Journal articles on the topic 'Provincial counties'
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1
Sun, Meng, Qiannan Pang, and Yao Huang. "Fiscal Decentralization to Promote Carbon Emission Reduction: Based on the Perspective of "Directly Administered Counties"." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 4, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v4i2.607.
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The reform of "directly administered counties" is a positive attempt to promote the reform of financial decentralization and rationalize the financial allocation relationship between provincial and sub-provincial governments in China, and is an important initiative to stimulate the development of counties. Based on the reform of the "directly administered counties by provinces" system, we attempt to clarify the impact of the "directly administered counties by provinces" reform on the environmental governance of local governments, which is conducive to promoting the construction of local ecological civilization and green economic development, and further providing a basis for China to achieve the "double carbon goal". This article is an attempt to clarify the impact of the "provincial counties" reform on local governments' environmental governance, which is conducive to promoting local ecological civilization and green economic development, and further contributing to the achievement of China's "double carbon goal". The article provides useful reference for deepening the reform of "directly administered counties", optimising the environmental governance of local governments and promoting the "double carbon" initiative.
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Altmayer, Chris A., Sten Ardal, Graham L. Woodward, and Michael J. Schull. "Variation in emergency department visits for conditions that may be treated in alternative primary care settings." CJEM 7, no. 04 (July 2005): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1481803500014391.
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this report is to examine Ontario's geographic variation in emergency department (ED) visits for conditions that may be treated in alternative primary care settings. We studied all visits to Ontario EDs in 2002/03 and calculated county-specific age-standardized rates. Overall in Ontario, there were 3174 ED visits per 100 000 population aged 1-74 for conditions that could be treated in alternate primary care settings, but rates varied widely across counties. They were higher in rural counties with rates up to 7-fold higher than the provincial average. Urban counties had lower rates, some were less than one-third of the provincial average. Further research is needed to determine the relationship between ED utilization and primary care capacity.
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Zhao, Jinkou, Hua Wang, Jun Ge, Qinlan Zhang, Xiping Huan, Li Shang, Renjie Pan, and Frits van der Haar. "Virtual Elimination of Iodine-Deficiency Disorders Achieved in Nine Counties of Jiangsu Province, China." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 19, no. 4 (January 1998): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659801900410.
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To assess the iodine-deficiency disorder status in nine counties of Jiangsu Province, China, where salt iodization was initiated in 1985, a special verification survey was conducted in 1997 by a provincial multisectoral team. Results obtained by regular monitoring of counties indicated that the goitre rate in schoolchildren had progressively decreased from 41.9% in 1983 to 3.9% in 1997, while the median urinary iodine concentrations of the population had remained above 100 μg/L since 1985. More than 90% of the edible salt supplied to households had been iodized at ≥ 20 mg I/kg during the previous five years. The data obtained by provincial verification confirmed the county findings of ≥ 90% adequate iodized salt in households, < 5% goitre rate in schoolchildren, and adequate urinary iodine excretions. The provincial team also considered the established mechanisms for salt iodization and supply and iodine information management potentially sustainable. The high variability of the iodine content of household salt indicates that improved quality assurance of iodized salt at production and continued monitoring of population iodine indicators are needed.
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Peers, Douglas M. "Provincial Society and Empire: The Cumbrian Counties and the East Indies, 1680–1829." Scriblerian and the Kit-Cats 53, no. 1 (2020): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/scriblerian.53.1.0095.
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Mcaleer, John. "Provincial Society and Empire: the Cumbrian counties and the East Indies, 1680–1829." Social History 44, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2019.1583860.
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Tylka, Gregory L., and Christopher C. Marett. "Known Distribution of the Soybean Cyst Nematode, Heterodera glycines, in the United States and Canada in 2020." Plant Health Progress 22, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-10-20-0094-br.
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In the United States and Canada, the most damaging pathogen of soybean, Glycine max, is the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines. Plant health professionals working for universities and state and provincial departments of agriculture in the United States and Canada are queried periodically about counties and rural municipalities that are newly known to be infested with SCN in their states and provinces. Such a census was conducted in 2020, and the results were compared with results of the most recent survey, published in 2017. Between 2017 and 2020, 55 new SCN-infested counties were reported from 11 U.S. states. Also, 24 new SCN-infested counties and rural municipalities were identified in the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. A map of the known distribution of SCN in these two countries was updated. The results reveal steady expansion of the distribution of SCN throughout the United States and Canada, and the pest almost certainly will continue to spread among and within soybean-producing areas of these countries in the future. Therefore, continued scouting and soil sampling for detection of new SCN infestations are warranted as the first step toward successfully managing the pathogen.
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Loewe, Michael. "The organs of Han imperial government: zhongdu guan, duguan, xianguan and xiandao guan." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 71, no. 3 (October 2008): 509–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x08000864.
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AbstractPassages in received texts and in recently found legal documents show the different ways in which four terms refer to offices of Han imperial government; zhongdu guan indicates offices of the central government in the capital city; duguan signifies offices controlled by the central government but posted to work in the commanderies and counties; xianguan refers to just those offices but it is often used of “the government” in general, and in exceptional cases it specifies the emperor in person; xiandao guan were the offices of provincial government established in the counties (xian) and marches (dao).
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Zhang, Xuebo, Cansong Li, Wei Li, Jinping Song, and Chengfeng Yang. "Do Administrative Boundaries Matter for Uneven Economic Development? A Case Study of China's Provincial Border Counties." Growth and Change 48, no. 4 (March 1, 2017): 883–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/grow.12196.
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Robins, Brian. "John Marsh and Provincial Music Making in Eighteenth-Century England." Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle 29 (1996): 96–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14723808.1996.10540976.
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During the past few years the extensive manuscript journals of the Georgian amateur composer and musician John Marsh (1752–1828) have become increasingly recognised as valuable source material which provide a unique insight into provincial musical making in the southern counties of England. For long known only in the heavily abridged (by Marsh's youngest son Edward Garrard) and incomplete version in the Pendlebury Library, Cambridge, the emergence of the original version in 1990 has brought about a substantial re-evaluation of Marsh's career and personality. Subsequently sold at Christie's in December of that year, the original is now housed in the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. The complex history and a description of the journals and their contents can be found in an article by the present writer in the Huntington Library Quarterly, an issue which also includes an article on the social importance of the journals by William Weber. My purpose here is to provide an introduction to Marsh's experiences as a concert manager and leader in the cities in which he was resident.
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Ciuciura, Theodore. "Provincial Politics in the Habsburg Empire: The Case of Galicia and Bukovina." Nationalities Papers 13, no. 2 (1985): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905998508408024.
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The creation of an Austrian province, titled “The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria” (“with the Grand Duchy of Cracow” added later) was the result of the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772. The addition of this territory to the already imposing number of Habsburg's realms was ostensibly based on the dubious claim of the Hungarian kings to sovereignty over the medieval Ruthenian (Ukrainian) realm of Galicia and Volhynia. Under the subsequent Polish rule, the southern part of this duchy was organized as thewojewództwo ruskie(Ruthenian [Ukrainian] Province), which was one of the several provinces in the so-calledZiemie Ruskie(Ruthenian Lands) of the Commonwealth, or rather of theKorona(Kingdom of Poland),vis-à-visthe Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Galicia as an Austrian creation included small parts of the adjacent Ruthenian provinces of Podilia (Podole), Volhynia and Belz, (i.e. Galicia proper), and in the west also the province of Cracow, with territorial enclaves, really medieval relics, such as the “Duchy of Oświȩcim [Auschwitz]” and “Duchy of Zator” (i.e. the non-historical “Western Galicia”). Under Austrian rule, Galicia became a common home for Ukrainians (officially called Ruthenians) in the eastern counties and Poles in the western counties. Many Poles lived in Galicia proper. The Polish or Latin-Polish culture deeply influenced the Ukrainian population. However, it stubbornly, though inarticulately, maintained a sense of ethnic community with the Ukrainians who lived under the Russian imperial rule. A prominent Polish historian (and for more than a decade President of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow), Stanislaw Smolka, ascertains the “common features” of the “ethno-historical indivudiuality” known in Polish history as Ruś (Ruthenia) which had been “dormant through the centuries but never moribund [obumarla].” This Ruthenia “at the present attempts to find for herself a new distinguishing name and wants it to be ‘Ukraine'.” He also determines “the historical continuity” in the past of the old Ruthenia of Yaroslav and Monomakh and the “Ruthenian Lands” of the Commonwealth.
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Lu, Xiao Guang, Jian Qun Zhu, and Meng Ying Fan. "Empirical Research on China's Regional Economic Distribution and Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.350.
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According to the second economic census data of Jiangsu Province, this paper firstly uses PCA-HCA model based on provincial cities data to classify economic regions. And then, it uses BLR-HCA model to reclassify the economic regions based on counties data. Finally, it comes to the conclusion that the past regional classification ways of Jiangsu Province need to be updated. The research on regional economy is dynamic and timely, while deepening the division of labor and finance is an effective way to develop Jiangsu’s regional economy.
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안성조 and Kim Ju Seok. "A Study on Change of the Spacial Structure Between Cities and Counties according to the Transfer of the Provincial Government Building in Gyeongsangbuk-do: Case of the Cluster Structure between Cities and Counties and Influence of Provincial New City." Korean Journal of Local Government & Administration Studies 30, no. 1 (March 2016): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18398/kjlgas.2016.30.1.253.
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GALIEVA, F. G. "ETHNIC PROCESSES AMONG RUSSIANS: BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE NEWSPAPER "UFA PROVINCIAL VEDOMOSTI"." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, no. 3 (September 16, 2022): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2022-0-3-81-88.
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The relevance of the work lies in the demand for materials characterizing the peoples of the Southern Urals and the Urals in the XIX century to reconstruct the history and culture of the region. The purpose of the article is to identify ethnographic materials about the Russian population, which over the past centuries formed the demographic majority and largely determined the ethnic processes in the region. The method of research is a historical and comparative analysis of information about the Russian population of the past centuries with the field materials of the author of the article collected in recent decades. It is revealed that the materials of V.S. Russian Russians of the Zlatoust district of Ufa province, immigrants from Kungursky district of Perm province, that is, representatives of the North Russian ethno-cultural tradition. M.V. Kolesnikov in the late 1880s described the customs and customs of the Russian population of Belebeyevsky and Ufa counties, whose ethnic culture formed by the fusion of traditions of immigrants from different provinces of Russia, especially the Central Russian strip, and interaction with local peoples. Priest K. Yevlantiev in 1878 described the economic activities of the Belebeyevsky district, and the priest M.V. Burdukov in 1905 - the Menzelinsky district of the Ufa province. Their materials allow us to study the process of adaptation of the Russian population to local conditions. Since the 1840s, the newspaper has published information about folk and religious holidays held in villages and cities, where representatives of different ethnic groups, estates, confessions gathered. In the 1860s - 1870s, R.G. Ignatiev presented information about the days of Semik, Trinity, Annunciation, St. George's Day, which were special for the peasants of the Ufa province. Thus, the newspaper's materials provide a variety of information on the ethnic history, economic activity, material and spiritual culture of the Russian population of different counties, their regional features in chronological frames from the 1840s to 1905, ethnocultural processes in the region. Field studies show the preservation of some customs in villages remote from the centers of urbanization.
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Tsetsyk, Yaroslav. "Participation of Black Hundreds in the Elections to Volyn Zemstvo in 1914." Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, no. 40 (June 2022): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2022-40-34-42.
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The aim of the article is to study the peculiarities of the participation of the Volyn Black Hundreds in the elections to the Zemstvo in Volyn. The author analyzes the complexes of the then Black Hundred periodicals and publications published by opponents of the Allies. The press covers in detail the peculiarities of the election of vowels, leaders, and members of the zemstvo county and provincial administrations in the study region. The research methodology is based on the use of general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, and generalization) and special historical (chronological and comparative-historical), which in combination with the principles of historicism, objectivity and multifactoriality contributed to unbiased coverage of tasks. The scientific novelty of the work is that the author on the basis of periodicals of the period under study clarified the peculiarities of elections to provincial and county zemstvos in Volhynia on the eve of World War I and analyzed the participation of representatives of different ethnic groups, classes, and their role. representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church. Conclusions. In Right-Bank Ukraine, the zemstvo self-government bodies began full-fledged activity after the emperor’s decree of March 14, 1911. At the same time, elections were held to the county and provincial zemstvos in Volhyn. The most influential political structure in the region was the Union of the Russian People, which managed to gain significant influence in Volhyn and form an extensive organizational network through the activities of the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church and imperial authorities. Despite this, the Black Hundreds won the first zemstvo elections in only a few counties in the Volyn province. Using demagogic slogans, the Allies criticized the Volyn Zemstvo in the press and at the same time prepared the ground for revenge in the 1914 election. only in those counties where their influences have traditionally been strong. In opposition to their opponents or those they considered opponents, the Black Hundreds tried to discredit them in the traditional manner on the pages of their press bodies.
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Liu, Yun, Li Li Chang, and Chong Peng. "Spatial Disequilibrium Development and its Policies of Central China: The Case of Hubei Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.160.
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Central China is progressively paving its way to the second carrier of Chinese population after the east coastal areas with disequilibrium theory as the guidance of provincial spatial development. Based on ESDA (exploratory spatial data analysis) with statistical data of GDP per capita of Hubei Province by county-level (2000-2010), this paper reveals the spatial differentiation characteristics of economic differences among counties in Hubei Province. According to global analysis of ArcGIS and GeoDA095i, economic space of the county presents the trend of climbing up and then declining. Besides, differences between counties are remarkable. The LISA clean-cut indicates different developed and underdeveloped districts. Finally, contrasting to policy response that the provinces cope with disequilibrium theory in Central China, the results show that the Central China continues to promote disequilibrium development is a reasonable choice, and it’s also indispensible to pay attention to controlling magnification of differences in regional development.
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Kombo, D. K., J. M. Kalai, and A. K. Sang. "Secondary School Principals’ Perceptions of the Influence of KEMI Programmes on Leadership Competence Levels in Two Counties in Kenya." Msingi Journal 1, no. 1 (August 2, 2018): 40–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33886/mj.v1i1.58.
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Adequate preparation and professional development is imperative for institutional leaders and managers particularly those in the education sector with a view to equipping professionals with requisite knowledge, skills and attitudes to function to the required competency levels. The Ministry of Education (Kenya) has been spending large amounts of money on development of educational managers,through its management training agency Kenya Education Management Institute (KEMI). For instance, in 2006 the annual management training budget was KShs. 250million (Kenya Education Staff Institute, 2006). The budget is likely to have gone up owing to inflation rates and escalating living standards. This study sought to analyse the influence of KEMI management training on secondary school principals‟ management practices in their administrative task areas in Kenya. The study also sought to determine whether significant differences existed in principals‘ management practices scores between principals exposed to management training and those who had not been exposed to KEMI management training. The study also sought to determine whether principals‘ management practices scores differed significantly based on school categories (provincial and district schools). The findings indicated significant differences in principals‘ management practices based on exposure to management training by KEMI, and those not exposed to such training programmes. In particular, principals exposed to KEMI management training exhibited higher scores in all administrative tasks while all principals cited challenges in financial management, legal aspects in education and resource management. Principals in provincial schools indicated having more of the best practices in management than their counterparts in district and private schools.
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Peers, Douglas M. "Provincial Society and Empire: The Cumbrian Counties and the East Indies, 1680–1829 by K. J. Saville-Smith." Scriblerian and the Kit-Cats 53, no. 1 (2020): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scb.2020.0045.
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Xiao, Yue, Yingpeng Qiu, Lewis Husain, Gerald Bloom, and Liwei Shi. "Deliberation-based learning: strengthening neonatal care in China." BMJ Global Health 7, Suppl 7 (September 2022): e007934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007934.
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This paper presents a case example from China, where detailed deliberations were instrumental in bringing together national and subnational managers to tailor implementation protocols for neonatal care strategies at provincial and county levels. The China National Health Development Research Center (CNHDRC) organised deliberations to support the formulation of strategies for improving early essential neonatal care for rural areas. The aim was to help counties, the lowest level jurisdiction in China, learn what could work locally, and to help provinces and the national government learn what should inform national policy and be disseminated widely in China’s decentralised health system. It became clear that central-level stakeholders needed to learn how to help counties support the pilots. CNHDRC staff, national-level experts and academics visited pilot provinces and counties to discuss local policies, initiatives and challenges (including with patients), build a common understanding of the project and identify local support needs including by examining health records and observing health facilities. What followed were county-specific reports with priority interventions and implementation plans, which were further refined through county-level meetings. They helped central stakeholders better understand and address variations in county capacities and needs.
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Zeng, Wenjing, Yongde Zhong, Dali Li, and Jinyang Deng. "Classification of Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Using Night Lights for Evidence of Humans and POI Data for Social Setting." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 7782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147782.
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The recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) has been widely recognized as an effective tool for the inventory and planning of outdoor recreational resources. However, its applications have been primarily focused on forest-dominated settings with few studies being conducted on all land types at a regional scale. The creation of a ROS is based on physical, social, and managerial settings, with the physical setting being measured by three criteria: remoteness, size, and evidence of humans. One challenge to extending the ROS to all land types on a large scale is the difficulty of quantifying the evidence of humans and social settings. Thus, this study, for the first time, developed an innovative approach that used night lights as a proxy for evidence of humans and points of interest (POI) for social settings to generate an automatic ROS for Hunan Province using Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. The whole province was classified as primitive (2.51%), semi-primitive non-motorized (21.33%), semi-primitive motorized (38.60%), semi-developed natural (30.99%), developed natural (5.61%), and highly developed (0.96%), which was further divided into three subclasses: large-natural (0.63%), small natural (0.27%), and facilities (0.06%). In order to implement the management and utilization of natural recreational resources in Hunan Province at the county (city, district) level, the province’s 122 counties (cities, districts) were categorized into five levels based on the ROS factor dominance calculated at the county and provincial levels. These five levels include key natural recreational counties (cities, districts), general natural recreational counties (cities, districts), rural counties (cities, districts), general metropolitan counties (cities, districts), and key metropolitan counties (cities, districts), with the corresponding numbers being 8, 21, 50, 24, and 19, respectively.
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Duan, Huane, Haowen Yan, Yi He, and Xuemei Li. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Achievement of Equitable Quality Basic Education in Gansu Province, Northwest China." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 23, 2021): 5862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115862.
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This paper holds that educational research, at a local scale, is more meaningful than that at a macro-scale. To analyze the achievements of basic education at a local scale in Gansu Province, Northwest China, an index system, and an educational development index (EDI), were designed and implemented. The results show that the distribution of basic education schools is more suitable for meeting the needs of the population distribution compared to the years prior to 2013. Improvement in resource allocation in the province since 2013 has provided better educational conditions. However, educational equality between urban and rural areas has changed differently at provincial, prefectural, and county scales. The EDI scores reveal that most prefectures and counties are at medium- or low-quality levels of equality, with remote mountainous prefectures and counties even falling into the ultra-low-quality category of inequality. Educational inequality, quality of teachers, and deficiencies in educational investments are the major restrictions on basic education development in Gansu Province.
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Farhan, Sabeeh Lafta, T. Mutaz, K. Altaie, and Salah L. Zubaidi. "Measuring equity in spatial development investments for the provincial development program in Wasit governorate." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1129, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1129/1/012035.
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Abstract To access the range of achieved equity in the spatial distribution for the investment by the region’s development program in Wasit province, the Gini coefficient, and Lorenz curve were utilized. Previously mentioned methodologies were used in the quantitative analysis. To measure the disparity and the optimal allocation of investments, a comparison is implemented. This comparison was between the percentage of allocating investment in development programs in the basic service sectors (municipal, sewage, water, roads, and education) and between the three components of (population, area, and level and disability). Findings showed that the local authorities depend on population (the municipal sector, sewage, urban water) and urban land area in allocating investments. Findings also showed a lack of interest by authorities in two factors. These factors are rural land area and the deficit in providing services. This deficit is reflected in the variation of equity in determining the number of investment allocations between different counties of Wasit province.
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Song, Mingjie, Doudou Huang, and Basanta Paudel. "A Supply-Demand Framework for Eco-Compensation Calculation and Allocation in China’s National Key Ecological Function Areas—A Case Study in the Yangtze River Economic Belt." Land 12, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010007.
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China’s National Key Ecological Function Areas (NKEFAs) provide important ecosystem services but lose significant development opportunities. An NKEFA consists of a few National Key Ecological Function Counties (NKEFCs). China’s central government annually makes fiscal transfers to NKEFCs to compensate for their fiscal imbalance and ecosystem protection costs. The eco-compensation coefficient (ECC), together with the fiscal revenue and expenditure gap (FREG), determines the transfer payment, but the central government fails to provide practical methods for its estimation. This article proposes a framework for ECC estimation by integrating ecosystem service supply (ESS), ecosystem protection cost (EPC), and public service provision capability (PSC) of NKEFCs, and clarifies the criteria and indicators for ESS, EPC, and PSC evaluation. The framework was implemented in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YZEB), and the results were compared with the payments in the current central-to-local fiscal transfer (CTLFT) system. The key findings and conclusions include: (1) The payment in the current CTLFT system mainly depends on the FREG rather than ESS and EPC of NKEFCs. (2) Some counties are notably under-compensated because their ESS or EPC are underestimated, or the province that administers them has a stronger fiscal capability. (3) The framework contributes to fair allocation and efficient use of eco-compensation payments by improving the ECC estimation method and identifying the main stressors and public service weaknesses in NKEFAs. This study gives the following policy implications: (1) Inner-provincial and cross-provincial watershed eco-compensation programs need to be developed to supplement the central-to-local eco-compensation program in the YZEB. (2) Environmental management strategies should be based on the characteristics of stressors and people’s livelihood in NKEFAs.
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Belko, Oleh. "Formation of a network of credit organizations as forms of support and development of pottery production in the Poltava region (1894–1914)." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 60 (2020): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.60.05.
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The article focuses on the creation of credit organizations network by the Poltava provincial local council to support and develop handicrafts, in particular pottery, and the production of ceramic refractories. The article looks at several ways of obtaining funds for the development of handicraft industry, especially the pottery industry which was distinguished by the Poltava provincial local council in a separate category, and for raising its production and artistic level. Here belongs the bank industrial loan which was allocated by the state bank, although not all manufacturers could use it. The second way is a well-established mechanism of state financing of pottery educational institutions, in particular the Opishnenskaia, Postavmutskaia workshops, the Mirhorod Art and Industrial School named after Mykola Hohol, as well as provincial tile workshops and tile-and-brick factories, whose network was increasing with each passing year. One more way was formation of mutual benefit funds, credit societies. Their active growth was observed in Romenskyi, Kostyantynohradskyi, Hadyatskyi, Zinkovskyi and Mirhorodskyi counties. Such forms of financial support solved the production problems of most potters of the province. Credit societies were regarded by the zemstvo not only as financial mutual assistance but also as a guarantor of their members’ activity. Poltava provincial zemstvo could act as a guarantor of fulfillment by its member of obligations to organizations-manufacturers of tools for artisanal production. The positive thing was also the fact that financial capability of the credit societies were not limited to their own funds. They could borrow from banks under a contractual arrangement or get the State Bank loans for development of handicraft business. The formation of the credit organizations network by the zemstvo contributed to the development of handicrafts, pottery in particular, as well as to the intensive production of environmentally friendly ceramic refractory materials and to an increase in the economic potential of the province.
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Laster, Shari, and Aimée C. Quinn. "State and Local: Capturing the Moment: Local Government Publications." DttP: Documents to the People 44, no. 2 (September 7, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v44i2.6068.
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When it comes to identifying and accessing government information sources, publications from local government offices and departments can be one of the toughest areas out there. Local or municipal governments are typically categorized based on the category of government subdivision they fit, such as counties, cities, towns, or districts, but they are more frequently requested and accessed based on the surrounding geography. Some functions can be carried out in partnership with other government entities, as when a water or parks district works in concert with a county government; or when agencies at the regional level work directly under the mandate of a state or provincial government.
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Fellman, Johan, and Aldur W. Eriksson. "Effect of Fertility on Secondary Sex Ratio and Twinning Rate in Sweden, 1749–1870." Twin Research and Human Genetics 18, no. 1 (November 27, 2014): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2014.71.
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We analyzed the effect of total fertility rate (TFR) and crude birth rate (CBR) on the number of males per 100 females at birth, also called the secondary sex ratio (SR), and on the twinning rate (TWR). Earlier studies have noted regional variations in TWR and racial differences in the SR. Statistical analyses have shown that comparisons between SRs demand large data sets because random fluctuations in moderate data are marked. Consequently, reliable results presuppose national birth data. Here, we analyzed historical demographic data and their regional variations between counties in Sweden. We built spatial models for the TFR in 1860 and the CBR in 1751–1870, and as regressors we used geographical coordinates for the provincial capitals of the counties. For both variables, we obtained significant spatial variations, albeit of different patterns and power. The SR among the live-born in 1749–1869 and the TWR in 1751–1860 showed slight spatial variations. The influence of CBR and TFR on the SR and TWR was examined and statistical significant effects were found.
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Yue, Guoyou, and Boonsub Panichakarn. "Building an Awareness Model of Emergency Supplies Dispatching for Tropical Cyclone Disasters." GATR Journal of Business and Economics Review (GATR-JBER) VOL. 5 (4) JAN-MAR. 2021 5, no. 4 (March 13, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jber.2021.5.4(1).
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Objective – The research objective of this paper is to establish an efficient awareness model of emergency supplies dispatching for tropical cyclone disasters, so as to timely deliver emergency supplies to each disaster area at the lowest cost. Methodology/Technique – Taking the disaster caused by super typhoon No.1409 "Rammasun" to cities and counties in Guangxi as an example, 24 counties (districts) belonging to 7 prefecture-level cities with more than 1000 people in need of emergency transfer and resettlement are selected as the research objects. Findings– The linear programming method is used to establish two kinds of emergency supplies dispatching models: level-by-level centralized dispatching model and unified dispatching model of provincial emergency management center. By comparing the calculation results of the two models, it is found that the level-by-level centralized dispatching model adopted by Guangxi government departments is relatively high in cost although it is simple and convenient. Novelty– The total cost of the improved unified dispatching model of provincial emergency management center is 31.72% less than that of the level-by-level centralized dispatching model, which has greater promotion value. The research results can provide a better reference for the government departments at all levels in Guangxi to formulate the emergency supplies dispatching scheme for tropical cyclone disasters. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: E24, J16. Keywords: Emergency Logistics; Tropical Cyclone Disasters; Emergency Supplies Dispatching; Transportation Problem; Transshipment Problem; Linear Programming Model; Guangxi Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Yue, G; Panichakarn, B. (2021). Building an Awareness Model of Emergency Supplies Dispatching for Tropical Cyclone Disasters, Journal of Business and Economics Review, 5(4) 01–17. https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2021.5.4(1)
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Beltser, A. A. "CLERGY AND RULE ON THE ANGLO-SCOTTISH BORDERS UNDER THE FIRST TUDOR MONARCH." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 3 (2021): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-3-84-89.
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The use of clergy in public administration was a tradition of medieval England, including in the counties bordering Scotland. The first Tudor also engaged representatives of the clergy for diplomatic missions, participation in local government and even in the military-administrative sphere. Richard Fox, Bishop of Durham, was perhaps the most striking example of such participation of prelates in government. But Fox's special role in the affairs of the Anglo-Scottish borderland was connected not so much with his spiritual rank as with his proximity to the monarch. Here we can trace the desire of Henry VII to control the provincial administration with the help of loyal individuals who were not associated with the elites of the region.
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Xia, Changfa, Rongshou Zheng, Hongmei Zeng, Maigeng Zhou, Lijun Wang, Siwei Zhang, Xiaonong Zou, et al. "Provincial-level cancer burden attributable to active and second-hand smoking in China." Tobacco Control 28, no. 6 (October 15, 2018): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054583.
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BackgroundUnderstanding disparities in the burden of cancer attributable to smoking is crucial to inform and improve tobacco control measures. In this report, we estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancers deaths attributable to smoking at the national and provincial levels in China.MethodsUsing cancer mortality data from 978 counties, smoking data from a nationwide survey and relative risks from a prospective study of 0.5 million adults in China, we calculated the absolute (non-standardised) and standardised numbers and proportions of cancer deaths among adults 30 years and older attributable to active and second-hand smoking in 2014 across all 31 provinces in Mainland China.ResultsThe estimated number of cancer deaths attributable to smoking in China in 2014 was 342 854 among men and 40 313 among women, of which second-hand smoking accounted for 1.8% and 50.0%, respectively. Among men, the absolute PAF in China was 23.8%, ranging from 14.6% in Xinjiang to 26.8% in Tianjin; the overall standardised PAF was 22.2%, ranging from 15.7% in Xinjiang to 26.0% in Guizhou. Among women, the overall absolute and standardised PAFs were 4.8% and 4.0%, ranging from 1.8% and 1.6% in Jiangxi to 14.9% and 9.6% in Heilongjiang, respectively. Overall, provinces with the highest standardised PAFs among men were located in Southwest China and among women in the Northeast.ConclusionsComprehensive smoke-free policies in China should expand to all provinces, notably those with a higher burden of cancer attributable to smoking, instead of being mostly limited to Beijing and some other metropolitan areas.
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Tao, Mengchu, Zhaonan Cai, Ke Che, Yi Liu, Dongxu Yang, Lin Wu, Pucai Wang, and Mingzhu Yang. "Cross-Inventory Uncertainty Analysis of Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions for Prefecture-Level Cities in Shandong Province." Atmosphere 13, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091474.
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A series of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission inventories with high spatial resolutions covering China have been developed in the last decade, making it possible to assess not only the anthropogenic emissions of large administrational units (countries; provinces) but also those of small administrational units (cities; counties). In this study, we investigate three open-source gridded CO2 emission inventories (EDGAR; MEIC; PKU-CO2) and two statistical data-based inventories (CHRED; CEADs) covering the period of 2000–2020 for 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong province in order to quantify the cross-inventory uncertainty and to discuss potential reasons for it. Despite ±20% differences in aggregated provincial emissions, all inventories agree that the emissions from Shandong increased by ~10% per year before 2012 and that the increasing trend slowed down after 2012, with a quasi-stationary industrial emission proportion being observed during 2008–2014. The cross-inventory discrepancies increased remarkably when downscaled to the city level. The relative differences between two individual inventories for half of the cities exceeded 100%. Despite close estimations of aggregated provincial emissions, the MEIC provides relatively high estimates for cities with complex and dynamic industrial systems, while the CHRED tends to provide high estimates for heavily industrial cities. The CHRED and MEIC show reasonable agreement regarding the evolution of city-level emissions and the city-level industrial emission ratios over 2005–2020. The PKU-CO2 and EDGAR failed to capture the emissions and their structural changes at the city level, which is related to their point-source database stopping updates after 2012. Our results suggest that cross-inventory differences for city-level emissions exist not only in their aggregated emissions but also in their changes over time.
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Habich-Sobiegalla, Sabrina. "How Do Central Control Mechanisms Impact Local Water Governance in China? The Case of Yunnan Province." China Quarterly 234 (March 27, 2018): 444–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741018000450.
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AbstractDespite being known as “Asia's water tower,” Yunnan frequently experiences severe droughts which put pressure on local communities and state actors alike. This article examines the institutional arrangements that guide water governance strategies employed by local cadres in Yunnan province, showing how central control mechanisms in the Chinese administrative system undermine effective water governance at the local level. Findings obtained from field research in two counties in Yunnan with different levels of economic development and water resource access show that current institutional arrangements – including those regulating local cadre performance and the procedures to apply for project funding from higher-level governments – hinder the efficient use of infrastructure investment. Instead, provincial and prefectural water bureau officials use their authority to channel funding to those regions with an already positive track record of project applications.
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Li, Feng, Jun Liu, Meidong Zhang, Shunbao Liao, and Wenjie Hu. "Assessment of Economic Recovery in Hebei Province, China, under the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Nighttime Light Data." Remote Sensing 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010022.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unprecedented disruptions to human society worldwide since late 2019, and lockdown policies in response to the pandemic have directly and drastically decreased human socioeconomic activities. To quantify and assess the extent of the pandemic’s impact on the economy of Hebei Province, China, nighttime light (NTL) data, vegetation information, and provincial quarterly gross domestic product (GDP) data were jointly utilized to estimate the quarterly GDP for prefecture-level cities and county-level cities. Next, an autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) model was applied to predict the quarterly GDP for 2020 and 2021. Finally, economic recovery intensity (ERI) was used to assess the extent of economic recovery in Hebei Province during the pandemic. The results show that, at the provincial level, the economy of Hebei Province had not yet recovered; at the prefectural and county levels, three prefectures and forty counties were still struggling to restore their economies by the end of 2021, even though these economies, as a whole, were gradually recovering. In addition, the number of new infected cases correlated positively with the urban NTL during the pandemic period, but not during the post-pandemic period. The study results are informative for local government’s strategies and policies for allocating financial resources for urban economic recovery in the short- and long-term.
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Mutinda, Cynthia M., and Patrick Mbataru. "Effects of Devolution on the Restructuring of the Provincial Administration in Kenya: A Case of Nairobi City County." International Journal of Current Aspects 4, no. 2 (September 14, 2020): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v4i2.127.
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Devolution in Kenya is about decentralising political, financial and administrative powers to forty seven counties. Kenya had practised devolution through the one year Majimbo government which lasted in 1964, before the highly centralised provincial administration was established. The provincial administration was centralised and gained control over all decentralized ministerial functions in the country; as an extension of the executive office of the president in the field. The Constitution stipulates that the provincial administration be restructured to align with the devolved administrative structure. Little research has been done on the structural frictions that arise from the fact that central governments are keen to retain or recapture the same authority that have been devolved to the lower level governments. Therefore, on this basis this study sought to establish the effects of implementing devolution on the operations of the Provincial Administration. The study was anchored on the objectives of establishing how devolution had shaped the structure of the Provincial Administration in Kenya; examine the extent to which functions of both County and National Government Administrators are interlinked and to identify the challenges faced in the implementation of Schedule Four of the Constitution. Both primary and secondary data were used. The study was guided by the Structural Functionalism theory of Emile Durkheim, which compare the society to an organism comprising of structures that influence each other for its own existence. A case study design was used with Nairobi City County as the study area. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample size for the questionnaires from the sample frame. Further the study used purposive sampling technique to select key informants for the interview guide. SSP version 21 and Content analysis were used to analyse the descriptive data. Data was presented in tables, charts and prose form. The study found out that the provincial administration had restructured through change of tittles and administrative units but not functions, there were points of roles interlinkages some of which are not procedurally and devolution was facing challenges such as: - revenue allocation, administrative and bureaucratic culture, organisational capacity and stakeholder mistrusts. The study concluded that duplication of functions by both levels of government still exists and that the aligning of the provincial administration with the schedule four was yet to be fully attained. Devolution advance national unity by recognising diversity and that it promotes participatory and transparent exercise of authority. The study recommends the enactment of legislation on functions to regulate the constitutional functions of the two levels of government and that commission on Revenue allocation to focus on Wards as the point of reverence in budgeting as they happen to be the service delivery vocal point. It further recommends the need for concerted efforts in creation of awareness on matters devolution through a structured civic education program. The fourth schedule needs to be implemented in tandem with the county government act 2012, for separation of functions between the National and County governments. There is need further research on devolution in future and to widen the study by including a bigger samples size, widening its scope and other variables not covered by this study.
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Wang, Yingying, Dazhuan Ge, Tongyan Zhang, and Yingjie Wang. "The Sustainable Development of Choronymic Cultural Landscapes in China Based on Geo-Informatic Tupu." Sustainability 11, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 4302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11164302.
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As a part of cultural landscapes, toponyms with abundant cultural connotations and a long history are valuable cultural heritage assets. Choronyms not only reflect natural and social phenomena but also help with relevant management and naming work. In order to explore the historical development sequence of choronymic cultural landscape evolution, we analyze the spatial–temporal pattern evolution, spatial–temporal variation, spatial association, and semantic evolution of choronymic cultural landscapes since the Qin dynasty. We adopt the sequent snapshot model and an event-based state amendment model to establish a spatio-temporal database. That can provide decision supports and theoretical reference for the sustainable development of toponymic landscapes. Results indicate the following: (1) Spatial distribution of toponym density has been different since the Qin dynasty. The cores of toponym density spread from the middle-lower reaches of the Yellow River to Yangtze Plain, Chengdu Plain, Pearl River Delta Plain. (2) Spatial distribution of choronyms is agglomerative since the Qin dynasty and uneven at national and provincial scales since the Yuan dynasty. Temporal distribution of toponyms at different levels is centralized. (3) Spatial agglomeration phenomena of toponyms are positively clustered in nine periods. The Ming dynasty presents the largest degree of spatial aggregation. (4) Words relevant to blessings, orientation, and hydrological features have high proportions in the top 20 words. (5) Spatial distribution of county-level choronyms named over the last 1000 years and “Millennium Ancient Counties” are unbalanced at national and provincial scales.
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Rasmussen, Tove, and George G. Mulamoottil. "Environmentally-sensitive Area Planning in Ontario: Status and Problems in Implementation." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 3 (1991): 219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002213x.
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Increasing public awareness of the need to protect Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs), as well as the establishment of regional municipalities, provided the impetus for local governments to initiate ESA planning in Ontario. As of 1981, twenty municipalities—primarily regional municipalities and counties—had adopted ESA programmes.This paper examines the current status of ESA-protection planning in Ontario and the problems encountered by municipalities in adopting and implementing ESA programmes. Using a questionnaire survey, data were collected concerning 66 municipalities, and a review was carried out of the ESA policies in 36 Official Plans. The results show that an additional 11 municipalities have adopted ESA programmes since 1981, and that most of these have been designated cities. The primary problems encountered by municipalities in implementing ESA-protection programmes have been a lack of landowner support, weakness of any provincial policy-directive, and shortness of funding. These problems are also faced by uninvolved municipalities, and play an important role in preventing them from adopting ESA programmes.If a wider municipal adoption of ESA programmes is to be achieved, a stronger commitment will be needed from the Provincial Government in the form of guiding policies, financial assistance, and incentives to landowners who wish to protect their sensitive lands. A greater emphasis on landowner contact and public education programmes will also be required. Municipalities should cooperate with other conservation agencies and organizations in working towards this end.
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Ireri, Edwin Mutugi, Njihia Mukirae, and Mary Otieno. "Influence of Infrastructural Facilities and Staffing on Students’ Academic Performance in National Secondary Schools in Kenya." East African Journal of Education Studies 5, no. 2 (June 14, 2022): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.5.2.708.
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In 2011, the Kenya government made efforts to improve access to quality secondary education by increasing the number of national schools from 17 to 114. This was done by elevating two provincial schools in each county to national schools. This study sought to establish influence of infrastructural facilities and staffing on academic performance in national examinations in young national schools in Samburu, Marsabit, and Isiolo counties, Kenya. Correlation research design was used. The study population was 5 principals, 150 teachers, 3 examinations officers, and 3 staffing officers. The sample size was composed of 5 principals, 60 teachers, 3 examinations officers, and 3 staffing officers. The study established that infrastructural facilities and staffing had a positive and statistically significant relationship with academic performance in all the schools in the three counties as follows: Infrastructural facilities (r=0.495, p-value =0.000), Staffing (r=0.372, p-value =0.05), all at alpha 0.05 level of statistical significance. Further, multiple regression analysis revealed that infrastructural facilities had a positive significant impact on performance (2.008), while staffing also had a positive significant impact on performance (0.331) both at 5% level of significance. The schools were understaffed, lacked enough infrastructural facilities, and had congested classes. The government should post more teachers in those schools and improve infrastructural facilities in those schools to address the challenges
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Hoonsang Lee. "A Study on the Records of Fuctionaries of 54 Counties and the Headquarter of Chungcheong-do Provincial Governor in the late Joseon Dynasty." 古文書硏究 50, no. ll (February 2017): 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21027/manusc.2017.50..009.
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DesRoches, Cheryl. "For Them but Never Really Theirs: Finding a Place for the “Aged” Within State-Funded Institutions in Nineteenth-Century Nova Scotia." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 20, no. 1 (May 25, 2010): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/039782ar.
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Abstract This paper reveals that between 1867 and the 1890s, care for the aged within state funded institutions in Nova Scotia underwent several important changes that reflected the intentions of the province to avoid long term responsibility for the needy. It argues that throughout this period government officials championed institutionalization as a fiscally responsible solution to the rising number of those in need, including the sick, poor and mentally insane; as a result, state funded homes for the aged developed by default rather than by design. Following confederation, the persistence of poor laws and weak local governments ensured the townships’ continued reliance on the province for support of their needy. By the end of the 1870s, it became apparent that the old system of social welfare in Nova Scotia was in need of decisive change and a two-tier system — municipal and provincial institutions for the harmless insane and the less-fortunate — came to be seen as the solution. The creation of a two-tier system in the late 1880s afforded greater opportunities for the province to disentangle some of its social welfare services by offering specialized services to specific groups — hospitals for the sick and the insane and poorhouses for the indigent (including the aged) at both the provincial and municipal levels. In the 1890s, many counties utilized what had long been a provincial model for institutional care and focused primarily on the largest portion of the inmate populations that could work: the harmless insane. Increasingly, they built institutions that allowed them to maximize inmate labour to dissipate costs. However, as municipalities built or improved asylums for the harmless insane, non-workers such as the aged were left behind in dilapidated poor farms. By the turn of the century, as the aged were identified as a unique group, these run down facilities became the earliest state-funded nursing homes for the indigent aged in Nova Scotia.
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Gordon, Scott Paul. "Yoked by Violence: The Paxton Boys, Representation, and a “humble Petition”." Journal of Early American History 11, no. 2-3 (November 11, 2021): 169–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-11020013.
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Abstract A 1764 manuscript petition, a “humble Petition” from Lancaster County, differs substantially from the published Remonstrance that has been taken to represent the views of the Paxton Boys, who murdered 20 Native Americans in Lancaster County and attempted to destroy 140 more in the Philadelphia Barracks. The Remonstrance, which began with a Whiggish demand for increased legislative representation for frontier counties, has led historians to describe the Paxton Boys as frontier democrats who marched on Philadelphia to present grievances to the provincial government. The “humble Petition,” however, has little interest in legislative representation. It resembles the Declaration that defiantly defends the murders and threatens more. The “humble Petition,” then, enables us to reposition the Remonstrance as an expression of political elites—an early entry in the pamphlet war that followed the murders—who appropriated the Lancaster County murders to adjust power in Pennsylvania by means of the 1764 elections.
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Guo, Gang. "Vertical Imbalance and Local Fiscal Discipline in China." Journal of East Asian Studies 8, no. 1 (April 2008): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800005099.
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This article examines local fiscal behavior in contemporary China against the backdrop of decentralized spending responsibilities and recentralized revenues. Vertical imbalance after the 1994 tax-sharing system reform, coupled with other features of the fiscal institutions, is not conducive to conservative local fiscal behavior. Moreover, a main driving force behind the expansion of local governments is the politically motivated intergovernmental transfer scheme. The center in effect “buys” political stability in sensitive areas while holding local leaders accountable for their tax efforts. A dynamic panel analysis of Chinese counties reveals that a million-yuan increase in general transfer payment and salary raise subsidies would add, respectively, fifteen and sixteen employees to the county government payroll, other things being equal. At the same time, increased subsidies from upper-level governments do not “crowd out” or significantly affect local tax effort. Additional dynamic panel data analysis at the provincial level produced similar findings.
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Amylia, Fifi, Ahmad Ulinnuha, Nafisatul Khif Dhiah, Anjani Mutiara Azkia, and Saiful Anwar. "Faktor - Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Belanja Daerah Kabupaten Kota Di Provinsi Jawa Barat." Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Teknologi (AMBITEK) 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56870/ambitek.v2i1.30.
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This research aims to analyze region's native income (pad), results-sharing funds (DBH), and population (jp) of regional spending (db) districts (west Java). The population of this research is eight counties. The sample used in this study is the use of the random sampling method. The data analysis technique by using the regression analysis of the panel. Based on analysis already done, it may be concluded that partial original-income (pad) and outsource funds (DBH) have a negative and insignificant impact on area spending, while the number of people (jp) has a positive and significant impact on local spending. Simultaneously, DBH, jp has a significant impact on regional spending. The study provides implications specifically to the county/provincial governments of west Java to increase quality and resources such as natural resources and human resources that are expected to boost local reception and cut down on the central government's transfer fund.
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Yang, Renyi, and Changbiao Zhong. "Analysis on Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of Air Quality Index (AQI) in China." Toxics 10, no. 12 (November 22, 2022): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120712.
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After the reform and opening up, China’s economy has developed rapidly. However, environmental problems have gradually emerged, the top of which is air pollution. We have used the following methods: In view of the shortcomings of the current spatio-temporal evolution analysis of the Air Quality Index (AQI) that is not detailed to the county level and the lack of analysis of its underlying causes, this study collects the AQI of all counties in China from 2014 to 2021, and uses spatial autocorrelation and other analysis methods to deeply analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristic. Based on the provincial panel data, the spatial econometric model is used to explore its influencing factors and spillover effects. The research results show that: (1) From 2014 to 2021, the AQI of all counties in China showed obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics, and counties in central and western Xinjiang, as well as Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei, were high-value agglomeration areas; (2) the change trend of the AQI value also has obvious spatial autocorrelation, and generally presents a downward trend. However, the AQI value in a small number of regions, such as Xinjiang, shows a slow decline or even a reverse rise; (3) there are some of the main factors affecting AQI, such as GDP per capita, percentage of forest cover, total emissions of SO2, and these factors have different impacts on different regions. In addition, the increase of GDP per capita, the reduction of industrialization level, and the increase of forest coverage will significantly improve the air quality of other surrounding provinces. An in-depth analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution, influencing factors, and spillover effects of AQI in China is conducive to formulating countermeasures to improve air quality according to local conditions and promoting regional sustainable development.
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Langelüddecke, Henrik. "Law and Order in Seventeenth-Century England: The Organization of Local Administration during the Personal Rule of Charles I." Law and History Review 15, no. 1 (1997): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/827705.
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Two of the most significant factors in the development of European nation states are the enforcement of the law and the political relationship between central government and the provinces. The establishment of powerful national institutions in the Middle Ages, the successful incorporation of its geographical fringes, and the involvement of local elites in implementing national law and policies have made England a challenging subject to test this interaction between the center and the localities. Although this relationship could never be free of tensions, reflection on the context of the English Civil War has suggested a new interpretation. Pursuing the inquiries initiated by the so-called “gentry controversy” in the 1950s and 1960s, a group of historians has studied individual counties and argued that, for local aristocrats and gentlemen, provincial values and issues took precedence over national policies. The Civil War, in their view, appeared to be a conflict between an increasingly interventionist and “nationalizing” central government and semiautonomous shires.
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Li, Genzhong, Decai Tang, Valentina Boamah, and Zhiwei Pan. "Evaluation and Influencing Factors of Agricultural Green Efficiency in Jianghuai Ecological Economic Zone." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010030.
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Traditionally, in the pursuit of economic development, ecological health was sacrificed, but this is no longer tenable considering the vast environmental damage that is difficult to control and expensive to repair. This is especially true for China’s Jianghuai River Basin (JRB). As a result, this paper uses the slacks-based measure (SBM) directional distance function and the tobit model on panel data from various cities and counties in the Jiangsu section of the HRB to empirically analyze regional green agricultural production efficiency and influencing factors from 2005 to 2019. The results illustrate that agricultural and environmental efficiency fluctuate upward in provincial areas. Still, a downward trend is observed in both redundancy and insufficiency rates of undesirable and desirable output. While this indicates improving regional agricultural and environmental efficiency, there is no readily detectable positive effect of technological progress and technical efficiency on green agricultural production efficiency improvements. Following a full analysis, policy implications are presented and discussed.
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Shi, Qiujie, and Tao Liu. "Glimpsing China’s future urbanization from the geography of a floating population." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, no. 4 (February 26, 2019): 817–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x19834572.
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The floating population is a major source of social inequality in China and a direct target in its new-type urbanization plan. Although this population spread very unevenly both within and between provinces, and the responsibility for their citizenization lies mostly with local authorities, their geographical distribution and representation in the total population below province level remain understudied. This paper fills the gap. The county-level census data in 2010 were analyzed with the help of the cartogram technique. Results showed that the floating population was concentrated predominately in three key coastal regions and moderately in inland provincial capitals, with great variation both within and across key regions and provinces. Their share in the total population was also very high in the concentrations, closely followed by many counties along the coast and inland borders. Hence these ‘hot spots’ are very crucial for addressing social inequality and materializing the new-type urbanization plan in China.
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Klotzbücher, Sascha, Peter Lässig, Qin Jiangmei, and Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzik. "What is New in the “New Rural Co-operative Medical System”? An Assessment in One Kazak County of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region." China Quarterly 201 (March 2010): 38–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741009991068.
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AbstractIn 2002, the Chinese leadership announced a change in national welfare policy: Voluntary medical schemes at county level, called the “New Rural Co-operative Medical System” should cover all counties by 2010. This article addresses the main characteristics of this system, analyses the introduction of local schemes based on our own field studies in one Kazak county of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region since 2006, and argues that the fast progressing of the local scheme and the flexibility shown by local administrators in considering structural and procedural adjustments are not the result of central directives but of local initiatives. Recentralization from the township governments to functional departments in the provincial and the central state administration is only one aspect of current rural governance. Complementary forms of locally embedded responsiveness to the needs of health care recipients are crucial in restructuring the administration and discharge of health care. These new modes of governance are different from the hierarchical control and institutionalized representation of interests of the local population.
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Wang, Liang, Fangfang Zhang, Yuzhu Zang, and Jian Duan. "Understanding the Regional Integration Process from the Perspective of Agglomeration and Urban Networks: Case Study in Central China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 7, 2022): 12834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912834.
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Previously, urban planning approaches have tended to convert local agglomeration into network connections to advance urban development. However, is this successful experience learned from developed counties appropriate for developing countries? Scholars hold different opinions on this debate. To answer this question, we need to examine the effects of urban agglomeration in developing countries with a quantitative method. In this paper, we introduced a method of examining network connections from a geospatial perspective to explore the practice and spatial consequences of regional integration using a new concept of “coupling distance” based on metal valence bond theory. Then we applied this method to conduct an empirical case study of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River region in China. We found that: (1) the real integration scale of the investigated urban areas was less than one-fourth the planned area, as most of interactions between cities are local, although we see the positive facilitation of urban networks on cross-provincial integration. (2) In terms of spatial consequences, the study area demonstrated phenomena of “agglomeration shadows”, “enclaves” and “inverse integration”. Specifically, these “agglomeration shadows” were all in their province’s geometric centers, which seemed to have suffered a “central position curse”. (3) Both “enclaves” and “inverse integration” call for a readjustment of government-led regional integration planning. Differently, the former has a positive attitude towards integration while the latter holds the opposite attitude. This study hopes to provide operationalizing methods and guidelines for planners and decision makers in the field of regional integration planning.
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Li, Sen, Yanwen Lan, and Lijun Guo. "Analysis of Carbon Emission and Its Temporal and Spatial Distribution in County-Level: A Case Study of Henan Province, China." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i02.003.
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Estimating carbon emissions and assessing their contribution are critical steps toward China’s objective of reaching a “carbon peak” in 2030 and “carbon neutrality” in 2060. This paper selects relevant statistical data on carbon emissions from 2000 to 2018, combines the emission coefficient method and the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model (LMDI) to calculate carbon emissions, and analyses the driving force of carbon emission growth using Henan Province as a case study. Based on the partial least squares regression analysis model (PLS), the contributions of inter-provincial factors of carbon emission are analyzed. Finally, a county-level downscaling estimation model of carbon emission is further formulated to analyze the temporal and spatial distribution of carbon emissions and their evolution. The research results show that: 1) The effect of energy intensity is responsible for 82 percent of the increase in carbon emissions, whereas the effect of industrial structure is responsible for -8 percent of the increase in carbon emissions. 2) The proportion of secondary industry and energy intensity, which are 1.64 and 0.82, respectively, have the most evident explanatory effect on total carbon emissions; 3). Carbon emissions vary widely among counties, with high emissions in the central and northern regions and low emissions in the southern. However, their carbon emissions have constantly decreased over time. 4) The number of high-emission counties, their carbon emissions, and the degree of their discrepancies are gradually reduced. The findings serve as a foundation for relevant agencies to gain a macro-level understanding of the industrial landscape and to investigate the feasibility of carbon emission reduction programs.
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Zhang, Dahao, Chunshan Zhou, and Wenwen Xu. "Spatial-Temporal Characteristics of Primary and Secondary Educational Resources for Relocated Children of Migrant Workers: The Case of Liaoning Province." Complexity 2020 (July 28, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7457109.
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Appropriate spatial distribution of primary and secondary schools for relocated children of migrant workers (RCMW) is extremely valuable to ensure the fair education of special groups and improve the quality of their education. This study used concentration analysis, kernel density estimation (KDE), and coefficient of variation (CV) to measure the spatial agglomeration of these children and their primary and secondary schools in the districts and counties of Liaoning Province from 2008 to 2017 based on government surveys. The results showed that the number of RCMW children in primary and secondary schools increased during the research period and the growth rate of children in primary schools was higher than that of children in junior high schools. The number of primary and secondary schools has changed very little, while the number of secondary schools has dropped sharply. The spatial distribution of RCMW and that of their primary and secondary schools were characterized by a “dual-core” distribution and a three-level (county, city, and provincial capital) gradient aggregation. In addition, kernel density evolved from a balanced distribution to polar nucleus-shaped, clustered, and discretized distributions, respectively. Specifically, the “large” and “super-large” schools were mainly concentrated in cities, showing a clustered pattern. “Medium-sized” and “small” schools were mainly distributed in counties, presenting a discretized pattern. In addition, when the CV of the number of RCMW increased, the imbalanced distribution of schools became more significant. Furthermore, the spatial differentiation of primary and secondary schools for RCMW appeared to be affected by economic development, population size, and related policies in the region.
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Xu, Yueling, Yijiu Ge, and Haijun Bao. "The Influence of Administrative Division Adjustment on Enterprise Earnings Management: A Quasi-Natural Experiment on City–County Consolidation." Buildings 12, no. 7 (July 4, 2022): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070951.
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City–county consolidation is a common measure used by many cities to promote urbanization. This study develops the theoretical transmission mechanism, “city-county consolidation intensifies competition in the enterprise market improves the earnings management level of enterprises,” to analyze the influence of city–county consolidation on enterprises’ earnings management. An empirical analysis using the difference-in-differences (DID) method was conducted on data of industrial enterprises from 1999 to 2006. The results show that city–county consolidation promotes motivation for the use of enterprises’ earnings management. Second, city–county consolidation significantly intensifies enterprises’ downward earnings management behavior. Third, following city–county consolidation, non-state-owned enterprises are more strongly motivated to implement earnings management than state-owned enterprises. Fourth, city–county consolidation only significantly impacts the earnings management of enterprises affiliated with counties; it does not significantly impact the earnings management of those affiliated with central, provincial, or municipal governments. Therefore, this study provides empirical evidence from the perspective of market competition, which has important reference significance for urbanization development to improve national governance capacity by optimizing administrative divisions.
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Cai, Jiming, Du Guonan, and Liu Yuan. "Measurement of the real urbanization level in China and its international comparison." China Political Economy 2, no. 2 (December 2, 2019): 287–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpe-10-2019-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the real urbanization level in China so as to provide a measurement that can be compared with the international level. Design/methodology/approach Taking into consideration 300m residents living in the administrative towns (300m residents here are referred to the population in administrative towns, including those in all counties), the gap between the urbanization rate of China and that of the world average becomes much wider. Findings China, however, implements the administrative system of government at the central, provincial, municipal, county and township levels. By city, it means the jurisdiction at and above the level of county, which includes the municipality directly under the central government, prefecture-level municipal and county. By town, it means the jurisdiction below the level of county (including the Chengguan Town, or capital town, where the county government is located) and exclusive of rural townships. Originality/value China has witnessed rapid development for 40 years since the reform and opening up in 1978. Nowadays, China has already stepped into the period of post-industrialization, with its urbanization rate (UR) of permanent population reaching 58.58 percent. However, on the basis of registered population, the UR is 43.37 percent, which is not only far below the average level of 81.3 percent in high-income countries, but also lower than the average of 65.8 percent in upper middle-income countries which are comparable to China in terms of per capita income. (The classification of state income level is based on the data of national income per capita and division standards in 2016 from the World Bank, in which annual revenue per capita in high-income countries reaches over US$12,736 and that in upper middle-income countries between US$4,126 and US$12,735.)