Journal articles: 'Proton batteries'

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NISHIYAMA, Toshihiko. "Proton Polymer Batteries." Kobunshi 54, no. 12 (2005): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.54.885.

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Xu, Yunkai, Xianyong Wu, and Xiulei Ji. "The Renaissance of Proton Batteries." Small Structures 2, no. 5 (February 2021): 2000113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202000113.

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Ma, Nattapol, Soracha Kosasang, Atsushi Yoshida, and Satoshi Horike. "Proton-conductive coordination polymer glass for solid-state anhydrous proton batteries." Chemical Science 12, no. 16 (2021): 5818–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc00392e.

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Melt-quenched coordination polymer glass shows exclusive H⁺ conductivity (8.0 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at 120 °C, anhydrous) and optimal mechanical properties (42.8 Pa s at 120 °C), enables the operation of an all-solid-state proton battery from RT to 110 °C.

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Rudhziah, Siti, Salmiah Ibrahim, and Mohamed Nor Sabirin. "Polymer Electrolyte of PVDF-HFP/PEMA-NH₄CF₃So₃-TiO₂ and its Application in Proton Batteries." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.285.

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In this study, composite polymer electrolytes were prepared by addition of titanium oxide, TiO2nanofiller into polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene/polymethyl methacrylate-ammonium triflate (PVDF-HFP/PEMA-NH4CF3SO3) complex. The effect of TiO2on conductivity of the complex was examined using impedance spectroscopy. The highest room temperature conductivity of 1.32 × 10-3S cm-1was shown by the system containing 5 wt % of TiO2. This system was used for the fabrication of proton batteries with the configurations of (Zn + ZnSO4.7H2O + C + PTFE)/PVDF-HFP/PEMA-NH4CF3SO3-(5wt%)TiO2/(MnO2 + C + PTFE) and (Zn + ZnSO4.7H2O + C + PTFE)/PVDF-HFP/PEMA-NH4CF3SO3-(5wt%)TiO2/(MnO2 + PbO2+ C + PTFE). The performance of the batteries indicated potential application of the electrolyte system in proton batteries.

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Liu, Lunyang, Wenduo Chen, Tingli Liu, Xiangxin Kong, Jifu Zheng, and Yunqi Li. "Rational design of hydrocarbon-based sulfonated copolymers for proton exchange membranes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 19 (2019): 11847–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00688e.

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Developing novel hydrocarbon-based proton exchange membranes is at the Frontier of research on fuel cells, batteries and electrolysis, aiming to reach the demand for advanced performance in proton conductivity, fuel retardation, swelling, mechanical and thermal stability etc.

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Toorabally, Milad, Damien Bregiroux, Natacha Krins, Arvinder Singh, Damien Dambournet, and Christel Laberty-Robert. "A Negative-Based TiO₂ Electrode for Aqueous Proton Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 1 (August 28, 2023): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-011459mtgabs.

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Complementary solutions to Li-ion batteries must be studied for the growing need for energy demand. Accordingly, we have been interested in developing negative electrode materials of TiO2 capable of reversibly intercalating proton ions for aqueous batteries. One of these batteries’ main challenges comes from the low potential window available. Aqueous batteries cannot provide sufficient energy density with a thermodynamic working potential of only 1.23V. To do so, we have optimized the intrinsic transport properties of proton-ions can lead to the reduction of side reactions such as Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER). Solvothermal route synthesis made at different temperatures (from 90°C to 150°C) gives access to different TiO2 structures. At 90°C, a lamellar type lepidocrocite is obtained, including sheets of “TiO2” and water in the inter-lamellar spaces. This inter-lamellar space allows proton conduction by the Grotthus mechanism [1]. But, lepidocrocite type TiO2has been shown to be a non-conductive ionic conductor. To make it conductive, different cations can be inserted into the inter-lamellar space during the solvothermal synthesis, thus allowing the reorganization of water molecules, then facilitating the intercalation, conduction, and diffusion of protons [2]. Several levels of Zn2+ were tested: from 10 to 50 mol% relative to Ti4 +. At 150°C, we have been able to stabilize a complete condensed anatase (one polymorph of TiO2) phase while a defect anatase phase has been synthesized at a temperature between 90°C and 150°C. Interestingly, the quantity of defect can be tuned by the temperature and the hydrolysis ratio, h=nH2O/nTi=3.33 [3]. These defects are mainly cationic vacancies, thanks to X-Ray Pair Distribution Function (PDF) analysis. The electrochemical properties of these materials (shaped with carbon black as conductive support and Nafion as a binder) were studied in half-cell aqueous electrolyte buffered at pH 5 (CH3COOH/CH3COOK, pKa = 4.76, (1M)). Experimental capacities of more than 100 mAh/g, 80% of coulombic efficiency over 100 cycles have been obtained and potentials down to -1.4V (V vs Ag/AgCl, KCl saturated) have been achieved. For defective anatase (synthesized at 110°C), the CV curves exhibit two distinct peaks that can be linked to the co-existence of two sites for proton intercalation. The proton can be intercalated either inside a vacancy or within the lattice. This behavior allows a promising working potential of -1.6V with a gravimetric capacity of 250 mAh.g-1 with a 90% of efficiency over 50 cycles. Finally, the relationship between structure and electrochemical properties will be discussed in this presentation with the objective of designing an efficient MnO2/TiO2 aqueous battery. REFERENCE: [1] Wu, X.; Hong, J. J.; Shin, W.; Ma, L.; Liu, T.; Bi, X.; Yuan, Y.; Qi, Y.; Surta, T. W.; Huang, W.; Neuefeind, J.; Wu, T.; Greaney, P. A.; Lu, J.; Ji, X. Nat. Energy 2019, 4 (2), 123–130 [2] Chimie, E. D.; Analytique, C.; Centre, D. P.; Kang, P. S. Sorbonne Université Design de Matériaux Lamellaires Par Chimie Douce Pour Batteries à Proton et Ion Multivalent. 2020. [3] Kang, S; Singh. A; Badot, J-c; Reeves, K; Durand-Vidal, Serge, Legein, C; Body, Monique, Dubrunfaut, O; Borkiewez, O; Tremblay, B; Laberty-Robert, C; Dambournet, D Chemistry of Materials 2020 32 (21), 9458-9469 Figure 1

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Palanisamy, Gowthami, and Tae Hwan Oh. "TiO2 Containing Hybrid Composite Polymer Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Polymers 14, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081617.

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In recent years, vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) have captured immense attraction in electrochemical energy storage systems due to their long cycle life, flexibility, high-energy efficiency, time, and reliability. In VRFB, polymer membranes play a significant role in transporting protons for current transmission and act as barriers between positive and negative electrodes/electrolytes. Commercial polymer membranes (such as Nafion) are the widely used IEM in VRFBs due to their outstanding chemical stability and proton conductivity. However, the membrane cost and increased vanadium ions permeability limit its commercial application. Therefore, various modified perfluorinated and non-perfluorinated membranes have been developed. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on recent developments of hybrid polymer composite membranes with inorganic TiO2 nanofillers for VRFB applications. Hence, various fabrications are performed in the membrane with TiO2 to alter their physicochemical properties for attaining perfect IEM. Additionally, embedding the -SO3H groups by sulfonation on the nanofiller surface enhances membrane proton conductivity and mechanical strength. Incorporating TiO2 and modified TiO2 (sTiO2, and organic silica modified TiO2) into Nafion and other non-perfluorinated membranes (sPEEK and sPI) has effectively influenced the polymer membrane properties for better VRFB performances. This review provides an overall spotlight on the impact of TiO2-based nanofillers in polymer matrix for VRFB applications.

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Lee, Chi-Yuan, Chia-Hung Chen, Yun-Hsiu Chien, and Zhi-Yu Huang. "A Proton Battery Stack Real-Time Monitor with a Flexible Six-in-One Microsensor." Membranes 12, no. 8 (August 13, 2022): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12080779.

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A proton battery is a hybrid battery produced by combining a hydrogen fuel cell and a battery system in an attempt to obtain the advantages of both systems. As the battery life of a single proton battery is not good, the proton battery stack is developed by connecting in parallel, which can greatly improve the battery life of proton batteries. In order to obtain important information about the proton battery stack in real time, a flexible six-in-one microsensor is embedded in the proton battery stack. This study has successfully developed a health diagnostic tool for a proton battery stack using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. This study also focused on the innovatively developed hydrogen microsensor, and integrated the voltage, current, temperature, humidity, and flow microsensors, as previously developed by our laboratory, to complete the flexible six-in-one microsensor. Six important internal physical parameters were simultaneously measured during the entire operation of the proton battery stack. It also established a complete database and monitor system in real time to detect the internal health status of the proton cell stack and observe if there were problems, such as water accumulation, aging, or failure, in order to understand the changes and effects of the various physical quantities of long-term operation. The study found that the proton batteries exhibited significant differences in the hydrogen absorb rates and hydrogen release rates. The ceramic circuit board used in the original sensor is replaced by a flexible board to improve problems such as peeling and breaking.

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Ikezawa, Atsunori, Tadaaki Nishizawa, Yukinori Koyama, and Hajime Arai. "Development of MoO₃-Based Proton Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 1 (October 9, 2022): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02117mtgabs.

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Aqueous rocking chair batteries have attracted attention as highly safe and inexpensive secondary batteries. Lithium and sodium ions have mostly been used as the mobile ions, whereas proton systems with potentially the highest mobility have rarely been reported. Recently, research on proton batteries has been conducted using concentrated sulfuric acid solutions as the electrolyte that can assist high-rate performance.[1] Stability under concentrated acidic conditions is required for the electrode materials, as well as the capability of proton accommodation. MoO3 has been reported as a stable negative electrode material for aqueous proton batteries,[2] while few positive electrode materials are known except for bulky organic[3] and Prussian-blue materials[4]. For achieving high energy density and long life, oxide positive electrode materials are desirable. Here we propose the application of MoO3 as the positive electrode material by optimizing the operating composition range. The potential values shown below are all shown versus SHE (actually measured with Ag/AgCl). MoO3 showed a discharge profile at around 0.5 V with the maximum capacity of ca. 100 mAh g-1, as shown in the figure. This potential is sufficiently more positive than the redox potential of protonated MoO3 of around -0.3 V as the negative electrode. With the aid of operando X-ray diffraction analysis, it turned out that the discharge regions at 0.5 V and 0.4 V are respectively associated with a biphasic transition of MoO3/phase I (ca. 0 < x < 0.3 in H x MoO3) and a single-phase reaction of phase I (ca. 0.3 < x < 0.5 in H x MoO3). Deep discharging beyond this range results in the coexistence of phase I and phase III (ca. 0.5 < x < 1.5 in H x MoO3) and the proton extraction from phase III leads to the formation of phase II or phase IIa with its discharging potential of 0.0 V. Structural calculation based on the density function theory is employed to clarify the origin of this irreversible phase transition behavior. Different proton sites between these phases seem to be responsible. An aqueous proton battery with a 7 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid electrolyte was constructed with H-inserted MoO3 and MoO3as the negative and positive electrodes, respectively, and was successfully discharged and charged repeatedly, with the operating voltage of ca. 0.6 V, indicating the launch of aqueous proton battery composed of oxide active materials. Reference s : [1] J. Li, H. Yan, C. Xu, Y. Liu, X. Zhang, M. Xia, L. Zhang, J. Shu, Nano Energy, 89 (2021) 106400. [2] X. Wang, Y. Xie, K. Tang, C. Wang, C. Yan, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 57 (2018) 11569. [3] X. Wang, J. Zhou, W. Tang, Energy Storage Mater., 36 (2021) 1. [4] X. Wu, J. J. Hong, W. Shin, L. Ma, T. Liu, X. Bi, Y. Yuan, Y. Qi, T. W. Surta, W. Huang, J. Neuefeind, T. Wu, P. A. Greaney, J. Lu, X. Ji, Nat. Energy, 4 (2019) 123. Figure 1

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Han, Tianyuan, Ying Bi, Ming Song, and Penghua Qian. "Review of SPEEK Amphoteric Proton Exchange Membranes in All Vanadium Flow Batteries." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (November 21, 2023): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ajst.v8i1.14315.

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Sulfonated polyether ether ketone (SPEEK) membranes have been widely used in the field of all vanadium flow batteries (VFRB) due to their simple structure, convenient preparation, good thermal and mechanical stability, low cost, and easy modification. However, its membrane performance largely depends on the degree of sulfonation. As the degree of sulfonation increases, the proton conductivity increases, but it also increases water uptake, leading to excessive swelling and vanadium ion penetration, thereby reducing the stability of the membrane and the performance of the battery. The introduction of alkaline functional groups can serve as proton acceptors to promote proton transport through the Grotthus mechanism, and on the other hand, they can form acid-base pairs with sulfonic acid groups. The resulting hydrogen bonds, acid-base interactions, ion bonds, and other interface interactions are beneficial for reducing the swelling rate of SPEEK membranes, and can also adjust the size of proton transport channels, constructing efficient proton transport channels that are both conducive to proton transport and can hinder the passage of vanadium ions, Improve the ion selectivity of membranes. Therefore, this article reviews the basic research and practical development status of SPEEK amphoteric membranes in VRFB, including the latest progress in various modification strategies. And evaluated the challenges and potential future research directions faced by the development of SPEEK membranes.

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Zhou, Limin, Luojia Liu, Zhimeng Hao, Zhenhua Yan, Xue-Feng Yu, Paul K. Chu, Kai Zhang, and Jun Chen. "Opportunities and challenges for aqueous metal-proton batteries." Matter 4, no. 4 (April 2021): 1252–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matt.2021.01.022.

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Yu, Juezhi, Jing Li, Zhi Yi Leong, Dong-sheng Li, Jiong Lu, Qing Wang, and Hui Ying Yang. "A crystalline dihydroxyanthraquinone anodic material for proton batteries." Materials Today Energy 22 (December 2021): 100872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2021.100872.

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Guo, Haocheng, Damian Goonetilleke, Neeraj Sharma, Wenhao Ren, Zhen Su, Aditya Rawal, and Chuan Zhao. "Two-Phase Electrochemical Proton Transport and Storage in α-MoO3 for Proton Batteries." Cell Reports Physical Science 1, no. 10 (October 2020): 100225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100225.

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Keramidas, Anastasios D., Sofia Hadjithoma, Chryssoula Drouza, Tatiana Santos Andrade, and Panagiotis Lianos. "Four electron selective O₂ reduction by a tetranuclear vanadium(IV/V)/hydroquinonate catalyst: application in the operation of Zn–air batteries." New Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 2 (2022): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj03626b.

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Xu, Nansheng, Cuijuan Zhang, and Kevin Huang. "Proton-mediated energy storage in intermediate-temperature solid-oxide metal–air batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 42 (2018): 20659–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08180h.

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Beydaghi, Hossein, Sebastiano Bellani, Leyla Najafi, Reinier Oropesa-Nuñez, Gabriele Bianca, Ahmad Bagheri, Irene Conticello, et al. "Sulfonated NbS₂-based proton-exchange membranes for vanadium redox flow batteries." Nanoscale 14, no. 16 (2022): 6152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr07872k.

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Novel proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and two-dimensional sulfonated niobium disulphide (S-NbS2) nanoflakes are synthesized and used for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs).

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Ghosh, Meena, Vidyanand Vijayakumar, Maria Kurian, Swati Dilwale, and Sreekumar Kurungot. "Naphthalene dianhydride organic anode for a ‘rocking-chair’ zinc–proton hybrid ion battery." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 12 (2021): 4237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt04404k.

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The electrochemical behavior of 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) for the reversible insertion/extraction of Zn²⁺ and H⁺ ions in MnO₂||NTCDA zinc–proton hybrid ion batteries.

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Lebedeva, O. V., and E. I. Sipkina. "Composite membranes for fuel cells." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2023): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2023-13-2-172-183.

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The current ecological situation attracts particular attention to alternative energy sources with no detrimental impact on the ecosystem. In comparison with conventional energy sources, fuel cells exhibit the following advantages: small and compact size, light weight, lack of noise when working, and cost-effectiveness in terms of fuel consumption. Most importantly, fuel cells are environmentally friendly, since no harmful substances are released into the atmosphere during their operation. Their goal is to convert chemical energy from various sources into environmentally friendly electric power. At present, chemical sources of energy are used everywhere, including batteries for mobile phones, laptops, as well as cars and uninterruptible power supplies, to name a few. The main components of solid polymer fuel cells are proton-exchange membranes, the main function of which is to ensure the transfer of protons from the anode to the cathode. The proton conductivity of such materials is determined by the presence of hydrophilic channels that transport mobile protons. The proton-exchange membrane must meet the following requirements: electrochemical and chemical stability in aggressive chemical environments, mechanical and thermal strength, low permeability to reagent gases (fuel and oxidizer), high ion exchange capacity and electrical conductivity, as well as a relatively low cost. This paper considers perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes, organic–inorganic and acid–base composite membranes, as well as hybrid membranes obtained by sol-gel process, which can contribute to the development of technologies related to fuel cells in the future.

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Rani, M. S. A., M. N. F. Norrrahim, V. F. Knight, N. M. Nurazzi, K. Abdan, and S. H. Lee. "A Review of Solid-State Proton–Polymer Batteries: Materials and Characterizations." Polymers 15, no. 19 (October 9, 2023): 4032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15194032.

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The ever-increasing global population necessitates a secure and ample energy supply, the majority of which is derived from fossil fuels. However, due to the immense energy demand, the exponential depletion of these non-renewable energy sources is both unavoidable and inevitable in the approaching century. Therefore, exploring the use of polymer electrolytes as alternatives in proton-conducting batteries opens an intriguing research field, as demonstrated by the growing number of publications on the subject. Significant progress has been made in the production of new and more complex polymer-electrolyte materials. Specific characterizations are necessary to optimize these novel materials. This paper provides a detailed overview of these characterizations, as well as recent advancements in characterization methods for proton-conducting polymer electrolytes in solid-state batteries. Each characterization is evaluated based on its objectives, experimental design, a summary of significant results, and a few noteworthy case studies. Finally, we discuss future characterizations and advances.

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Yap, S. C., and A. A. Mohamad. "Proton Batteries with Hydroponics Gel as Gel Polymer Electrolyte." Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 10, no. 6 (2007): A139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2717366.

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Alias, Siti Salwa, Siew Mian Chee, and Ahmad Azmin Mohamad. "Chitosan–ammonium acetate–ethylene carbonate membrane for proton batteries." Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10 (May 2017): S3687—S3698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.05.001.

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Ye, Zhoulin, Nanjie Chen, Zigui Zheng, Lei Xiong, and Dongyang Chen. "Preparation of Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether)/SiO2 Composite Membranes with Enhanced Proton Selectivity for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Molecules 28, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 3130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073130.

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Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are an important type of vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) separator that play the key role of separating positive and negative electrolytes while transporting protons. In order to lower the vanadium ion permeability and improve the proton selectivity of PEMs for enhancing the Coulombic efficiency of VRFBs, herein, various amounts of nano-sized SiO2 particles were introduced into a previously optimized sulfonated poly(arylene ether) (SPAE) PEMs through the acid-catalyzed sol-gel reaction of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). The successful incorporation of SiO2 was confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the SiO2 particles were well distributed in the SPAE membrane. The ion exchange capacity, water uptake, and swelling ratio of the PEMs were decreased with the increasing amount of SiO2, while the mechanical properties and thermal stability were improved significantly. The proton conductivity was reduced gradually from 93.4 to 76.9 mS cm−1 at room temperature as the loading amount of SiO2 was increased from 0 to 16 wt.%; however, the VO2+ permeability was decreased dramatically after the incorporation of SiO2 and reached a minimum value of 2.57 × 10−12 m2 s−1 at 12 wt.% of SiO2. As a result, the H+/VO2+ selectivity achieved a maximum value of 51.82 S min cm−3 for the composite PEM containing 12 wt.% of SiO2. This study demonstrates that the properties of PEMs can be largely tuned by the introduction of SiO2 with low cost for VRFB applications.

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Son, Tae Yang, Kwang Seop Im, Ha Neul Jung, and Sang Yong Nam. "Blended Anion Exchange Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 2827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162827.

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In this study, blended anion exchange membranes were prepared using polyphenylene oxide containing quaternary ammonium groups and polyvinylidene fluoride. A polyvinylidene fluoride with high hydrophobicity was blended in to lower the vanadium ion permeability, which increased when the hydrophilicity increased. At the same time, the dimensional stability also improved due to the excellent physical properties of polyvinylidene fluoride. Subsequently, permeation of the vanadium ions was prevented due to the positive charge of the anion exchange membrane, and thus the permeability was relatively lower than that of a commercial proton exchange membrane. Due to the above properties, the self-discharge of the blended anion exchange membrane (30.1 h for QA–PPO/PVDF(2/8)) was also lower than that of the commercial proton exchange membrane (27.9 h for Nafion), and it was confirmed that it was an applicable candidate for vanadium redox flow batteries.

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Green, Erica, Emily Fullwood, Julieann Selden, and Ilya Zharov. "Functional membranes via nanoparticle self-assembly." Chemical Communications 51, no. 37 (2015): 7770–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc01388g.

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Nanoporous and ion conductive materials can be prepared by the self-assembly of nanoparticles, providing membranes with size and charge selectivity suitable for separation and possessing proton or lithium transport properties suitable for fuel cells and batteries.

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Chen, Qi, Liming Ding, Lihua Wang, Haijun Yang, and Xinhai Yu. "High Proton Selectivity Sulfonated Polyimides Ion Exchange Membranes for Vanadium Flow Batteries." Polymers 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121315.

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High proton selectivity is the ultimate aim for the ion exchange membranes (IEMs). In this study, two kinds of sulfonated polyimides (SPI)—non-fluorinated and fluorine-containing polyimide—with about 40% sulfonation degree were synthesized by one-step high temperature polymerization. High proton selectivity IEMs were prepared and applied in vanadium flow batteries (VFB). The chemical structures, physicochemical properties and single cell performance of these membranes were characterized. The results indicate that high molecular weight of SPIs can guarantee the simultaneous achievement of good mechanical and oxidative stability for IEMs. Meanwhile, the proton selectivity of SPI membrane is five times higher than that of Nafion115 membranes due to the introduction of fluorocarbon groups. Consequently, the single cell assembled with SPI membranes exhibits excellent energy efficiency up to 84.8% at a current density of 100 mA·cm−2, which is 4.6% higher than Nafion115. In addition, the capacity retention is great after 500 charge–discharge cycles. All results demonstrate that fluorinated SPI ion exchange membrane has a bright prospect in new energy field.

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Gallastegui, Antonela, Daniela Minudri, Nerea Casado, Nicolas Goujon, Fernando Ruipérez, Nagaraj Patil, Christophe Detrembleur, Rebeca Marcilla, and David Mecerreyes. "Proton trap effect on catechol–pyridine redox polymer nanoparticles as organic electrodes for lithium batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 8 (2020): 3934–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00531b.

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New redox-active polymer nanoparticles present that the redox potential of the catechol group is affected by the presence of the pyridine. This positive potential gain is associated to the proton trap effect, which benefits the performance of lithium-ion–polymer batteries.

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Yim, Haena, Seung-Ho Yu, So Yeon Yoo, Yung-Eun Sung, and Ji-Won Choi. "Li Storage of Calcium Niobates for Lithium Ion Batteries." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 8103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11291.

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New types of niobates negative electrode were studied for using in lithium-ion batteries in order to alternate metallic lithium anodes. The potassium intercalated compound KCa2Nb3O10 and proton intercalated compound HCa2Nb3O10 were studied, and the electrochemical results showed a reversible cyclic voltammetry profile with acceptable discharge capacity. The as-prepared KCa2Nb3O10 negative electrode had a low discharge capacity caused by high overpotential, but the reversible intercalation and deintercalation reaction of lithium ions was activated after exchanging H+ ions for intercalated K+ ions. The initial discharge capacity of HCa2Nb3O10 was 54.2 mAh/g with 92.1% of coulombic efficiency, compared with 10.4 mAh/g with 70.2% of coulombic efficiency for KCa2Nb3O10 at 1 C rate. The improved electrochemical performance of the HCa2Nb3O10 was related to the lower bonding energy between proton cation and perovskite layer, which facilitate Li+ ions intercalating into the cation site, unlike potassium cation and perovskite layer. Also, this negative material can be easily exfoliated to Ca2Nb3O10 layer by using cation exchange process. Then, obtained two-dimensional nanosheets layer, which recently expected to be an advanced electrode material because of its flexibility, chemical stable, and thin film fabricable, can allow Li+ ions to diffuse between the each perovskite layer. Therefore, this new type layered perovskite niobates can be used not only bulk-type lithium ion batteries but also thin film batteries as a negative material.

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Chen, Hong-Li, Xiao-Ning Jiao, and Jin-Tao Zhou. "The research progress of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) applied to electrical energy storage elements." Functional Materials Letters 10, no. 02 (April 2017): 1730001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604717300018.

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Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) is a kind of organic–inorganic hybrid nanoparticle. This paper introduces the research progress of different kind of POSS organic–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles applied to lithium-ion batteries, fuel batteries, and supercapacitors by researchers on mechanical properties, thermal properties and electrochemistry properties. The results showed that the ionic conductivity of POSS/Li-ion solid polymer electrolyte reached 3.26[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]S/cm and mechanical properties were commendable. The proton conductivity of POSS hybrid proton exchange membranes came to the level of 6.46[Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text]10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]S/cm and the mechanical strength was 18[Formula: see text]MPa with less content of POSS. With the inorganic core of POSS, smaller and more uniform multi-pore electrode materials offer a new idea on the fabrication of supercapacitor electrode materials.

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Oberoi, Amandeep, Parag Nijhawan, and Parminder Singh. "A Novel Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage-Based Proton Battery for Renewable Energy Storage." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 28, 2018): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010082.

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The inherently variable nature of renewable energy sources makes them storage-dependent when providing a reliable and continuous energy supply. One feasible energy-storage option that could meet this challenge is storing surplus renewable energy in the form of hydrogen. In this context, storage of hydrogen electrochemically in porous carbon-based electrodes is investigated. Measurements of hydrogen storage capacity, proton conductivity, and capacitance due to electrical double layer of several porous activated carbon electrodes are reported. The hydrogen storage capacity of the tested electrodes is found in the range of 0.61−1.05 wt.%, which compares favorably with commercially available metal hydride-based hydrogen storage, lithium polymer batteries, and lithium ion batteries in terms of gravimetric energy density. The highest obtained proton conductivity was 0.0965 S/cm, which is near to that of the commercial polymer-based proton conductor, nafion 117, under fully hydrated conditions. The obtained capacitance due to double-layers of the tested electrodes was in the range of 28.3–189.4 F/g. The relationship between specific surface area, micropore volume and hydrogen storage capacity of the carbon electrodes is discussed. The contribution of capacitance to the equivalent hydrogen storage capacity of carbon electrodes is reported. The implications of the obtained experimental results are discussed.

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Deng, Fengjun, Yuhang Zhang, and Yingjian Yu. "Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries." Batteries 9, no. 2 (February 3, 2023): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020109.

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Currently, rechargeable lithium batteries are representative of high-energy-density battery systems. Nevertheless, the development of rechargeable lithium batteries is confined by numerous problems, such as anode volume expansion, dendrite growth of lithium metal, separator interface compatibility, and instability of cathode interface, leading to capacity fade and performance degradation of batteries. Since the 21st century, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in energy-related applications owing to their ideal specific surface areas, adjustable pore structures, and targeted design functions. The insulating characteristics of traditional MOFs restrict their application in the field of electrochemistry energy storage. Recently, some teams have broken this bottleneck through the design and synthesis of electron- and proton-conductive MOFs (c-MOFs), indicating excellent charge transport properties, while the chemical and structural advantages of MOFs are still maintained. In this review, we profile the utilization of c-MOFs in several rechargeable lithium batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, Li–S batteries, and Li–air batteries. The preparation methods, conductive mechanisms, experimental and theoretical research of c-MOFs are systematically elucidated and summarized. Finally, in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion, challenges and opportunities can coexist.

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31

Meng, Tiejun, Kwo Young, David Beglau, Shuli Yan, Peng Zeng, and Mark Ming-Cheng Cheng. "Hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film anode for proton conducting batteries." Journal of Power Sources 302 (January 2016): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.045.

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Wang, Wei. "Proton Activity and Pathway in Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 3 (August 28, 2023): 741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-013741mtgabs.

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Aqueous soluble organic (ASO) redox-active materials have recently shown great promise as alternatives to transition metal ions employed as energy-bearing active materials in redox flow batteries for large-scale energy storage because of their structural tunability, cost-effectiveness, availability, and safety features. However, development so far has been limited to a small palette of organics that are aqueous soluble. This presentation will use fluorenone as an example to showcase how a natively redox-inactive molecule can be tuned to possess two-electron redox reversibility through hydrogenation and dehydrogenation. The modified fluorenone molecules demonstrated high energy density and recorded stable cycling. Furthermore, research has shown the kinetics of the redox reactions; thus, the system rate capabilities can be improved by incorporating suitable hydrogen acceptors that regulate the proton pathway for a faster redox reaction. Reference: Feng et al., Science 372, 836–840 (2021), Feng et al., submitted, 2022

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Guo, Haocheng, and Chuan Zhao. "An Emerging Chemistry Revives Proton Batteries." Small Methods, September 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202300699.

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AbstractDeveloping new energy techniques that simultaneously integrate the fast rate capabilities of supercapacitors and high capacities of batteries represents an ultimate goal in the field of electrochemical energy storage. A new possibility arises with an emerging battery chemistry that relies on proton‐ions as the ion‐charge‐carrier and benefits from the fast transportation kinetics. Proton‐based battery chemistry starts with the recent discoveries of materials for proton redox reactions and leads to a renaissance of proton batteries. In this article, the historical developments of proton batteries are outlined and key aspects of battery chemistry are reviewed. First, the fundamental knowledge of proton‐ions and their transportation characteristics is introduced; second, Faradaic electrodes for proton storage are categorized and highlighted in detail; then, reported electrolytes and different designs of proton batteries are summarized; last, perspectives of developments for proton batteries are proposed. It is hoped that this review will provide guidance on the rational designs of proton batteries and benefit future developments.

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34

zha, Wenwen, Qiushi Ruan, Long Ma, Meng Liu, Huiwen Lin, Litao Sun, ZhengMing Sun, and Li Tao. "Highly Stable Photo‐Assisted Zinc‐Ion Batteries via Regulated Photo‐Induced Proton Transfer." Angewandte Chemie, February 9, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.202400621.

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Photo‐assisted ion batteries utilize light to boost capacity but face cycling instability due to complex charge/ion transfer under illumination. This study identified photo‐induced proton transfer (photo‐induced PT) as a significant process in photo‐(dis)charging of widely‐used V2O5‐based zinc‐ion batteries, contributing to enhanced capacity under illumination but jeopardizing photo‐stability. Photo‐induced PT occurs at 100 ps after photo‐excitation, inducing rapid proton extraction into V2O5 photoelectrode. This process creates a proton‐deficient microenvironment on surface, leading to repetitive cathode dissolution and anode corrosion in each cycle. Enabling the intercalated protons from photo‐induced PT to be reversibly employed in charge‐discharge processes via the anode‐alloying strategy achieves high photo‐stability for the battery. Consequently, a ~54% capacity enhancement was achieved in a V2O5‐based zinc‐ion battery under illumination, with ~90% capacity retention after 4000 cycles. This extends the photo‐stability record by 10 times. This study offers promising advancements in energy storage by addressing instability issues in photo‐assisted ion batteries.

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zha, Wenwen, Qiushi Ruan, Long Ma, Meng Liu, Huiwen Lin, Litao Sun, ZhengMing Sun, and Li Tao. "Highly Stable Photo‐Assisted Zinc‐Ion Batteries via Regulated Photo‐Induced Proton Transfer." Angewandte Chemie International Edition, February 9, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202400621.

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Photo‐assisted ion batteries utilize light to boost capacity but face cycling instability due to complex charge/ion transfer under illumination. This study identified photo‐induced proton transfer (photo‐induced PT) as a significant process in photo‐(dis)charging of widely‐used V2O5‐based zinc‐ion batteries, contributing to enhanced capacity under illumination but jeopardizing photo‐stability. Photo‐induced PT occurs at 100 ps after photo‐excitation, inducing rapid proton extraction into V2O5 photoelectrode. This process creates a proton‐deficient microenvironment on surface, leading to repetitive cathode dissolution and anode corrosion in each cycle. Enabling the intercalated protons from photo‐induced PT to be reversibly employed in charge‐discharge processes via the anode‐alloying strategy achieves high photo‐stability for the battery. Consequently, a ~54% capacity enhancement was achieved in a V2O5‐based zinc‐ion battery under illumination, with ~90% capacity retention after 4000 cycles. This extends the photo‐stability record by 10 times. This study offers promising advancements in energy storage by addressing instability issues in photo‐assisted ion batteries.

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Qin, Zili, Xilong Li, Qi Dong, Kaiwen Qi, Shiyuan Chen, and Yongchun Zhu. "Limiting Interfacial Free Water and Proton Concentration by Hydrogel Electrolytes for Stable MoO₃ Anode in a Proton Battery." Small, March 21, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202400108.

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AbstractAqueous rechargeable proton batteries are attractive due to the small ionic radius, light mass, and ultrafast diffusion kinetics of proton as charge carriers. However, the commonly used acidic electrolyte is usually very corrosive to the electrode material, which seriously affects the cycle life of the battery. Here, it is proposed that decreasing water activity and limiting proton concentration can effectively prevent side reactions of the MoO3 anode such as corrosion and hydrogen precipitation by using a lean‐water hydrogel electrolyte. The as‐prepared polyacrylamide (PAAM)‐poly2‐acrylamide‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (PAMPS)/MnSO4 (PPM) hydrogel electrolyte not only has abundant hydrophilic groups that can form hydrogen bonds with free water and inhibit solvent‐electrode interaction, but also has fixed anions that can maintain a certain interaction with protons. The assembled MoO3||MnO2 full battery can stably cycle over 500 times for ≈350 h with an unprecedented capacity retention of 100% even at a low current density of 0.5 A g−1. This work gives a hint that limiting free water as well as proton concentration is important for the design of electrolytes or interfaces in aqueous proton batteries.

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Tong, Yuhao, Yuan Wei, AJing Song, Yuanyuan Ma, and Jianping Yang. "Polyaniline/Tungsten Trioxide Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Anode for Aqueous Proton Batteries." Chemistry – A European Journal, May 6, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.202401257.

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Aqueous proton batteries have received increasing attention due to their outstanding rate performance, stability and high capacity. However, the selection of anode materials in strongly acidic electrolytes poses a challenge in achieving high‐performance aqueous proton batteries. This study optimized the proton reaction kinetics of layered metal oxide WO3 by introducing interlayer structured water and coating polyaniline on its surface to prepare organic‐inorganic hybrid material (WO3·2H2O@PANI). We constructed an aqueous proton battery with WO3·2H2O@PANI anode and MnO2@GF cathode. After 1500 cycles at a current density of 10 A g‐1, the capacity retention rate can still reach 80.2%. These results can inspire the development of new aqueous proton batteries.

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38

Ikezawa, Atsunori, Yukinori Koyama, Tadaaki Nishizawa, and Hajime Arai. "A High Voltage Aqueous Proton Battery using an Optimized Operation of a MoO3 Positive Electrode." Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ta08581j.

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Aqueous proton batteries have attracted increasing attention owing to their potential of high safety standard, high rate capability, and long cyclability. While some inorganic negative electrode materials for proton batteries...

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39

Su, Zhen, Haocheng Guo, and Chuan Zhao. "Rational Design of Electrode–Electrolyte Interphase and Electrolytes for Rechargeable Proton Batteries." Nano-Micro Letters 15, no. 1 (April 10, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40820-023-01071-z.

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AbstractRechargeable proton batteries have been regarded as a promising technology for next-generation energy storage devices, due to the smallest size, lightest weight, ultrafast diffusion kinetics and negligible cost of proton as charge carriers. Nevertheless, a proton battery possessing both high energy and power density is yet achieved. In addition, poor cycling stability is another major challenge making the lifespan of proton batteries unsatisfactory. These issues have motivated extensive research into electrode materials. Nonetheless, the design of electrode–electrolyte interphase and electrolytes is underdeveloped for solving the challenges. In this review, we summarize the development of interphase and electrolytes for proton batteries and elaborate on their importance in enhancing the energy density, power density and battery lifespan. The fundamental understanding of interphase is reviewed with respect to the desolvation process, interfacial reaction kinetics, solvent-electrode interactions, and analysis techniques. We categorize the currently used electrolytes according to their physicochemical properties and analyze their electrochemical potential window, solvent (e.g., water) activities, ionic conductivity, thermal stability, and safety. Finally, we offer our views on the challenges and opportunities toward the future research for both interphase and electrolytes for achieving high-performance proton batteries for energy storage.

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40

Dong, Xiaoyu, Zhiwei Li, Bing Ding, Hui Dou, and Xiaogang Zhang. "Electrolyte and Electrode–Electrolyte Interface for Proton Batteries: Insights and Challenges." ChemElectroChem, December 14, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/celc.202300569.

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AbstractSimultaneously achieving high energy density and high‐power density in energy storage systems is a crucial direction for developing next‐generation energy storage technologies. The high capacity and rapid kinetic performance of rechargeable proton batteries provide an ideal solution for overcoming energy limitation of capacitors and power constraints of traditional metal‐ion batteries. Research efforts primarily concentrated on electrode materials design, understanding the charge storage mechanisms, and exploring the failure mechanisms. While there has been relatively less emphasis on the modifications to electrolytes and electrode‐electrolyte interfaces to enhance overall performance. Summarizing and sorting relevant work is crucial in providing direction and suggestions for future research endeavors. Herein, to improve energy density, power density, and cycle stability of proton batteries, a series of recently published studies on electrolyte and electrode‐electrolyte interfaces are discussed and reviewed. Furthermore, challenges and future directions pertaining to the electrolytes of proton batteries have been identified, offering insights to facilitate the development of proton battery technology.

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41

Liu, Huan, Xiang Cai, Xiaojuan Zhi, Shuanlong Di, Boyin Zhai, Hongguan Li, Shulan Wang, and Li Li. "An Amorphous Anode for Proton Battery." Nano-Micro Letters 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00987-2.

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AbstractDeveloping advanced electrode materials is crucial for improving the electrochemical performances of proton batteries. Currently, the anodes are primarily crystalline materials which suffer from inferior cyclic stability and high electrode potential. Herein, we propose amorphous electrode materials for proton batteries by using a general ion-exchange protocol to introduce multivalent metal cations for activating the host material. Taking Al3+ as an example, theoretical and experimental analysis demonstrates electrostatic interaction between metal cations and lattice oxygen, which is the primary barrier for direct introduction of the multivalent cations, is effectively weakened through ion exchange between Al3+ and pre-intercalated K+. The as-prepared Al-MoOx anode therefore delivered a remarkable capacity and outstanding cycling stability that outperforms most of the state-of-the-art counterparts. The assembled full cell also achieved a high voltage of 1.37 V. This work opens up new opportunities for developing high-performance electrodes of proton batteries by introducing amorphous materials.

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42

Dong, Hao, Lin-Lin Wang, Zhi-Rong Feng, Jie Song, Qiao Qiao, Yu-Ping Wu, and Xiaoming Ren. "A Freezing-Tolerant Superior Proton Conductive Hydrogel Comprised of Sulfonated Poly(ether-ether-ketone) and Poly(vinyl-alcohol) as Quasi-Solid-State Electrolyte in Proton Battery." Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3tc02665e.

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Aqueous proton batteries (APBs) are regarded as one of the most promising energy storage devices for the next-generation batteries owing to high safety, high power density and environmental friendliness, while...

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43

Wang, Mingchao, Gang Wang, Chandrasekhar Naisa, Yubin Fu, Sai Manoj Gali, Silvia Paasch, Mao Wang, et al. "Poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline)‐Ladder‐Type Two‐Dimensional Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework for Fast Proton Storage." Angewandte Chemie, September 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.202310937.

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Electrochemical proton storage plays an essential role in designing next‐generation high‐rate energy storage devices, e.g., aqueous batteries. Two‐dimensional conjugated covalent organic frameworks (2D c‐COFs) are promising electrode materials, but their competitive proton and metal‐ion insertion mechanisms remain elusive, and proton storage in COFs is rarely explored. Here, we report a perinone‐based poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL)‐ladder‐type 2D c‐COF towards fast proton storage in both mild aqueous Zn‐ion electrolyte and strong acid. We unveil that the discharged C‐O‐ groups exhibit largely reduced basicity due to the considerable p‐delocalization in perinone, thus affording the 2D c‐COF a unique affinity to protons with fast kinetics. As a consequence, the 2D c‐COF electrode presents outstanding rate capability up to 200 A g‐1 (over 2500C), surpassing the state‐of‐the‐art conjugated polymers, COFs and metal‐organic frameworks. Our work reports the first example of pure proton storage among COFs and highlights the great potential of BBL‐ladder‐type 2D conjugated polymers in future energy devices.

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44

Wang, Mingchao, Gang Wang, Chandrasekhar Naisa, Yubin Fu, Sai Manoj Gali, Silvia Paasch, Mao Wang, et al. "Poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline)‐Ladder‐Type Two‐Dimensional Conjugated Covalent Organic Framework for Fast Proton Storage." Angewandte Chemie International Edition, September 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.202310937.

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Electrochemical proton storage plays an essential role in designing next‐generation high‐rate energy storage devices, e.g., aqueous batteries. Two‐dimensional conjugated covalent organic frameworks (2D c‐COFs) are promising electrode materials, but their competitive proton and metal‐ion insertion mechanisms remain elusive, and proton storage in COFs is rarely explored. Here, we report a perinone‐based poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL)‐ladder‐type 2D c‐COF towards fast proton storage in both mild aqueous Zn‐ion electrolyte and strong acid. We unveil that the discharged C‐O‐ groups exhibit largely reduced basicity due to the considerable p‐delocalization in perinone, thus affording the 2D c‐COF a unique affinity to protons with fast kinetics. As a consequence, the 2D c‐COF electrode presents outstanding rate capability up to 200 A g‐1 (over 2500C), surpassing the state‐of‐the‐art conjugated polymers, COFs and metal‐organic frameworks. Our work reports the first example of pure proton storage among COFs and highlights the great potential of BBL‐ladder‐type 2D conjugated polymers in future energy devices.

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45

Chen, Mengting, Wenbao Liu, Danyang Ren, Yunlin An, Chang Shu, Shengguang Zhang, Wenjun Liang, Jianchao Sun, Feiyu Kang, and Fuyi Jiang. "Proton Self‐Limiting Effect of Solid Acids Boosts Electrochemical Performance of Zinc‐ion Batteries." Advanced Functional Materials, May 8, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202404983.

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AbstractAt present, aqueous rechargeable Zn–MnO2 batteries have attracted widespread attention as green potential application for renewable energy storage devices. MnO2 cathode has great potential for application, but its proton reaction results in side reactions of cathode, electrolyte consumption, and dramatic pH value changes, suffering from capacity degradation. To address the issues caused by proton deficit, a proton–limited domain strategy is proposed by integrating solid acids (Sulfonic acid type polystyrene–divinylbenzene, SATP) with proton exchange reactions into MnO2. SATP can act as a new proton source increasing the amount of H+ and reducing the generation of zinc hydroxide sulfate, by–product of proton at the cathode interface, via proton exchange reactions of ‐HSO3– group. As a result, Zn–MnO2/SATP battery delivered with excellent rate performance (218.4 mAh g–1 at 2 A g–1) and high cycling stability (the retained capacity of 115.8 mAh g–1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 1 A g–1. This work provides an innovative strategy for high performance aqueous Zn–MnO2 batteries.

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Zhang, Xiaoqing, Xin Zhang, Yao Miao, Qinghong Huang, Zhidong Chen, Dengfeng Guo, Juan Xu, Yong-miao Shen, and Jianyu Cao. "Rechargeable aqueous phenazine-Prussian blue proton battery with long cycle life." Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ta09749d.

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47

Guo, Quanquan, Wei Li, Xiaodong Li, Jiaxu Zhang, Davood Sabaghi, Jianjun Zhang, Bowen Zhang, et al. "Proton-selective coating enables fast-kinetics high-mass-loading cathodes for sustainable zinc batteries." Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (March 8, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46464-9.

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AbstractThe pressing demand for sustainable energy storage solutions has spurred the burgeoning development of aqueous zinc batteries. However, kinetics-sluggish Zn2+ as the dominant charge carriers in cathodes leads to suboptimal charge-storage capacity and durability of aqueous zinc batteries. Here, we discover that an ultrathin two-dimensional polyimine membrane, featured by dual ion-transport nanochannels and rich proton-conduction groups, facilitates rapid and selective proton passing. Subsequently, a distinctive electrochemistry transition shifting from sluggish Zn2+-dominated to fast-kinetics H+-dominated Faradic reactions is achieved for high-mass-loading cathodes by using the polyimine membrane as an interfacial coating. Notably, the NaV3O8·1.5H2O cathode (10 mg cm−2) with this interfacial coating exhibits an ultrahigh areal capacity of 4.5 mAh cm−2 and a state-of-the-art energy density of 33.8 Wh m−2, along with apparently enhanced cycling stability. Additionally, we showcase the applicability of the interfacial proton-selective coating to different cathodes and aqueous electrolytes, validating its universality for developing reliable aqueous batteries.

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Xu, Tiezhu, Di Wang, Zhiwei Li, Ziyang Chen, Jinhui Zhang, Tingsong Hu, Xiaogang Zhang, and Laifa Shen. "Electrochemical Proton Storage: From Fundamental Understanding to Materials to Devices." Nano-Micro Letters 14, no. 1 (June 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40820-022-00864-y.

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AbstractSimultaneously improving the energy density and power density of electrochemical energy storage systems is the ultimate goal of electrochemical energy storage technology. An effective strategy to achieve this goal is to take advantage of the high capacity and rapid kinetics of electrochemical proton storage to break through the power limit of batteries and the energy limit of capacitors. This article aims to review the research progress on the physicochemical properties, electrochemical performance, and reaction mechanisms of electrode materials for electrochemical proton storage. According to the different charge storage mechanisms, the surface redox, intercalation, and conversion materials are classified and introduced in detail, where the influence of crystal water and other nanostructures on the migration kinetics of protons is clarified. Several reported advanced full cell devices are summarized to promote the commercialization of electrochemical proton storage. Finally, this review provides a framework for research directions of charge storage mechanism, basic principles of material structure design, construction strategies of full cell device, and goals of practical application for electrochemical proton storage.

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Yin, Chengjie, Chengling Pan, Yusong Pan, Jinsong Hu, and Guozhao Fang. "Proton Self‐Doped Polyaniline with High Electrochemical Activity for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries." Small Methods, August 12, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smtd.202300574.

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AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their low cost, good ionic conductivity, and high safety. Conductive polyaniline is a promising cathode because of its redox activity, but because the neutral electrolyte protonates only weakly, it displays limited electrochemical activity. A polyaniline cathode is developed with proton self‐doping from manganese metal–organic frameworks (Mn–MOFs) that alleviates the deprotonation and electrochemical activity concerns arising during the charge/discharge process. The MOFs carboxyl group provides protons to prevent deprotonation and allows the polyaniline to reach a high zinc storage redox activity. The proton self‐doped polyaniline cathode has a superior specific capacity (273 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), a high rate property (154 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1), and excellent cyclability retention (87% over 4000 cycles at 15 A g−1). This research provides fresh insight into the development of innovative polymers as cathode materials for high‐performance AZIBs.

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Wu, Sicheng, Junbo Chen, Zhen Su, Haocheng Guo, Tingwen Zhao, Chen Jia, Jennifer Stansby, et al. "Molecular Crowding Electrolytes for Stable Proton Batteries." Small, September 26, 2022, 2202992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.202202992.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Proton batteries'

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