Journal articles: 'Proximal-SO'

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Haque, S. K., G. Ariceta, and D. Batlle. "Proximal renal tubular acidosis: a not so rare disorder of multiple etiologies." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 27, no. 12 (December 1, 2012): 4273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs493.

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HERZBERG, G., D. FORISSIER, and C. FALAISE. "Coronal Fractures of the Proximal Scaphoid: The Proximal Ring Sign." Journal of Hand Surgery 28, no. 5 (October 2003): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(03)00145-1.

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We present two coronal fractures of the proximal scaphoid which were both missed in the acute stage as interpretation of initial radiographs was difficult. In both cases, recognition of the so-called “Proximal Ring Sign” on the PA ulnar deviation radiographs may have helped diagnosis. CT scans were necessary to fully demonstrate the fractures. Open reduction and internal fixation, performed 2 and 4 months after the injury, resulted in union in both cases.

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Yokote, Akira, Kousuke Fukuhara, Jun Tsugawa, and Yoshio Tsuboi. "Juvenile Muscular Atrophy of the Proximal Upper Extremity as So-Called Proximal-Type Hirayama Disease: Case Report and Review of the Literature." Case Reports in Neurology 11, no. 1 (March 21, 2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495606.

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Hirayama disease is a distinct type of cervical myelopathy characterized by juvenile onset of unilateral muscular atrophy of a distal upper extremity. We report herein a case with Hirayama disease-like juvenile muscular atrophy involving proximal muscles in the upper extremities. In this case, in the flexion position of the neck, cervical magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the spinal cord was compressed by expansion of the posterior extradural space with forward displacement of the dura matter. These neuroimaging results are identical to those of Hirayama disease. However, the involved muscles in this case were the proximal muscles, unlike Hirayama disease. Five previous cases have displayed this rare subtype of Hirayama disease. The cause of the unique phenotype may be abnormal cervical column alignment, with upper cervical kyphosis producing a higher apex of the vertebral level in a cervical flexion position, resulting in mid-cervical segmental myelopathy.

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Suzuki, T., W. J. Dodds, S. K. Sarna, W. J. Hogan, R. A. Komorowski, and Z. Itoh. "Control mechanisms of sphincter of Oddi contraction rate in the opossum." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 255, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): G619—G626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1988.255.5.g619.

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Our aim in this study is to determine whether extrinsic autonomic nerves regulated spike-burst rate in the opossum sphincter of Oddi (SO) during fasting or after feeding. We implanted electrodes on the distal SO, proximal SO, gastric antrum, duodenum, and jejunum of 20 animals. A cut transection and reanastomosis was done at different levels of the SO to interrupt putative extrinsic or intrinsic nerves, or the SO was painted with phenol to impair extrinsic nerves. Like controls, animals with a cut and reanastomosis at the proximal SO or at the SO-duodenal junction showed a normal fasting pattern of cyclic changes in SO spike-burst rate. In contrast, animals treated by a distal SO cut or phenol treatment at the distal SO lost the normal cyclic pattern of SO spike bursts and had a constant rate of approximately 4/min. A cut through the middle SO uncoupled the spike bursts in the proximal and distal SO. After feeding, all animals developed an SO spike-burst rate of 5-6/min that lasted for several hours. We conclude that the normal fasting pattern of SO spike bursts is regulated by extrinsic nerves that ascend cephalad along the sphincter segment, whereas the sustained increase in SO spike-burst rate after feeding is at least in part hormonal.

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Braun, Fabian, Tobias B. Huber, and Victor G. Puelles. "Proximal tubular dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: what have we learnt so far?" Kidney International 98, no. 5 (November 2020): 1092–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.09.002.

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Helm, J. F., W. J. Dodds, J. Christensen, and S. K. Sarna. "Intramural neural control of opossum sphincter of Oddi." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 257, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): G925—G929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.6.g925.

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We evaluated the intramural neural control of the opossum sphincter of Oddi (SO) in an in vitro preparation. Force transducers were used to record contractions at four sites along the sphincter segment. To stimulate intramural nerves, 10- to 120-s trains of pulses (4-10 V amplitude, 0.5 ms duration, and 5 Hz frequency) were delivered to one of three electrode pairs implanted along the SO. Electrical stimulation in the proximal, mid, or distal SO elicited phasic contractions that invariably originated in the proximal SO and propagated antegrade along the entire length of the sphincter segment. Stimulus-evoked contractions resembled spontaneous antegrade peristaltic contractions, but occurred at a higher rate (12-20/min). Atropine completely blocked this excitatory response to nerve stimulation. After atropine, nerve stimulation in the proximal, mid, or distal SO abolished spontaneous contractions at and distal to the site of stimulation for the duration of the stimulus. The inhibitory response to nerve stimulation was completely blocked by tetrodotoxin but was unaffected by phenoxybenzamine, tolazoline, or propranolol. We conclude that 1) the opossum SO is innervated by intramural cholinergic excitatory nerves and nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory nerves; 2) cholinergic excitatory nerves are organized in ascending neural pathways, whereas nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory nerves descend along the length of the SO; and 3) these neural pathways may modulate SO peristalsis in vivo and participate in ascending excitatory and descending inhibitory reflexes.

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Burkhart, Harold M., Jess L. Thompson, and Sabrina D. Phillips. "Proximal aortic aneurysms in patients with conotruncal anomalies: Size matters…but so do other things." Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 154, no. 1 (July 2017): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.02.004.

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Helm, J. F., W. J. Dodds, J. Christensen, and S. K. Sarna. "Control mechanism of spontaneous in vitro contractions of the opossum sphincter of Oddi." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 249, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): G572—G579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1985.249.5.g572.

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We evaluated the control mechanism of peristaltic contractions in the opossum sphincter of Oddi (SO) by means of an in vitro preparation. At each of four sites spaced uniformly along the sphincter segment, a force transducer recorded contractions while a monopolar electrode recorded myoelectric activity. Spontaneous myoelectric and contractile activity occurred in 15 of the 20 intact SO specimens studied. Electrical recordings showed characteristic control waves and response activity. Each control wave was invariably accompanied by a phasic contraction, irrespective of whether or not response activity was superimposed on the control wave. The predominant motor activity of the SO was antegrade peristalsis. Retrograde peristalsis occurred when antegrade peristalsis failed to traverse the entire sphincter. Spontaneous SO phasic contractions were not antagonized by tetrodotoxin. Muscle rings sectioned from the SO exhibited spontaneous phasic contractions with a proximal-to-distal gradient of intrinsic contraction frequencies. We conclude that a) the frequency of SO phasic contractions is determined by control wave frequency, b) spontaneous SO peristalsis is myogenic in origin and may be modeled by a linear array of bidirectionally coupled relaxation oscillators, c) the predominance of antegrade peristalsis may be explained by a high-frequency oscillator in the proximal SO that drives the slower, more distal oscillators, d) retrograde peristalsis is initiated by an ectopic oscillator in the distal SO when antegrade contractions fail to propagate the entire length of the SO, and e) ectopic SO contractions can propagate retrograde when the more proximal oscillators are not in their absolutely refractory state.

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Hedenborg White, Manon. "Proximal Authority." Aries 21, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700593-02101008.

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Abstract In 1920, the Swiss-American music teacher and occultist Leah Hirsig (1883–1975) was appointed ‘Scarlet Woman’ by the British occultist Aleister Crowley (1875–1947), founder of the religion Thelema. In this role, Hirsig was Crowley’s right-hand woman during a formative period in the Thelemic movement, but her position shifted when Crowley found a new Scarlet Woman in 1924. Hirsig’s importance in Thelema gradually declined, and she distanced herself from the movement in the late 1920s. The article analyses Hirsig’s changing status in Thelema 1919–1930, proposing the term proximal authority as an auxiliary category to Max Weber’s tripartite typology. Proximal authority is defined as authority ascribed to or enacted by a person based on their real or perceived relational closeness to a leader. The article briefly draws on two parallel cases so as to demonstrate the broader applicability of the term in highlighting how relational closeness to a leadership figure can entail considerable yet precarious power.

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Jun-Feng, Chai, and Wang Shu-Yan. "Particle Swarm Optimization-Proximal Point Algorithm for Nonlinear Complementarity Problems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/808965.

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A new algorithm is presented for solving the nonlinear complementarity problem by combining the particle swarm and proximal point algorithm, which is called the particle swarm optimization-proximal point algorithm. The algorithm mainly transforms nonlinear complementarity problems into unconstrained optimization problems of smooth functions using the maximum entropy function and then optimizes the problem using the proximal point algorithm as the outer algorithm and particle swarm algorithm as the inner algorithm. The numerical results show that the algorithm has a fast convergence speed and good numerical stability, so it is an effective algorithm for solving nonlinear complementarity problems.

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Milankov, Miroslav, Vaso Kecojevic, Nemanja Gvozdenovic, and Mirko Obradovic. "Dislocation of the proximal tibiofibular joint." Medical review 66, no. 9-10 (2013): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1310387m.

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Introduction. Dislocation of the proximal tibiofibular joint is a rare injury. It occurs during a sports activity that includes rough twisting movements of the bent knee. The role of the proximal tibiofibular joint is to reduce torsional loads to the ankle, to distribute the bending moment of the outer side of tibia, and transfer the vertical load while standing. In the literature there is no larger series; only several cases of the proximal tibiofibular joint dislocation treated by different methods have been published so far. Case Report. A 23-year-old male soccer player sustained an injury after he had joined the game without previous warming-up. He fell on his right side because of a sudden change of direction while his foot was fixed to the base. He felt a severe pain and had a sensation as if something had snapped in his right knee. Pain and swelling at the head of fibula were found by physical examination, which, however, did not reveal any pain, swelling and instability of the ankle or peroneal nerve palsy. The x-ray showed anterolateral dislocation of the proximal tibiofibular joint, Ogden type II. Since manual reposition in general anesthesia failed, open reduction internal fixation was performed and proximal tibiofibular joint was transfixed with a screw. After the wound closure, the above-the-knee plaster cast was applied. The screw was extracted six weeks later, full weight bearing was allowed and he started with physical therapy. Four months after the injury he returned to sports activities. On the follow- up one year after the injury he had the full range of motion of the knee, no complains, and continued with active soccer playing. X-ray showed no signs of arthrosis of the proximal tibiofibular joint. Conclusion. The proximal tibiofibular joint dislocation may be the cause of the chronic pain of the knee so it has to be taken into account when making differential diagnosis in case of the pain at the lateral side of the knee. The key for making the accurate diagnosis is the technically correct X-ray of the injured knee compared with the opposite one, showing the displacement of fibular head. If manual reposition fails, open reduction internal fixation and screw transfixation of the proximal tibiofibular joint allow good results and fast return to sport activities.

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Li, Jia, Cong Fang, and Zhouchen Lin. "Lifted Proximal Operator Machines." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 4181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014181.

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We propose a new optimization method for training feedforward neural networks. By rewriting the activation function as an equivalent proximal operator, we approximate a feedforward neural network by adding the proximal operators to the objective function as penalties, hence we call the lifted proximal operator machine (LPOM). LPOM is block multiconvex in all layer-wise weights and activations. This allows us to use block coordinate descent to update the layer-wise weights and activations. Most notably, we only use the mapping of the activation function itself, rather than its derivative, thus avoiding the gradient vanishing or blow-up issues in gradient based training methods. So our method is applicable to various non-decreasing Lipschitz continuous activation functions, which can be saturating and non-differentiable. LPOM does not require more auxiliary variables than the layer-wise activations, thus using roughly the same amount of memory as stochastic gradient descent (SGD) does. Its parameter tuning is also much simpler. We further prove the convergence of updating the layer-wise weights and activations and point out that the optimization could be made parallel by asynchronous update. Experiments on MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets testify to the advantages of LPOM.

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Na`am, Jufriadif. "Accuracy of Panoramic Dental X-Ray Imaging in Detection of Proximal Caries with Multiple Morpological Gradient (mMG) Method." JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization 1, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/joiv.1.1.13.

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Dental caries is tooth decay caused by bacterial infection. This is commonly known as tooth decay. Classification of caries by location consists of; occlusal caries, proximal caries, root caries and caries enamel. Diagnosis of dental caries in general carried out with the help of radiographic images is called Dental X-Ray. Dental X-Ray consists of bitewing, Periapical and Panoramic. Identification of proximal caries using Dental Panoramic X-Ray lowest precision was compared with both other Dental X-Ray. This study aims to perform sharpening and improving the quality of information contained in the image of Panoramic Dental X-Ray to clarify the edges of the objects contained in the image, making it easier to identify and proximal caries severity. The methods and algorithms used are multiple Morphology Gradient (mMG). The results obtained are increased accuracy in identifying proximal caries 47.5%. Based on the severity of it, that level of enamel = 47.37%; dentin rate = 42.1% and the rate of dentin = 1.3%. Accuracy level of accuracy in identifying proximal caries a higher level of email, so that patients with proximal caries early levels can be tackled early handling by the dentist

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Xie, Qizhi, Rick Welch, Adriana Mercado, Michael F. Romero, and David B. Mount. "Molecular characterization of the murine Slc26a6 anion exchanger: functional comparison with Slc26a1." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 283, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): F826—F838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00079.2002.

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We report the molecular and functional characterization of murine Slc26a6, the putative apical chloride-formate exchanger of the proximal tubule. The Slc26a6 transcript is expressed in several tissues, including kidney. Alternative splicing of the second exon generates two distinct isoforms, denoted Slc26a6a and Slc26a6b, which differ in the inclusion of a 23-residue NH2-terminal extension. Functional comparison with murine Slc26a1, the basolateral oxalate exchanger of the proximal tubule, reveals a number of intriguing differences. Whereas Slc26a6 is capable of Cl−, SO[Formula: see text], formate, and oxalate uptake when expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, Slc26a1 transports only SO[Formula: see text] and oxalate. Measurement of intracellular pH during the removal of extracellular Cl− in the presence and absence of HCO[Formula: see text] indicates that Slc26a6 functions as both a Cl−/HCO[Formula: see text] and a Cl−/OH− exchanger; simultaneous membrane hyperpolarization during these experimental maneuvers reveals that HCO[Formula: see text] and OH− transport mediated by Slc26a6 is electrogenic. Cis-inhibition and efflux experiments indicate that Slc26a6 can mediate the exchange of both Cl− and SO[Formula: see text]with a number of substrates, including formate and oxalate. In contrast, SO[Formula: see text] and oxalate transport by Slc26a1 are mutually cis-inhibited but activated significantly by extracellular halides, lactate, and formate. The data indicate that Slc26a6 encodes an apical Cl−/formate/oxalate and Cl−/base exchanger and reveal significant mechanistic differences between apical and basolateral oxalate exchangers of the proximal tubule.

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Brower, James C. "Homocrinid crinoids from the Upper Ordovician of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota." Journal of Paleontology 71, no. 3 (May 1997): 442–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000039469.

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Three homocrinid crinoids from the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Formation of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota are described: Ectenocrinus simplex (Hall), Drymocrinus strimplei new species, and Sygcaulocrinus typus Ulrich. Ectenocrinus simplex is relatively abundant, geographically widespread in the Appalachians and midcontinent of North America, and long-ranging in time (Middle Ordovician Shermanian to Upper Ordovician Maysvillian). The aboral cup of ectenocrinids underwent transpositional allometry during its evolution so that juvenile cups from the Upper Ordovician Maquoketa Formation resemble the adult cups of ancestral individuals from the Middle Ordovician. Sygcaulocrinus typus exhibits a unique expanded proximal stem consisting of three-to-five large columnals throughout its post-larval development. These columnals are rigidly joined to the aboral cup. Consequently, the proximal generative zone for new columnals is displaced below the proximal part of the stem. In addition, the columnals in the proximal stem of S. typus mainly grow with stong positive allometry with respect to the aboral cup. Essentially, the growth vectors of the proximal columnals converge on those of the aboral cup plates.

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He, Bingsheng, Feng Ma, and Xiaoming Yuan. "Optimal proximal augmented Lagrangian method and its application to full Jacobian splitting for multi-block separable convex minimization problems." IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis 40, no. 2 (January 8, 2019): 1188–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imanum/dry092.

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Abstract The augmented Lagrangian method (ALM) is fundamental in solving convex programming problems with linear constraints. The proximal version of ALM, which regularizes ALM’s subproblem over the primal variable at each iteration by an additional positive-definite quadratic proximal term, has been well studied in the literature. In this paper we show that it is not necessary to employ a positive-definite quadratic proximal term for the proximal ALM and the convergence can be still ensured if the positive definiteness is relaxed to indefiniteness by reducing the proximal parameter. An indefinite proximal version of the ALM is thus proposed for the generic setting of convex programming problems with linear constraints. We show that our relaxation is optimal in the sense that the proximal parameter cannot be further reduced. The consideration of indefinite proximal regularization is particularly meaningful for generating larger step sizes in solving ALM’s primal subproblems. When the model under discussion is separable in the sense that its objective function consists of finitely many additive function components without coupled variables, it is desired to decompose each ALM’s subproblem over the primal variable in Jacobian manner, replacing the original one by a sequence of easier and smaller decomposed subproblems, so that parallel computation can be applied. This full Jacobian splitting version of the ALM is known to be not necessarily convergent, and it has been studied in the literature that its convergence can be ensured if all the decomposed subproblems are further regularized by sufficiently large proximal terms. But how small the proximal parameter could be is still open. The other purpose of this paper is to show the smallest proximal parameter for the full Jacobian splitting version of ALM for solving multi-block separable convex minimization models.

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Erdoğan, Çağdaş, Utku Cenikli, Eylem Değirmenci, and Attila Oğuzhanoğlu. "Effect of hyperglycemia on conduction parameters of tibial nerve’s fibers to different muscles: A rat model." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 04, no. 01 (January 2013): 09–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.105602.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: Routine conduction studies reflect the summation of all nerve fibers in a peripheral nerve. Nerve fiber groups to distal, small muscles have smaller diameters than the ones to large proximal muscles. There may be minimal differences between the diameters of nerve fiber groups innervating different muscles; even they are all same type of fibers. So, in neuropathic processes some nerve fiber groups may be more seriously affected. Materials and Methods: 14 rats ( 7 diabetic, 7 control) were studied. Tibial nerve was stimulated from two points and while recorded from a distal (foot intrinsic muscles) and a proximal (gastrocnemius) muscle. Results: There was a significant difference between the proximal and distal recorded conduction velocities. Both proximal and distal recorded conduction velocities decreased during the hyperglycemic process. Discussion: Our method successfully demonstrated different nerve fiber groups; but, the neuropathic process seemed to be homogeneous in both fiber groups.

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Turner, R. W., D. E. Meyers, and J. L. Barker. "Localization of tetrodotoxin-sensitive field potentials of CA1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus." Journal of Neurophysiology 62, no. 6 (December 1, 1989): 1375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.62.6.1375.

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1. The role of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive (Na+) channels in the generation of antidromic and orthodromic field potentials of the CA1 pyramidal cell population was examined by local application of TTX in the in vitro rat hippocampal slice preparation. 2. The sensitivity of alvear (antidromic) and stratum oriens (SO)-evoked potentials to TTX application (10-100 microM) was tested in stratum pyramidale and over the entire extent of pyramidal cell apical dendrites in stratum radiatum. Stratum radiatum (SR)-evoked potentials were examined at the level of pyramidal cell bodies and over the proximal 200 microns of the apical dendritic region. 3. Pressure application of TTX confined to stratum pyramidale or regions of stratum radiatum selectively blocked the negative component of antidromic and SO-evoked population discharge in the cell body layer and over the initial 200 microns of stratum radiatum. 4. SR stimulation evoked a complex field potential in the proximal stratum radiatum (less than 150 microns) composed of at least three components: 1) A short-duration (approximately 3 ms) negativity of shorter peak latency than the population spike recorded simultaneously in stratum pyramidale. This potential was highly sensitive to TTX and appeared to be instrumental in the generation of the cell body population response. 2) A long-duration negativity (approximately 20 ms) evoked at stimulation strengths that were subthreshold for both the short-duration negativity in proximal stratum radiatum and the cell body population spike. Although apparently less sensitive to TTX, this potential was reduced in amplitude with repeated TTX application; and 3) a slow (approximately 12 ms) positive-going potential that was only observed after eliminating all TTX-sensitive conductance mechanisms in the proximal stratum radiatum. 5. The latency difference between the SR-evoked short-duration negativity of proximal stratum radiatum and the population spike in stratum pyramidale decreased or reversed during the course of multiple discharge induced by the addition of bicuculline or picrotoxin (5-10 microM) to the perfusate. 6. These data indicate the presence of TTX-sensitive presumed Na+ channels over the initial 200 microns of pyramidal cell apical dendrites capable of supporting active conduction of population discharge evoked by antidromic or SO stimulation. The sensitivity of SR-evoked potentials to TTX suggests that a synaptic potential generated in the distal apical dendrites is capable of triggering both a slow active depolarization and a fast spike-like discharge in the proximal apical dendritic region.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Lim, Bong Yeol, Hee Young Cheong, Dong Bai Shin, and Young Hwa Ahn. "A Clinical Observation for the Fracture of Proximal Phalanx of the Great Toe(So Called Safety shoes-Fracture)." Journal of the Korean Society of Fractures 3, no. 1 (1990): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12671/jksf.1990.3.1.16.

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Macdonald, W., L. V. Carlsson, N. Gathercole, and C. M. Jacobsson. "Fatigue testing of a proximal femoral hip component." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 217, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544110360579358.

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The Gothenburg Osseointegrated Titanium (GOT) implant is a novel total hip replacement including a metaphyseal loading proximal femoral component fixed in the retained femoral neck. Endurance testing was performed under conditions analogous to ISO 7206–4: 1989. The cement-free implant is not fixed distally within the intramedullary canal, so distal embedding (as specified in the standard) would have been unrealistic. Instead glass-fibre-reinforced epoxy (GFRE) bushings were used to model reduced bone support mid-length at the medial cortex and distally at the lateral cortex. Such support simulated proximal bone loss, realistically reproducing the effect of osteolysis or fixation failure. Under such conditions the component survived unbroken for 10 million cycles at 3.0 kN peak load.

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Luita, A. V., S. O. Zhilina, and V. V. Semenov. "PROXIMAL ALGORITHMS FOR BI-LEVEL CONVEX OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS." Journal of Numerical and Applied Mathematics, no. 1 (135) (2021): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2706-9699.2021.1.19.

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In this paper, problems of bi-level convex minimization in a Hilbert space are considered. The bi-level convex minimization problem is to minimize the first convex function on the set of minima of the second convex function. This setting has many applications, but the implicit constraints generated by the internal problem make it difficult to obtain optimality conditions and construct algorithms. Multilevel optimization problems are formulated in a similar way, the source of which is the operation research problems (optimization according to sequentially specified criteria or lexicographic optimization). Attention is focused on problem solving using two proximal methods. The main theoretical results are theorems on the convergence of methods in various situations. The first of the methods is obtained by combining the penalty function method and the proximal method. Strong convergence is proved in the case of strong convexity of the function of the exterior problem. In the general case, only weak convergence has been proved. The second, the so-called proximal-gradient method, is a combination of one of the variants of the fast proximal-gradient algorithm with the method of penalty functions. The rates of convergence of the proximal-gradient method and its weak convergence are proved.

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FAHMY, N. R., A. LAVENDER, and C. BREW. "A Conservative Approach for Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty." Journal of Hand Surgery 26, no. 3 (June 2001): 235–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.2000.0541.

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Access to the proximal interphalangeal joint of the finger for arthroplasty is difficult without detaching its stabilizers or dividing the tendons that cross it, which then require repair and slow rehabilitation. We describe a method that conserves both, so facilitating post-operative rehabilitation. A C-shaped incision is made on the dorsum of the finger. The lateral bands of the extensor expansion are separated from the central slip proximally to the extensor hood. They are then retracted to expose the condyles of the proximal phalanx, which are excised. The PIP joint is then dislocated between the central slip and a lateral band allowing the remainder of the head to be excised. The middle and proximal phalanges are then prepared to accept the prosthesis. The prosthesis is then inserted and the joint is reduced. The lateral bands of the extensor mechanism are sutured back to the central slip before the skin is closed.

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Kruglik, Sergei G., Jean-Christophe Lambry, Simona Cianetti, Jean-Louis Martin, Robert R. Eady, Colin R. Andrew, and Michel Negrerie. "Molecular Basis for Nitric Oxide Dynamics and Affinity with Alcaligenes xylosoxidans Cytochrome ć." Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, no. 7 (December 11, 2006): 5053–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m604327200.

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The bacterial heme protein cytochrome ć from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans (AXCP) reacts with nitric oxide (NO) to form a 5-coordinate ferrous nitrosyl heme complex. The crystal structure of ferrous nitrosyl AXCP has previously revealed that NO is bound in an unprecedented manner on the proximal side of the heme. To understand how the protein structure of AXCP controls NO dynamics, we performed absorption and Raman time-resolved studies at the heme level as well as a molecular computational dynamics study at the entire protein structure level. We found that after NO dissociation from the heme iron, the structure of the proximal heme pocket of AXCP confines NO close to the iron so that an ultrafast (7 ps) and complete (99 ± 1%) geminate rebinding occurs, whereas the proximal histidine does not rebind to the heme iron on the timescale of NO geminate rebinding. The distal side controls the initial NO binding, whereas the proximal heme pocket controls its release. These dynamic properties allow the trapping of NO within the protein core and represent an extreme behavior observed among heme proteins.

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Na'am, Jufriadif, Johan Harlan, Sarifuddin Madenda, Julius Santony, and Catur Suharinto. "Detection of Proximal Caries at The Molar Teeth Using Edge Enhancement Algorithm." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 3259. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp3259-3266.

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<span>Panoramic X-Ray produces produces the most common oral digital radiographic image that it used in dentistry practice. The image can further improve accuracy compared to analog one. This study aims to establish proximal caries edge on enhancement images so they can be easily recognized. The images were obtained from the Department of Radiology, General Hospital of M. Djamil Padang Indonesia. Total file of images to be tested were 101. Firstly, the images are analyzed by dentists who practiced at Segment Padang Hospital Indonesia. They concluded that there is proximal caries in 30 molar teeth. Furthermore, the images were processed using Matlab software with the following steps, i.e. cropping, enhancement, edge detection, and edge enhancement. The accuracy rate of detection of edge enhancement images being compared with that of dentist analysis was 73.3%. In the edge enhancement images proximal caries edge can be found conclusively in 22 teeth and dubiously in eight teeth. The results of this study convinced that edge enhancement images can be recommended to assist dentists in detecting proximal caries. </span>

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Kijima, Hiroaki, Shin Yamada, Natsuo Konishi, Hitoshi Kubota, Hiroshi Tazawa, Takayuki Tani, Norio Suzuki, et al. "The Reliability of Classifications of Proximal Femoral Fractures with 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography: The New Concept of Comprehensive Classification." Advances in Orthopedics 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/359689.

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The reliability of proximal femoral fracture classifications using 3DCT was evaluated, and a comprehensive “area classification” was developed. Eleven orthopedists (5–26 years from graduation) classified 27 proximal femoral fractures at one hospital from June 2013 to July 2014 based on preoperative images. Various classifications were compared to “area classification.” In “area classification,” the proximal femur is divided into 4 areas with 3 boundary lines: Line-1 is the center of the neck, Line-2 is the border between the neck and the trochanteric zone, and Line-3 links the inferior borders of the greater and lesser trochanters. A fracture only in the first area was classified as a pure first area fracture; one in the first and second area was classified as a 1-2 type fracture. In the same way, fractures were classified as pure 2, 3-4, 1-2-3, and so on. “Area classification” reliability was highest when orthopedists with varying experience classified proximal femoral fractures using 3DCT. Other classifications cannot classify proximal femoral fractures if they exceed each classification’s particular zones. However, fractures that exceed the target zones are “dangerous” fractures. “Area classification” can classify such fractures, and it is therefore useful for selecting osteosynthesis methods.

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Leung, Alexander K. C., and Benjamin Barankin. "Nevus Lipomatosus Superficialis on the Left Proximal Arm." Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6908750.

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We report a 58-year-old woman with a solitary type of nevus lipomatosus superficialis on the left proximal arm. To our knowledge, the occurrence of a solitary type of nevus lipomatosus superficialis on the arm has very rarely been reported. A perusal of the literature revealed but one case, to which we are going to add another one. Recognition of this clinical manifestation is important so that a proper diagnosis can be made.

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Fabiani, Andrea, Flavia Tombolini, Fabrizio Fioretti, Lucilla Servi, and Gabriele Mammana. "Painful ultrasound detected lesion in the proximal part of the corpus cavernosum: A case of so called “partial priapism”?" Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 88, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2016.1.70.

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Partial priapism is a rare disorder generally described in literature as related to an idiopathic etiology leading to the thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum. Despite his rarity, this condition has been described in the last years with an increased frequency. It is characterized by thrombosis of the proximal segment of one corpus cavernosum with perineal pain as the more frequent clinical manifestation. Few cases were associated with perineal trauma. Instrumental appearance suggests for an hematoma in the interstitium of the proximal part of corpus cavernosum. Therapy is still controversial. We report a case of a 52-years old man referred to our Section of Urology suffering from a perineal pain occurred without trauma, sexual arousal or sexual intercourse, during the working office time. Laboratory revealed a slightly elevated white blood cells count. The full blood count, protein C reactive, electrolytes, international normalized ratio, activated partial thromboplastin time and urinalysis were within normal range. Tunica albuginea was normal. The partial thrombosis of the right corpus cavernosum was hypothesized. Treatment was conservative with non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Only the clinical presentation of symptoms and perineal ultrasound scan performed with color sonography leaded to the diagnosis. Eleven days later, at the clinical and ultrasonographic follow-up visit, the patient was asymptomatic with a total clinical and instrumental disappearance of signs of the corpus cavernosum involvement previously described. Considering the rarity of the condition, we performed a literature review.

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Worcester, Elaine M., Fredric L. Coe, Andrew P. Evan, Kristin J. Bergsland, Joan H. Parks, Lynn R. Willis, Daniel L. Clark, and Daniel L. Gillen. "Evidence for increased postprandial distal nephron calcium delivery in hypercalciuric stone-forming patients." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 295, no. 5 (November 2008): F1286—F1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90404.2008.

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A main mechanism of idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) in calcium stone-forming patients (IHSF) is postprandial reduction of renal tubule calcium reabsorption that cannot be explained by selective reduction of serum parathyroid hormone levels; the nephron site(s) responsible are not as yet defined. Using fourteen 1-h measurements of the clearances of sodium, calcium, and endogenous lithium during a three-meal day in the University of Chicago General Clinical Research Center, we found reduced postprandial proximal tubule reabsorption of sodium and calcium in IHSF vs. normal subjects. The increased distal sodium delivery is matched by increased distal reabsorption so that urine sodium excretions do not differ, but distal calcium reabsorption does not increase enough to match increased calcium delivery, so hypercalciuria results. In fact, urine calcium excretion and overall renal fractional calcium reabsorption both are high in IHSF vs. normal when adjusted for distal calcium delivery, strongly suggesting a distal as well as proximal reduction of calcium reabsorption. The combination of reduced proximal tubule and distal nephron calcium reabsorption in IHSF is a new finding and indicates that IH involves a complex, presumably genetic, variation of nephron function. The increased calcium delivery into the later nephron may play a role in stone formation via deposition of papillary interstitial apatite plaque.

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Miracle, Cynthia M., Timo Rieg, Hadi Mansoury, Volker Vallon, and Scott C. Thomson. "Ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor eliminates hyperresponsiveness of the early diabetic proximal tubule to dietary salt." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 295, no. 4 (October 2008): F995—F1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00491.2007.

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Heightened sensitivity of the diabetic proximal tubule to dietary salt leads to a paradoxical effect of salt on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) via tubuloglomerular feedback. Diabetic hyperfiltration is a feedback response to growth and hyperreabsorption by the proximal tubule. The present studies were performed to determine whether growth and hyperfunction of the proximal tubule are essential for its hyperresponsiveness to dietary salt and, hence, to the paradoxical effect of dietary salt on GFR. Micropuncture was performed in four groups of inactin-anesthetized Wistar rats after 10 days of streptozotocin diabetes drinking tap water or 1% NaCl. Kidney growth was suppressed with ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) inhibitor, DFMO (200 mg·kg−1·day−1), or placebo. Single nephron GFR (SNGFR) was manipulated by perfusing Henle's loop so that proximal reabsorption ( Jprox) could be expressed as a function of SNGFR in each nephron, dissociating primary effects on the tubule from the effects of glomerulotubular balance. Alone, DFMO or high salt reduced SNGFR and suppressed Jprox independent of SNGFR. Suppression of Jprox was eliminated and SNGFR increased when high salt was given to rats receiving DFMO. ODC is necessary for hyperresponsiveness of the proximal tubule to dietary salt and for the paradoxical effect of dietary salt on GFR in early diabetes. This coupling of effects adds to the body of evidence that feedback from the proximal tubule is the principal governor of glomerular filtration in early diabetes.

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Daniele, C., G. Carluccio, A. Romano, M. Simone, and G. Ughi. "Trattamento percutaneo delle ostruzioni del giunto pielo-ureterale." Urologia Journal 61, no. 1_suppl (January 1994): 65–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039406101s17.

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The Authors report one case of uretero-pelvic junction obstruction in which the endopyelotomy was preceded by intrapelvic invagination of the proximal ureter. After a standard percutaneous access a guide wire is passed down into the ureter through the nephroscope to let a 6 Fr. dilatation balloon catheter be slid just below the junction; a slight traction is exerted on the catheter, so that the proximal ureter is invaginated and drawn toward the pelvis. Both ureter and pelvis receive longitudinal and simultaneous incision. Finally, a double-J ureteral stent is inserted, to be left indwelling for 4 weeks.

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Dohi, Shizuyuki, Yasutaka Yokoyama, Taira Yamamoto, Kenji Kuwaki, Akifusa Hariya, Kan Kajimoto, Hironobu Yamaoka, Akie Shimada, Ryo Tsuruta, and Atsushi Amano. "Push-Up Technique and Anatomical Deployment With the Endurant Stent-Graft System for Severely Angulated Aneurysm Necks." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 24, no. 3 (February 16, 2017): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526602817692790.

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Purpose: To describe a technique suitable for treating severely angulated (>75°) necks during endovascular aneurysm repair using the Endurant stent-graft. Technique: In the push-up technique, the suprarenal stent is released early to fix the proximal stent-graft in place so that each stent in the neck can be deployed individually without displacing the device upward. It is important to push the delivery system up after each stent deployment to allow the fabric between the stents to fold up circumferentially. By doing so, there is minimal upward force applied to the suprarenal stent. Because the stents expand along the angulated neck while catching blood flow, this anatomical deployment is feasible, with hardly any change to the proximal neck shape after stent-graft implantation. Conclusion: The push-up technique and anatomical deployment with the Endurant stent-graft system are effective and safe methods for treating aneurysms with severely angulated necks.

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Nakashima, Tamiji, and Hideki Furukawa. "A rare case of complete proximal epiphyses (so-called pseudoepiphyses) of the metacarpal and metatarsal bones in the human." Annals of Anatomy - Anatomischer Anzeiger 179, no. 6 (December 1997): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-9602(97)80017-9.

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33

Nagamori, Shushi, Pattama Wiriyasermkul, Meritxell Espino Guarch, Hirohisa Okuyama, Saya Nakagomi, Kenjiro Tadagaki, Yumiko Nishinaka, et al. "Novel cystine transporter in renal proximal tubule identified as a missing partner of cystinuria-related plasma membrane protein rBAT/SLC3A1." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 3 (January 6, 2016): 775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519959113.

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Heterodimeric amino acid transporters play crucial roles in epithelial transport, as well as in cellular nutrition. Among them, the heterodimer of a membrane protein b0,+AT/SLC7A9 and its auxiliary subunit rBAT/SLC3A1 is responsible for cystine reabsorption in renal proximal tubules. The mutations in either subunit cause cystinuria, an inherited amino aciduria with impaired renal reabsorption of cystine and dibasic amino acids. However, an unsolved paradox is that rBAT is highly expressed in the S3 segment, the late proximal tubules, whereas b0,+AT expression is highest in the S1 segment, the early proximal tubules, so that the presence of an unknown partner of rBAT in the S3 segment has been proposed. In this study, by means of coimmunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, we have found that a membrane protein AGT1/SLC7A13 is the second partner of rBAT. AGT1 is localized in the apical membrane of the S3 segment, where it forms a heterodimer with rBAT. Depletion of rBAT in mice eliminates the expression of AGT1 in the renal apical membrane. We have reconstituted the purified AGT1-rBAT heterodimer into proteoliposomes and showed that AGT1 transports cystine, aspartate, and glutamate. In the apical membrane of the S3 segment, AGT1 is suggested to locate itself in close proximity to sodium-dependent acidic amino acid transporter EAAC1 for efficient functional coupling. EAAC1 is proposed to take up aspartate and glutamate released into luminal fluid by AGT1 due to its countertransport so that preventing the urinary loss of aspartate and glutamate. Taken all together, AGT1 is the long-postulated second cystine transporter in the S3 segment of proximal tubules and a possible candidate to be involved in isolated cystinuria.

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34

Ebbott, David C., Alexander J. Johnson, and Christopher Haydel. "Nonoperative Management of Proximal Tibiofibular Joint Synostosis after Tibial Intramedullary Nailing." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2019 (May 30, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2423010.

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We report the case of a 28-year-old male semiprofessional basketball player who presented to an outside hospital with nonhealing stress fractures for which he underwent tibial intramedullary nailing (IMN). Two weeks after surgery, he developed pain proximal and lateral to the knee. As he returned to play, the pain worsened with jumping and lateral movement and improved with rest. He presented to our hospital one year after the operation with the same unresolved pain. Imaging one year after the surgery revealed proximal tibiofibular joint (TFJ) synostosis aligned with the drill path. Literature review showed that rare noncongenital cases of proximal TFJ synostosis cases were most often treated nonoperatively. However, two cases involved the removal of excessively protruding screws and two cases involved bone resection that resolved painful disruption of other joints, such as the ankle. The current patient had proper implant positioning and no other impacted joints, so he was managed without operative intervention. By the final 16-month postoperative follow-up, his symptoms had resolved completely. Although an unusual occurrence with limited data, we recommend nonoperative management for proximal TFJ synostosis caused by tibial nailing if implants are properly positioned and no other joints are affected.

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35

Chou, C. L., and D. J. Marsh. "Role of proximal convoluted tubule in pressure diuresis in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 251, no. 2 (August 1, 1986): F283—F289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1986.251.2.f283.

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The role of different nephron segments in the diuretic response to acute arterial hypertension was studied with tubular microperfusion. Early proximal convolutes were perfused with synthetic glomerular ultrafiltrate; fluid was collected from the last visible loop of the same proximal or from the first loop of the distal tubule. In late proximal collections, an increase of arterial pressure of 24 +/- 2 mmHg reduced reabsorption of tubular fluid 44 +/- 4%. Perfusate chloride concentration fell, but only 2 meq/liter, so that chloride reabsorption was inhibited in proportion to the inhibition of fluid reabsorptions, with a corresponding increase in chloride delivery to the loop of Henle. In early distal collections, there was no significant difference of the early distal flow rate with hypertension, but early distal chloride concentration increased 31 +/- 8% and chloride load increased 45 +/- 12%. Qualitatively similar increases were obtained from paired collections made from free-flowing early distal tubules. Inhibition of proximal fluid reabsorption is a primary response to acute hypertension and may contribute to pressure diuresis. In addition, this inhibition increases the strength of the luminal signal to the macula densa, enhancing the autoregulatory response to hypertension.

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Olsen, N. V., J. M. Hansen, S. D. Ladefoged, N. Fogh-Andersen, S. Levin Nielsen, and P. P. Leyssac. "Overall renal and tubular function during infusion of amino acids in normal man." Clinical Science 78, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0780497.

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1. Amino acids have been used to test renal reserve filtration capacity. Previous studies suggest that amino acids increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by reducing distal tubular flow and tubuloglomerular feedback activity. 2. Glomerular function and the renal tubular handling of sodium during infusion of amino acids was studied in 12 normal volunteers. 3. Clearance of sodium (CNa) was unchanged. Effective renal plasma flow increased slightly, but significantly, by 9% (P <0.05). GFR was increased by 13% (P <0.001). Clearance of lithium (CLi) (used as an index of proximal tubular outflow) increased by 38% (P <0.001). Calculated absolute proximal reabsorption (GFR-CLi) remained unchanged. Fractional proximal reabsorption [1-(CLi/GFR)] was decreased by 10% (P <0.001). Calculated absolute distal sodium reabsorption [(CLi–CNa) × PNa, where PNa is plasma sodium concentration] increased by 40% (P <0.001). Plasma renin concentration did not change significantly. 4. The results suggest that amino acids increase GFR by a primary effect on renal haemodynamics or, less likely, by reducing the signal to the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The increase in proximal tubular outflow was compensated for in the distal tubules, so that the sodium excretion rate remained unchanged.

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37

Swanstrom, Morgan, Kyle Morse, Joseph Lipman, Krystle Hearns, and Michelle Carlson. "Variable Bone Density of Scaphoid: Importance of Subchondral Screw Placement." Journal of Wrist Surgery 07, no. 01 (August 8, 2017): 066–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1605381.

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Background Ideal internal fixation of the scaphoid relies on adequate bone stock for screw purchase; so, knowledge of regional bone density of the scaphoid is crucial. Questions/Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate regional variations in scaphoid bone density. Materials and Methods Three-dimensional CT models of fractured scaphoids were created and sectioned into proximal/distal segments and then into quadrants (volar/dorsal/radial/ulnar). Concentric shells in the proximal and distal pole were constructed in 2-mm increments moving from exterior to interior. Bone density was measured in Hounsfield units (HU). Results Bone density of the distal scaphoid (453.2 ± 70.8 HU) was less than the proximal scaphoid (619.8 ± 124.2 HU). There was no difference in bone density between the four quadrants in either pole. In both the poles, the first subchondral shell was the densest. In both the proximal and distal poles, bone density decreased significantly in all three deeper shells. Conclusion The proximal scaphoid had a greater density than the distal scaphoid. Within the poles, there was no difference in bone density between the quadrants. The subchondral 2-mm shell had the greatest density. Bone density dropped off significantly between the first and second shell in both the proximal and distal scaphoids. Clinical Relevance In scaphoid fracture ORIF, optimal screw placement engages the subchondral 2-mm shell, especially in the distal pole, which has an overall lower bone density, and the second shell has only two-third the density of the first shell.

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Mineo, G., A. M. Previtera, G. De Giovanni, and M. Surace. "The Relationship between Femoral Morphotype and Femoral Component Design." HIP International 5, no. 3-4 (July 1995): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120700095005003-404.

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The shape of the femoral canal is variable, much more so than most contemporary designs of femoral components would suggest or can accommodate. In the face of this variability, line-to-line or surface-to-surface contact is not expected between the cementless implant and much of the endosteal surface. It is also apparent that changes in implant design are still needed if the normal biomechanics of the hip joint are to be restored in each patient and if component fixation is to be optimized. Most cementless components aim to achieve proximal load transfer to the femoral canal. However, increasing clinical evidence suggests that distal filling of the femur is also necessary to minimize the incidence of postoperative symptoms, particularly in revision procedures. If this is indeed the case, more accommodating designs of femoral components are needed that will permit proximal and distal fitting at the femoral canal so that stable fixation may be achieved regardless of variations in bone geometry.

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CABEZAS, CHRISTOPHER, SEBASTIÁN DONOSO, and ALEJANDRO MAASS. "Directional dynamical cubes for minimal -systems." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 40, no. 12 (June 26, 2019): 3257–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2019.33.

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We introduce the notions of directional dynamical cubes and directional regionally proximal relation defined via these cubes for a minimal $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$-system $(X,T_{1},\ldots ,T_{d})$. We study the structural properties of systems that satisfy the so-called unique closing parallelepiped property and we characterize them in several ways. In the distal case, we build the maximal factor of a $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$-system $(X,T_{1},\ldots ,T_{d})$ that satisfies this property by taking the quotient with respect to the directional regionally proximal relation. Finally, we completely describe distal $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$-systems that enjoy the unique closing parallelepiped property and provide explicit examples.

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Gogoi, Paragjyoti, Anshuman Dutta, Arun Kumar Sipani, and Arup Kumar Daolagupu. "Congenital Deficiency of Distal Ulna and Dislocation of the Radial Head Treated by Single Bone Forearm Procedure." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/526719.

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Congenital deficiency of part of distal ulna affecting the distal radio-ulnar joint is a rare disorder. It is even rarer to find the association of proximal radio-ulnar joint dislocation along with distal ulnar deficiency. This type of congenital forearm anomaly is difficult to treat. Conversion to a single bone forearm in the expense of pronation-supination movement is a viable option. By doing so the elbow and wrist can be stabilized; however movement is possible in only one plane. We are describing here a girl of 8 years having proximal radio-ulnar joint dislocation along with deficiency of distal ulna treated by converting into a single bone forearm.

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Harris, D. C., Y. C. Tay, J. Chen, L. Chen, and B. J. Nankivell. "Mechanisms of iron-induced proximal tubule injury in rat remnant kidney." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 269, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): F218—F224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1995.269.2.f218.

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The proposition that proximal tubule (PT) iron accumulation may cause PT injury by lysosomal destabilization or reactive oxygen species generation in human and animal chronic renal disease was examined in partially nephrectomized [remnant kidney (RK)] and sham-operated (SO) Wistar rats. Electron microscopic histochemistry with horseradish peroxidase indicated iron uptake into and release from lysosomes. PT cytoplasmic iron was seen in RK but not in SO by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Total (9.66 +/- 1.89 vs. 3.30 +/- 0.31 nmol/mg protein; P < 0.01), low-molecular-weight (1.39 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.91 +/- 0.07; P < 0.001), and catalytic iron (1.88 +/- 0.27 vs. 1.28 +/- 0.09; P = 0.05) were higher in RK cytoplasm than in SO. Lysosomal enzyme activity was greater in RK than in SO [e.g., N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG): 0.75 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.06 mumol p-nitrophenol.h-1.mg protein-1; P < 0.05] and was increased further by chronic iron loading (e.g., RK and NAG: 0.84 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.60 +/- 0.07; P < 0.05). There was no enzymatic evidence of lysosomal fragility, and chronic iron loading of RK decreased fragility as assessed by NAG release (1.36 +/- 0.14 vs. 2.17 +/- 0.14; P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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42

Bortoluci, CHF, LH Simionato, GM Rosa Junior, JA Oliveira, JRP Lauris, LHR Moraes, AC Rodrigues, and JC Andreo. "Histochemistry profile of the biceps brachii muscle fibres of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella, Linnaeus, 1758)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 3 suppl 1 (August 2014): S177—S183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.25512.

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A general analysis of the behaviour of “Cebus” shows that when this primate moves position to feed or perform another activity, it presents different ways of locomotion. This information shows that the brachial biceps muscle of this animal is frequently used in their locomotion activities, but it should also be remembered that this muscle is also used for other development activities like hiding, searching for objects, searching out in the woods, and digging in the soil. Considering the above, it was decided to research the histoenzimologic characteristics of the brachial biceps muscle to observe whether it is better adpted to postural or phasic function. To that end, samples were taken from the superficial and deep regions, the inserts proximal (medial and lateral) and distal brachial biceps six capuchin monkeys male and adult, which were subjected to the reactions of m-ATPase, NADH-Tr. Based on the results of these reactions fibres were classified as in Fast Twitch Glycolitic (FG), Fast Twitch Oxidative Glycolitic (FOG) and Slow Twitc (SO). In general, the results, considering the muscle as a whole, show a trend of frequency FOG> FG> SO. The data on the frequency were studied on three superficial regions FOG=FG>SO; the deep regions of the inserts proximal FOG=FG=SO and inserting the distal FOG>FG=SO. In conclusion, the biceps brachii of the capuchin monkey is well adapted for both postural and phasic activities.

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Ruswanda, Roby Firdian, Achi Rinaldi, Siska Andriani, and Gusti Ayu Farah Nabilla. "MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KREATIF MATEMATIS MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING BERBASIS ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD)." Journal of Mathematics Education and Science 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32665/james.v3i2.138.

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This research's background is the students' mathematical creative thinking abilities that are rarely of concern so that they are generally classified as low. This study aims to determine the Zone of Proximal Development Experiential Learning model's effect based on improving mathematical creative thinking skills. The design of this study uses the Quasi-Experimental Design form. This study's population were students of class VII SMP Negeri 19 Bandar Lampung with a sample of two experimental classes and one control class. Data analysis used the One Way Anova test, and the significance level was 5%. Based on the average increase, the Experiential Learning Model, based on the Zone of Proximal Development, is as good as the Experiential Learning Model. The Experimental Learning Model is based on Zone Of Proximal Development is better with conventional learning, Experiential Learning Model is better with conventional learning. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis peserta didik yang jarang menjadi perhatian sehingga secara umum masih tergolong rendah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh model pembelajaran Experiential Learning berbasis Zone Of Proximal Development untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kreatif matematis. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan bentuk Quasi Experimental Disign. Populasi pada penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 19 Bandar Lampung dengan sampel dua kelas eksperimen dan satu kelas kontrol. Analisis data menggunakan uji One Way Anova dan taraf signifikan 5%. Berdasarkan rata – rata peningkatan disimpulkan bahwa Model pembelajaran Experiential Learning berbasis Zone Of Proximal Development sama baiknya dengan Model pembelajaran Experiential Learning, Model pembelajaran Experiential Learning berbasis Zone Of Proximal Development lebih baik dengan pembelajaran konvensional, Model pembelajaran Experiential Learning lebih baik dengan pembelajaran konvensional.

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Niederseer, David, Isabelle Bracher, Andreas Stadlmayr, Ursula Huber-Schönauer, Martin Plöderl, Slayman Obeid, Christian Schmied, et al. "Association between Cardiovascular Risk and Diabetes with Colorectal Neoplasia: A Site-Specific Analysis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120484.

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Several studies have shown site-specific differences in colorectal cancer (CRC) with respect to the risk factors. CRC was shown to be associated with cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors, but site-specific variations have not been investigated so far. This study aimed to assess the associations between the prevalence and subsite-specific differences of colorectal neoplasia and established CVR scores or known coronary artery disease (CAD) in a large asymptomatic European screening cohort (N = 2098). Participants underwent simultaneous screening colonoscopy and CVR evaluation, using the Framingham Risk Score and Heart Score. Lesions found in the colonoscopy were classified by location (proximal/distal colon or rectum). More neoplasias were found in the proximal versus the distal colon (p < 0.001). The Framingham Risk Score and Heart Score showed incremental risk for colorectal adenoma, across the tertiles in the proximal and the distal colon (p < 0.001). The prevalence of adenomas in the rectum was much lower, but also here, incremental risk could be shown for the Framingham Risk but not the Heart Risk Score tertiles. Prevalence of adenomas in the proximal colon was higher in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) (p = 0.006), but no association was found between adenomas and T2DM in the distal colon (p = 0.618) and the rectum (p = 0.071). Males had a higher CVR and more findings, in the screening colonoscopy, as compared to females, however, no site-specific differences were noted. Patients with known CAD and high CVR have an increased risk of colorectal neoplasia in both the proximal and distal colon. Patients with T2DM have a higher risk for neoplasia in the proximal colon.

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Moudafi, Abdellatif. "A remark on recent results for finding zeroes of accretive operators." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis 2006 (March 23, 2006): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jamsa/2006/56704.

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By means of the Yosida approximate of an accretive operator, we extended two recent results by Chidume and Chidume and Zegeye (2003) to set-valued operators, and we made the connection with two recent convergence results obtained by Benavides etal for a relaxed version of the so-called proximal point algorithm.

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Souza, Anderson Fernando, and André Luis do Valle Zoppa. "Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in horses: concepts, indications, and techniques." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 58 (April 13, 2021): e178586. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2021.178586.

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Surgical arthrodesis is effective for treating proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) injuries in horses. Despite several techniques described so far, the use of a 3-hole, 4.5mm-locking compression plate, associated with two 5.5-mm transarticular cortex screws, is currently considered the “gold standard.” This review describes the anatomy of the pastern, as well as causes, indications, and possibilities for arthrodesis in the equine PIJ. A description of the current surgical technique for joint fixation is also presented.

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Walker, Hannah, Marcel Roman, and Matt Barreto. "The Ripple Effect: The Political Consequences of Proximal Contact with Immigration Enforcement." Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 5, no. 3 (August 11, 2020): 537–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rep.2020.9.

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AbstractA growing body of research suggests that proximal exposure to immigration enforcement can have important social and health-related consequences. However, there is little research identifying the impact of proximal contact with immigration policy on political attitudes and behaviors, and still less investigating the underlying mechanisms that might connect contact and political dispositions. Drawing on insights from criminal justice, we argue that proximal immigration contact influences political behavior via a sense of injustice with respect to the discriminatory application of immigration enforcement. The impact of a sense of injustice should primarily hold among Latinos, who are targeted on the basis of race, ethnicity, accent, and skin color. Nevertheless, it may also hold among Blacks, whose communities are targeted more generally, and Asians, to whom issues related to immigration are likewise important. In order to assess this theory, we leverage a survey with nationally representative samples of four different racial groups. We find that proximal contact motivates participation in protests, and does so indirectly via a sense of injustice for white and Asian respondents. Latino and Black respondents are primarily motivated by injustice irrespective of contact. In sum, the results suggest that immigration enforcement and non-immigration-related criminal justice policies may have similar political effects on those who are proximately affected.

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Babu, Anu V., Arun B. Nair, Deepak Paul, Devi V. Shaji, and Ribin Christudas. "Study of the outcome on ureteroscopic lithotripsy in patients with upper ureteric calculi: a descriptive study." International Surgery Journal 7, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 3745. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20204683.

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Background: Ureteric calculi are one of the most common cause of abdominal pain in the emergency room. There are several options for the management of ureteric stones. Ureterorenoscopy and lithotripsy is the commonly used modality because it is less morbid and invasive, but the drawback is proximal stone migration which leads to persisting symptoms and increased costs. The aim of this study is to use an anti-retropulsion device to reduce the rate of proximal stone migration.Methods: This description study was conducted in Sree Gokulam Medical college from December 2014 to December 2015, on 75 consecutive patients who had ureteric stones, of ages 20-60 who were willing to give consent. All patients underwent ureteroscopy and lithotripsy and in those patients from who anti-retropulsion device could not be manipulated proximal to the stone lithotripsy alone was done. Both groups were compared for procedure time, post-operative symptoms and stone free rates.Results: The average time taken for the procedure with anti-retropulsion device was 45 minutes whereas in the other group was 72 minutes. 48 (96%) of patients using the device were symptom free and 48 (96%) patients had no symptoms after the procedure.Conclusions: The use of a anti retropulsion device can significantly reduce proximal stone migration, so thereby reducing further procedures and costs.

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Layton, Anita T., Volker Vallon, and Aurélie Edwards. "Modeling oxygen consumption in the proximal tubule: effects of NHE and SGLT2 inhibition." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 308, no. 12 (June 15, 2015): F1343—F1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00007.2015.

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The objective of this study was to investigate how physiological, pharmacological, and pathological conditions that alter sodium reabsorption (TNa) in the proximal tubule affect oxygen consumption (QO2) and Na+ transport efficiency (TNa/QO2). To do so, we expanded a mathematical model of solute transport in the proximal tubule of the rat kidney. The model represents compliant S1, S2, and S3 segments and accounts for their specific apical and basolateral transporters. Sodium is reabsorbed transcellularly, via apical Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE) and Na+-glucose (SGLT) cotransporters, and paracellularly. Our results suggest that TNa/QO2 is 80% higher in S3 than in S1–S2 segments, due to the greater contribution of the passive paracellular pathway to TNa in the former segment. Inhibition of NHE or Na-K-ATPase reduced TNa and QO2, as well as Na+ transport efficiency. SGLT2 inhibition also reduced proximal tubular TNa but increased QO2; these effects were relatively more pronounced in the S3 vs. the S1–S2 segments. Diabetes increased TNa and QO2 and reduced TNa/QO2, owing mostly to hyperfiltration. Since SGLT2 inhibition lowers diabetic hyperfiltration, the net effect on TNa, QO2, and Na+ transport efficiency in the proximal tubule will largely depend on the individual extent to which glomerular filtration rate is lowered.

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Fan, You-Liang, Hai-Yun Xu, Ming-Yang Xia, Wen Zhang, Hui-Long Wen, Li-Bo Gao, and Yan-Hui Pei. "Biomechanical evaluation of axial-loading simulated experiment in wrist fractures: a finite element analysis." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 10 (October 2020): 030006052096688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520966884.

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Objective To assess the biomechanical properties that influence wrist fracture, so as to provide the theoretical basis for simulation experiments to aid the optimal design of wrist protectors. Methods Six cadaveric wrists were included as experimental specimens. Wrist specimens wearing wrist protectors formed the experimental group and unprotected wrist specimens formed the control group. The wrist specimens were axially loaded under physiological loads and the stress magnitude and distribution of the experimental and control groups were obtained. A three-dimensional wrist finite element model of a healthy volunteer was developed to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the cadaveric wrist models. Results Under normal physiological loads, the stress on the radioulnar palmar unit was high and manifested in the form of pressure, while the stress on the radioulnar dorsal unit was lower and manifested in the form of tension. The stresses on the radial distal palmar, ulnar distal palmar, radial distal dorsal, ulnar distal dorsal, radial proximal palmar and ulnar proximal palmar units in the experimental group were less than those in the control group. Conclusion Under physiological loads, wearing a wrist protector can reduce the stress on the radioulnar distal palmar, radioulnar proximal palmar and radioulnar distal dorsal units, while having no obvious effect on the radioulnar proximal dorsal units.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Proximal-SO'

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