Journal articles: 'Proxy indicator'

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Perrin, Caroline, Lothaire Hounga, and Antoine Geissbuhler. "Systematic review to identify proxy indicators to quantify the impact of eHealth tools on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries including Delphi consensus." BMJ Open 8, no. 8 (August 2018): e022262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022262.

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ObjectiveTo identify interventions that could serve as reliable proxy indicators to measure eHealth impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes.DesignSystematic review and Delphi study.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane from January 1990 to May 2016 for studies and reviews that evaluated interventions aimed at improving maternal/neonatal health and reducing mortality. Interventions that are not low-income and middle-income context appropriate and that cannot currently be diagnosed, managed or impacted by eHealth (eg, via telemedicine distance diagnostic or e-learning) were excluded. We used the Cochrane risk of bias, Risk Of Bias In Non- randomised Studies - of Interventions and ROBIS tool to assess the risk of bias. A three-step modified Delphi method was added to identify additional proxy indicators and prioritise the results, involving a panel of 13 experts from different regions, representing obstetricians and neonatologists.ResultsWe included 44 studies and reviews, identifying 40 potential proxy indicators with a positive impact on maternal/neonatal outcomes. The Delphi experts completed and prioritised these, resulting in a list of 77 potential proxy indicators.ConclusionsThe proxy indicators propose relevant outcome measures to evaluate if eHealth tools directly affect maternal/neonatal outcomes. Some proxy indicators require mapping to the local context, practices and available resources. The local mapping facilitates the utilisation of the proxy indicators in various contexts while allowing the systematic collection of data from different projects and programmes. Based on the mapping, the same proxy indicator can be used for different contexts, allowing it to measure what is locally and temporally relevant, making the proxy indicator sustainable.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42015027351.

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Gunewardena, D., and S. Siyambalapitiya. "Electricity Usage as A Proxy Indicator For Poverty Targeting." Sri Lanka Journal of Economic Research 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljer.v10i2.186.

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Viotti, Eduardo Baumgratz, Cristiano Roberto dos Santos, Luiz Ricardo Mattos Teixeira Cavalcante, Roberto de Pinho Dantas de Pinho, and Leonardo Rodrigues Mattos da Costa. "Innovation output indicators." Revista Brasileira de Inovação 21 (September 9, 2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbi.v21i00.8665691.

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This article introduces a new family of innovation output indicators as an alternative to the EU 2020 indicator. The latter is a composite indicator that bears a complex and weak relation to the actual innovation output of economies. The proposed family of indicators (DINNOV) estimates the participation in the economy of enterprises that are both dynamic (or high-growth) and innovative. Its indicators take advantage of both the tradition of indicators produced from enterprise data collected by surveys of innovation and of indicators of business demography and entrepreneurship. Values of DINNOV indicators for Brazil are computed as a proof of concept. A proxy of the DINNOV indicators – the DINNOV-Simplex – is estimated for Brazil and 17 European economies. The new indicators avoid several drawbacks of the EU 2020 innovation output indicator and are easier to communicate to policymakers and the general public.

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Veal, Cameron James, Catherine Neelamraju, T. Wolff, A. Watkinson, D. Shillito, and A. Canning. "Managing cyanobacterial toxin risks to recreational users: a case study of inland lakes in South East Queensland." Water Supply 18, no. 5 (December 8, 2017): 1719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.233.

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Abstract The management of inland waterways to protect recreational users from cyanotoxin exposure is complicated by the common management practice of using proxy indicators of cyanotoxin production (cell counts and biovolumes of potentially toxin species), rather than the cyanotoxin itself. This widely accepted practice is further complicated by a lack of advisory guidelines for non-microcystin-producing cyanotoxins. This study has investigated the effectiveness of this management approach over five and a half years, monitoring 65 different sites in South East Queensland using phycological and toxin-analysis. This study concluded that cell counts of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, the most common potentially toxin producing species of cyanobacteria in South East Queensland's inland lakes, was a poor proxy indicator for cylindrospermopsin toxin production. Seqwater, the local water authority responsible for the management of recreational access to drinking water storage lakes, initiated an alternative management approach for recreational cyanobacterial water quality management in December 2016. This new approach is based on cyanobacterial toxin guideline values for five different cyanotoxins, with closures and warning notices issued based on the actual cyanotoxin concentration, not the proxy indicator. We encourage other recreational water management authorities consider this approach to manage recreational access in the future.

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Reising, Steven C., Umran S. Inan, and Timothy F. Bell. "ELF sferic energy as a proxy indicator for sprite occurrence." Geophysical Research Letters 26, no. 7 (April 1, 1999): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999gl900123.

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Vaughan, Alan P. M., and Jane H. Scarrow. "Ophiolite obduction pulses as a proxy indicator of superplume events?" Earth and Planetary Science Letters 213, no. 3-4 (August 2003): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(03)00330-3.

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Lopatka, Alex. "A new proxy for Earth’s past energy imbalance." Physics Today 76, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.5337.

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Magill, Shelley S., Walter Hellinger, Jessica Cohen, Robyn Kay, Christine Bailey, Bonnie Boland, Darlene Carey, et al. "Prevalence of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Acute Care Hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 33, no. 3 (March 2012): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/664048.

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Objective.To determine healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevalence in 9 hospitals in Jacksonville, Florida; to evaluate the performance of proxy indicators for HAIs; and to refine methodology in preparation for a multistate survey.Design.Point prevalence survey.Patients.Acute care inpatients of any age.Methods.HAIs were defined using National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. In each facility a trained primary team (PT) of infection prevention (IP) staff performed the survey on 1 day, reviewing records and collecting data on a random sample of inpatients. PTs assessed patients with one or more proxy indicators (abnormal white blood cell count, abnormal temperature, or antimicrobial therapy) for the presence of HAIs. An external IP expert team collected data from a subset of patient records reviewed by PTs to assess proxy indicator performance and PT data collection.Results.Of 851 patients surveyed by PTs, 51 had one or more HAIs (6.0%; 95% confidence interval, 4.5%–7.7%). Surgical site infections (n = 18), urinary tract infections (n = 9), pneumonia (n = 9), and bloodstream infections (n = 8) accounted for 75.8% of 58 HAIs detected by PTs. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen, causing 9 HAIs (15.5%). Antimicrobial therapy was the most sensitive proxy indicator, identifying 95.5% of patients with HAIs.Conclusions.HAI prevalence in this pilot was similar to that reported in the 1970s by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control. Antimicrobial therapy was a sensitive screening variable with which to identify those patients at higher risk for infection and reduce data collection burden. Additional work is needed on validation and feasibility to extend this methodology to a national scale.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(3):283-291

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Yerger, David B., and Amber L. Stephenson. "A Novel Low-Cost Indicator of Student Perseverance and Its Association with College Student Academic Performance." Asian Social Science 14, no. 6 (May 28, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n6p43.

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Within the research literature investigating how student characteristics related to perseverance impact academic outcomes, leading scholars have encouraged the development of new measurements, both survey and non-survey based. We introduce here an innovative non-survey-based measurement, derived from common higher education variables, that reflects the perseverance construct. The created perseverance proxy is easily created and explainable to audiences with minimal statistical background. The variable was used to analyze academic outcomes at a mid-sized public university in the United States. The perseverance proxy strongly positively associates with academic outcomes, as measured both by GPA and odds of academic probation, in multivariate analysis across both genders. The perseverance proxy explains more of the variation in academic outcomes than any of the cognitive and financial aid variables used in the analysis. The technique for constructing the perseverance proxy is easily replicated at any college or university having data on students’ high school ranking and college admission exam scores.

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Gilmour, Daniel, and Edward Simpson. "Urban regeneration indicators: a proxy for assessing common good." Emerald Open Research 3 (May 26, 2021): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.14099.1.

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Public realm urban regeneration projects aim to provide facilities for the common good such as improved road systems, public parks, museums and cultural institutions. Driven by political priorities, the expected benefits for society comprise of the proposed regeneration outcomes articulated in a masterplan vision. As a philosophical concept, common good in the context of urban regeneration is explored in this study to understand the expectations for major, long-term regeneration projects and the intended project objectives. In the approach to governance, there should be a relationship between monitoring indicators adopted by the regeneration project as part of the governance framework and their alignment with the common good. These concepts are analysed through a case study of the development and reporting of benchmark indicators established at the start of a major 20-year urban redevelopment in 2010. The monitoring and enhancement concept implemented required indicators to be developed and embedded in the regeneration process to, not only monitor, but also enhance sustainability. The longitudinal case study, at the interim point 10 years since the establishment of these indicators, will evaluate the sustainability of the urban regeneration and evaluate current evidence for the common good. The indicators were developed following the principles of a theme orientated framework in line with the UK and Scottish Government approach at that time. The process of indicator development was iterative, refined and finalised through working closely with local authority, Scottish Enterprise and partnership stakeholders (civic oriented organisations) to capture evidence of progress towards the masterplan vision. Ten years on, conclusions examine whether these indicators could be used a proxy for common good. The conclusion will identify the extent to which we would need to revise indicators to address any gaps to become a more accurate measure of common good.

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Brauer, Rene, and Mirek Dymitrow. "The Language of Sustainable Tourism as a Proxy Indicator of Quality." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010025.

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Sustainable tourism (ST) has recently become the mainstream of the tourism industry and, accordingly, has influenced contemporary tourism research. However, ST is not just theories about indications and contraindications of global travel, but also a specific language that needs mastering to take sustainability work forward. In other words, what research receives recognition depends on the proficiency in how the articulation in research proposals and within assessment under the heading of “research impact”. The aim of this paper is to investigate how tourism research gains recognition within research evaluation, by investigating the national research appraisal in the United Kingdom (Research Excellence Framework). By using content analysis, we disentangle the rhetorical choices and narrative constructions within researchers’ impact claims. Our findings suggest that researchers adopt a rhetorical style that implies causality and promotes good outcomes facilitating ST. However, the structure of the assessment format enforces an articulation of sustainable research impact without stating the methodological limitations of that such claim. Therefore, the rhetorical choices of ST researchers merely represent a proxy indicator of the claimed impact. We conclude that the lack of rigor in accounting for the impact of ST research may inadvertently restrict attaining ST.

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Šćepanović, Sanja, Igor Mishkovski, Pan Hui, Jukka K. Nurminen, and Antti Ylä-Jääski. "Mobile Phone Call Data as a Regional Socio-Economic Proxy Indicator." PLOS ONE 10, no. 4 (April 21, 2015): e0124160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124160.

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M. A., Sanjeev, Anil Sehrawat, and Santhosh Kumar P. K. "iPhone as a proxy indicator of adaptive narcissism: An empirical investigation." Psychology & Marketing 36, no. 10 (July 10, 2019): 895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.21243.

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Toufique, Mohammad Mokammel Karim. "Impact of Urbanization, Development Level, and Openness on Institutions in Bangladesh: An ARDL Investigation Using Two Measures of Institutional Quality." Randwick International of Social Science Journal 5, no. 3 (July 31, 2024): 456–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v5i3.1032.

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Future development policies require a better understanding of the various factors that affect the quality of institutions in Bangladesh. In this paper, we estimate empirical ARDL models to investigate the roles of urbanization, openness, and the level of development as determinants of institutional quality. We use two measures of institutional quality, both derived from the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs). The first proxy, INQ, is a composite index developed from the six WGIs using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The second indicator, AvgINQ, is the average of the six WGIs. For each indicator of institutional quality, three models were estimated, resulting in six models in total. The impact of urbanization on institutional quality is consistent in terms of sign and significance across all six models, a claim that cannot be made for the other variables in the model. The error correction term reflects dampening convergence to equilibrium for the first proxy for institutional quality but regular convergence when the second proxy is used. In terms of ARDL diagnostics, models with AvgINQ as the dependent variable perform better. The Johansen cointegration test confirms the existence of a long-term relationship among the variables in all the models. Pairwise Granger causality tests are also conducted. The findings emphasize the importance of managing urbanization pressure for better institutional quality.

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Hundloe, Tor John. "Economic performance indicators for fisheries." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 5 (2000): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99089.

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An outline of the concept of sustainable development is followed by a definition of the term ‘economics’ and a brief review of attempts to use economic principles to construct an integrated indicator to replace gross domestic product. Arange of proxy indicators is described; these are based on what is possible in countries that have minimal fisheries data and where fishers are making decisions on the crudest economic information.

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Costa, Giuseppe, and Teresa Spadea. "I dati per la misura delle disuguaglianze di salute: adeguatezza, accessibilitÀ, integrazione." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 1 (March 2009): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2009-001005.

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- Scientific literature provides substantial evidence on how socioeconomic circumstances influence health, showing that this association holds with any indicator of socioeconomic position, independently of the theoretical approach on which is based. The open question on the indicators used to represent socioeconomic position is: are they equal proxy of a third variable, social classification or stratification, or do they capture specific dimensions of this stratification, the impact of which would be measurable independently of the others? This paper gives a tentative answer, from the epidemiological point of view, examining the indicators of socioeconomic position most used in health research (education, employment status, occupational class, income and goods), particularly focusing on their meaning, i.e. what they intend to measure, together with how data are elicited and the validity and limitations of the indicators. Keywords: indicators, education, social class, income, sources, epidemiology, social determinants of health. Parole chiave: indicatori, istruzione, classe sociale, reddito, fonti, epidemiologia, determinanti sociali di salute.

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Tomé, Eduardo, Iuliia Naidenova, and Marina Oskolkova. "Personal welfare and intellectual capital: the case of football coaches." Journal of Intellectual Capital 15, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jic-06-2013-0064.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a framework that helps to analyze the dependence between personal welfare and individual (personal) intellectual capital (IIC). The authors also introduce the system of proxy indicator for personal intellectual capital (IC) of football coaches. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employs the idea that personal welfare depends on personal IC, particularly, talent. That is why initially the literature analysis of welfare phenomenon was provided. Then the system of available proxy indicators of football coaches’ IC was designed. To achieve the purpose a linear function is estimated with the help of ordinary least squares method. Findings – The chosen set of IC proxy indicators explain the significant part of coaches’ salary. Such proxies as improvement in the championship table and coach's image in media have a significant and positive influence on coach's salary. Whereas, lowering the position of the club does not considerably affect the coach's wealth. A clubs’ financial capacities and budget also influences coaches’ salaries. Research limitations/implications – Traditional limitation of proxy indicators-based studies is connected with their eligibility and complexity. Practical implications – The possibility to codify IC of a person enables to analyze core competencies necessary in a particular activity or profession for success achievement. Moreover a policy of inequality reduction should take into account that intangible assets are at the base of those persons wealth. Originality/value – This is the first paper that employs IC concept to people wealth while previous literature is dedicated to companies’ or countries’ IC.

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Zhao, Calvin C., Michael Scott, and Michael L. Eisenberg. "Male Fertility as a Proxy for Health." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 18 (September 19, 2024): 5559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185559.

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Male fertility is affected by a wide range of medical conditions that directly and indirectly affect spermatogenesis. As such, it can be useful as both an indicator of current health and a predictive factor for future health outcomes. Herein, we discuss the current literature regarding the association between male fertility and systemic health conditions and exposures. We review the connection between male fertility and genetics, medications, diet, and environmental pollutants, as well as its effects on future oncologic, cardiovascular, and autoimmune conditions. Understanding this interplay will allow more health care providers to engage in health counseling that will not only improve men’s reproductive outcomes but also their overall health.

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Han, Ho, Elroy J. Aguiar, Scott Ducharme, Jongil Lim, Christopher Moore, Michael A. Busa, John R. Sirard, Stuart R. Chipkin, John Staudenmayer, and Catrine Tudor-Locke. "Zero Cadence as a Proxy Indicator of Sitting Behaviors in Objective Monitoring." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000518692.28972.ea.

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Zini, Alessandro, Sergio Grauso, Vladimiro Verrubbi, Luca Falconi, Gabriele Leoni, and Claudio Puglisi. "The RUSLE erosion index as a proxy indicator for debris flow susceptibility." Landslides 12, no. 5 (September 13, 2014): 847–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10346-014-0515-8.

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Kleynhans, Ewert, and Clive Coetzee. "Regional Business Confidence as Early Indicator of Regional Economic Growth." Managing Global Transitions 19, no. 1 (March 2021): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26493/1854-6935.19.27-48.

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Official sub-national GDP figures in South Africa are usually published with long delays or not at all, i.e. relevant, reliable, and real-time economic data on a provincial and local (municipal) level are often non-existent, causing a significant data asymmetry at the sub-national level. The search for an ‘optimal’ sub-national proxy for regional economic growth focuses on the possible use of regional business confidence. This article, therefore, investigates the use of regional business confidence indices (RBCI) as an early indicator or proxy of the regional economic growth rate (RGDP). To this end, the study employed panel cointegration methodology and techniques to interrogate the possible association between regional business confidence and regional economic growth, focusing on three specific regions of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The results suggest that the utilisation of regional business confidence indicators indeed has merit. Constraints experienced in the study indicate the direction that further studies may follow, especially concerning the scope of the period and cross-sections. The research, therefore, addresses a fundamental gap in the data asymmetry in South Africa, while also setting a benchmark for other researchers to follow.

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Olbryś, Joanna, and Krzysztof Ostrowski. "An Entropy-Based Approach to Measurement of Stock Market Depth." Entropy 23, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23050568.

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The aim of this study is to investigate market depth as a stock market liquidity dimension. A new methodology for market depth measurement exactly based on Shannon information entropy for high-frequency data is introduced and utilized. The proposed entropy-based market depth indicator is supported by an algorithm inferring the initiator of a trade. This new indicator seems to be a promising liquidity measure. Both market entropy and market liquidity can be directly measured by the new indicator. The findings of empirical experiments for real-data with a time stamp rounded to the nearest second from the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) confirm that the new proxy enables us to effectively compare market depth and liquidity for different equities. Robustness tests and statistical analyses are conducted. Furthermore, an intra-day seasonality assessment is provided. Results indicate that the entropy-based approach can be considered as an auspicious market depth and liquidity proxy with an intuitive base for both theoretical and empirical analyses in financial markets.

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Krause, Timothy A. "Risk and uncertainty in style rotation." Financial Services Review 27, no. 2 (November 14, 2023): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.61190/fsr.v27i2.3391.

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The Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE VIX; volatility) index has been established as a leading indicator of style returns since increases in this “fear index” lead to outperformance of “value” versus “growth” stocks. This study introduces the concept of “uncertainty” as an additional indicator of returns to value, as measured by the CBOE VVIX (“volatility of volatility”). This index is considered to be a proxy for “uncertainty” in the Knightian sense. Increases in expected volatility lead to short-term positive returns to value, while increases in uncertainty lead to negative short-term returns to value. Each of these observations are especially strong during economic downturns and after decreases in the VIX index. Several macroeconomic indicators provide additional incremental infor- mation regarding these phenomena.

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Tomas Siueia, Tito, and Jianling Wang. "La asociación entre las Actividades de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa y la calidad de los ingresos: Evidencia de la industria extractiva." Revista de Contabilidad 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/rc-sar.22.1.354361.

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Building on the ethical theory to solve the research questions, we examine the relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure (CSRD) and Earnings Quality (EQ). Using 368 firm-year observations covering the 2010-2017 period. In so doing, we applied content analysis to assess the CSRD dimensions, and we applied discretionary accruals as a proxy of EQ activity. Based on panel data regression, we find a significant and negative relationship between CSRD and EQ in Mozambican extractive industry. Empirical evidence also shows that the influence of positive CSRD indicator (CSRD strengths scores) is much stronger than that negative CSRD indicator (CSRD concerns scores) in reducing earnings quality. These findings are consistent with the idea that the opportunistic managers use CSRD to reach their particular interest, suggesting that the managers are using CSRD as a strategic device to engage in earnings management (poorer earnings quality). The results are robust to alternative proxy measures of CSRD and earnings quality. Con base en la teoría ética para resolver las cuestiones de investigación, examinamos la relación entre Divulgación de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (CSRD) y la Calidad de los Ingresos (EQ). Usando 368 observaciones de año base cubriendo el período 2010-2017. Al hacer esto, aplicamos el análisis de contenido para evaluar las dimensiones de la CSRD y aplicamos acrecimientos discrecionales como proxy de la actividad de EQ. Con base en la regresión de datos en panel, encontramos una relación significativa y negativa entre el CSRD y el EQ en la industria extractiva de Mozambique. La evidencia empírica también muestra que la influencia del indicador positivo de CSRD (puntuaciones de fuerza CSRD) es mucho más fuerte que el indicador negativo de CSRD (CSRD se refiere a las puntuaciones) en la reducción de la calidad de ingresos. Estas constataciones son consistentes con la idea de que los gerentes oportunistas utilizan la actividad de RSCD para alcanzar su interés particular, sugiriendo que los gerentes están usando el CSRD como un dispositivo estratégico para involucrarse en la gestión de resultados (peor EQ). Los resultados son robustos a medidas alternativas de proxy del CSRD y la EQ. Industria extractiva.

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Fassas and Hourvouliades. "VIX Futures as a Market Timing Indicator." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12030113.

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Our work relates to the literature supporting that the VIX also mirrors investor sentiment and, thus, contains useful information regarding future S&P500 returns. The objective of this empirical analysis is to verify if the shape of the volatility futures term structure has signaling effects regarding future equity price movements, as several investors believe. Our findings generally support the hypothesis that the VIX term structure can be employed as a contrarian market timing indicator. The empirical analysis of this study has important practical implications for financial market practitioners, as it shows that they can use the VIX futures term structure not only as a proxy of market expectations on forward volatility, but also as a stock market timing tool.

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Kapeli, Sarah Ann. "A latent profile analysis of Pacific health values." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 8 (December 30, 2021): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2021.148.

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Introduction: Pacific health models that centre Pacific values, can serve as a tool to address Pacific disparities in healthcare. In this study, we broadly draw upon the health concepts of these models to determine how Pacific values are translate across Pacific health and wellbeing. Methods: Using data from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study, we identified proxy indicators of common Pacific values. With these proxy indicators we developed a LP Latent Profile Analysis A to uncover subgroups of Pacific peoples based on their orientation towards each proxy indicator and their association with psychological distress. Findings: We identified four subgroups of Pacific peoples: (1) 65% of Pacific peoples identified strongly with Pacific values with low associated psychological distress (2) 18% of Pacific peoples identified moderately with Pacific values with medium associated psychological distress (3) 5% of Pacific peoples identified less with Pacific values with low associated psychological distress (4) 12% of Pacific peoples identified ambivalent with Pacific values with high associated psychological distress. Conclusions: These results suggest that Pacific values and the utility of Pacific health models are an appropriate way of framing health and wellbeing for a vast majority of our Pacific population. However, we also need to recognise the incredible diversity among our Pacific community and be understanding and accommodating of the diverse ways that Pacific peoples can express what they consider valuable.

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Remez, Nikita, Ricard Garcia-Serna, David Vidal, and Jordi Mestres. "TheIn VitroPharmacological Profile of Drugs as a Proxy Indicator of PotentialIn VivoOrgan Toxicities." Chemical Research in Toxicology 29, no. 4 (March 16, 2016): 637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00470.

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Ding, Zhongli, Jimin Sun, and Dongsheng Liu. "A sedimentological proxy indicator linking changes in loess and deserts in the Quaternary." Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences 42, no. 2 (April 1999): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02878513.

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Castro-de-Araujo, Luis F., Daiane B. Machado, and Maurício L. Barreto. "Care-seeking as a proxy indicator of the mental health of elderly Brazilians." Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 6 (December 2020): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0721.

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MCGEEVER, ALWYNNE H., and FRASER J. G. MITCHELL. "Pine stumps in Irish peats: is their occurrence a valid proxy climate indicator?" Journal of Quaternary Science 30, no. 5 (May 2015): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2793.

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Chasmer, L. E., K. J. Devito, C. D. Hopkinson, and R. M. Petrone. "Remote sensing of ecosystem trajectories as a proxy indicator for watershed water balance." Ecohydrology 11, no. 7 (June 11, 2018): e1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1987.

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Ball, John. "New Firm Formation — is VAT Registration Data an Accurate Indicator?" Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 22, no. 3 (August 2007): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690940701584698.

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This paper utilises a novel and original data set collected from a survey of entirely new firms in south Wales. It compares this survey with published VAT data to address the extent to which published VAT registration actually reflects the amount of new firm formation taking place. Using this survey and a chi square test, this article offers evidence of the deficiencies of published VAT data when used as a proxy for new firm formation and suggests caution in the use of VAT data.

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Meng, Hao. "A Brief Analysis of The Impact of Investor Sentiment on Stock Prices in The Chinese Stock Market." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 11, no. 2 (October 11, 2023): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v11i2.12559.

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This article describes the challenges that behavioral finance poses to traditional financial assumptions, from questioning the rationality of human behavior to explaining the classifications and three indicators of investor sentiment in behavioral finance. Furthermore, it confirms the combination of theory and practice by examining turnover ratio as a proxy indicator, the trading volume of closed-end funds, and stock price regression. It demonstrates that investor sentiment significantly influences stock prices. Moreover, it indicates that both investor sentiment and stock prices can mutually affect each other. Among the investor sentiment indicators, turnover ratio has a stronger impact on stock prices, while the trading volume of closed-end funds exhibits certain predictive functionality.

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Dettori, Marco, Benedetto Arru, Antonio Azara, Andrea Piana, Gavino Mariotti, Maria Camerada, Paola Stefanelli, Giovanni Rezza, and Paolo Castiglia. "In the Digital Era, Is Community Outrage a Feasible Proxy Indicator of Emotional Epidemiology? The Case of Meningococcal Disease in Sardinia, Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071512.

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The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the relationship between official data on invasive meningococcal disease cases in Sardinia and the reporting of the cases by a regional online newspaper and (ii) to identify indicators useful for understanding the community outrage related to health events. Cases of meningococcal disease, selected from articles published between 1999 and 2016 on a regional newspaper database, were compared to those reported to the Infectious Disease Information Service. In order to evaluate the equality of the two distribution records, the Kolgomorov Smirnov test for two samples was applied. A community outrage indicator was obtained by calculating the number of published articles for each case of meningococcal disease identified. The outrage indicator was evaluated in comparison with other phenomena: drinking water supply limitation and domestic accidents. Overall, 2724 articles on meningitis/sepsis referring to 89 cases related to meningococcal disease were considered. Significant differences between the distribution of cases officially reported and those found in the newspaper (combined K-S = 0.39; p = 0.08) were not observed. The meningococcal disease outrage indicator showed an average of seven items per case. Comparing the meningococcal disease outrage indicator with those regarding the limitation of drinking water supplies and domestic accidents, a different risk perception by the reference media was found, with the highest outrage for meningococcal disease. The present study supports the role played by emotional factors as behavioral determinants in emerging threats to public health. The analysis of the data allowed us to highlight that the proposed outrage indicator could be a feasible proxy of emotional epidemiology. Finally, data confirm that meningitis is perceived as a highly outrageous health threat.

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Fointama, Emmanuel Ngoinangeh, Samje Moses, and Mary Chia Garba. "The Prevalence of Food Insecurity and the Principal Determinants in Tubah Health District, North West Cameron." European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 16, no. 11 (December 5, 2024): 313–24. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejnfs/2024/v16i111596.

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Aims: Determine the prevalence of food insecurity and identify the principal determinants of household food security in Tubah Health District. Study design: The study was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey conducted in 6 communities in Bambui Health Area of Tubah Health District. Place and Duration of Study: Bambui health area in Tubah Health District of the North West region of Cameroon. The study lasted 6 months, from February to June 2022. Methodology: One hundred and eighty one (181) households were included in the survey. In each household the female head of the household was interviewed with the aid of a questionnaire, to gather subjective information about feeding practices in the household. A structured face to face questionnaire was used to collect information on 7-day dietary intake and 24-hour food recall. Food security was assessed using the Food Consumption Score (FCS) and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) as proxy indicators. Anthropometric measurements comprising weight, height and Mid upper arm circumference were obtained for infants under five years. Results: Food insecurity was found to be 65.2% when the Food Consumption Score (FCS) was used as a proxy indicator and 64.6% when Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) was used as a proxy indicator. Household income was a significant predictor of FCS and HDDS, P =.05 and P =.001 respectively. Factors that negatively impacted the ability of households to meet their food needs were mainly high food prices (66.9%), insecurity (65.7%) and sickness related expenses (55.8%). The prevalence of stunting was 30.7%. There was a statistically significant association between stunting and food insecurity, ꭓ2 (1, N = 101) = 8.8 and P =.05. Conclusion: Household food insecurity prevalence rate was high in this community and this could be related to the conflict which has led to many households losing their livelihoods and the reduced agricultural productivity.

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Basheer Hezam Mahdi, Mohamed Ben Mimoun, Basheer Hezam Mahdi, Mohamed Ben Mimoun. "The role of governance in explaining the relationship between public social expenditure and economic growth An econometric study on the organization of Islamic Cooperation Countries (OIC) during the period 1996- 2016: دور الحوكمة في تفسير العلاقة بين الإنفاق الاجتماعي الحكومي والنمو الاقتصادي دراسة قياسية على بلدان منظمة التعاون الإسلامي خلال الفترة 1996- 2016." مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية 5, no. 15 (August 29, 2021): 29–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.b050121.

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The paper aimed to study the impact of government social spending with its various components (education, health, social care) on economic growth in light of the role of governance indicators. It considered the OIC countries' experience during the 1996- 2016 period and estimated an econometric model using the "Generalized Moment Method" (GMM). The World Governance Indicators (WGI) have been used to proxy for the governance variable. The results showed that: (i) there is a negative impact of government spending on education and health in the OIC countries, and an unstable effect of spending on social transfers on economic growth; (ii) there is an interaction between government social spending on the one hand and governance on the other hand, and that the effectiveness of government social spending increases in Islamic countries with good governance indicator; and (iii) there is a positive effect of the six sub- governance indicators- except for the “voice and accountability” indicator on economic growth, and on the effectiveness of social spending on education and health on economic growth.

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Febrayanto, Catur Raharjo, Ilmiawan Surya Bayuaji, and Rosidah . "Price Development Indicator as a Proxy for Inflation: A Case Study in Brebes Regency." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science IX, no. X (2024): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2024.910040.

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This study examines the impact of inflation on the development of essential foods prices in Brebes Regency, Indonesia, using the price development indicator as a proxy for inflation. The research employed a descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach, utilizing data from the Regional Development Planning, Research, and Development Agency (Bapperlitbangda) of Brebes Regency and the Economic Division of the Brebes Regency Secretary General. The study found that there is a significant fluctuation in the prices of essential foods, with rice contributing the most to the overall price development indicator. The Brebes Regency government has implemented various measures to control inflation, focusing on ensuring the availability of essential foods, maintaining affordable prices, and fostering effective communication with stakeholders. These efforts aim to mitigate the impact of inflation on the cost of living for residents and maintain economic stability in the region.

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Lee, Hyun-Ah. "The Usefulness Of The Tax Avoidance Proxy: Evidence From Korea." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i2.9610.

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This study aims to verify the usefulness of the tax avoidance proxy developed by Desai and Dharmapala (2006) in the setting where accounting-tax alignment is relatively high and aggressive tax planning is restricted. By using a large set of firms in Korea, I empirically test whether the tax avoidance proxy detects the management of book-tax and book-only accruals. My findings show that downward management of book-tax accruals for tax reporting purposes is not detected by the tax avoidance proxy. However, upward management of book-only accruals for financial reporting purposes is captured by the tax avoidance proxy. In addition, the tax avoidance proxy better detects simultaneous management of two accrual components than management of book-tax accruals alone. Lastly, the tax avoidance proxy is more powerful in detecting tax avoidance activities in a sample of firms with high tax and financial reporting costs than in firms that carry high tax costs but low financial reporting costs. The results of this study imply that the tax avoidance proxy can be a good indicator only when used for firms that are conscious of their financial reporting costs and have incentive to manage both taxable and book income at the same time under the setting where book-tax conformity is high and aggressive tax shelters are restricted. This study sheds light on the usefulness of the tax avoidance proxy which has been widely used in the accounting studies and provides a caveat to researchers that the proxy should be employed with caution and in appropriate setting.

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Prettyman, Joshua, Tobia Kuna, and Valerie Livina. "Power spectrum scaling as a measure of critical slowing down and precursor to tipping points in dynamical systems." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac526f.

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Abstract Many dynamical systems experience sudden shifts in behaviour known as tipping points or critical transitions, often preceded by the ‘critical slowing down’ (CSD) phenomenon whereby the recovery times of a system increase as the tipping point is approached. Many attempts have been made to find a tipping point indicator: a proxy for CSD, such that a change in the indicator acts as an early warning signal. Several generic tipping point indicators have been suggested, these include the power spectrum (PS) scaling exponent whose use as an indicator has previously been justified by its relationship to the well-established detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) exponent. In this paper we justify the use of the PS indicator analytically, by considering a mathematical formulation of the CSD phenomenon. We assess the usefulness of estimating the PS scaling exponent in a tipping point context when the PS does not exhibit power-law scaling, or changes over time. In addition we show that this method is robust against trends and oscillations in the time series, making it a good candidate for studying resilience of systems with periodic oscillations which are observed in ecology and geophysics.

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Rosmiati, Risti, and Hardi Firmansyah. "Validitas Skor Faktor Pola Makan Modern untuk Mengidentifikasi Obesitas pada Pekerja Dewasa di Indonesia." Jurnal Kesehatan Indonesia 13, no. 2 (March 31, 2023): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33657/jurkessia.v13i2.838.

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As the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, including in adult workers, workplace-based interventions are needed to promote a healthy diet and prevent obesity. Valid measurement of dietary patterns is necessary to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions. Therefore, this study analyzed the validity of the Modern Dietary Pattern Factor Score (MDP-FS) as a proxy indicator of obesity among Indonesian adult workers. This cross-sectional study used the fifth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) for sociodemographic, dietary, and anthropometric measures. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the ability of MDP-FS to detect obesity. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) of MDP-FS was 87% (95%CI 86-88.1%). At the MDP-FS cut-off of 5.2, the sensitivity and specificity of MDP-FS to indicate obesity were 74% and 76%, respectively. MDP-FS have good accuracy as a proxy indicator for measuring obesity of adult workers in Indonesia.

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Link, Jason S., Dawit Yemane, Lynne J. Shannon, Marta Coll, Yunne-Jai Shin, Louize Hill, and Maria de Fatima Borges. "Relating marine ecosystem indicators to fishing and environmental drivers: an elucidation of contrasting responses." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 4 (December 4, 2009): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp258.

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Abstract Link, J. S., Yemane, D., Shannon, L. J., Coll, M., Shin, Y-J., Hill, L., and Borges, M. F. 2010. Relating marine ecosystem indicators to fishing and environmental drivers: an elucidation of contrasting responses. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 787–795. The usefulness of indicators in detecting ecosystem change depends on three main criteria: the availability of data to estimate the indicator (measurability), the ability to detect change in an ecosystem (sensitivity), and the ability to link the said change in an indicator as a response to a known intervention or pressure (specificity). Here, we specifically examine the third aspect of indicator change, with an emphasis on multiple methods to explore the “relativity” of major ecosystem drivers. We use a suite of multivariate methods to explore the relationships between a pre-established set of fisheries-orientated ecosystem status indicators and the key drivers for those ecosystems (particularly emphasizing proxy indicators for fishing and the environment). The results show the relative importance among fishing and environmental factors, which differed notably across the major types of ecosystems. Yet, they also demonstrated common patterns in which most ecosystems, and indicators of ecosystem dynamics are largely driven by fisheries (landings) or human (human development index) factors, and secondarily by environmental drivers (e.g. AMO, PDO, SST). How one might utilize this empirical evidence in future efforts for ecosystem approaches to fisheries is discussed, highlighting the need to manage fisheries in the context of environmental and other human (e.g. economic) drivers.

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Zhao, Lu-Ping, Martin Gerdin, Lina Westman, Jose Manuel Rodriguez-Llanes, Qi Wu, Barbara van den Oever, Liang Pan, et al. "Hospital Stay as a Proxy Indicator for Severe Injury in Earthquakes: A Retrospective Analysis." PLoS ONE 8, no. 4 (April 9, 2013): e61371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061371.

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De Souza, Mary Jane, Rayisa Hontscharuk, Marion Olmsted, Gretchen Kerr, and Nancy I. Williams. "Drive for thinness score is a proxy indicator of energy deficiency in exercising women." Appetite 48, no. 3 (May 2007): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2006.10.009.

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Törnblom, J., E. Degerman, and P. Angelstam. "Forest proportion as indicator of ecological integrity in streams using Plecoptera as a proxy." Ecological Indicators 11, no. 5 (September 2011): 1366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.02.011.

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Kirichenko, I. A., and A. V. Smirnov. "Composite Supply Index of Investment Products as a Proxy Indicator of Fixed Capital Investment." Studies on Russian Economic Development 35, no. 2 (April 2024): 215–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075700724020084.

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Williams, Caitlin R., Paula Vázquez, Carolina Nigri, Richard M. Adanu, Delia A. B. Bandoh, Mabel Berrueta, Suchandrima Chakraborty, et al. "Improving measures of access to legal abortion: A validation study triangulating multiple data sources to assess a global indicator." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): e0280411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280411.

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Background Global mechanisms have been established to monitor and facilitate state accountability regarding the legal status of abortion. However, there is little evidence describing whether these mechanisms capture accurate data. Moreover, it is uncertain whether the “legal status of abortion” is a valid proxy measure for access to safe abortion, pursuant to the global goals of reducing preventable maternal mortality and advancing reproductive rights. Therefore, this study sought to assess the accuracy of reported monitoring data, and to determine whether evidence supports the consistent application of domestic law by health care professionals such that legality of abortion functions as a valid indicator of access. Methods and findings We conducted a validation study using three countries as illustrative case examples: Argentina, Ghana, and India. We compared data reported by two global monitoring mechanisms (Countdown to 2030 and the Global Abortion Policies Database) against domestic source documents collected through in-depth policy review. We then surveyed health care professionals authorized to perform abortions about their knowledge of abortion law in their countries and their personal attitudes and practices regarding provision of legal abortion. We compared professionals’ responses to the domestic legal frameworks described in the source documents to establish whether professionals consistently applied the law as written. This analysis revealed weaknesses in the criterion validity and construct validity of the “legal status of abortion” indicator. We detected discrepancies between data reported by the global monitoring and accountability mechanisms and the domestic policy reviews, even though all referenced the same source documents. Further, provider surveys unearthed important context-specific barriers to legal abortion not captured by the indicator, including conscientious objection and imposition of restrictions at the provider’s discretion. Conclusions Taken together, these findings denote weaknesses in the indicator “legal status of abortion” as a proxy for access to safe abortion, as well as inaccuracies in data reported to global monitoring mechanisms. This information provides important groundwork for strengthening indicators for monitoring access to abortion and for renewed advocacy to assure abortion rights worldwide.

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Cho, Seokhee. "Revision of NCR System in the Securities Industry and Value Relevance of Accounting Information." Korean Data Analysis Society 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2023): 699–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2023.25.2.699.

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With the revision of the NCR system in 2014, there was a controversy over the predictive power of bankruptcy and the reliability of indicators between the indicators before and after the revision. Therefore this paper compared and analyzed the information usefulness of each indicator in terms of the value relevance. The results of analysis are that the higher the net capital ratio (pre-revision indicator), the higher the value relevance of profit or loss and the lower the value relevance of equity book value, but there was no differentiation in value relevance depending on the level of the net operating capital ratio (post-revision indicator). The typical relationship between financial soundness and value relevance revealed by previous studies is that the higher the soundness, the higher the relative value relevance of profit or loss. Results of this study imply that the net capital ratio has a typical relationship of financial soundness indicators to the value relevance of accounting information. Therefore, it can be seen that the net capital ratio is considered more important than the operating net capital ratio as a proxy for financial soundness in the process of evaluating the firm value by market participants. This study is significant in that it compared and analyzed the usefulness of the securities industry supervisory index from the perspective of the capital market.

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Moretti, Giaele, Bruna Vinci, Simona Zito, Alessia Caputo, Francesco Attanasio, and Milena Vainieri. "Monitoring the appropriate prescription of low molecular weight heparins and Fondaparinux through administrative data. A retrospective observational study in the Tuscany region." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (September 14, 2023): e0291628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291628.

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Introduction Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) and Fondaparinux have been widely used as anticoagulants. Mass prescription may lead to prescriptive inappropriateness, which causes Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and other side effects. Objectives The study investigates the appropriate prescription of LMWHs and Fondaparinux in Tuscany. We aim to validate the crude measure of prescription appropriateness of the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) “Patients treated with LMWHs and Fondaparinux every hundred residents in Tuscany” as a proxy for monitoring prescription appropriateness. Methods To compare a crude KPI based only on drug consumption with a refined KPI based on exclusions listed in the clinical guidelines, a retrospective observational cohort study was carried out, using the RECORD guidelines for the year 2019. The refined indicator is computed via record linkage of different datasets regarding (a) pharmaceutical services; (b) hospital discharge records; (c) outpatient services; and (d) birth certificates. We apply exclusion criteria to identify the cohort of patients. Values of the KPI are compared, by ranking, with those obtained from its refined version. A Spearman test was performed to validate the use of the crude KPI as a proxy. Results 208,717 LMWH and Fondaparinux users are identified, of which 103,299 fall within the study’s inclusion criteria. 16,817 (16%) of LMWHs and Fondaparinux users are classified as high consumption. The refined version of the KPI produces the same ranking results in terms of local health districts (rho = 0.98 p<0.01). Conclusions Although the crude KPI is less refined and detailed than the adjusted indicator computed by our study, it has proven capable to provide an accurate snapshot of the use of these drugs across the region. This analysis is useful to enable regional and local managers to run rapid and simple indicators to monitor the appropriateness of LMWHs and Fondaparinux. This analysis should be reviewed periodically to confirm its accuracy.

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Liu, Yuan, Yan Shang, Jianming Shi, and Shouyang Wang. "A New Investor Sentiment Indicator Based on Return Decomposition." Journal of Systems Science and Information 4, no. 2 (April 25, 2016): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2016-121-10.

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AbstractThis paper extends the DSSW model to accommodate rational arbitrageurs, optimistic investors and pessimistic investors. We model the price impact by using daily data and create a new methodology to calculate the optimistic and the pessimistic. The new sentiment indicator has high correlation with the other traditional ones, and as a proxy variable of individual share or financial market on daily, it could distinguish the optimistic and the pessimistic. In the empirical research, we develop a time-series model and a cross-section model respectively to explore the explanatory power of highly frequent investor sentiment to idiosyncratic volatility and capital asset mispricing. The results show that the new sentiment indicator can explain 21.31% of idiosyncratic volatility to individual share on average, and it has a great explanation of 36% to capital asset mispricing.

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Ho, Jeff C., Kory C. Russel, and Jennifer Davis. "The challenge of global water access monitoring: evaluating straight-line distance versus self-reported travel time among rural households in Mozambique." Journal of Water and Health 12, no. 1 (September 24, 2013): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.042.

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Support is growing for the incorporation of fetching time and/or distance considerations in the definition of access to improved water supply used for global monitoring. Current efforts typically rely on self-reported distance and/or travel time data that have been shown to be unreliable. To date, however, there has been no head-to-head comparison of such indicators with other possible distance/time metrics. This study provides such a comparison. We examine the association between both straight-line distance and self-reported one-way travel time with measured route distances to water sources for 1,103 households in Nampula province, Mozambique. We find straight-line, or Euclidean, distance to be a good proxy for route distance (R2 = 0.98), while self-reported travel time is a poor proxy (R2 = 0.12). We also apply a variety of time- and distance-based indicators proposed in the literature to our sample data, finding that the share of households classified as having versus lacking access would differ by more than 70 percentage points depending on the particular indicator employed. This work highlights the importance of the ongoing debate regarding valid, reliable, and feasible strategies for monitoring progress in the provision of improved water supply services.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Proxy indicator'

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