Journal articles: 'Protocole de synchronisation'

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Kouamo, Justin, Iliassou Iliassou, Souley Hayatou, Victor Ngu Ngwa, and Camille Teitsa Zangue. "Efficacité d’un traitement intravaginal à base de progestérone chez des vaches croisées Bos indicus x Bos taurus ." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 73, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.31947.

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L’étude a eu pour objectif d’évaluer l’efficacité d’un traitement combiné à base de progestérone intravaginale sur l’induction de l’oestrus de femelles croisées au Cameroun. Un total de 116 vaches Goudali (Bos indicus) x Charolaises (Bos taurus) ayant mis bas au moins une fois, sans antécédent pathologique, avec une note d’état corporel supérieure à 2, ont été sélectionnées dans des élevages du département de la Vina (arrondissement de Nyambaka). Elles ont été rassemblées dans un ranch et réparties en lots de 10 animaux. Le protocole d’induction et de synchronisation des chaleurs a consisté en la pose d’un dispositif intravaginal à base de progestérone (Prid Delta) pendant huit à neuf jours. Vingt-quatre heures avant son retrait, une injection de cinq millilitres de prostaglandine F2alpha (Dinoprost, Enzaprost) a été administrée. Au moment du retrait, 500 UI de gonadotropine chorionique équine ont été injectées. Cinquante-six heures après le retrait, l’insémination a été effectuée à heure fixe avec de la semence de taureaux Gyr et Brahman. Les taux d’induction de l’oestrus et de synchronisation, de rétention du dispositif intravaginal, de gravidité en première insémination, de fécondité, et d’avortement ont été respectivement de 100 %, 100 %, 56,0 %, 51,7 %, et 4,3 % (en % des vaches traitées). Le Prid Delta s’est révélé efficace pour l’induction des chaleurs et l’obtention de gravidités chez les vaches Goudali x Charolaises.

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Zongo, Moussa, W. Pitala, Laya Sawadogo, Hamidou Boly, N. Melo de Sousa, J. Sulon, and J. F. Beckers. "Concentrations de l’hormone lutéinisante et de la progestérone chez des vaches zébus Azawak soumises à différents protocoles de synchronisation de l’oestrus." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 61, no. 3-4 (March 1, 2008): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9993.

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Quinze vaches zébus Azawak ont été soumises à deux protocoles de synchronisation de l’oestrus. Les concentrations plasmatiques de LH et le pourcentage des femelles ayant exhibé un comportement d’oestrus ont été répertoriés. Le premier traitement de synchronisation (T1, n = 9) a été effectué avec des implants sous-cutanés de norgestomet placés sous la peau de l’oreille pendant 10 jours. Le traitement a été complété par des injections de valérate d’oestradiol, de prostaglandine F2α et de pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Le deuxième protocole (T2, n = 6) a consisté en deux injections de prostaglandine F2α à 11 jours d’intervalle, suivies d’une injection de PMSG deux jours après la deuxième injection de prostaglandine. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés à trois heures d’intervalle pendant cinq jours après le retrait de l’implant (T1) ou l’injection de PMSG (T2) pour mesurer les taux de LH. Le taux d’oestrus induit a été plus élevé chez les vaches du groupe T2, mais cette différence n’a pas été significative. En général, le temps observé entre la fin du traitement et le début de l’oestrus a été plus court chez les femelles traitées au norgestomet (35,9 ± 3,9 h) que chez celles traitées à la prostaglandine (49,5 ± 5,8 h). Sept sur les neuf femelles traitées au norgestomet et seulement deux sur les six traitées à la prostaglandine ont présenté un pic de LH. L’intervalle moyen entre la fin des traitements et le pic de LH a eu tendance à être plus long chez les femelles traitées à la prostaglandine que chez celles traitées au norgestomet. Une femelle a présenté des concentrations de LH anormalement élevées après le retrait de l’implant. Toutefois, aucun pic de LH n’a été observé pendant la période de suivi.

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Kouamo, Justin, Toudjani Hassan Abouame, and Oumarou Lebale. "Efficacité de deux méthodes de synchronisation des chaleurs à base de prostaglandine F2α chez le zébu (Bos indicus) Goudali." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 74, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.36745.

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L’étude a eu pour objectif d’évaluer deux protocoles de synchronisation des chaleurs à base de prostaglandine F2α (alfaprostol 2 mg), l’un court à injection unique et insémination artificielle (IA) sur chaleurs observées, l’autre long à double injection à 11 jours d’intervalle et IA à temps fixe 80 heures après la seconde injection. Elle a porté sur 72 vaches et 12 génisses de race Goudali, toutes cyclées. Les semences utilisées ont été celles des taureaux Bruns Suisses, Aubracs et Gascons. Le taux d’induction des chaleurs a été de 100 %, avec un délai de 2 à 11 jours postinjection pour la venue des chaleurs en protocole court. Après un minimum de 60 jours post-IA, une palpation transrectale a été effectuée, ainsi qu’un suivi des gravidités jusqu’aux vêlages. Les taux de gravidité, d’avortement et de vêlage ont été respectivement de 17,8 %, 13,3 % et 15,4, soit respectivement pour les protocoles court et long 30,8 %, 16,6 % et 25,6 %, et 6,7 %, 0 % et 6,6 % (p < 0,05). La durée moyenne de gravidité a été de 290 ± 4,5 jours, soit respectivement pour les protocoles court et long 290 ± 4,5 jours et 289,7 ± 5,8 jours (p = 0,181). Le poids moyen des veaux à la naissance a été de 22,9 ±1,4 kg, soit respectivement pour les protocoles court et long 22,9 ± 1,6 kg et 23,0 ± 1,0 kg (p = 0,319). La sex-ratio (% de mâles par rapport à la population totale) a été de 69,2 % (p = 0,6). Les animaux présentant une durée post-partum entre 5 et 10 mois, dont l’IA avait été pratiquée dans le corps de l’utérus et entre 16 et 17 heures après la détection des chaleurs, ont présenté une meilleure fertilité (p < 0,05).

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Guner, B., R. Kulaksiz, N. Saat, I. Kisadere, M. Ozturkler, KY Dalginli, and SM Pancarci. "Effect of pre-synchronisation with progestogen and eCG on reproductive activity in synchronised ewes during anoestrous season." Veterinární Medicína 67, No. 5 (March 7, 2022): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/244/2020-vetmed.

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The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of pre-synchronisation on the occurrence of the oestrus and pregnancy rate after fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) in synchronised ewes during the anoestrous season. Kivircik ewes (n = 84) were randomly assigned to one of the two treatment groups with (PRE; n = 42) or without (SYN; n = 42) pre-synchronisation. In the SYN group, the ewes were subjected to a 7-d short-term protocol (P4 insertion-6d-PGF2α-1d-P4 removal + eCG). In the PRE group, the same short-term protocol as in the SYN group was applied with 7 days apart for a pre-synchronised synchronisation protocol. A cervical FTAI was performed with fresh semen at 54 h after sponge removal. At the beginning of the synchronisation protocol, the oestrous response (66.7% vs. 0.0%) and cyclicity rates (64.3% vs. 14.3%) based on progesterone (P4) were higher in the PRE group compared to those in the SYN group, respectively (P < 0.01). However, the oestrous response after synchronisation was lower within 96 h (57.1% vs. 95.2%; P < 0.01) in the PRE group compared to that in the SYN group. Although the pregnancy rate after the FTAI was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the PRE group (14.3%) than the SYN group (35.7%), the overall pregnancy rate after natural mating was not different (95.2%) between the groups. In conclusion, the pre-synchronisation decreased the oestrous response leading to a lower pregnancy rate after the FTAI in the synchronised ewes during the anoestrous season. Thus, attention should be paid to two consecutive administrations of eCG in a pre-synchronisation and synchronisation protocol in ewes.

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Kerby, Mike, Tom Clarke, Tom Angel, and Kythé Mackenzie. "The use of fixed time artificial insemination programmes for the use of sexed semen in block calving dairy heifers." Livestock 26, no. 3 (May 2, 2021): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/live.2021.26.3.124.

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In seasonal block calving herds reproductive efficiency can have a significant impact on productivity and profitability. Within this it is key that the nulliparous heifers calve down promptly in the block, and if these heifers can have heifer calves it will expediate genetic gain. There is extensive research into the conception rates of differing protocols and the literature is reviewed to support the choice of protocol used in the subsequent case study. The case study uses a 6-day progesterone protocol with two injections of prostaglandin F2α and sexed semen; it demonstrated acceptable conception rates as well as the variability that can occur between different bulls' semen straws. Finally, the case study assesses the costs and benefits of the synchronisation programme and concludes a cost benefit of £88.55 per heifer.

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Steiner, Wilfried, and Bruno Dutertre. "The TTEthernet synchronisation protocols and their formal verification." International Journal of Critical Computer-Based Systems 4, no. 3 (2013): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijccbs.2013.058398.

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Huang, Liusheng, Hongli Xu, Yingyu Wan, Junmin Wu, and Hong Li. "An efficient synchronisation protocol for wireless sensor network." International Journal of Sensor Networks 2, no. 1/2 (2007): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsnet.2007.012978.

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Wang, Fuqiang, Xiaoming Wu, Yinglong Wang, Peng Zeng, and Yang Xiao. "Extensible time synchronisation protocol for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Sensor Networks 23, no. 1 (2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsnet.2017.080662.

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Zeng, Peng, Yang Xiao, Yinglong Wang, Xiaoming Wu, and Fuqiang Wang. "Extensible time synchronisation protocol for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Sensor Networks 23, no. 1 (2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsnet.2017.10001475.

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Bowman, H., G. Faconti, J. P. Katoen, D. Latella, and M. Massink. "Automatic Verification of a Lip-Synchronisation Protocol Using Uppaal." Formal Aspects of Computing 10, no. 5-6 (May 26, 1998): 550–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001650050032.

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JAŚKOWSKI, JĘDRZEJ M., MAGDALENA HERUDZIŃSKA, JAKUB KULUS, KLAUS-PETER BRÜSSOW, and MAREK GEHRKE. "OvSynch program, its modifications and alternative hormonal programs in cow reproduction." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 5973–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5973.

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The OvSynch program was formulated over 20 years ago (it consists in administering gonadoliberin on the day of starting the procedure, then injecting prostaglandin 7 days after the GnRH initial injection, and administration of GnRH two days after applying PGF2α. The procedure ends in the insemination of a female 16–20 hours after administering the final dose of the hormone) and it is commonly applied in cow reproduction management protocols. It has evolved into numerous modifications which has boosted its effectiveness. They have consisted in replacing GnRH with hCG or pLH, diversifying the time of the final injection of GnRH, which follows the prostaglandin injection, and postponing insemination after the final GnRH dose, as well as changing the dosage of the aforementioned hormones. To expedite the Ovsynch protocol, so-called PreSynch was used, which involved administering two prostaglandin injections with a 14 day interval before applying the initial GnRH dose in protocol OvSynch. The interval between the second prostaglandin injection in the PreSynch program varied (PreSynch-14, PreSynch-12, PreSynch-11, PreSynch-11 and PreSynch). The pregnancy rate can be also improved by introducing GnRH injection before starting the OvSynch program, administered 7, 6 or 4 days before the initial GnRH injection in OvSynch (G7G, G6G, G4G). Higher pregnancy rates, in comparison to the PreSynch-OvSynch program, can be obtained by applying the DoubleOvsynch protocol. In this protocol two OvSynch programs are administered in a 7-day interval. Lately, alternative programs such as DoubleSynch and EstraDoubleSynch have emerged. The DoubleSynch protocol consists in administering PGF2α in day 0, GnRH on the second day, another PGF application on the 9th day, and the second GnRH dose on the 11th day. Artificial insemination is performed in oriented time (TAI). This solution is used in order to achieve a higher percentage of pregnant cows in comparison to the PreSynch+OvSynch protocol. It also enables synchronisation of heat and ovulation, both after the first and the second hormonal treatment of GnRH. In EstraDoubleSynch protocol the second injection of GnRH at the end of the DoubleSynch program is replaced by estradiol benzoate (BE) administration on the 10th day, in order to acquire a higher level of follicle waves synchronisation and ovulation rate. Those programs applied in cow reproduction management can positively influence fertility and boost cow breeding profitability..

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Baruselli, Pietro S., Roberta M. Ferreira, Manoel F. Sá Filho, Luiz F. T. Nasser, Carlos A. Rodrigues, and Gabriel A. Bó. "Bovine embryo transfer recipient synchronisation and management in tropical environments." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09214.

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Numerous studies have shown that it is possible to manipulate follicular and luteal dynamics, thereby eliminating the need for oestrus detection in embryo transfer (ET) programmes. Fixed-time ET (FTET) protocols are based on the use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandin (PG) F or progesterone/progestogen (P4)-releasing devices and oestradiol. The FTET protocols increases the proportion of recipients transferred, and therefore pregnancy rates, compared with the use of PGF followed by ET 7 days after oestrus. Furthermore, the addition of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) to the P4 and oestradiol-based FTET protocols results in an even higher proportion of recipients transferred, and thus higher pregnancy rates. The beneficial effect of eCG treatment may be related to increased growth of the dominant follicle and increased plasma P4 concentrations during the subsequent luteal phase. In Bos taurus × Bos indicus recipients, pregnancy rates were positively correlated with the diameter of the corpus luteum (CL) and the number of CL at ET. When repeat-breeder Holstein cows were used as recipients, FTET protocols increased number of recipients transferred and pregnancy rates compared with the traditional PGF-based synchronisation protocols. In conclusion, the use of FTET protocols eliminates the need for the detection of oestrus and results in a greater proportion of recipients transferred and satisfactory pregnancy rates. Thus, FTET optimises the use of recipients, reducing labour and animal handling and facilitating the use of ET.

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Cavestany, Daniel, Daniela Crespi, and Alvaro Fernandez. "Oestrus synchronisation and fixed time artificial insemination in beef heifers." Animal Production Science 50, no. 7 (2010): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09106.

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To compare two oestrus synchronisation protocols in beef heifers presynchronised with two prostaglandin F2α (PG) treatments, 36 h after the second PG treatment one group (hCG-OB group; n = 112) received 250 IU of hCG and 0.5 mg of oestradiol benzoate (OB) followed by fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) 30 h later. Additional oestrus detection (OD) and artificial insemination (AI) was done in this group for 3 days after FTAI; heifers rebred during this period were considered open to the FTAI. The Control group (n = 112) received only OD and AI for 6 days after the second PG treatment. Follicular size was measured at the time of AI in a subsample of heifers (59 in the hCG-OB group and 34 in the Control group). Results were evaluated separately either considering heifers pregnant at FTAI or those pregnant at FTAI + 3-day OD + AI. The FTAI conception rate was 45.5 vs 76.5% for the Control group (P < 0.0001) and pregnancy rates were 45.5 and 67.0% (P = 0.0014); FTAI + OD + AI conception rates were 63.4 and 76.2% (P = 0.0404) and pregnancy rates 63.4 and 62.8% (P = 0.5719) (hCG-OB and Control groups, respectively). There was a significant correlation (r = 0.713, P < 0.01) between follicle size at FTAI and pregnancy in the hCG-OB group, but not in the Control group (r = 0.3465, P > 0.1). In conclusion, acceptable synchronised conception rate and pregnancy rate were obtained by using this protocol, and the results were improved by complementing it with OD + AI for 3 days after FTAI.

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Borchardt, Stefan, Alina Pohl, and Wolfgang Heuwieser. "Luteal Presence and Ovarian Response at the Beginning of a Timed Artificial Insemination Protocol for Lactating Dairy Cows Affect Fertility: A Meta-Analysis." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091551.

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Progesterone (P4) concentration during follicular growth has a major impact on fertility response in timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols. Luteal presence at the beginning of a TAI protocol and ovarian response after the first gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injection (G1) affect P4 concentration and subsequently pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI). A systematic review of the literature and meta-analytical assessment was performed with the objective of evaluating the magnitude of the effect of luteal presence and ovarian response at the beginning of a TAI protocol on P/AI in lactating dairy cows. We considered only studies using synchronisation protocols consisting of GnRH and prostaglandin F 2α. The time interval between G1 and prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α) had to range from 5 to 7 d. The time interval between the PGF 2α injection and G2 had to range from 48 to 72 h. We used 28 controlled experiments from 27 published manuscripts including 16,489 cows with the objective of evaluating the effect size of having a functional corpus luteum (CL) at G1 on P/AI. Information regarding ovulatory response after G1 was available for 5676 cows. In a subset of cows (n = 4291), information was available for luteal presence and ovulatory response at the initiation of the TAI protocol. A functional CL at G1 increased (p < 0.001) the relative risk of conceiving (RR (relative risk) = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.21–1.45) in lactating dairy cows. Ovulation after G1 increased (p < 0.001) the relative risk of conceiving (RR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.20–1.38) in lactating dairy cows. The effect of ovulatory response on P/AI after G1 was affected by luteal presence at G1. In summary, there was a clear benefit on P/AI for cows starting a TAI protocol with a functional CL (+10.5 percentage units) and cows ovulating at the beginning of a TAI protocol (+11.0 percentage units).

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Menchaca, A., M. Vilariño, M. Crispo, T. de Castro, and E. Rubianes. "New approaches to superovulation and embryo transfer in small ruminants." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 1 (2010): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09222.

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The present paper reviews the current state of knowledge in multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) technology in small ruminants, focusing on recently reported information. Major new findings are related to follicular wave patterns in small ruminants, the elucidation of follicular dominance and the integration of this information into ovarian superstimulatory treatment protocols. Follicular dynamics determine steroid and gonadotrophin secretion, follicular responses to FSH, ovulatory responses and embryo yield. Protocols that control follicular dominance have been designed to allow the initiation of superstimulation at the beginning of a follicular wave. New approaches consist of (1) synchronisation of ovulation for superstimulation during Wave 1 (i.e. Day 0 protocol), (2) pretreatment with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist from 10 days prior to FSH treatment to avoid follicular dominance and (3) progesterone–oestradiol cotreatment to synchronise follicle wave emergence. These protocols provide a homogeneous pool of small follicles that are gonadotrophin responsive, enhancing the superovulatory response and embryo yield with a reduction in the incidence of unovulated follicles and early regression of corpora lutea. In addition, the rate of fertilisation failure has been reduced by using an inducer of ovulation (i.e. GnRH) associated with intrauterine insemination. In summary, the application of recently acquired knowledge has resulted in relevant improvements in MOET programmes in small ruminants.

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Mapletoft, Reuben J., and Gabriel A. Bó. "The evolution of improved and simplified superovulation protocols in cattle." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd11919.

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Superovulation protocols have improved greatly since the early days of bovine embryo transfer when purified gonadotrophins were not available, follicular wave dynamics were unknown physiological phenomena and prostaglandins were not available. Although superstimulatory protocols in cattle are normally initiated mid-cycle, elective control of follicular wave emergence and ovulation have had a great impact on the application of on-farm embryo transfer. However, the most common treatment for the synchronisation of follicular wave emergence involves the use of oestradiol, which cannot be used in many parts of the world. Therefore, the need for alternative treatments has driven recent research. An approach that has shown promise is to initiate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) treatments at the time of the emergence of the new follicular wave following ovulation induced by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone. Alternatively, it has been shown that it may be possible to ignore follicular wave status and, by extending the treatment protocol, induce subordinate follicles to superovulate. Finally, the short half-life of pituitary FSH necessitates twice-daily treatments, which are time-consuming, stressful and subject to error. Recent treatment protocols have permitted superstimulation with a single FSH treatment or two treatments 48 h apart, reducing the need for animal handling during gonadotrophin treatments.

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Elmetwally, Mohammed A., Adel Hussien, Heba Sharawy, Amira Mostagir, Engy Risha, Engy Risha, Wael Eldomany, Abdelrouf O Hegab, Samy M. Zaabel, and Madeha H. Darwish. "A Review of Attempts to Improve Cow Fertility Through Reproductive Management: Estrous Synchronisation." Journal of Veterinary Healthcare 2, no. 4 (November 29, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2575-1212.jvhc-21-3973.

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This review focused on the various methods for controlling estrous cycles in well-managed dairy cows. Because up to 70% of dairy cows may stay non-pregnant after an AI procedure, an effective approach for identifying and reinseminating open cows is essential for dairy herds to achieve optimal reproductive performance. Overall, well-managed dairy farms with effective estrus detection programs inseminate 50% or more of non-pregnant cows after behavioral estrus is detected. Cows not detected in estrus are admitted in a resynchronization of ovulation procedure to receive a timed AI (TAI) service to avoid a long interbreeding interval. In Egypt, a widely used program involves starting the Ovsynch protocol (GnRH-7 d-PGF2-56 h-GnRH-16 to 20 h-TAI) 32 days after an initial AI, regardless of pregnancy status. Previous studies have proven that there was no difference in pregnancy/artificial insemination (P/AI) between Ovsynch+P4 and Presynch-Ovsynch, both protocols were equally effective in improving the fertility of cows with a CL 15 mm. The review also addressed different methods for synchronization of ovulation and different factors affecting the selection of the management program.

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Abulaiti, A., Z. Ahmed, Z. Naseer, H. S. El-Qaliouby, M. F. Iqbal, G. H. Hua, and L. G. Yang. "Effect of capsaicin supplementation on lactational and reproductive performance of Holstein cows during summer." Animal Production Science 61, no. 13 (2021): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20439.

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Context Summer ambient temperature and humidity are major factors negatively influencing the physiology and the productive and reproductive efficiency of dairy cows. Various management and breeding approaches may be useful for maintaining productivity in dairy cows during summer to minimise these effects. Aims The experiment was designed to test a natural phytochemical supplementation of capsaicin (CPS), followed by a specific oestrus synchronisation protocol as a means to maintain productivity and reproductive performance of Chinese Holstein cows during summer in Hubei province, China. Methods Lactating Chinese Holstein cows (n = 109) were randomly divided into four groups and supplemented with 0 (control, n = 27), 20 (CPS-20, n = 26), 40 (CPS-40, n = 28) and 60 (CPS-60, n = 28) mg of capsaicin (CPS) per kg of total mixed ration respectively for continuous 30 days initiated on 10 July 2018. Milk production and composition were measured over 45 days from the start of CPS supplementation. After CPS supplementation, all cows were synchronised through a modified Ovsynch oestrus synchronisation protocol, and reproductive variables were recorded. Metabolic parameters were measured on the days before CPS supplementation, artificial insemination (AI) and 50 days post-AI. Key results Highest (P < 0.05) milk production were found in the CPS-40 group, and highest total solids and milk fat in the CPS-20 and CPS-40 groups. Milk urea nitrogen and milk fat were generally increased in CPS supplemented cows compared with the control group. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in oestrus response, ovulatory follicle size, ovulation rate and pregnancy rates were observed in the CPS-40 group compared with other groups. Glucose, lipoprotein esterase and aspartate aminotransferase were increased (P < 0.05) in CPS-40 and CPS-60 supplemented groups at the time of AI and 50 days post-AI. Conclusions CPS supplementation has the capacity to maintain milk yield, milk composition and serum metabolites in Chinese Holstein dairy cows during summer. The synergistic effect of CPS and the modified oestrus synchronisation protocol also improved reproductive variables of the cows. Implications Adoption of CPS as a supplement along with oestrus synchronisation could be a useful and economical strategy for dairy herd keepers to improve herd performance during summer.

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Beghdad, Rachid, and Faouzi Tinsalhi. "OTSP: an optimised time synchronisation protocol for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Sensor Networks 19, no. 3/4 (2015): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsnet.2015.072867.

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Castillo‐Secilla, J. M., J. M. Palomares, and J. Olivares. "Temperature‐aware methodology for time synchronisation protocols in wireless sensor networks." Electronics Letters 49, no. 7 (March 2013): 506–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2012.3911.

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Sontakke, Sadanand D., Manoj S. Patil, Govindhaswamy Umapathy, K. Ramachandra Rao, and Sisinthy Shivaji. "Ejaculate characteristics, short-term semen storage and successful artificial insemination following synchronisation of oestrus in the Indian blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 6 (2009): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd08291.

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The blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a small (20–30 kg) Indian antelope that is listed on Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Studies were undertaken to develop assisted reproductive technologies, such as synchronisation of oestrus and non-surgical AI, to support the conservation and genetic management of this Indian antelope. Semen characteristics, testosterone levels and the feasibility of short-term cold storage of semen were investigated. Furthermore, different oestrous synchronisation protocols (norgestomet implants and prostaglandin injections) were evaluated for successful AI, defined as the birth of live young. Norgestomet ear implants and i.m. administration of pregnant mare’s serum gonadotropin (PMSG) resulted in successful pregnancies in two of five inseminated females, but both had twin pregnancies that were delivered prematurely. In contrast, two injections of prostaglandin 11 days apart were effective in synchronising oestrus in the blackbuck. Transcervical AI in oestrous-synchronised animals 72 and 96 h after the second prostaglandin injection resulted in successful pregnancies in four of six inseminated females (67%) and resulted in the delivery of three live fawns. These studies demonstrate the potential application of AI technology for the conservation of endangered ungulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report regarding the synchronisation of oestrus and successful non-surgical AI in blackbuck.

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Nakamura, Shigenari, Tomoya Enokido, and Makoto Takizawa. "Sensitivity-based synchronisation protocol to prevent illegal information flow among objects." International Journal of Web and Grid Services 13, no. 3 (2017): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwgs.2017.085147.

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Kabuni, K. T., D. F. Masao, R. Laven, and T. J. Parkinson. "Comparison of Fixed-time Artificial Insemination and Natural Mating on Pregnancy rates in Mpwapwa Breed Cattle." Tanzania Veterinary Journal 36, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tvj.v36i2.3.

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The goal of this study was to assess if a designed prostaglandin (PGF2α)-protocol when used against natural mating (NM) in well-managed Mpwapwa cattle would improve pregnancy rates during the breeding season. Of the PGF2α oestrus synchronization protocols, a standard 14-day PGF2α protocol accompanied with fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was tested against NM. Totals of 39 and 49 cows became pregnant in the FTAI and NM groups respectively following completion of the study of 100 cows for each group. Statistically, the difference between the two groups was not significant (P=0.21), even though there was a lower risk of pregnancy in the FTAI group compared to the NM group (unadjusted relative risk: 0.8, 95%CI: 0.58-1.09). The results from this study suggest that PGF2α–based synchronization protocol and FTAI, especially when combined with NM in Mpwapwa breed cattle, can yield better reproductive performance and enhance greater genetic improvement compared to being naturally serviced. Few cows (only 10/100 cows) displayed behavioural oestrus signs after receiving the first PGF2α injection. The poor oestrus response might be due to either ineffective detection of oestrus or cows lacked a responsive corpus luteum (CL) at the time of synchronisation. Therefore, this might reflect a large number of cows to have been in anoestrus. Further investigation on the reproductive status and performance of Mpwapwa cows is needed to identify the effects of anoestrus

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N, Ramalakshmi, Srinivas Manda, Moulikrishna K, and Sreedevi B. "Comparative efficacy of different estrus synchronisation protocols in postpartum acyclic crossbred cows." Pharma Innovation 10, no. 6S (June 1, 2021): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpi.2021.v10.i6sc.6562.

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Duolikun, Dilawaer, Ailixier Aikebaier, Tomoya Enokido, and Makoto Takizawa. "Design and evaluation of a quorum-based synchronisation protocol of multimedia replicas." International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 17, no. 2/3 (2014): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijahuc.2014.065773.

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Bi, Cheng, An Zhang, and Ying Wan. "Time synchronisation in wireless sensor networks under energy-efficient spanning tree protocol." International Journal of Automation and Logistics 2, no. 3 (2016): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijal.2016.078497.

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Nakamura, Shigenari, Tomoya Enokido, and Makoto Takizawa. "A topic-based synchronisation protocol in peer-to-peer publish/subscribe systems." International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems 24, no. 1 (2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcnds.2020.103926.

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Swain, Amulya Ratna, and R. C. Hansdah. "A weighted average-based external clock synchronisation protocol for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Sensor Networks 12, no. 2 (2012): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsnet.2012.050075.

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Enokido, Tomoya, and Makoto Takizawa. "A purpose-based synchronisation protocol of multiple transactions in multi-agent systems." International Journal of Business Intelligence and Data Mining 4, no. 1 (2009): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbidm.2009.025413.

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Yang, Wei, Yadong Wan, and Qin Wang. "Enhanced secure time synchronisation protocol for IEEE802.15.4e-based industrial Internet of Things." IET Information Security 11, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-ifs.2016.0232.

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Beard, A. P., S. Madgwick, K. M. Quinn, and A. C. O. Evans. "Synchronisation of oestrus using a 14 day progestagen sponge treatment in the absence of a corpus luteum does not reduce fertility in ewes." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200006049.

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Progesterone and progestagens are widely used to synchronise oestrus in sheep, however 15 to 30 % of ewes fail to maintain a pregnancy following the first service after oestrous synchronisation and the reason(s) for this failure rate is unclear. In commercial flocks, the progestagen treatment commences at a random stage of the oestrous cycle and in some ewes luteolysis may occur soon after treatment commences, leaving the ewe solely dependent on the exogenous source of progestagen which promotes the development of persistent follicles (Flynn et al., 2000). These persistent follicles may be up to 14 days of age when they ovulate whereas the age of follicles at ovulation in natural cycles is 4 to 8 days. In cattle, it is clear that ovulation of these old follicles results in a decrease in fertility. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ovulation of aged follicles on fertility in cyclic ewes by using treatments based on a 14-day, progestagen synchronisation protocol that is known to produce persistent follicles.

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Kuru, Mushap, Buket Boga Kuru, Osman Sogukpinar, Cigdem Cebi Sen, Hasan Oral, and Turgut Kirmizibayrak. "Oestrus synchronisation with progesterone-containing sponge and equine chorionic gonadotropin in Pirlak ewes during the non-breeding season: can Toryum improve fertility parameters?" Journal of Veterinary Research 64, no. 4 (November 6, 2020): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0074.

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AbstractIntroductionThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of the vitamins, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and minerals in the supplement Toryum administered before and during oestrus synchronisation on some fertility parameters of ewes during the non-breeding season.Material and MethodsThe experimental animals were clinically healthy Pirlak ewes, 55–75 days postpartum, aged 2–4 years and weighing 40–50 kg. A sponge was inserted into the vagina for 10 d (G1, n = 30; G2, n = 30) or 14 d (G3, n = 30; G4, n = 30) for oestrus synchronisation, and on the day of removal, 400 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin was injected. Toryum soft capsules were administered individually (1 capsule/ewe p.o.) to G1 and G3 ewes seven days before the sponge was inserted and on the day it was removed. Oestrus detection was started 12 h after sponge removal. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography on the 30th day after mating.ResultsThe pregnancy rate was statistically different between G1 and G4 (P < 0.05). The onset of oestrus was statistically different (P < 0.001) between the 10-d groups (G1 and G2) and the 14-d groups (G3 and G4). The litter size and oestrus, conception, lambing, multiple birth, and survival rates were not significantly different between the groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionToryum administered to Pirlak ewes during progesterone-based oestrus synchronisation protocols during the non-breeding season may increase pregnancy rates. The relationship between Toryum and fertility parameters in ewes would be better understood by comprehensive studies.

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Walsh, John Paul, Amy Coates, Fabio Lima, Rob Smith, and Georgios Oikonomou. "Randomised clinical trial evaluating the effect of different timing and number of fixed timed artificial inseminations, following a seven-day progesterone-based protocol, on pregnancy outcomes in UK dairy heifers." Veterinary Record 181, no. 22 (September 25, 2017): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104369.

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The objective of this study was to determine the effect on pregnancy outcome of either inseminating heifers twice (at 48 and 72 hours after withdrawal of a controlled internal drug release insert (CIDR) containing progesterone) or once (56 hours after CIDR withdrawal) following a seven-day CIDR synchronisation protocol. Dairy heifers (n=267) from five farms, with an age range of 388–736 days, were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (group A heifers were inseminated twice; group B heifers were inseminated once). Both groups received a CIDR on day (D) 0 and an intramuscular injection of d-cloprostenol on D6; the CIDR was withdrawn on D7. Measurements of withers height, body condition score and hearth girth (used to estimate weight) were taken on D0. The diameter of the largest follicles and corpora lutea was recorded on both D0 and D6. Data were analysed with the use of multivariable logistic regression modelling. Treatment group and farm were not statistically significantly associated with pregnancy per treatment (P/T). Age and dominant follicle size on D6 were significantly associated with P/T. Heifers with the largest dominant follicle sizes (16–22 mm) were 5.54 times less likely to be pregnant than those heifers with the smallest dominant follicles (8–10 mm) on D6. It was shown that the cost associated with inseminating heifers twice after a seven-day CIDR synchronisation protocol is not justified.

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Kassouf, Marthe, Louis Dupont, Jean Béland, and Adam Fadlallah. "Performance of the Precision Time Protocol for clock synchronisation in smart grid applications." Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 24, no. 5 (May 29, 2013): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.2660.

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Agossou, Dehouegnon Jerry, and Nazan Koluman. "The effects of natural mating and artificial insemination using cryopreserved buck semen on reproductive performance in Alpine goats." Archives Animal Breeding 61, no. 4 (December 5, 2018): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-61-459-2018.

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Abstract. This study compared the effects of natural mating and artificial insemination using frozen buck semen on reproductive performance in Alpine goats. Sixty reproductive Alpine goats were grouped according to natural mating (n=30) and artificial insemination (n=30) breeding methods. Oestrus was synchronised in experimental goats using a vaginal sponge impregnated with 20 mg of progestogen FGA (fluorogestone acetate) for 11 days. At the time of sponge insertion, 150 µg of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) analogue was injected intramuscularly. Forty-eight hours prior to vaginal sponge withdrawal, 500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) was injected into the animals. At the end of synchronisation protocol, goats were fertilised using frozen semen or mated with a well-performing buck (ratio: 1 male to 5 females). The pregnancy (pregnant/synchronised goats) and mortality rates (P<0.05) were higher (93 % vs. 70 %; 2 % vs. 4 %) in the naturally mated goats than the artificially inseminated group. Kids' live weight at birth was similar (3.83±0.23 and 3.15±0.11 kg) in both groups. The oestrus synchronisation followed by natural mating achieved better reproductive performance than the goats artificially inseminated using frozen semen. However, the artificially inseminated animals displayed an acceptable twinning rate.

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Yilmazbas-Mecitoglu, Gulnaz, Ebru Karakaya, Abdulkadir Keskin, Ahmet Gumen, Volkan Koc, and Hayrettin Okut. "Comparison of synchronisation and fertility after different modifications of the ovsynch protocol in cyclic dairy cows." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2013.045.

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The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of (1) double doses of PGF2α administration or (2) an exogenous progesterone (CIDR) applied concurrently with, or (3) the day after, first GnRH of Ovsynch (GnRH-1), on synchronisation and fertility during the Ovsynch protocol. All cows (n = 378) received the Ovsynch protocol (GnRH-7d-PGF2α-56h-GnRH-18h-TAI). The ‘OVS’ group (n = 105) received only the Ovsynch protocol. The ‘OVS-PGF’ group (n = 118, GnRH-7d-PGF2α-12h-PGF2α-44h-GnRH-18h-TAI) received an extra dose of PGF2α 12 h later on Day 7. The ‘OVS-7CIDR’ group (n = 78, GnRH+CIDR-7d-PGF2α-56h-GnRH-18h-TAI) received a CIDR for 7 days between GnRH-1 and PGF2α. In the ‘OVS-6CIDR’ group (n = 77, GnRH-24h-CIDR-6d-PGF2α-56h-GnRH-18h-TAI), CIDR was applied one day after GnRH-1 and removed 6 days later. When all cows were evaluated, the responses to GnRH-2 were higher (P = 0.005) in cows that responded to GnRH-1 (95.4%) compared to the cows that did not respond (87.6%). The pregnancy rates at 31 and 62 days for each group were 48.6% and 42.9% in the OVS, 54.2% and 52.5% in the OVS-PGF, 52.6% and 48.7% in the OVS-7CIDR, and 55.8% and 49.3% in the OVS-6CIDR groups. Thus, none of the three different treatments has an effect on increasing the out-comes of the Ovsynch protocol in cyclic lactating dairy cows.

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Giroux, Jacinthe. "Échanges langagiers et interactions de connaissances dans l’enseignement des mathématiques en classe d’adaptation scolaire." Articles 30, no. 2 (April 12, 2006): 303–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012671ar.

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Résumé Dans cet article, nous analysons des interactions langagières, centrées sur le repérage et le traitement des erreurs, lors des leçons mathématiques en classes d’adaptation scolaire avec des élèves de 6 à 10 ans présentant des difficultés d’apprentissage et des troubles du langage. Les échanges langagiers entre l’enseignante et les élèves sont traités par une analyse de protocoles en tant qu’interactions de connaissances. Nous spécifions différentes fonctions didactiques attribuées par l’enseignante au traitement public des erreurs dans le cadre d’une interaction serrée avec l’élève qui les produit. Enfin, les interactions langagières se révèlent, par l’analyse, un instrument puissant dans la recherche de la synchronisation des activités mathématiques engagées par l’enseignante et les élèves.

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Bó, Gabriel A., Lucas Coelho Peres, Lucas E. Cutaia, Danilo Pincinato, Pietro S. Baruselli, and R. J. Mapletoft. "Treatments for the synchronisation of bovine recipients for fixed-time embryo transfer and improvement of pregnancy rates." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd11918.

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Although embryo transfer technology has been used commercially in cattle for many years, the inefficiency of oestrus detection, especially in recipients, has limited the widespread application of this technology. The most useful alternative to increase the number of recipients utilised in an embryo transfer program is the use of protocols that allow for embryo transfer without the need for oestrus detection, usually called fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET). Most current FTET protocols are based on progestin-releasing devices combined with oestradiol or GnRH, which control and synchronise follicular wave dynamics and ovulation. Conception rates to a single FTET have been reported to be similar to those after detection of oestrus, but pregnancy rates are higher because these treatments have increased the proportion of recipients that receive an embryo. Recent changes to treatments for FTET, such as the administration of eCG, have resulted in increased pregnancy rates and provide opportunities to make these treatments easier to perform on farm.

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Nowicki, Arkadiusz, Wojciech Barański, Agnieszka Baryczka, and Tomasz Janowski. "OvSynch protocol and its modifications in the reproduction management of dairy cattle herds – an update." Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2017-0043.

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Abstract Current knowledge about the function of the reproductive tract and appropriate use of hormonal drugs affords control of the oestrus cycle of cows. One of the hormonal protocols is OvSynch, which enables artificial insemination (AI) to be performed at the precise optimum time without control of the ovaries and uterus. Use of such protocols in reproductive management allows oestrus cycles to be synchronised and cows to be effectively inseminated without oestrous detection, which is time-consuming and difficult in farms with numerous cows. Therefore, OvSynch has become the first management tool for AI and is an alternative method to heat detection. Over the 20 years since its first implementation, OvSynch has been modified many times to improve its reproduction outcomes and widen its use. Besides its original use for heat synchronisation, it is also used in many ovarian disorders as a therapeutic method. This review article describes the possibilities which OvSynch provides, its current modifications, various applications, and the advantages and disadvantages of its use in practice.

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Villagrán, M., L. Alvarez, and R. Ungerfeld. "Social rank and reproductive performance in a herd of farmed red deer females (Cervus elaphus)." Animal Production Science 58, no. 9 (2018): 1642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16838.

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Hierarchical relationships between individuals determine unequal access to recourses like food and individuals of the other gender, resulting in a higher reproductive success of high-social ranked individuals. Environmental conditions and food availability may determine how strong these effects are. The aim of this work was to determine if social rank of farmed red deer females affect the reproductive results of a hormonal oestrous synchronisation treatment with ad libitum food. The studied responses included the time to oestrus onset, percentage of females that came into oestrus, conception and calving rates, gestation length, and calf gender. The study was performed during autumn on a research farm located in Mexico (20°36ʹ N, 99°55ʹ W). Forty-nine adult red deer females were assigned to two replications of 21 and 28 animals respectively and were allocated into independent paddocks with ad libitum food and water availability. Oestrous cycles were synchronised with a traditional protocol of intravaginal devices impregnated with progesterone. Agonistic behaviours between females were recorded (total = 1626 interactions), hierarchical position (Success Index = SI) of each animal was calculated and individuals were categorised as high (n = 13), medium (n = 20) or low-ranked (n = 16) individuals. Reproductive data were recorded during the 5 days after the oestrous synchronisation treatment and during the calving period. Any of the recorded responses differ between HR, MR and LR females. Female SI, age and bodyweight were not related with the probability of coming into oestrus, result pregnant, and giving birth to a male calf. Thirty-seven (78.5%) females of this study gave birth. From these calves, 15 were males and 22 were females. Due to high percentage of females in oestrus that gave birth (85.7%), it was not possible to detect the relationship between female SI, age, and bodyweight with the conception rate. Female SI, age and bodyweight were unrelated to time to oestrus onset (r2 = 0.09; P = 0.17), and to gestation length (r2 = 0.10; P = 0.20). In conclusion, with ad libitum high quality food, the social rank of red deer hinds did not affect the time to oestrus onset, percentage of females that came into oestrus, gestation length, calving and conception rates, and offspring sex ratio after an oestrous synchronisation hormonal treatment.

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Freitas, Vicente J. F., Irina A. Serova, Lyudmila E. Andreeva, Luciana M. Melo, Dárcio I. A. Teixeira, Alexsandra F. Pereira, Raylene R. Moura, et al. "The comparison of two embryo donor breeds for the generation of transgenic goats by DNA pronuclear microinjection." Animal Production Science 54, no. 5 (2014): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13069.

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The aim of the present study was to compare two breeds as embryo donors to produce transgenic goats for the production of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Ten Canindé and 11 Saanen goats were used as donors and received a hormonal treatment for oestrus synchronisation. The superovulation was induced with a total administration of 4.4 mg/kg bodyweight NIH-FSH-P1, given in decreasing doses over 3 days. Donors also received 100 μg of GnRH and they were hand-mated at 36 and 48 h after progestagen removal. Embryo recovery was performed by oviduct flushing at 72 h after progestagen removal and the pronuclear embryos were microinjected. Fifty-two recipients of undefined breed were prepared by receiving the same oestrus synchronisation treatment; however, only 32 were used due to the availability of embryos. Embryos were surgically transferred into the oviduct. A significant (P < 0.05) difference was observed in the total number of ovulations when Canindé (12.6 ± 6.9) and Saanen (22.5 ± 10.0) donors were compared. Concerning the microinjectable embryos, Canindé goats produced a greater number when compared with Saanen females (P < 0.05). Twenty recipients received 61 Canindé embryos and, of those, 12 kidded, whereas just 12 recipients received 30 Saanen embryos but just three kidded. In total, three transgenic goats were obtained, of which two were healthy Canindé and one stillborn Saanen. It was possible to develop an efficient protocol to obtain transgenic goats for Canindé but not for Saanen breed, for which some variables such as superovulatory regime and time of breeding should be further studied.

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Gore, D. L. M., J. N. Mburu, T. O. Okeno, and T. K. Muasya. "Short-term oestrous synchronisation protocol following single fixed-time artificial insemination and natural mating as alternative to long-term protocol in dairy goats." Small Ruminant Research 192 (November 2020): 106207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106207.

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Kumari, Kanchan, UK Mishra, OP Mishra, Kinkar Kumar, Praveen Kumar Praveen, and Subha Ganguly. "Oestrus Synchronisation in Murrah Buffaloes by Ov-synch Protocol and its Relation with Endocrinology and Biochemical Profile." Journal of Immunology and Immunopathology 16, no. 1and2 (2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0973-9149.2014.01074.0.

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Swain, Amulya Ratna, and R. C. Hansdah. "Design and analysis of a peer-to-peer based distributed clock synchronisation protocol for wireless sensor networks." International Journal of Sensor Networks 12, no. 4 (2012): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsnet.2012.051525.

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dos Reis, Willian Vaniel Alves, Daniela de Braga, Mozarth Vieira Júnior, Janaina Menegazzo Gheller, Thyara de Deco-Souza, Eliane Viana da Costa e Silva, Breno Fernandes Barreto Sampaio, and Gustavo Guerino Macedo. "P4/E2-based protocol for synchronisation of ovulation of mares during the breeding and non-breeding season." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 5 (May 27, 2020): 2647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02286-7.

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Nagra, Aamir Sohail, Irfan Allahi, Muhammad Adeel Pasha, and Shahid Masud. "Design and FPGA based Implementation of IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol for Synchronisation in Distributed IoT Applications." Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 19, no. 1 (December 8, 2021): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1448837x.2021.2013407.

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Misale, Claudia, Giulio Ferrero, Massimo Torquati, and Marco Aldinucci. "Sequence Alignment Tools: One Parallel Pattern to Rule Them All?" BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/539410.

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In this paper, we advocate high-level programming methodology for next generation sequencers (NGS) alignment tools for both productivity and absolute performance. We analyse the problem of parallel alignment and review the parallelisation strategies of the most popular alignment tools, which can all be abstracted to a single parallel paradigm. We compare these tools to their porting onto the FastFlow pattern-based programming framework, which provides programmers with high-level parallel patterns. By using a high-level approach, programmers are liberated from all complex aspects of parallel programming, such as synchronisation protocols, and task scheduling, gaining more possibility for seamless performance tuning. In this work, we show some use cases in which, by using a high-level approach for parallelising NGS tools, it is possible to obtain comparable or even better absolute performance for all used datasets.

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Palomino, J. Manuel, Robert B. McCorkell, Murray R. Woodbury, and Gregg P. Adams. "Ovarian synchronisation in wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) during the anovulatory season." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, no. 4 (2014): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12405.

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Two experiments were performed in wood bison during the anovulatory season to establish an effective protocol for ovarian synchronisation. In an untreated control phase, bison cows (n = 19) were examined daily to establish the interval to new follicular wave emergence (4.9 ± 0.7 days) for the purposes of comparison with the experimental treatments. In Experiment 1, bison were treated by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicular ablation (n = 9) or with 2 mg, i.m., 17β-oestradiol (n = 10). In Experiment 2, bison were treated by follicular ablation (n = 9) or with 2 mg, i.m., 17β-oestradiol +100 mg, i.m., progesterone (n = 10). In Experiment 1, the interval to new wave emergence for control, follicular ablation and 17β-oestradiol-treated groups was 4.9 ± 0.7, 1.1 ± 0.1 and 3.1 ± 0.4 days, respectively (P < 0.05). The degree of synchrony was 2.4 ± 0.4, 0.2 ± 0.1 and 0.8 ± 0.2 days, respectively (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, the interval to new wave emergence for control, follicular ablation and 17β-oestradiol + progesterone-treated groups was 4.9 ± 0.7, 1.2 ± 0.2 and 3.3 ± 0.3 days, respectively (P < 0.05), and the degree of synchrony was 2.4 ± 0.4, 0.2 ± 0.1, and 0.8 ± 0.2 days, respectively (P < 0.05). The degree of synchrony did not differ between ablation and hormone treatment groups in either experiment, but was greater in treatment groups than in the untreated control phase. Both follicular ablation and hormone treatment shortened and decreased the variability in the interval to follicular wave emergence in bison, but wave emergence occurred earlier after follicular ablation.

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Jammalamadaka, Sastry Kodanda Rama, Valluru Sai Kumar Reddy, and Smt J Sasi Bhanu. "Networking Heterogeneous Microcontroller based Systems through Universal Serial Bus." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i5.pp992-1002.

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Networking heterogeneous embedded systems is a challenge. Every distributed embedded systems requires that the network is designed specifically considering the heterogeneity that exits among different Microcontroller based systems that are used in developing a distributed embedded system. Communication architecture, which considers the addressing of the individual systems, arbitration, synchronisation, error detection and control etc., needs to be designed considering a specific application. The issue of configuring the slaves has to be addressed. It is also important that the messages, flow of the messages across the individual ES systems must be designed. Every distributed embedded system is different and needs to be dealt with separately. This paper presents an approach that addresses various issues related to networking distributed embedded systems through use of universal serial bus communication protocol (USB). The approach has been applied to design a distributed embedded that monitors and controls temperatures within a Nuclear reactor system.

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Macagno, A., J. C. Tschopp, and G. A. Bó. "121 Synchronisation of ovulation in lactating dairy cows following a lengthened proestrus in an estradiol/progesterone-based protocol." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 34, no. 2 (2022): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv34n2ab121.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Protocole de synchronisation'

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