Academic literature on the topic 'PROVA DIGITALE'

L’articolo propone una riflessione sullo stato dell’arte del romanzo italiano nel mondo digi- tale svolta attraverso l’analisi dei testi in prosa della modernità presenti nel portale Biblio- teca Italiana e affronta i casi di studio di Manzoni, Pirandello e Tozzi, per analizzare tre progetti complementari e diversi di edizione cartacea e digitale, e di interazione tra ricerca accademica, istituzioni bibliotecarie ed editoria. I casi mostrano come il romanzo, per la sua polifonia, le sue dinamiche genetiche, la sua contaminazione con le arti visive e drammati- che, richieda una infrastruttura digitale che metta in relazione tutti questi aspetti tra loro, anche in chiave didattica, costituendo un banco di prova della necessaria trasformazione dell’edizione critica digitale in un sito di ricerca e conoscenza dei testi e dei loro autori. This article proposes a reflection on the state of the art of the Italian novel in the digital world carried out through the analysis of modern prose texts in the website BibliotecaItaliana.it, examining the case studies of Manzoni, Pirandello, and Tozzi, and in particular three com- plementary projects and several digital editions as well as interactions among academic rese- arch, institutions, librarians, and publishers. The case studies show how the novel — thanks especially to its polyphony, its genetic dynamics and contamination with the visual and dra- matic arts — requires an infrastructure that also links all these aspects from an educational point of view. The novel may be considered as a testing ground for the necessary transforma- tion of the digital critical edition into a “knowledge site” of texts and their authors.

Questo contributo intende documentare sinteticamente l'evoluzione dei servizi della Biblioteca Digitale dell'Ateneo di Padova dagli inizi, nei primi anni'90, al 31 dicembre 2018. Tale evoluzione può essere considerata rappresentativa degli sviluppi avvenuti, con l’avvento del digitale, nei Sistemi Bibliotecari dei maggiori Atenei Italiani. I primi passi della Biblioteca Digitale sono stati caratterizzati da una visione dell’utilizzo delle nuove tecnologie come vettore del miglioramento dei tradizionali servizi delle biblioteche accademiche alla propria utenza istituzionale. Questi passi hanno consentito l’accesso ad un patrimonio informativo in continua crescita e sempre più costituito da risorse digitali. Contestualmente si è attuato un profondo cambiamento delle relazioni tra l’utente e la biblioteca. La crescita degli accessi ai materiali e del loro utilizzo sono prova dell’aumento costante dei flussi informativi consentiti dalla Biblioteca Digitale e come tali recepiti dall’utenza. In questa situazione le biblioteche sono state interpreti in prima linea della mutazione in atto nelle modalità di trasmissione della conoscenza andando a studiare le nuove realtà e progettando e realizzando i servizi innovativi da queste resi attuabili. Non è possibile oggi prevedere quali saranno gli sviluppi della biblioteca e della Biblioteca Digitale nei prossimi anni ma resta comunque necessario rispondere alle sempre nuove esigenze dell’utenza, in una continua e tempestiva navigazione a vista.

The contribution analyses the role of pastoral workers within Italian parishes in relation to the use of community technologies. Specifically, the following will be presented: on the one hand, the profiles of the workers involved in pastoral care before the pandemic, through the data of an online survey that involved 3,350 operators; on the other, the contributions made by the operators during the pandemic for the continuation of pastoral activities, through the analysis of two cases of good digital practices. Finally, the analysis of the strategies adopted by pastoral workers in the use of digital technologies, both before and during the pandemic event, makes it possible to detect the important relationship between relational skills and digital skills in the promotion of pastoral activities.

Il saggio propone un'analisi sui sindacati nell'ordinamento italiano, al fine di dimo-strare l'infondatezza dell'indifferenza dell'attuale ecosistema digitale nei confronti del ruolo del sindacato tradizionale e delle sue pratiche. L'autrice considera il caso dei sindacati del lavoro su piattaforma digitale come un efficace esempio di con-flitto collettivo, che ci ha mostrato forme di azione anche inedite e che fornisce la prova che, contrariamente alle molte critiche, il sindacato e la sua azione non sono collassati. Infine, l'autrice critica il nuovo modello partecipativo del sindacato nell'impresa e propone di recuperare il ruolo essenziale del conflitto collettivo.

No presente trabalho, irei abordar a extensão do conceito de prova digital na nova era da blockchain, bem como o significado da aplicação de blockchain na geração de provas digitais no ordenamento jurídico chinês. O mesmo compreende uma explicação do papel fundamental da verificação da prova digital alicerçada na blockchain e uma análise do primeiro caso decidido na China com base na prova digital preservada pela tecnologia blockchain. Discuto a possibilidade de que, num futuro próximo, com vista a aumentar a credibilidade do sistema de geração de provas digitais e reforçar o processo de preservação da prova, a generalidade dos órgãos judiciais podem reconhecer o estatuto legal da prova digital preservada pela tecnologia blockchain.

No presente trabalho, será abordada a extensão do conceito de prova digital na nova era da blockchain, bem como o significado da aplicação da blockchain na geração de provas digitais no ordenamento jurídico chinês. O artigocompreende uma explicação do papel fundamental da verificação da prova digital alicerçada na blockchain e uma análise do primeiro caso decidido na China com base na prova digital preservada pela tecnologia blockchain. Discute-se a possibilidade de que, em um futuro próximo, com vista a aumentar a credibilidade do sistema de geração de provas digitais e reforçar o processo de preservação da prova, a generalidade dos órgãos judiciais podem reconhecer o estatuto legal da prova digital preservada pela tecnologia blockchain.

A produção de provas, hodiernamente, não se dá de forma exclusivamente física, mudando a forma de atuação do direito processual. Assim, as provas digitais surgem como um avanço tecnológico, permitindo que meios de provas, antes indisponíveis, estejam hoje ao alcance de investigadores e partes processuais, contribuindo para uma maior celeridade processual. Pretende-se, neste trabalho, demonstrar como a prova digital é utilizada no direito formal e material brasileiro, quais são os seus princípios e discutir a questão da autenticidade e da integridade das provas, destacando a importância da cadeia de custódia digital para a garantia de uma prova idônea e válida processualmente.

O presente artigo destaca soluções alternativas para a tecnologia blockchain visando os princípios da Segurança da Informação e aplicando esses conceitos para o registro e validação de documentos digitais na rede do Bitcoin. Desta forma os documentos podem ter sua integridade validada e visível de maneira pública para qualquer usuário com acesso à Internet. O objetivo é o desenvolvimento de uma solução que visa abstrair toda a complexidade dos algoritmos e técnicas criptográficas e utilizá-las em conjunto com a tecnologia blockchain, potencializando o registro e a autenticidade de um documento digital em um ambiente público e descentralizado. Com a solução desenvolvida é possível o registro de documentos digitais no blockchain do Bitcoin, garantindo a validação da autenticidade dos arquivos digitais de maneira cronológica e criptográfica. Desta forma a ferramenta consegue garantir a autenticidade de arquivos sem a necessidade de uma entidade certificadora para garantir a legitimidade do mesmo.

Il lavoro muove dalle fasi dello sviluppo dell'Informatica forense in Italia, prosegue attraverso una sistematizzazione della disciplina, per poi passare all'analisi delle questioni tecniche e della rilevanza giuridica costituenti il presupposto di fatto comune alle fattispecie giuridiche oggetto di studio. La ricerca non verte solo su una disamina dei temi di Informatica forense e di quelli interdisciplinari con il diritto penale, processuale informatico e informatico-forense, ma soprattutto, muovendo dalle norme della Convenzione di Budapest e dalla L. 48/2008 di Ratifica, il lavoro affronta le questioni di Informatica forense più ardue e ancora poco esplorate dalla dottrina al fine di isolarli e svilupparli con innovativa originalità. In tale analisi, gli elementi innovativi del lavoro sono molteplici, vari e concernono: • le puntualizzazioni della terminologia giuridica dell'Informatica forense sulle quali il candidato spesso si sofferma dando prova di quanto ancora oggi sia spesso usata impropriamente • il fondamento scientifico-ontologico della definizione di dato digitale, ritenuto chiave di volta dell'intera disciplina; • la natura fisica e giuridica dei dati digitali oggetto di investigazioni e indagini e la loro dimensione materiale-immateriale, che condizionano l'esegesi e la prassi della disciplina; • la natura ripetibile e/o irripetibile degli atti di indagine aventi ad oggetto dati digitali, ritenuta una delle più gravi idiosincrasie sistemiche della disciplina; • la prova documentale digitale ed il rapporto tra documento digitale originale, originario e copia, nell'ambito del processo penale; • la ricaduta di tali argomenti ancora trascurati dalla dottrina processualpenalistica nella più recente giurisprudenza di merito e di legittimità.
The work moves from the stages of Forensic Informatics development in Italy, continues through a systematization of the discipline, then moves on to the analysis of the technical issues and legal significance constituting the assumption of fact common to the legal topics being investigated. The research not only focuses on an examination of the forensic IT issues and of those interdisciplinary with Criminal Law, Procedural Digital Law and computer forensics, but especially deals with difficult themes of Forensic Informatics and issues little explored by the legal literature in order to isolate and develop them with innovative originality, moving from the rules of the Budapest Convention and Law 48/2008 of its Ratification in Italian acts. In this analysis, the innovative elements of the work are many, varied and relate to: • clarifications of the legal terminology of Forensic Informatics over which the candidate often dwells, demonstrating even today what is often misused; • scientific-ontological definition of the digital data, considered key to the whole Forensic Informatics foundation; • the physical and legal nature of digital data, object of investigations and surveys and their material-immaterial dimension, affecting the exegesis and the practice of the legal doctrines; • repeatable and /or unrepeatable nature of the acts of investigation involving digital data, considered one of the most serious systemic idiosyncrasies of the discipline; • digital documentary evidence and the relationship between the original, primary and copied digital documents, in the criminal process; • consequences of such reasoning, still neglected by Criminal Processual Law, in the most recent jurisprudence of merit and legitimacy.

Il lavoro muove dalle fasi dello sviluppo dell'Informatica forense in Italia, prosegue attraverso una sistematizzazione della disciplina, per poi passare all'analisi delle questioni tecniche e della rilevanza giuridica costituenti il presupposto di fatto comune alle fattispecie giuridiche oggetto di studio. La ricerca non verte solo su una disamina dei temi di Informatica forense e di quelli interdisciplinari con il diritto penale, processuale informatico e informatico-forense, ma soprattutto, muovendo dalle norme della Convenzione di Budapest e dalla L. 48/2008 di Ratifica, il lavoro affronta le questioni di Informatica forense più ardue e ancora poco esplorate dalla dottrina al fine di isolarli e svilupparli con innovativa originalità. In tale analisi, gli elementi innovativi del lavoro sono molteplici, vari e concernono: • le puntualizzazioni della terminologia giuridica dell'Informatica forense sulle quali il candidato spesso si sofferma dando prova di quanto ancora oggi sia spesso usata impropriamente • il fondamento scientifico-ontologico della definizione di dato digitale, ritenuto chiave di volta dell'intera disciplina; • la natura fisica e giuridica dei dati digitali oggetto di investigazioni e indagini e la loro dimensione materiale-immateriale, che condizionano l'esegesi e la prassi della disciplina; • la natura ripetibile e/o irripetibile degli atti di indagine aventi ad oggetto dati digitali, ritenuta una delle più gravi idiosincrasie sistemiche della disciplina; • la prova documentale digitale ed il rapporto tra documento digitale originale, originario e copia, nell'ambito del processo penale; • la ricaduta di tali argomenti ancora trascurati dalla dottrina processualpenalistica nella più recente giurisprudenza di merito e di legittimità.
The work moves from the stages of Forensic Informatics development in Italy, continues through a systematization of the discipline, then moves on to the analysis of the technical issues and legal significance constituting the assumption of fact common to the legal topics being investigated. The research not only focuses on an examination of the forensic IT issues and of those interdisciplinary with Criminal Law, Procedural Digital Law and computer forensics, but especially deals with difficult themes of Forensic Informatics and issues little explored by the legal literature in order to isolate and develop them with innovative originality, moving from the rules of the Budapest Convention and Law 48/2008 of its Ratification in Italian acts. In this analysis, the innovative elements of the work are many, varied and relate to: • clarifications of the legal terminology of Forensic Informatics over which the candidate often dwells, demonstrating even today what is often misused; • scientific-ontological definition of the digital data, considered key to the whole Forensic Informatics foundation; • the physical and legal nature of digital data, object of investigations and surveys and their material-immaterial dimension, affecting the exegesis and the practice of the legal doctrines; • repeatable and /or unrepeatable nature of the acts of investigation involving digital data, considered one of the most serious systemic idiosyncrasies of the discipline; • digital documentary evidence and the relationship between the original, primary and copied digital documents, in the criminal process; • consequences of such reasoning, still neglected by Criminal Processual Law, in the most recent jurisprudence of merit and legitimacy.

Il lavoro di tesi indaga il recente fenomeno del lavoro svolto tramite piattaforma digitale, con uno sguardo specifico alle note vicende dei riders nel settore del food delivery, per discutere se questo ci porti a conclusioni nuove nella discussione storica sulla delimitazione della fattispecie del lavoro subordinato. Come si accenna nell’introduzione, le forme di lavoro on demand, inquadrate nel più vasto fenomeno della c.d. gig economy, di cui pure si propone un approfondimento, sono, ormai, diffuse su scala globale e aprono questioni legate ad ogni settore giuridico (diritto del lavoro, diritto tributario e commerciale, diritto privato, ecc…) economico e sociale. Il tema, nel lavoro di tesi circoscritto alle problematiche relative ai rapporti di lavoro, pone come questione più urgente la qualificazione giuridica del rapporto stesso: paradossalmente, la legislazione, fino all’ultimo intervento della legge 2 novembre 2019, n. 128, la giurisprudenza, con la recentissima sentenza della Cassazione 24 gennaio 2020, n. 1663, e infine, la dottrina, hanno molto variamente affrontato – ma in realtà non risolto - il profilo qualificatorio della fattispecie, offrendo prevalentemente un approccio al problema di tipo “rimediale”, volto cioè a riconoscere e garantire tutele, certamente urgenti, ai lavoratori on demand. La ricerca qui condotta, invece, ha segnalato, fin dalle parti introduttive, la necessità di inquadrare i rapporti di lavoro svolti tramite piattaforma digitale, in ossequio al principio di certezza del diritto, e in particolare, ha proposto una tesi volta a riconoscere lo status di subordinazione dei lavoratori del settore del food delivery, criticando l’opposta tesi fondata sulla base del fatto che non potrebbe essere accertata l’etero-direzione delle piattaforme verso i riders, essendo questi liberi di scegliere se e quando lavorare. L’indagine si è svolta, innanzitutto, ricostruendo il concetto di subordinazione, a partire dalle sue prime teorizzazioni. La ricostruzione è stata, naturalmente, condotta sulla linea delle interpretazioni rinvenibili già in dottrina e tenendo conto dei principali orientamenti sviluppati dalla giurisprudenza. Nel primo capitolo si rileva come, in effetti, gli elementi tradizionalmente attributi alla subordinazione del rapporto di lavoro convergono verso la c.d. etero-direzione. Al contrario, l’elemento della etero-organizzazione non ha quasi mai trovato valorizzazione in dottrina e in giurisprudenza come elemento identificativo della fattispecie lavoro subordinato, ed è stato, per lo più, inteso come inserimento del lavoratore nell’organizzazione dell’imprenditore. Tuttavia, nel secondo capitolo, la ricerca ha provato a dimostrare che l’etero-organizzazione è un elemento tanto rilevante, quanto quello della etero-direzione al fine di definire la natura subordinata di un rapporto di lavoro. La tesi è stata argomentata partendo, innanzitutto, dal dato normativo, attraverso, cioè, una interpretazione dell’elemento della “dipendenza”, espresso nell’art. 2094 c.c., e attraverso il recupero di una storica sentenza della Corte Costituzionale (n. 30 del 1996) che definì la subordinazione in senso stretto, come sussistenza di una doppia alienità, del risultato e, appunto, dell’organizzazione. Chiarita la concezione della subordinazione che si intende sostenere, il lavoro di tesi, nel terzo capitolo, prova a verificare se, alla luce del concetto di subordinazione come etero-organizzazione del lavoro da parte datoriale, i rapporti di lavoro on demand nel settore del food delivery possano essere qualificati come subordinati. Il tentativo ha richiesto una analisi specifica dei fattori che caratterizzano il rapporto di lavoro dei c.d. riders: in questa parte, infatti, sono stati ricostruiti dati relativi alla diffusione del fenomeno, all’impatto economico e sociale nel nostro ordinamento, nonché alle principali problematiche giuridiche conseguenti. In particolare, preziosa è stata l’analisi delle sentenze che, nei diversi ordinamenti di altri Stati, hanno conosciuto del rapporto di lavoro in questione, al fine di rilevare i principali elementi di cui la giurisprudenza ha fatto uso rispetto alla definizione della fattispecie presente in ciascun ordinamento. Per quanto riguarda l’Italia, si è altresì tenuto presente il principio tradizionale della prevalenza, ai fini qualificatori, dello svolgimento della fase esecutiva sulla volontà cartolare. Da qui si è giunti ad accertare la sussistenza della doppia alienità nel rapporto di lavoro tra i fattorini e le piattaforme digitali, tenendo conto delle pronunce, anche della Corte di Giustizia europea, sulla natura imprenditoriale di quest’ultime, svolgendo un approfondimento sulla concreta organizzazione del lavoro e le sue trasformazioni in atto. Intrecciati questi dati, si è argomentato che i rapporti di lavoro dei ciclo-fattorini svolti tramite piattaforme digitali possono considerarsi rapporti di lavoro subordinati, sussistendo alienità del risultato e alienità dell’organizzazione. Si è provato, inoltre, ad obiettare al principale se non unico argomento che osterebbe al riconoscimento della natura subordinata del rapporto di lavoro dei riders, ovvero il fatto che, potendo quest’ultimi scegliere se e quando lavorare, godrebbero di una autonomia decisionale incompatibile con la subordinazione. Il quarto capitolo, poi, propone un approfondimento delle principali vicende sindacali che hanno interessato i lavori on demand, per due ragioni essenziali: innanzitutto poiché il ruolo dei sindacati, tradizionali e non, è stato determinante, non solo in Italia, per regolamentare i rapporti di lavoro nel settore del food delivery, e poi poiché le trasformazioni delle modalità di esecuzione delle prestazioni di lavoro, rappresentate dal massiccio utilizzo della tecnologia, hanno interessato anche le relazioni industriali, fino a porre delle questioni inedite per il diritto sindacale, a cui si è fatto riferimento nello svolgimento della ricerca. Nell’ultimo capitolo, infine, si è dato conto della recentissima legge n. 128/2019, che regolamenta il rapporto di lavoro svolto anche tramite piattaforma digitale, sia attraverso l’estensione della disciplina del lavoro subordinato, ex art. 2 del D.lgs. n. 81/2015, come modificato dall’art. 1 della stessa legge, ai collaboratori etero-organizzati, sia attraverso l’applicazione di un apparato significativo di tutele ai riders che siano lavoratori autonomi. Dunque, ancora una volta, un intervento normativo che elude il profilo qualificatorio della fattispecie, ponendo dei rilevanti problemi di certezza del diritto e muovendosi sul filo di un approccio meramente rimediale alla questione urgente dello sfruttamento dei riders, estendendo forse le tutele derivanti dallo status di subordinazione, senza, tuttavia, riconoscerlo esplicitamente.
The thesis work examines the recent phenomenon of work done by means of a digital platform, with a closer look at the well-known events concerning riders in the food delivery sector, in order to debate whether this leads to a new conclusion in the old discussion of the delimitation of the dependent employment case. As mentioned in the introduction, on demand forms of employment, contextualized within the greater phenomenon of the so-called gig economy, of which an in-depth analysis is provided, are now spread on a global scale and pose questions linked to every economic and social legal sector (employment law, tax and trade law, private law, etc.). The subject, which in the thesis work is limited to issues relating to employment relationships, poses the legal form of the same relationship as a more urgent question: paradoxically, the legislation, up to the last intervention of the law of November 2nd 2019, No. 128, the jurisprudence, with the latest ruling of the Court of Appeal of January 24th 2020, No. 1663, and finally the legal interpretation, variously addressed – but in truth not resolved – the legal form of the case, mainly providing a “remedial” approach to the problem, i.e. aimed at acknowledging and guaranteeing protection, of course urgent, for on demand workers. Conversely, the research study conducted thus far highlighted, since the precursory parts, the need to contextualize the employment relationships carried out by means of a digital platform in compliance with the principle of legal certainty and, in particular, proposed a new theory aimed at recognizing the status of subordination of the food delivery sector workers, criticizing the opposite theory based on the fact that the hetero-direction of platforms towards the riders could not be ascertained since they are free to choose if and when to work. In the first place, the study was carried out by rebuilding the idea of subordination, starting from its first assumptions. The reconstruction was naturally conducted in accordance with the interpretations formerly recoverable in the tenet and accounting for the main orientations developed by jurisprudence. In the first chapter it is observed how, indeed, the elements traditionally attributed to the subordination of the employment relationship converge to the so-called hetero-direction. By contrast, the hetero-organization element almost never found appreciation in the legal interpretation and jurisprudence as an identification feature of the dependent employment case, and it was interpreted as the placement of the worker within the entrepreneur’s organization. However, in the second chapter, the study tried to prove that hetero-organization is as important an element as hetero-direction in order to determine the subordinate nature of an employment relationship. The theory was debated starting first and foremost from the regulatory data, i.e. through the interpretation of the “dependence” element, mentioned in section 2094 of the Italian Civil Code, as well as by recovering a historic ruling of the Constitutional Court (No. 30 of 1996) which narrowly defined subordination as the existence of a double alienation of the result and organization, precisely. Once clarified the concept of subordination that we intend to support, the thesis work, in the third chapter, attempts to verify if, in light of the idea of subordination as a hetero-organization of work by the employer, on demand employment relationships in the food delivery sector can be classified as subordinate. The attempt required a specific analysis of the factors that characterize the employment relationship of the so-called riders: in this part, in fact, data relating to the spread of the phenomenon, the economic and social impact on our system, as well as the main consequent legal issues were reconstructed. Specifically, precious was the analysis of the rulings that, in different legal systems of other countries, learned about the employment relationship in question in order to detect the main elements that jurisprudence made use of in respect to the definition of the case present in each system. As for Italy, the traditional principle of prevalence of the implementation of the executive phase over paper will was also taken into consideration for qualifying purposes. From here we came to ascertain the existence of a double alienation in the employment relationship between couriers and digital platforms, also accounting for the rulings of the European Court of Justice over the entrepreneurial nature of the latter, by carrying out an in-depth analysis of the concrete organization of work and its transformations underway. Once intertwined these data, it was argued that the employment relationships of cycle-couriers carried out by means of digital platforms can be considered subordinate employment relationships, given the existence of the result alienation as well as the organization alienation . Furthermore, an attempt was made to object to the main if not the only subject that would preclude recognition of the subordinate nature of the riders’s employment relationship; namely the fact that, being able to choose if and when to work, they would benefit from a decision-making autonomy incompatible with subordination. Then, the fourth chapter offers an in-depth analysis of the main union events that affected on demand jobs, for two essential reasons: first because the position of traditional and non-traditional unions was crucial, not only in Italy, in regulating employment relationships in the food delivery sector, and then because the transformations of the methods of implementation of work services, represented by the massive use of technology, also affected the industrial relations, to such an extent that unprecedented questions were posed for the union law, referred to in the carrying out of the research study. Finally, in the last chapter, the most recent law No. 128/2019 was taken into consideration, which regulates the employment relationship carried out also by means of a digital platform, both through the extension of the regulation of subordinate work to hetero-organized collaborators, pursuant to section 2 of Legislative Decree No. 81/2015, as amended by section 1 of the same law, and through the application of a significant protection system to the riders who are self-employed. Hence, once again, a regulatory intervention that eludes the legal form profile of the case, posing significant issues of legal certainty and following the path of a merely remedial approach to the urgent question of the riders’ exploitation, perhaps extending the protections stemming from the status of subordination, yet, without explicitly recognizing it.

Digitaliseringen av skolan är ett faktum och denna uppsats syfte är att försöka beskriva hur det påverkar eleverna, mer precist hur digitaliserade prov upplevs av eleverna utifrån nervositet, resultat och bedömning. Tidigare undersökningar som är gjorda visar på betydande skillnader i resultat om proven är digitala eller ej, men orsakerna till dessa skillnader och hur det påverkar eleverna finns det begränsad forskning kring. Den här uppsatsen försöker belysa elevernas uppfattning av digitaliserade prov jämfört med prov skrivna på papper med en penna. Metoden som använts är en mixed method där en enkätundersökning genomfördes på en medelstor högstadieskola med ca 300 elever och som kompletterades med sju semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Resultaten av undersökningarna visar att större delen av elevgruppen föredrar digitaliserade prov framför prov med papper och penna och att digitaliserade prov inte skapar lika mycket stress och oro. Det största fyndet i undersökningen var att elevernas provångest minskade avsevärt vid digitaliserade prov.

För att ge barn möjlighet att utveckla digital kompetens behöver förskollärare ha kunskap och intresse att arbeta med digitala verktyg i förskolan. Vi lever i en värld där digital kompetens behövs eftersom samhället till stor del fungerar digitalt. Av den anledning har vi valt att göra en undersökning med syfte att skapa mer kunskap om digital kompetens i förskolan. För att nå syftet använder vi oss av följande frågeställningarna “vad innebär digital kompetens för förskollärare” samt “hur kan användandet av digitala verktyg enligt förskollärare bidra till barns lärande och utveckling”. Det kommande förslaget för revidering av förskolans läroplan framhäver att barn skall ha möjlighet att utveckla adekvat digital kompetens och det är förskollärarnas ansvar att i sin undervisning möjliggöra för detta. I studien presenteras tidigare forskning och annan litteratur som belyser styrdokument och riktlinjer, dessutom förskollärares kunskaper om digitala verktyg samt barns lärande genomdigitala verktyg. Vi har valt en kvalitativ metod som genomförs genom fokusgruppssamtal. Fokusgruppssamtal har som syfte att fördjupa en kunskap genom diskussion mellan flera deltagare, i det här fallet för att synliggöra hur förskollärare resonerar kring digital kompetens i förskolan. Resultatet visar att förskolläraren behöver vara intresserade och motiverade att använda digitala verktyg i förskolan. Förskollärarens kunskaper kring verktygens användningsområde samt möjligheter påverkar möjligheterna för barns lärande genom digitala verktyg. Resultatet visar även att förskollärarna anser det vara viktigt att arbeta med digitala verktyg för att ge barn de kunskaper som kommer att behövas för kommande skolgång och arbetsliv. Vidare visar resultatet att förskollärarna ser det lustfyllda lärandet som drivkraften i arbetet där barns erfarenheter och intressen är utgångspunkten. Förskollärarna har flera mål när de medierar med digitala verktyg, där ämneskunskaper utvecklas genom kommunikation och samspel mellanbarn.

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Na indústria gráfica, sempre se buscou o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de sistemas de provas com o objetivo de simular as características visuais do impresso final podendo assim prever os resultados. Atualmente, avanços tecnológicos em imagens digitais têm modificado a infra-estrutura da indústria gráfica. Demorados sistemas de provas analógicos tem sido substituído por provas digitais. O surgimento de uma infinidade de diferentes dispositivos como scanners, câmeras digitais, impressoras, aliados a uma variedade de processos de produção, substratos, tintas e a adoção de diferentes especificações, tornam a reprodução exata das cores um tanto quanto difícil. Para solucionar este problema sistemas de gerenciamento das cores baseados em perfis de cor ICC (Consórcio Internacional da Cor) tem se tornado o maior aliado. É neste contexto que esta pesquisa pretende avaliar a influência dos sistemas de gerenciamento de cores em impressoras a jato de tinta na obtenção de cores impressas com valores CIELAB próximos aos descritos pelo perfil de cor ISOcoated_v2_eci utilizado como referência, objetivando sua utilização como prova digital de cor com o intuito de simular as características visuais deste padrão, possibilitando uma verificação das cores do trabalho antes de sua impressão. Problemas de insatisfação com relação às cores entre clientes, agências e gráficas também passam a ser minimizados
The influence of the systems of color management in digital proofs. In the graphical industry, always one searched the development and improvement of systems of proofs with the objective to simulate the visual characteristics of the final printed matter thus being able to foresee the results. Currently, technological advances in digital images have modified the infrastructure of the graphical industry. Delayed analogical systems of proofs he been substituted for digital proofs. The sproutng of a infinity of different devices as scanners, digital, printer cameras, allies to a variety of production processes, substrata, inks and the adoption of different specifications, becomes the accurate reproduction of colors on how much in such a way difficult. To solve this problem systems of color management based on profiles of color ICC (International Color Consortium) if it has become the greater ally. It is in this context that this research intends to evaluate the influence of the systems of management of colors in printers the spurt of ink in the attainment of colors printed with values CIELAB next to the described ones for the profile to color used ISOcoated_v2_eci as reference, objectifying its use as digital test of color with intention to simulate the characteristics appearances of this standard, making possible a verification of the colors of the work before its impression. Problems of insatisfation with relation to the colors between custormers, agencies and graphical also pass to be minimezed

Under ett arbetsområde inom fysik, atom- och kärnfysik, fick en klass i åk 9 jobba med ett läromedel som digitaliserats. Läromedlet var Fysik direkt från Sanoma utbildning. Efter avslutad undervisningsperiod genomfördes intervjuer med en särskilt utvald del av eleverna i klassen. Materialet från intervjuerna bildar underlag för studien. Utifrån de förutsättningar som gavs både från storleken på elevunderlag, tidigare forskning och författarens möjlighet till objektivitet, valdes fokus att riktas på hur eleverna upplevde det att använda ett digitalt läromedel jämfört med att använda papper, penna och tryckta böcker.   En kvalitativ forskningsmetod har använts för studien, och då målet har varit att beskriva ett brett spektrum av elevers upplevelser av vissa fenomen så lämpade sig fenomenografi som analysmetod. En fenomenografisk studie bygger oftast på halvstrukturerade intervjuer, vilket innebär att intervjuerna inleds på samma sätt, men utifrån svar som ges kan intervjuerna utvecklas i olika riktning. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och har sedan bearbetats för att skapa en rad olika kategorier av elevers upplevelser.   Kategoriseringen av elevernas upplevelser visar bland annat att eleverna upplever de praktiska aspekterna av att ha läromedel digitaliserade som positivt. Däremot finns en rad av tekniska utmaningar att ta itu med. Den del av digitaliseringen som eleverna upplever sig nöjdast och tryggast med är att utföra och lösa uppgifter digitalt, medan steget till att eleverna ska uppleva en trygghet med att genomföra prov digitalt är desto lägre.  Även elevers upplevelse av att läsa och skriva digitalt kontra på papper analyseras. Elevers upplevelse av sin inlärning stämmer i mycket med den forskning som finns att tillgå. Dock visar de praktiska aspekterna av att ha digitalt material att flera aspekter måste tas i beaktande när man väljer distributionsform.

Com o surgimento da criptografia de chave pública, muito esforço foi feito para a criação de protocolos de criptografia e de assinatura que fossem comprovadamente seguros contra indivíduos maliciosos. Existem várias definições de segurança, tanto para protocolos de criptografia como para protocolos de assinatura, e também existem vários modelos de adversários, que simulam um indivíduo malicioso tentando corromper o protocolo. A família de protocolos de assinatura Rabin possui os recordes de velocidade de vericação da assinatura, chegando a ser até 100 vezes mais rápida do que o RSA. Este trabalho apresenta uma redução eficiente de segurança no modelo do oráculo aleatório para uma variante do protocolo de assinatura Rabin descrito por Bernstein, onde não é necessário o uso de nenhuma função para geração de bits pseudo-aleatórios, o que torna o protocolo mais robusto. A redução apresentada é uma redução polinomial e eficiente do problema da fatoração de inteiros para o problema de quebrar o protocolo Principal Rabin-Williams B = 0.
With the development of public-key cryptography, many efforts were made to build encryption and signature protocols that were provably secure against malicious adversaries. There are many definitions of security for encryption and signature protocols, and there are many adversary models to simulate the behaviour of a malicious adversary against a given protocol. The Rabin family of signature protocols has the speed records for verification of signature, being up to 100 times faster than RSA. This work presents a tight security proof in the random oracle model for a variant of the Rabin signature protocol presented by Bernstein, that does not require the use of pseudo-random bits, making the protocol more robust. The proof presented here is a polynomially tight reduction for the problem of integer factorization to the problem of breaking the Principal Rabin-Williams B = 0 protocol.

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The indisputable current essentiality of the internet, with the information technology revolution, has brought a radical change in legal relationships, both in the form of data storage and information exchange, and in the conduct of judicial processes. We can see nowadays a significant change in legal relationships, since the records that were previously made on paper, are now carried out digitally, through electronic documents. This facility raises some troubling points. Among them, the credibility of the electronic document because of its abstract support in the face of the material support of the traditional document. Another point is: is the technology nowadays enough that we can equip it with the traditional document? We can not forget that security is the main fear of those who use electronic means. The reliability of electronic documents is associated with the conviction that it has not been adulterated in the path between sender and receiver, and that its author subscribes. This is the panorama on which the problem of this work is based, so that electronic evidence can be given probative force
A indiscutível atual essencialidade da internet, com a revolução da tecnologia da informação, trouxe radical alteração nas relações jurídicas, tanto na forma de armazenamento de dados e troca de informações, quanto na condução dos processos judiciais. Pode-se perceber nos dias atuais, uma mudança significativa nas relações jurídicas, pois os registros que antes eram realizados em papel, agora são realizados de forma digital, por meio de documentos eletrônicos. Essa facilidade levanta alguns pontos preocupantes. Entre eles, a credibilidade do documento eletrônico em razão de seu suporte abstrato face o suporte material do documento tradicional. Outro ponto é: a tecnologia disposta hoje em dia é suficiente para que possamos equipará-lo ao documento tradicional? Não se pode olvidar que a segurança é o principal receio dos que utilizam os meios eletrônicos. A confiabilidade dos documentos eletrônicos está associada à convicção de que este não foi adulterado no caminho entre remetente e destinatário, bem como de que seu autor é quem o subscreve. Esse é o panorama em que se assenta a problemática deste trabalho, para que se possa conferir força probatória aos documentos eletrônicos

O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e a formação da sociedade da informação, a partir do Século XX, acarretaram novos hábitos pessoais e sociais e transformações no processamento e arquivamento das informações. O tratamento e o registro de fatos e ideias passaram a ser feitos de maneira digital, com o uso de dispositivos eletrônicos que operam no sistema binário. Esse novo panorama trouxe diversos reflexos para o processo penal, principalmente relacionados à prova. Entretanto, a legislação e a jurisprudência não acompanharam o avanço tecnológico, abrindo-se um vazio normativo em matéria de procedimento probatório. Por essa razão, faz-se imprescindível a análise dos aspectos técnicos e sociais em face da teoria da prova, para se buscar conceituar o resultado do desenvolvimento tecnológico, ou seja, a prova digital, com a verificação de sua natureza jurídica e do procedimento probatório adequado para sua utilização no processo penal brasileiro. Assim, o objetivo desta tese é aferir o conceito e a natureza jurídica da prova digital e demonstrar que ela constitui espécie própria de fonte de prova, que, embora assemelhada ao documento, apresenta características peculiares, que demandam regulamentação específica de seu procedimento probatório. A partir do delineamento do conceito, da classificação e da caracterização da prova digital, examinam-se os meios de obtenção de prova e meios de prova adequados a essa fonte sui generis, observando a suficiência e a propriedade das normas existentes no ordenamento atual. Ao final, destacam-se os principais aspectos que carecem de regulação, propondo-se estrutura ainda rudimentar de normas para a matéria
The development of new technologies and the consequent rise of the Information Society, starting in the twentieth century, led to new personal and social habits and a revolution in the processing and storage of information. In this context, treatment and record of facts and ideas turned to be made digitally with the use of electronic devices operating in the binary system. This new situation has brought several consequences for the criminal proceedings, notably with respect to the evidence. However, legislation and case law have not kept up with the pace of technological change, opening up a normative vacuum in the field of evidence. For this reason, it is essential to analyze the technical and social aspects of this new scenario state of evidence theory in the wake of these changes, so as to conceptualize and establish a proper legal and evidentiary procedure for the verification of digital evidence in the criminal justice process. In assessing the concept and the legal nature of digital evidence, this thesis demonstrates that digital evidence is fundamentally a distinct kind of evidence, which, while similar to the document, nevertheless presents unique characteristics that require specific regulation of its evidentiary procedure. From the definition of the concept, classification and characterization of digital evidence, this thesis examines the proper methods of obtaining and producing digital evidence in a manner consistent with its unique nature, while at the same time questioning the sufficiency and adequacy of the rules in the current law regarding such methods. Finally, this thesis proposes a rudimentary framework of rules for this field.

Predostreté dielo predstavuje záverečný výstup z riešenia projektu VVGS-2019-1068 s názvom „Blockchain technológia ako činiteľ ovplyvňujúci súčasnú podobu práva“ a bolo vytvorené zároveň ako jeden z čiastkových výstupov z projektu APVV-19-0124 s názvom „Daňové právo a nové javy v ekonomike (digitálne služby, zdieľaná ekonomika, virtuálne meny)“. Čiastočné prekrytie predmetu výskumu jednotlivých projektov umožnilo takýto výskum, a to najmä pokiaľ ide o výskumnú úlohu týkajúci sa digitálnych (virtuálnych) platidiel.

The concluding chapter lays out a strategy for creating an international governance regime for the digital economy. It identifies a core “club” of nations that could champion new digital trade agreements linked to stronger international agreements to advance a trusted digital environment—the Digital Economy Agreement. This agreement would revamp trade policy to adjust to the impact of the information and production disruption by improving rules for digital market integration and would create a foundation that simplifies and strengthens the ability to forge significant pacts advancing the goals of improving privacy and cybersecurity while safeguarding against protectionist trade risks. The design of these agreements emphasizes binding “soft rules” that allow significant variations in national policy trade-offs while establishing a minimum common baseline of policy through the soft rules. Expert multistakeholder organizations drawn from civil society loom large in the design for implementation of the soft rules through such avenues as mutual recognition schemes for certifying compliance with privacy and security objectives. If trade agreements prove unworkable as a starting point, such agreements could be anchored to other types of binding policy agreements. However, trade is the first best option for consideration before there is any decision to resort to second-best strategies.

This chapter shows that as prosperity increased in the region, new secondary markets for stolen goods emerged prosperity in order to satisfy demand for consumption goods. Overall demand and appetite for illegal goods in the region had increased dramatically since the 1990s, especially in low-income households. This chapter examines types of victimization, and their rates, to prove that it was these crimes that partly fueled these illicit marketplaces. After reviewing several of these illegal markets, such as those for cellular phone, digital goods and firearms, this chapter exemplifies this trend with an understudied yet very important crime-driven market, namely the car-theft industry.

In order for the state to fulfil its functions, it needs to approach the balance of funds correctly. It is mainly view in the state budget. The goal of the state should be primarily a surplus budget, but at least revenues should cover the expenditures part. The state’s revenues come mainly from taxes. In crises, where state expenditures are set unsustainably in the future, it is more than ever the question of imposing new taxes. Even before the Covid-19 pandemic, a new Digital Tax was in the legislative process. It has been already introduced in other countries, especially in Europe. This chapter aims to analyse the introduction of the Digital Tax in the Czech Republic and its problematic aspects.

AbstractChapter 7 explained the detection and hypothesis testing problems, Huffman codes and the situation where errors are independent and Gaussian. In this chapter, we prove the optimality of the Huffman code in Sect. 8.1 and the Neyman–Pearson Theorem in Sect. 8.2. Section 8.3 discusses the theory of jointly Gaussian random variables that is used to analyze the modulation schemes of Sect. 7.5 . Section 8.4 uses the results on jointly Gaussian random variables to explain hypothesis tests that arise when analyzing data. That section discusses the chi-squared test and the F-test. Section 8.5 is devoted to the LDPC codes that are widely used in high-speed communication links. These codes augment a group of bits to be transmitted over a noisy channel with additional bits computed from those in the group. When it receives the bits, when the augmented bits are not consistent, the receiver attempts to determine the bits that are most likely to have been corrupted by noise.

AbstractThe fractional-N frequency synthesis based on Digital Phase Locked Loop (DPLLs) has become a conventional design approach for the new radio wireless applications. The advantage of the digitally-intensive design style is the possibility to implement low-power and very accurate digital calibration techniques. Most of these algorithms run in the background tracking PVT variations and either relax or, in some cases, completely remove the performance limitations due to analog impairments. Moreover, the digital loop filter area is practically negligible with respect to the one in analog PLLs. These benefits become even more relevant in the scaled CMOS technology nodes. This chapter identifies the design parameters of a standard DPLL architecture and proposes a novel locking scheme to overcome the intrinsic limitations of the digital frequency synthesizers approach. To prove this new scheme a sub-6 GHz fractional-N synthesizer has been implemented in 65 nm CMOS. The synthesizer has an output frequency from 3.59 GHz to 4.05 GHz. The integrated output jitter is 182fs and the power consumption of 5.28 mW from 1.2 V power supply leads to a FoM of −247.5 dB. This topology exploits a novel locking technique that guarantee a locking time of 5.6 s, for a frequency step of 364 MHz, despite the use of a single bit phase detector.

AbstractData normalization is an important preprocessing step in data mining and Machine Learning (ML) technique. Finding an acceptable approach to deal with time series normalization, on the other hand, is not an easy process. This is because most standard normalizing approaches rely on assumptions that aren’t true for the vast majority of time series. The first is that all time series are stationary, which means that their statistical characteristics, such as mean and standard deviation, do not vary over time. The time series volatility is assumed to be uniform in the second assumption. These concerns are not addressed by any of the approaches currently accessible in the literature. This research provides theoretical and experimental evidence, that normalizing time series data, can prove to be of utmost value by trimming non necessary data points and achieving minimum information loss, by using the concept of Minimal Time Series Representation (MTSR).

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic continues to exert influence on the scientific community: circumstances have forced academics to engage more frequently in technology-mediated activities, including their participation in remote and virtual conferences. In this article, we contemplate immersive virtual environments: we verify researchers’ motivations and constraints in the context of online conferences, and discover in what elements of such conferences researchers wish to participate in virtual reality (VR). A survey was administered using a computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) questionnaire among the sample of 1,575 academics with the POL-on database as the sampling frame. The results indicate that individuals’ contrasting needs and attitudes toward technology determine the degree to which they look favourably upon both remote conferencing and VR. Immersive virtual environments appear to satisfy the need for socialization; ordinary remote conferences fulfil the need for security and the achievement of fundamental conference goals, such as establishing collaboration and publishing research results. Conferences that are hosted remotely must be relevant to the needs of researchers and meet their discrete expectations; only then will such events prove valuable enough that researchers are willing to continue participating in them after the pandemic subsides.

AbstractThe research presented in this paper focusses on the concept of “Di-terial” which aims to merge digital design and fabrication technology with natural materials such as bamboo poles and raw timber. It proposes a digital workflow that uses sensing techniques to gain individual material information of natural, unprocessed construction resources and identify their individual strengths and characteristics and therefore its potential in load-carrying structures. This information is then used to develop bespoke designs and fabrication concepts, bridging the gap between unprocessed material and automated fabrication setups. Two case studies, developed to prove this concept, are described and compared. Both cases focused on the development of spatial structures using node-bar combinations of local resources.

AbstractGeoscientific data analysis has to face some challenges regarding seamless data analysis chains, reuse of methods and tools, interdisciplinary approaches and digitalization. Computer science and data science offer concepts to face these challenges. We took the concepts of scientific workflows and component-based software engineering and adapted it to the field of geoscience. In close collaboration of computer and geo-experts, we set up an expedient approach and technology to develop and implement scientific workflows on a conceptual and digital level. We applied the approach in the showcase “Cross-disciplinary Investigation of Flood Events” to introduce and prove the concepts in our geoscientific work environment, and assess how the approach tackles the posed challenges. This is exemplarily demonstrated with the Flood Event Explorer which has been developed in Digital Earth.

AbstractThere is a strong interconnection between tourism and World Heritage Sites. This interconnection, on the one hand, can have a positive impact by presenting these sites to the public and helping generate conservation funds, but, on the other hand, if done unsustainably, can lead to their degradation. The adoption of digital technologies in tourism has made travel and visitations, even in remote areas, relatively easy. The adoption of new technologies at World Heritage Sites can also prove to be beneficial and help evolve a more sustainable tourism model at these venues. Furthermore, the new conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, while having a detrimental impact on global tourism, provide an opportunity to remotely promote and generate revenue to preserve a regions’ tangible and intangible heritage. A technology-based intervention, if adopted correctly, can help to develop sustainable visitation capacity and management at World Heritage Sites while also enhancing and enticing visitation at lesser-known sites. Case studies from Greece and India are presented to demonstrate how to increase visitation to lesser-known sites and enhance the overall tourism experience at these sites. A variety of digital tools are presented, from simplistic to technologically advanced ones. These digital tools could be adopted and used globally for other World Heritage Sites to enhance visibility and sustainability.

AbstractThis introduction chapter provides context and background to the concept of trace in social sciences, also presenting an overview of key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this volume. Information that was not meant to be informative and evidence that did not expect to possess evidential character, traces are construed as evidence only from the vantage point of the observer, inadvertently left behind by those who produced the trace in the first place (indeed, awareness might change footprints and make them fade out). Conceived as clues rather than statements, traces prove to be useful for studying current social facts and individuals who have not yet vanished. This holds to be true especially in our contemporary platform society, due to its datafication processes and the ensuing quantification of features never quantified before; digital footprints determine the selection of the most relevant content or services to offer, creating accordingly personalized feedback. Thus, individual and collective online behavior leading to traces production is shaped by digital environments’ affordances and constraints; at the same time, such socio-technically situated traces retroact over digital systems (by fueling algorithms and predictive models), thus reinforcing, or questioning, the power relations at stake. Conclusively, a brief remark is made on future research possibilities associated with the sociology of traces.

AbstractOpening Part II of this book on how to strengthen the civic body against the rising tide of optimisation of emotion and its incubation of false information online, this chapter examines six core social and democratic harms arising from false information online. Firstly (1) it produces wrongly informed citizens that (2) in certain circumstances, for certain communities, are likely to stay wrongly informed in digital echo chambers and (3), more widely, be emotionally provoked (given the affective nature of much false information), thereby fuelling polarisation, partisan misperceptions, incivility and hatred. Added to this is a fourth problem: (4) contagion, where false, emotive information incubated in digital echo chambers and highly partisan enclaves influences wider social media and mainstream news, thereby spreading its pollutants far and wide. Meanwhile, (5) profiling and microtargeting raise core democratic harms comprising fragmentation of important national conversations; targeted suppression of voters; and undue influence over susceptible citizens, although this is hard to directly prove. Also related (6) is the impact of false information in seeding distrust in important civic processes and institutions, from health messaging to democratic processes.

Vo svojom príspevku sa autorky zamerali na problematiku definovania pojmov digitálne peniaze, digitálna mena a to v komparácii s pojmami virtuálne peniaze, virtuálna mena, pričom za východisko definovania predmetných pojmov považujú ich vecný obsah a zároveň vychádzajú z definícií pojmov peniaze, mena, digitalizácia, virtualita v kontexte ekonomického a právneho vnímania.

A integridade dos documentos arquivísticos digitais é mais um desafio da preservação digital e sua verificação é uma missão dos repositórios digitais confiáveis. Para auxiliar esses repositórios em sua missão, esse trabalho propõe o registro em blockchain de valores de hashes gerados a partir do encadeamento de inúmeros documentos em árvores de Merkle. O uso de árvores de Merkle possibilita a geração de um único valor que referencia a integridade de um grande número de documentos e o registro em blockchain garante um valor confiável de referência ao longo do tempo para prova de carimbo de tempo, prova de existência e verificação e auditoria da integridade dos acervos dos repositórios.

Virtuálne platformy (virtuálne meny, digitálne meny alebo kryptomeny) vykazujú veľmi pôsobivú dynamiku rastu, ktorá je daná jednak rastúcim záujmom verejnosti o túto oblasť, jednak ich silným dopytom na trhu. Všeobecne téma virtuálnych mien aktuálne rezonuje v celej spoločnosti. Rozvoj technológií v 21. storočí podnietil používanie internetu, ktorému sa vďaka zavedeniu nového fenoménu - virtuálnych mien výrazne podarilo vyvinúť nové inovácie na finančnom trhu. V tomto príspevku sa pokúsime zaujať stanovisko k virtuálnym menám ako zdrojom akejsi „vakcíny“ pre finančný trh, a to aj vzhľadom na pandémiu COVID-19, ktorá pre kryptomeny mala kolísavý charakter.

A criptografia simétrica provê alguma autenticação, porém o receptor não tem como provar a um terceiro que esta mensagem é autêntica. Propõe-se um protocolo criptográfico que faz uso de criptografia de chaves públicas ao invés de chaves simétricas capaz de unir a confiabilidade oferecida pela assinatura digital com a segurança oferecida pelo anonimato.

Digitálna (priemyselná) revolúcia 4.0 prináša so sebou viaceré fenomény, medzi ktoré nepochybne patrí aj digitálne euro, ktorého zavedenie je momentálne v štádiu ideí. Predostretý príspevok pojednáva o vybraných otázkach súvisiacich so zavedením digitálneho eura, na ktoré ponúka aj určité odpovede. Cieľom tohto príspevku je na základe analýzy recentných iniciatív v uvedenej oblasti výskumu a aktuálneho právneho rámca na úrovni európskej a národnej sformulovať určité závery a návrhy v rovine de lege ferenda súvisiace so zavedením digitálneho eura. Za účelom naplnenia takto formulovaného cieľa sme si nastolili aj hypotézu - primárne právo EÚ a súvisiace právne akty vytvárajú pre úniových normotvorcov dostatočný právny základ a mandát pre zavedenie digitálneho eura, ktorú sme podrobili overovaniu. Pri výskume boli využité viaceré metódy písania vedeckých prác, no najmä analýza, syntéza a dedukcia, ktoré sme aplikovali v ich vzájomných súvislostiach.

The article deals with the question of whether and how to provide protection to fashion desigms in the system of intellectual property rights. Clothing items are primarily useful, functional items, but they are also a reflection of personal style and creativity, an indicator of social status and an expression of political and other opinion. The same garment can have several different designs, still performing its basic utilitarian function. There is, therefore, the possibility of separating the function from the appearance and aesthetic elements of clothing. The fact that the fashion industry has had no or at least inadequate protection of intellectual property rights for much of its history, and yet continued to evolve, suggests that the lack of legal protection has not eliminated the creativity and productivity of fashion industry. Does such an approach of non-regulation still suit the fashion industry in the digital age, which is characterized by easier and faster copying and counterfeiting? Comparative law shows different approaches, but there is a trend of accepting the possibility of protecting fashion designs through various intellectual property rights, primarily

Satellite communication plays an important role in the global connectivity ecosystem. It connects rural and remote populations, provides backhaul connectivity to mobile cellular networks, and enables rapid communications for emergency and disaster responses. Low Earth orbit constellations may prove to be transformational to the connectivity landscape based on their global coverage and their suitability for areas not served by fiber optic cable networks. The Asian Development Bank’s developing member countries are well placed to benefit from this expansion of internet connectivity. It will be particularly valuable for small island developing states and landlocked developing countries with limited international bandwidth internet.

The article presents a thorough literature review and highlights the main stages in the development of distance learning in Ukraine. Moreover, the paper suggests the periodization of distance learning. Research data on distance learning peculiarities in Ukraine during and before the pandemic make it possible to outline the main problems faced by higher education institutions’ (HEIs) teachers and students. Therefore, the study emphasizes common problems, namely hardware/software issues, poor Internet connectivity, lack of students’ self-discipline and self-organization, absence of live communication, insufficient digital literacy skills etc. The paper analyzes the benefits of MOOCs that aim at digital competence development. It presents the results of students’ survey on qualitative changes in distance learning organization in 2020–2021 academic year compared to 2019–2020 academic year. The results prove that in current academic year, distance learning is better organized due to a sufficient structure of distance learning courses, the use of one platform for the whole educational institution, higher teachers’ digital competence, the use of various resources etc.

Decarbonization and energy security in Europe are two faces of the same coin. They are both related to the large dependency of the European Union economy on fossil fuels, which today represent around 70% of the total supply of energy. The bulk of these energy resources are imported, with Russia being the largest supplier, accounting for 40% of natural gas and 27% of oil imports. However, fossil fuels are also the primary root cause of greenhouse gas emissions, and the European Union is committed to reduce those by 55% by 2030 (versus 1990). This report is based on the landmark research from the Joint Research Center of the European Commission, the “Integrated Database of the European Energy Sector”, which for the first time mapped actual energy uses for each country within the European Union, across 17 sectors of activity, with data granularity at the level of each process step (or end-use) of each of these sectors. Our approach here has been to systematically review these process steps (or end-uses) and qualify the extent to which they could be electrified, effectively removing the demand for fossil fuels as a result. We have focused only on those process steps where technology was already widely available and for which we evaluated the switch to be relatively easy (or attractive). In other words, we estimated the impact of rapid electrification of “easy to abate” activities. The conclusion of this evaluation is that the share of electricity demand in the final energy mix could jump from around 20% today to 50%, which would drive a reduction in emissions at end-use of around 1,300 MtCO2 /y, as well as a drop in natural gas and oil supply of around 50%. As a result of such transformation, electricity demand would nearly double, with the bulk of that growth materializing in the building sector. Short-term, the challenge of addressing climate targets while providing for energy security is thus intimately connected to buildings. While such transition would certainly require major infrastructure upgrades, which may prove a roadblock to rapid deployment, we find that the combination of energy efficiency measures (notably digital) and distributed generation penetration (rooftop solar) could significantly tame the issue, and hence help accelerate the move away from fossil fuels, with energy spend savings as high as 80% across some building types; a major driver of change. Beyond this, further potential exists for electrification. Other measures on the demand-side will include deeper renovations of the industrial stock (notably in the automotive, machinery, paper, and petrochemical industries for which our current assessment may be underestimated) and further electrification of mobility (trucks). The transition of the power system away from coal (and ultimately natural gas) will then also play a key role, followed ultimately by feedstocks substitution in industry. Some of these transitions are already on the way and will likely bring further improvements. The key message, however, is that a significant opportunity revolves around buildings to both quickly decarbonize and reduce energy dependencies in Europe. Rapid transformation of the energy system may be more feasible than we think. We notably estimate that, by 2030, an ambitious and focused effort could help displace 15% to 25% of natural gas and oil supply and reduce emissions by around 500 MtCO2 /y (note that these savings would come on top of additional measures regarding energy efficiency and flexibility, which are not the object of this study). For this to happen, approximately 100 million buildings will need renovating, and a similar number of electric vehicles would need to hit the road.