Relevant bibliographies by topics / Proxy respondent

Academic literature on the topic 'Proxy respondent'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Proxy respondent"

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Zuckerbraun, Sara, Rachael Welsh Allen, and Tim Flanigan. "Paired Interviews to Evaluate Patient and Proxy Responses on Patient Experience of Care Surveys (PECS)." Field Methods 32, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x19888612.

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Paired interviews are used to evaluate whether a questionnaire functions properly for both the target respondent and an alternate respondent (proxy). We developed a new application of this tool to evaluate whether a Patient Experience of Care Survey (PECS) for long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) and inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRFs) functioned acceptably for patients and their family members. Frequently, patients in LTCHs and IRFs cannot fully recall their care experience and are often unable to complete surveys because of cognitive or physical limitations. For this project, researchers conducted interviews with 20 paired respondents: a patient and a proxy. Results revealed that the patient and their proxy went through similar response strategies and answered questions similarly to each other a majority of the time. We concluded that the questionnaires function acceptably for patients and proxies.
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Harel, Y., M. D. Overpeck, D. H. Jones, P. C. Scheidt, P. E. Bijur, A. C. Trumble, and G. E. Hendershot. "The quality of proxy-respondent data in NCHS surveys." American Journal of Public Health 85, no. 4 (April 1995): 591–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.85.4.591.

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DeBell, Matthew, Jon A. Krosnick, Katie Gera, David S. Yeager, and Michael P. McDonald. "The Turnout Gap in Surveys: Explanations and Solutions." Sociological Methods & Research 49, no. 4 (May 6, 2018): 1133–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049124118769085.

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Postelection surveys regularly overestimate voter turnout by 10 points or more. This article provides the first comprehensive documentation of the turnout gap in three major ongoing surveys (the General Social Survey, Current Population Survey, and American National Election Studies), evaluates explanations for it, interprets its significance, and suggests means to continue evaluating and improving survey measurements of turnout. Accuracy was greater in face-to-face than telephone interviews, consistent with the notion that the former mode engages more respondent effort with less social desirability bias. Accuracy was greater when respondents were asked about the most recent election, consistent with the hypothesis that forgetting creates errors. Question wordings designed to minimize source confusion and social desirability bias improved accuracy. Rates of reported turnout were lower with proxy reports than with self-reports, which may suggest greater accuracy of proxy reports. People who do not vote are less likely to participate in surveys than voters are.
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Andridge, Rebecca R., and Roderick J. A. Little. "Proxy Pattern-Mixture Analysis for a Binary Variable Subject to Nonresponse." Journal of Official Statistics 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 703–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jos-2020-0035.

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AbstractGiven increasing survey nonresponse, good measures of the potential impact of nonresponse on survey estimates are particularly important. Existing measures, such as the R-indicator, make the strong assumption that missingness is missing at random, meaning that it depends only on variables that are observed for respondents and nonrespondents. We consider assessment of the impact of nonresponse for a binary survey variable Y subject to nonresponse when missingness may be not at random, meaning that missingness may depend on Y itself. Our work is motivated by missing categorical income data in the 2015 Ohio Medicaid Assessment Survey (OMAS), where whether or not income is missing may be related to the income value itself, with low-income earners more reluctant to respond. We assume there is a set of covariates observed for nonrespondents and respondents, which for the item nonresponse (as in OMAS) is often a rich set of variables, but which may be potentially limited in cases of unit nonresponse. To reduce dimensionality and for simplicity we reduce these available covariates to a continuous proxy variable X, available for both respondents and nonrespondents, that has the highest correlation with Y, estimated from a probit regression analysis of respondent data. We extend the previously proposed proxy-pattern mixture (PPM) analysis for continuous outcomes to the binary outcome using a latent variable approach for modeling the joint distribution of Y and X. Our method does not assume data are missing at random but includes it as a special case, thus creating a convenient framework for sensitivity analyses. Maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and multiple imputation versions of PPM analysis are described, and robustness of these methods to model assumptions is discussed. Properties are demonstrated through simulation and with the 2015 OMAS data.
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Sheikhzadeh, Khodadad, Mohammad Reza Baneshi, Mahdi Afshari, and Ali Akbar Haghdoost. "Comparing direct, network scale-up, and proxy respondent methods in estimating risky behaviors among collegians." Journal of Substance Use 21, no. 1 (July 30, 2014): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2014.942401.

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Hornsby, Benjamin W. Y., Samantha J. Gustafson, Hope Lancaster, Sun-Joo Cho, Stephen Camarata, and Fred H. Bess. "Subjective Fatigue in Children With Hearing Loss Assessed Using Self- and Parent-Proxy Report." American Journal of Audiology 26, no. 3S (October 12, 2017): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_aja-17-0007.

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Purpose The primary purposes of this study were to examine the effects of hearing loss and respondent type (self- vs. parent-proxy report) on subjective fatigue in children. We also examined associations between child-specific factors and fatigue ratings. Method Subjective fatigue was assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (PedsQL-MFS; Varni, Burwinkle, Katz, Meeske, & Dickinson, 2002). We compared self- and parent-proxy ratings from 60 children with hearing loss (CHL) and 43 children with normal hearing (CNH). The children ranged in age from 6 to 12 years. Results School-age CHL experienced more overall and cognitive fatigue than CNH, although the differences were smaller than previously reported. Parent-proxy report was not strongly associated with child self-report, and parents tended to underestimate their child's fatigue, particularly sleep/rest fatigue. Language ability was also associated with subjective fatigue. For CHL and CNH, as language abilities increased, cognitive fatigue decreased. Conclusions School-age CHL experience more subjective fatigue than CNH. The poor association between parent-proxy and child reports suggests that the parent-proxy version of the PedsQL-MFS should not be used in isolation when assessing fatigue in school-age children. Future research should examine how language abilities may modulate fatigue and its potential academic consequences in CHL.
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Macarthur, C., G. Dougherty, and I. B. Pless. "Reliability and Validity of Proxy Respondent Information about Childhood Injury: An Assessment of a Canadian Surveillance System." American Journal of Epidemiology 145, no. 9 (May 1, 1997): 834–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009177.

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Ali, Akhter, and Dil Bahadur Rahut. "Healthy Foods as Proxy for Functional Foods: Consumers’ Awareness, Perception, and Demand for Natural Functional Foods in Pakistan." International Journal of Food Science 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6390650.

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Using comprehensive primary dataset collected from 400 respondents from all four major provinces of Pakistan, this study assesses consumers’ knowledge, awareness, and perception regarding the use of functional foods. The empirical findings show that the majority of the consumers do not have information and knowledge about the functional foods in Pakistan. Hence, the frequency of consumption of functional food was low especially in rural areas. The result revealed that consumers with ill health were more eager to consume functional foods compared to healthier people. Besides health, the level of education and gender (female) of the respondent also play significant role in the acceptability and consumption of the functional foods in Pakistan. Geographically the people in the cities were more aware and willing to pay more for the functional foods as compared to people living in the villages. Majority of the consumers think that consumption of functional foods can help them to maintain good health, hence the policy makers’ needs to create more awareness.
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Campbell, Peter T., Margaret Sloan, and Nancy Kreiger. "Utility of Proxy versus Index Respondent Information in a Population-Based Case–Control Study of Rapidly Fatal Cancers." Annals of Epidemiology 17, no. 4 (April 2007): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.07.012.

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Basri, Yesi Mutia. "Analisis Kesiapan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Menerapkan PP Nomor 12 Tahun 2019 Tentang Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah." Berkala Akuntansi dan Keuangan Indonesia 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/baki.v6i1.22020.

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This study aims to analyze the readiness of the Kampar Regency Government in implementing PP No. 12 of 2019. The population in this study is all SKPD in the Kampar district, amounting to 48 SKPD. The sampling technique using saturated sampling method. A total of 112 respondents participated in the research consisting of Budget User Proxy, Technical Implementation Officials of Activities, Head of Finance Subdivision, and Financial Staff Staff. The data collection technique is carried out by using questionnaires which is sent directly to the respondent. The results of the analysis using multiple regressions show Human Resource Competence, Utilization and Use of Technology and Information, Leadership Style affects Readiness in Implementation of Government Regulation No.12 of 2019. The results of this study have contributed to the government in preparing for the implementation of regulatory changes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Proxy respondent"

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Lante, Kerrie, and kerries@vegas com au. "Development of a Proxy Response Instrument to Measure the Physical Activity Behaviours of Adults with an Intellectual Disability." RMIT University. Medical Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080227.123100.

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It is well understood that substantial health inequality exists for adults with an intellectual disability (AWID). In comparison to the general population AWID experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality associated with sedentary lifestyles, yet little is known about the role physical activity plays in preventing or mediating this outcome for this segment of society. Without appropriate instrumentation, it is not possible to address the inadequacies that currently exist in the area of physical activity and AWID. The primary aim of the series of studies in this thesis was to develop a psychometrically sound proxy-respondent measurement tool that could be used by researchers, epidemiologists and public health personnel to gather information on the physical activity behaviours of AWID. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is an internationally published tool with good psychometric properties when used as a self-report tool with adults without a disability (AWOID), but no evidence exists as to the validity or reliability of this tool when used by proxy respondents to report on the physical activity behaviour of AWID. Given little is known about the energy expenditure characteristics of AWID, nor the accuracy of tools developed for AWOID when applied to AWID, two secondary aims of this thesis were to measure the energy expended by AWID and AWOID during seven common activities of daily living (ADL) and to assess the accuracy of an objective physical activity measurement tool (Caltrac® accelerometer) for use with AWID. Evidence gathered through the studies in this thesis found that as the energy demand of ADL increased there was an increase in the difference between energy expended by AWID and AWOID. Results indicated that AWID achieved moderate-intensity physical activity when walking at a pace of 3.0 km/hr or more. The proxy-respondent telephone questionnaire (IPAQ-ID) described in this thesis allows for universal assessment of the physical activity behaviours of AWID. The IPAQ-ID was found to have measurement properties equivalent to measurement tools used among AWOID. The IPAQ-ID was found to be suitable for use as a surveillance tool by researchers to collect comparable data on health-enhancing physical activity behaviours of AWID.
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Andreu, Nathalie. "The Parkinson's disease questionnaire (PDQ-39) : construct validity, reliability and patient-proxy respondent agreement of the French version." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33374.

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The PDQ-39 is a health-related quality of life questionnaire with 39 items describing eight dimensions in Parkinson's disease (PD). The original English version of PDQ-39 showed excellent psychometric properties. The present study was aimed at assessing the construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the PDQ-39 French version as well as the degree of agreement between PD patients and their proxy respondents when completing the scale. One neurologist and two psychologists using standardized clinical scales of PD severity and depression rated 126 PD non-demented patients, attending a neurological clinic. Then, patients and their 110 proxies completed the PDQ-39 and MOS SF-36 during the psychological interview on two occasions, during the same day. All PDQ-39 dimensions showed evidence of construct validity. Internal consistency was acceptable for most dimensions and test-retest reliability was generally excellent. Agreement in patient-proxy pairs ratings varied from poor (ICC < 0.40) to good (ICC > 0.60) across dimensions.
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Tomkins, Susannah Chloe. "Proxy respondents in a case-control study : validity, reliability and impact." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2006. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/768483/.

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In many research settings, the study subject is unable to provide responses, requiring researchers to find alternative respondents. This thesis explores the use of proxy respondents in a case control study of premature mortality among Russian men of working age (25-54 years). Data obtained from proxy respondents is explored in four ways. Firstly, proxy questionnaire responses are validated against external data sources which were routinely collected, blind to case-control status - the city alcohol treatment clinic (Narcology Dispensary), Social Security and Police records. Secondly, agreement between proxy and index (control) responses to questions about alcohol use, tobacco use, health and socioeconomic factors is explored. Thirdly, the effect of proxy type is explored by examination of proxy-proxy and index-proxy agreement in a subset of households in which two proxy interviews were obtained. Finally, the impact on analysis outcomes is explored by mortality analyses using proxy versus index data. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to explore inter-respondent agreement. Differences in agreement between pairs of respondents were examined using Agresti's loglinear model, and the directionality of disagreements were evaluated using McNemar's test. Findings confirm some assertions in the literature. Questions about easily observable characteristics and behaviours, avoiding excessive detail, subjective or sensitive topics, elicit valid proxy responses. Proxies tend to over-report alcohol use, but provide particularly valid responses about tobacco use and socioeconomic factors. Validity was highest among proxies who were the index's spouse. However, further exploration suggested that men who have spouses differ in their behaviour from men who do not in ways which affect its reporting. There was little additional evidence that proxy characteristics affect validity. The use of proxy responses biases odds ratios in this case control study toward more conservative estimates. These findings are generalisable to study settings which employ a protocol to ensure selection of the best available proxy.
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Weyer, Karen. "Determining Appropriate Sample Size for Cases in a Case-Control Study Utilizing Proxy Respondents." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1274195305.

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Venturi, Alessandra. "L'agentività dell'interprete-figlia: un case study di interpretazione ad-hoc in contesto medico." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8177/.

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In dieser Masterarbeit wird ein, aus einer Interaktion bzw. einem gedolmetschten medizinischen Aufklärungsgespräch bestehendes Korpus mithilfe der Instrumente und der methodischen Vorgehensweise der Konversationsanalyse untersucht. Die Gesprächspartner sind ein privater Arzt, eine Patientin und ihre, als Dolmetscherin fungierende Tochter. Die Untersuchung des Gesprächsverhaltens der Ad-hoc-Dolmetscherin durch die Anwendung der participation framework Theorie dient zur Festlegung der folgenden, nicht a priori festgelegten Verhaltensmuster: Die Dolmetscherin nimmt de facto im Gespräch eine invasive Rolle ein, die auf die Umstände ihrer Zweisprachigkeit und ihres Verwandtheitsgrades zur Patientin zurückzuführen ist. Die Tochter der Patientin – eine ausgebildete Krankenpflegerin – agiert als Laiengesprächsdolmetscherin, da sie zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt als ihre Mutter ins Gastland ausgewandert ist und die Landessprache bereits gemeistert hat. Es wird also erstmals das Bild der medizinisch ausgebildeten dolmetschenden Tochter geprägt, die die markante Tendenz aufweist, eine Advocate- und Proxyrolle einzunehmen, welche konversational als nicht neutral eingestuft wird. Dies scheint trotzdem die Qualität des gedolmetschten Textes nicht zu beeinträchtigen, da die Kommunikation zumeist reibungslos verläuft, obwohl die widergegebenen Inhalte sichtlich manipuliert werden. Aus der Analyse der gewählten Gesprächssituation lässt sich schließen, dass diese Ad-Hoc Dolmetscherin, die – im Fall des behandelten Gesprächs aus beruflichen Gründen – im behandelten medizinischen Fachbereich ausreichendes Hintergrundwissen aufweist, verglichen mit jenen Ad-Hoc Dolmetschern, die nicht über dieses Wissen verfügen, trotz stellenweiser fehlerhafter Dolmetschung und Abänderung der gesprochenen Inhalte kaum Missverständnisse aufwirft und so einen vergleichsweise ungestörten Gesprächsfluss ermöglicht.
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Umb-Carlsson, Õie. "Living Conditions of People with Intellectual Disabilities : A Study of Health, Housing, Work, Leisure and Social Relations in a Swedish County Population." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Psykiatri, Ulleråker, Akademiska sjukhuset, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6143.

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The general aim of this thesis is to describe mortality, health and living conditions in an administratively defined county population of people with intellectual disabilities born between 1959 and 1974 (N=213). The living conditions of persons with intellectual disabilities were compared with those of the general population. Moreover, the reports of relatives and staff were compared on the living conditions of people with intellectual disabilities. Information on the living conditions of persons with intellectual disabilities was provided by proxy (relative and staff) questionnaire reports and national welfare statistics conducted by Statistics Sweden (SCB). Medical examination and medical case records were used to obtain data on health and medical services. People with intellectual disabilities lived in the community and took part in numerous common recreational and cultural activities. However, the comparison with the general population indicated clear differences in living conditions, particularly regarding employment and social life. In contrast, surprisingly little variation in living conditions was found in people with intellectual disabilities, despite varying ages and a wide range of level of disabilities. In addition, gender related differences of persons with intellectual disabilities were few when compared with those found in the general population. A wide range of physical and mental health problems were identified in the group with intellectual disabilities. Although a majority of persons with intellectual disabilities had access to a family doctor and attended regular health checks, a number of needs of specialist examinations were identified indicating shortcomings in the quality of health care. Analyses indicated differences in the reports of relatives and staff on living conditions of most domains included in the questionnaire. In general, disagreement was higher on subjective than on objective items. Relative and staff responders contribute dissimilar information that is related to varying viewpoints and different types of information.
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Richards, Suzanne. "Assessment of frail elderly patients in health services research : can informal proxy respondents be used as an alternative source of information when assessing patient satisfaction and health service resource use?" Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369111.

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Book chapters on the topic "Proxy respondent"

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Olmsted-Hawala, Erica, Temika Holland, and Elizabeth Nichols. "Answers for Self and Proxy – Using Eye Tracking to Uncover Respondent Burden and Usability Issues in Online Questionnaires." In Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Design for All and Accessibility Practice, 590–600. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07509-9_56.

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Leventhal, Robert. "The Jewish Physician as Respondent, Confidant, and Proxy:." In On the Word of a Jew, 222–44. Indiana University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvbkk52c.15.

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Wargelin, Laurie, and Lidia Kostyniuk. "Proxy Respondents in Household Travel Surveys." In Travel Survey Methods, 201–12. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/9780080464015-010.

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White, Emily, Bruce K. Armstrong, and Rodolfo Saracci. "Use of records, diaries, and proxy respondents." In Principles of Exposure Measurement in Epidemiology, 239–84. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198509851.003.0008.

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Cummins, Robert A. "Proxy responding for subjective well-being: A review." In International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 183–207. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0074-7750(02)80009-x.

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"Individual Quality of Life and Assessment by Carers or 'proxy' Respondents." In Individual Quality of Life, 197–208. Psychology Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203727102-22.

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Seal, Mike, and Pete Harris. "Using participatory research methods to study youth violence." In Responding to Youth Violence Through Youth Work. Policy Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447323099.003.0004.

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The chapter is primarily intended as an introduction to participatory research methods for practitioners. After outlining in detail the research methods they employed, the authors present some ideas that they feel make a contribution to the existing literature on participatory research. Specifically, they identify five significant areas for the practice of participatory research in contexts such as youth violence. The first of these areas is the need to continually affirm the epistemological stance of participatory research to all parties. Secondly, the need for critical analysis of local ‘expert’ knowledge. Additionally, the need for participatory researchers to cultivate an improvisatory disposition, and the use of peer researchers and the contingent nature of self-disclosure engenders ‘proxy trust’ and the symbolic as well as instrumental value. Finally, the need for notions of ‘action’ and ‘impact’ in participatory research to be understood in contexts other than the achievement of structural social change and to include recognition of the pedagogic and personally empowering products engendered through the research process.
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Ololube, Nwachukwu Prince, Oluwatosin Akinyede Ajayi, Peter James Kpolovie, and Abel Usoro. "Assessing the Role and Function of IT/IS Training and Development and Policy Implementation in a Public Sector Organization." In Leveraging Developing Economies with the Use of Information Technology, 80–96. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1637-0.ch006.

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This study investigates the dramatic changes in the public service in recent years. The paper examines employee Information technology (IT) training and development in Nigerian Immigration services. This chapter fulfils the need for exploring the experiences in employee technological training and development and how these have impacted on their performances. Using a sample of 82 respondents, the research reported here portrays the paths which link the consequences of training and development on effective policy implementation. In this framework, IT training and development consequences in organizations represent a proxy in which employee training, actions, attitudes, and behaviours affect employees’ job effectiveness. Using a multiple statistical analysis, the results indicate a mixed significance. Implications for strategic employee IT training and development policies are reported and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Idota, Hiroki, Teruyuki Bunno, and Masatsugu Tsuji. "An Empirical Analysis of Innovation Success Factors Due to ICT Use in Japanese Firms." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 324–47. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4983-5.ch020.

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ICT (Information and Communication Technology) has now become one of the most important sources of innovation, and it contributes to share information on innovation within the firm as well as between firms. The former is referred to as ICT use inside the firm, while the latter as ICT use outside the firm. The objective of the chapter is to analyze how innovation is enhanced by two categories of ICT use based on a survey conducted with respect to 2,260 unlisted Japanese industrial companies in January 2010. This survey asked how ICT is used among respondents and the number of patent applications, which is used as a proxy of innovation. After defining the index of internal innovation capability, how ICT use promotes internal capability and innovation are analyzed using probit estimation. Moreover, the study focuses on open innovation, and these analyses are applied for firms practicing open innovation.
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Harris, Kimberly D., Joseph F. Donaldson, and James D. Campbell. "Introducing Computer-Based Telemedicine in Three Rural Missouri Counties." In Advances in End User Computing, 1–18. IGI Global, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-930708-42-6.ch001.

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This study investigated predictors of utilization of the computer-based telemedicine in three rural Missouri counties. Participating health care agencies were given computers and access to an Internet-based workstation that provided e-mail and World Wide Web (WWW) services. Utilization data for e-mail messages sent and WWW pages accessed were collected through proxy servers. A survey was distributed to those employees who are enrolled in the Rural Telemedicine Evaluation Project (RTEP), which addressed perceptions of the Internet-based RTEP workstation. The results of the survey were analyzed to see how perceptions and demographic variables predicted actual utilization. The findings of the study revealed that for e-mail, behavioral intentions/attitude, age, organizational support, and time were the most significant predictors. For WWW, only the behavioral intentions/attitude subscale predicted utilization. The majority of respondents did not utilize the e-mail technology. Strategies need to be developed through training interventions and organizational policies to address non-utilization.
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Conference papers on the topic "Proxy respondent"

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Di Tommaso, Francesco. "Corporate governance of state-owned enterprises and their role in the society: How has it changed during COVID-19?" In Corporate governance: A search for emerging trends in the pandemic times. Virtus Interpress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgsetpt1.

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We can start talking about the COVID-19 pandemic as an unprecedented shock that has required unique responses from many corporations. Understanding how they have responded is of first-order importance for the fields of corporate governance, corporate finance and stewardship. While some insights begin to emerge, others will take time and depend on more complete data sets to become available, such as financial statements and governance records for 2020. Such data typically come from annual reports and proxy statements. US companies with an end of the fiscal year on December, 31 hold their annual meetings in the spring. They typically file their annual reports by the end of March, but in 2019, some 30 percent of the 7,000 reports were filed in April and later. While firms also publish quarterly data, most release comprehensive annual data only 90 days after their fiscal year end, so the earliest date that a large sample of data on US firms will be available is April 2021. These dates may be similar or even later for firms in other countries
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