteplase and intensities of blood pressure control in acute ischemic stroke patients, with outcomes on the 5-Dimensional European Quality of Life Scale and mRS assessed at 90 days post-randomization. Logistic regression models were used to identify baseline predictors of poor HRQoL (≤mean 5-Dimensional European Quality of Life Scale utility scores). Ordinary least squares regression derived utility-weighted mRS scores. Results— In 4016 acute ischemic stroke patients with complete 5-Dimensional European Quality of Life Scale and mRS data, independent predictors of poor HRQoL were older age (odds ratio, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.12–1.27], per 10-year increase), non-Asian ethnicity (1.91 [1.61–2.27]), greater stroke severity on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (1.11 [1.09–1.12]), diabetes mellitus (1.41 [1.18–1.69]), premorbid disability (mRS score 1 versus 0; 1.62 [1.33–1.97]), large vessel atheromatous pathogenesis (1.32 [1.12–1.54]), and proxy respondent (2.35 [2.01–2.74]). Sensitivity analyses indicate the ethnicity influence on HRQoL was driven by the high proportion of Chinese (62.9% of Asian) participants with better HRQoL compared with non-Chinese or other Asian groups. Derived utility values across mRS scores 0 to 5 were 0.977, 0.885, 0.748, 0.576, 0.194, and −0.174, respectively. Correlations between mRS and 5-Dimensional European Quality of Life Scale scores were stronger in Asians. Conclusions— HRQoL is worse after thrombolyzed acute ischemic stroke in the elderly, non-Asians, with greater initial severity, diabetes mellitus, premorbid disability, due to large vessel atheroma, and proxy assessment. The broader significance of better HRQoL in Asians is tempered by Chinese participants dominating analyses. From utility-weighted mRS scores indicating the greatest steps in mRS scores are between 5 and 3, treatments to avoid major disability provide the greatest benefits for patients. Registration— URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT01422616.

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Iezzoni, Lisa I., Ellen P. McCarthy, Roger B. Davis, and Hiliary Siebens. "Mobility Problems and Perceptions of Disability by Self-Respondents and Proxy Respondents." Medical Care 38, no. 10 (October 2000): 1051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-200010000-00009.

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Becker, Todd, John Cagle, and Paul Sacco. "The Prevalence of Prior Mental Health and Substance Use Problems in Older Persons and Their Families." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.552.

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Abstract Although research has shown mental health and substance use problems (MHSUPs) are fairly prevalent in older adults (OAs), less research has considered MHSUPs in hospice beneficiaries and their families. This secondary analysis filled this gap using the Health and Retirement Study’s Core survey wave from 2014 and Exit wave data from 2016. These data are nationally-representative of OAs aged 50+. Each biennial wave introduces an experimental module to a random 10% of Core survey participants. One Core 2014 experimental module included self-report indicators assessing past MHSUPs, like depression and anxiety, using single items. Exit 2016 proxy-reported information about respondent deaths was used to create a decedent subsample. Descriptive statistics established MHSUP prevalence rates in OAs and their family. The self-report depression indicator was validated against the 8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-8) at the ≥3, ≥4, and ≥5 cut points using χ2 analyses. The full sample’s (N=1,461) average age was 68 years. Participants were mostly non-Hispanic (87.5%), White (72.8%), and female (59.7%). The decedent subsample (n=64) was bifurcated by hospice (54.7%) versus nonhospice (45.3%) utilization. Most participants in the full sample (63.9%), hospice decedent subsample (77.1%), and nonhospice decedent subsample (75.9%) endorsed at least one MHSUP. Depression and anxiety were the most common MHSUPs in each study sample. The CESD-8 was associated with the self-report depression indicator across all cut points (p<.001). Practitioners, policymakers, and researchers should consider the high prevalence rates of MHSUPs found in OAs and their families when designing programs, policies, and research.

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Marioni, Riccardo E., Fiona E. Matthews, and Carol Brayne. "The association between late-life cognitive test scores and retrospective informant interview data." International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 2 (July 19, 2010): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610210001201.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Cognitive assessment of older persons, particularly those with impairment, is hampered by measurement error and the ethical issues of testing people with dementia. A potential source of valuable information about end-of-life cognitive status can be gained from those who knew the respondent well – mostly relatives or friends. This study tested the association between last cognitive assessment before death and a retrospective informant assessment of cognition.Methods: Data were analyzed from 248 participants from the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study who were aged 71 to 102 years at death. Late-life cognition was assessed 0 to 8 years before death using the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and the informant measure was taken 0 to 7 years after death using a Retrospective Informant Interview (RInI).Results: Zero-inflated Poisson regression showed a strong association between MMSE scores and RInI scores – those scoring 29–30 on the MMSE had a RInI score four times lower than those who scored <18 (p < 0.001). The time between MMSE and death was also a significant predictor with each additional year increasing RInI scores by 12.4% (p < 0.001). The time between death and RInI was only a significant predictor when including measures that were taken four years or more after death.Conclusions: Cognitive scores from retrospective informant interviews are strongly associated with late-life MMSE scores taken close to death. This suggests that the RInI can be used as a proxy measure of cognition in the period leading up to death.

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Szabo, Shelagh M., Ivana F. Audhya, Daniel C. Malone, David Feeny, and Katherine L. Gooch. "Characterizing health state utilities associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a systematic review." Quality of Life Research 29, no. 3 (December 6, 2019): 593–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02355-x.

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Abstract Background Preferences for health states for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are necessary to assess costs and benefits of novel therapies. Because DMD progression begins in childhood, the impact of DMD on health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) affects preferences of both DMD patients and their families. The objective of this review was to synthesize published evidence for health state utility from the DMD patient and caregiver perspectives. Methods A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE and Embase, according to best practices. Data were extracted from studies reporting DMD patient or caregiver utilities; these included study and patient characteristics, health states considered, and utility estimates. Quality appraisal of studies was performed. Results From 888 abstracts, eight publications describing five studies were identified. DMD utility estimates were from preference-based measures presented stratified by ambulatory status, ventilation, and age. Patient (or patient–proxy) utility estimates ranged from 0.75 (early ambulatory DMD) to 0.05 (day-and-night ventilation). Caregiver utilities ranged from 0.87 (for caregivers of adults with DMD) to 0.71 (for caregivers of predominantly childhood patients). Both patient and caregiver utilities trended lower with higher disease severity. Variability in utilities was observed based on instrument, respondent type, and country. Utility estimates for health states within non-ambulatory DMD are under reported; nor were utilities for DMD-related health states such as scoliosis or preserved upper limb function identified. Conclusion Published health state utilities document the substantial HRQoL impacts of DMD, particularly with disease progression. Additional research in patient utilities for additional health states, particularly in non-ambulatory DMD patients, is warranted.

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Ismael, Hazem Ramadan, and Hany Kamel. "Internal audit quality and earnings management: evidence from the UK." Managerial Auditing Journal 36, no. 7 (August 5, 2021): 951–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-09-2020-2830.

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Purpose This study aims to examine the association between internal audit quality and the involvement of UK companies in earnings management practices. Design/methodology/approach To measure the internal audit quality, this study uses 115 responses for a postal questionnaire that was addressed to the heads of internal audit departments in a sample of non-financial listed companies in the UK context. The other financial and governance data for the respondent companies were collected from the Datastream and the companies’ annual reports. The present study uses the signed abnormal accruals as a proxy for earnings management and uses both logistic and ordinary least squares regression models to test the research hypothesis. Findings This study finds a negative relationship between the internal audit quality and the abnormal accruals, implying the prominent role of internal audit in reducing the upwards earnings management. The study also finds a significant impact of the internal audit competence on reducing the engagement of UK companies in income-increasing earnings management compared to the internal audit independence. This remarkable result suggests the companies need to focus more on enhancing the internal audit competence to reduce the opportunistic management’s behaviour. Practical implications This study has important implications for the internal audit’s practice, regulation and research. Originality/value This is the first study that investigates the relationship between internal audit quality and earnings management in the UK context. Furthermore, it uses a comprehensive measure for the internal audit function (IAF) quality covering different aspects of IAF quality based on the global Institute of Internal Auditor standards and prior internal audit literature.

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Khoiri, Moh, and Nurul Rahma Oktavia. "PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN BADAN PENGAWAS PEMILU KOTA ADMINISTRASI JAKARTA SELATAN." Jurnal Ilmiah Mimbar Demokrasi 19, no. 01 (November 8, 2019): 80–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jimd.v19i01.12954.

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ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana kepemimpinan dan kinerja karyawan bawaslu kota administrasi jakarta selatan, serta untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja karyawan bawaslu kota administrasi jakarta selatan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Deskriptif Asosiatif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, yaitu dengan mendeskripsikan keadaan responden serta deskripsi variabel penelitian dalam tabel frekuensi dan presentase dari hasil penyebaran kuesioner tersebut dengan melalui prosedur analisis data. Populasi dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 96 orang dan jumlah sampel sebanyak 96 responden dengan menggunakan sampel jenuh. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas, regresi linear sederhana, koefisien korelasi, koefisien determinasi dan uji hipotesis (uji t). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa persepsi karyawan untuk variabel kepemimpinan dan kinerja karyawan saat ini sudah baik. Nilai koefisien regresi variabel kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja karyawan adalah sebesar 0,484. Hal ini berarti jika kepemimpinan naik 1 satuan maka akan meningkatkan kinerja sebesar 0,484. Korelasi dibuktikan dengan rxy sebesar 0,468 yang artinya terdapat hubungan positif yang sedang antara kepemimpinan dengan kinerja karyawan dan koefisien determinasi sebesar 21,90%, sementara sisanya sebesar 78,1% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak diteliti. Hasil uji hipotesis diperoleh nilai thitung (4,934) > ttabel (1,990), dengan taraf 5%, hal ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan antara variabel kepemimpinan terhadap kinerja karyawan Bawaslu Kota Administrasi Jakarta Selatan. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine how the leadership and performance of South Jakarta city administration bawaslu employees, as well as to find out whether there is an influence of leadership on the performance of South Jakarta city administration bawaslu employees. The research method used in this research is Associative Descriptive with a quantitative approach, namely by describing the condition of the respondent as well as a description of the research variables in the frequency table and the percentage of the results of the distribution of the questionnaire through data analysis procedures. The population in this study were 96 people and the number of samples was 96 respondents using a saturated sample. Data analysis techniques using validity test, reliability test, simple linear regression, correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination and hypothesis testing (t test). The results showed that employee perceptions for leadership variables and current employee performance were good. The regression coefficient value of the leadership variable on employee performance is 0.484. This means that if leadership increases by 1 unit it will increase performance by 0.484. Correlation is evidenced by a proxy of 0.468, which means there is a moderate positive relationship between leadership and employee performance and a coefficient of determination of 21.90%, while the remaining 78.1% is influenced by other factors not examined. Hypothesis test results obtained tcount (4.934)> t table (1.990), with a level of 5%, this shows that there is a positive and significant influence between leadership variables on the performance of employees of Bawaslu South Jakarta City Administration

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Iqbal, Md Hafiz. "Valuing ecosystem services of Sundarbans mangrove forest for improved conservation: approach of randomized conjoint experiment." Forestry Economics Review 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/fer-04-2020-0008.

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PurposeThis study provides empirical evidence of the economic valuation of ecosystem services. It examines the willingness-to-pay (WTP) and compensating surplus (CS) in response to policy change based on focus group discussion (FGD) and survey.Design/methodology/approachA randomized conjoint analysis based experiment was conducted in seven villages of Sundarbans in Bangladesh to elicit stated preference data and measure WTP and CS. Each respondent faced three options in every choice card-two hypothetical alternatives and one status quo scheme. Four alternatives – payment for ecosystem services, storm protection, erosion control and habitat for fish breeding – are randomly and simultaneously assigned to the two alternatives.FindingsThe findings suggest that age, income, education, family size and occupational status are the influential factor to choice the relevant attributes of ecosystem services and their levels. Villagers would like to pay annually Tk. 703, Tk. 281, and Tk. 59 for lower, moderate, and higher ecosystem services. With these WTP, they get surplus Tk. 760, Tk. 138, and Tk. 346 respectively.Research limitations/implicationsThe lower WTP does not necessarily imply low demand for ecosystem service, as the findings from WTP illustrate potential demand for ecosystem services of Sundarbans.Practical implicationsThe study provides an important insight into the ecosystem services and values of Sundarbans mangrove forests for welfare and can inform policy for sustainable use of resources of this forest.Originality/valueThere is a crucial gap in understanding what could villagers be ready for WTP for better ecosystem services of Sundarbans mangrove forest, how do payment based ecosystem services, as a proxy for the conservation of Sundarbans mangrove, and to what extent the policy can be strengthened.

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McCarron, Mary, Andrew Allen, Darren McCausland, Margaret Haigh, Retha Luus, Fathima Rosmin Bavussantakath, Fintan Sheerin, et al. "The impact of COVID-19 on people ageing with an intellectual disability in Ireland: Protocol for a follow-up survey." HRB Open Research 4 (August 26, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13340.1.

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns have had a dramatic impact on many people, but individuals with an intellectual disability, given the prevalence of congregate living and high levels of co-morbid conditions, may be particularly vulnerable at this time. A prior initial survey of participants of the Intellectual Disability Supplement to the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (IDS-TILDA) found that, despite a majority of participants being tested, only a small proportion had tested positive for COVID-19. Furthermore, despite some reporting positive aspects to the lockdown, a similar proportion were experiencing stress or anxiety during the pandemic. The pandemic and lockdowns have continued, and it is possible that experiences and consequences have changed over time. Aim: To explore over time and in greater depth the impact of COVID-19 and associated lockdowns and to further establish rates of infection, rates of vaccination and participants’ experiences. Methods: A structured questionnaire for people with intellectual disability participating in the IDS-TILDA longitudinal study, to be administered by telephone/video in summer 2021. Where participants are unable to respond independently, a proxy respondent will be invited to either assist the participant or answer questions on their behalf. This questionnaire will include questions from the first COVID-19 questionnaire, with extra questions assessing “long COVID” (i.e. COVID-19 lasting for 12 weeks or longer), infection control behaviours, changes in mental health, social contacts and loneliness, frailty, healthcare, and incidence of vaccination. Impact: The results of this survey will be used to inform healthcare provision for people with intellectual disability during the latter stages of the lockdown and into the future.

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Rajmil, L., E. Fernandez, R. Gispert, M. Rue, J. P. Glutting, A. Plasencia, and A. Segura. "Influence of proxy respondents in children's health interview surveys." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 53, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.53.1.38.

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Nelson, Lorene M., W. T. Longstreth, Harvey Checkoutay, Gerald van Belle, and Thomas D. Koepsell. "Completeness and Accuracy of Interview Data from Proxy Respondents." Epidemiology 5, no. 2 (March 1994): 204–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199403000-00011.

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Pearl, Peggy T. "Identifying and Responding to Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy." Early Child Development and Care 106, no. 1 (January 1995): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0300443951060114.

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Chen, Xiaoying, Candice Delcourt, Lingli Sun, Zien Zhou, Sohei Yoshimura, Shoujiang You, Alejandra Malavera, et al. "Brain Imaging Signs and Health-Related Quality of Life after Acute Ischemic Stroke: Analysis of ENCHANTED Alteplase Dose Arm." Cerebrovascular Diseases 49, no. 4 (2020): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000509226.

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Background and Purpose: The influence of specific brain lesions on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is uncertain. We aimed to identify imaging predictors of poor HRQoL in alteplase-treated participants of the alteplase dose arm of the Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study (ENCHANTED). Methods: ENCHANTED was an international trial of low- versus standard-dose intravenous alteplase in AIS patients, with functional outcome (modified Rankin scale [mRS]) and HRQoL on the 5-dimension European Quality of Life Scale (EQ-5D) assessed at 90 days post-randomization. Brain images were analyzed centrally by trained assessors. Multivariable logistic regression was undertaken in the study population randomly divided (2:1) into training (development) and validation (performance) groups, with age (per 10-year increase), ethnicity, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, diabetes mellitus, premorbid function (mRS score 0 or 1), and proxy respondent, forced into all models. Data are presented with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Eight prediction models were developed and validated in 2,526 AIS patients (median age 67.5 years; 38.4% female; 61.7% Asian) with complete brain imaging and 90-day EQ-5D utility score data. The best performance model included acute ischemic changes in the right (OR 1.69, 95% CI: 1.24–2.29) and deep (OR 1.50, 95% CI: 1.03–2.19) middle cerebral artery (MCA) regions. Several background features of brain frailty – atrophy, white matter change, and old infarcts – were significantly associated with adverse physical but not emotional HRQoL domains. Conclusions: In thrombolysed AIS patients, right-sided and deep ischemia within the MCA territory predict poor overall HRQoL, whilst features of old cerebral ischemia are associated with reduced physical HRQoL.

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Wolinsky, Fredric D., Michael P. Jones, and George L. Wehby. "Gathering data from older adults via proxy respondents: research challenges." Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research 1, no. 6 (November 2012): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/cer.12.54.

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Zsembik, Barbara A. "Ethnic and Sociodemographic Correlates of the Use of Proxy Respondents." Research on Aging 16, no. 4 (December 1994): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027594164004.

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Boyle, Coleen A., and Edward A. Brann. "Proxy Respondents and the Validity of Occupational and Other Exposure Data." American Journal of Epidemiology 136, no. 6 (September 15, 1992): 712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116550.

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Dandachi-FitzGerald, Brechje, Harald Merckelbach, Irena Bošković, and Marko Jelicic. "Do You Know People Who Feign? Proxy Respondents About Feigned Symptoms." Psychological Injury and Law 13, no. 3 (August 18, 2020): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12207-020-09387-6.

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Oczkowski, Colin, and Martin O'Donnell. "Reliability of Proxy Respondents for Patients With Stroke: A Systematic Review." Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 19, no. 5 (September 2010): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.08.002.

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Johnson, Rebecca A., Jack S. Mandel, Robert W. Gibson, Jeffrey H. Mandel, Alan P. Bender, Paul D. Gunderson, and Colleen M. Renier. "Data on Prior Pesticide Use Collected from Self-and Proxy Respondents." Epidemiology 4, no. 2 (March 1993): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199303000-00012.

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Graham, Patrick, and Rodney Jackson. "Primary versus Proxy Respondents: Comparability of Questionnaire Data on Alcohol Consumption." American Journal of Epidemiology 138, no. 6 (September 15, 1993): 443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116876.

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WALKER, ALEXANDER M., JOHAN P. VELEMA, and JAMES M. ROBINS. "ANALYSIS OF CASE-CONTROL DATA DERIVED IN PART FROM PROXY RESPONDENTS." American Journal of Epidemiology 127, no. 5 (May 1988): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114893.

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Jones, P. D., C. Harpham, and B. M. Vinther. "Winter-responding proxy temperature reconstructions and the North Atlantic Oscillation." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119, no. 11 (June 10, 2014): 6497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jd021561.

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Dubois, Marie-France, Gina Bravo, Janice Graham, Sheila Wildeman, Carole Cohen, Karen Painter, and Suzanne Bellemare. "Comfort with proxy consent to research involving decisionally impaired older adults: do type of proxy and risk-benefit profile matter?" International Psychogeriatrics 23, no. 9 (March 24, 2011): 1479–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610211000433.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Dementia research often requires the participation of people with dementia. Obtaining informed consent is problematic when potential participants lack the capacity to provide it. We investigated comfort with proxy consent to research involving older adults deemed incapable of this decision, and examined if comfort varies with the type of proxy and the study's risk-benefit profile.Methods: We surveyed random samples of five relevant groups (older adults, informal caregivers, physicians, researchers in aging, and Research Ethics Board members) from four Canadian provinces. Respondents were presented with scenarios involving four types of proxies (non-assigned, designated in a healthcare advance directive with or without instructions specific to research participation, and court-appointed). Given a series of risk-benefit profiles, respondents indicated whether they were comfortable with proxy consent to research for each scenario.Results: Two percent of the respondents felt proxy consent should never be allowed. In all groups, comfort depended far more on the risk-benefit profile associated with the research scenario than with type of proxy. For research involving little or no risk and potential personal benefits, over 90% of the respondents felt comfortable with substitute consent by a designated or court-appointed proxy while 80% were at ease with a non-assigned proxy. For studies involving serious risks with potentially greater personal benefits, older adults and informal caregivers were less comfortable with proxy consent.Conclusions: A large majority of Canadians are comfortable with proxy consent for low-risk research. Further work is needed to establish what kinds of research are considered to be low risk.

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Tepper, Allison, L. Barbara Connally, Patricia Haltmeier, Emily Smith, and Marie H. Sweeney. "Knowledge of medical history information among proxy respondents for deceased study subjects." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 46, no. 11 (November 1993): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90088-i.

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A. Blair, B. Kross, P. A. Stewart, L. Ogilivie, R. Falk, W. Popendorf, M. H.Ward, and S. H. Zahm. "Comparability of Information on Pesticide Use Obtained from Farmers and Their Proxy Respondents." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 1, no. 3 (1995): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.19461.

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Hatch, Maureen C., Dawn Misra, Geoffrey C. Kabat, and Susan Kartzmer. "Proxy Respondents in Reproductive Research: A Comparison of Self- and Partner-reported Data." American Journal of Epidemiology 133, no. 8 (April 15, 1991): 826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115962.

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Stancliffe, R. J. "Proxy respondents and the reliability of the Quality of Life Questionnaire Empowerment factor." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 43, no. 3 (June 1999): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2788.1999.00194.x.

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