Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Protéines fluorescentes – Propriétés mécaniques'
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Adam, Virgile. "Études mécanistiques des protéines fluorescentes photoactivables : une approche combinée par cristallographie et spectroscopie." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10059.
Full textSince the discovery of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), the one of photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (P AFPs), notably from Anthozoan species, triggered a revolution in the field of FP technology. Sorne PAFPs are capable of being irreversibly photoconverted from a green- to a red-emitting form while other ones can be reversibly switched on and off, depending on specific excitation wavelengths. These proteins are being extensively used in optical microscopy techniques, particularly in "nanoscopy", which pro vides optical resolution 10 fold beyond the Abbe limit. Ln order to further develop these techniques, notably in term of time-resolution, the need to obtain brighter fluorescent probes that photoconvert or photoswitch efficiently is crucial. At the same time, fluorescent highlighters generally need to be monomeric and photostable. Ln order to better understand the mechanisms of phototransformations in PAFPs, three members of the family have been studied: EosFP, Dendra2 and IrisFP. The phenomena of green-to-red photoconversion, reversible photoswitching and non-reversible photobleaching have been studied by a combination of X-ray crystallography and microspectrophotometry using the Cryobench laboratory of the ESRF/IBS. Together, the results have a\lowed us to propose a mechanism for the photo conversion of EosFP and Dendra2 and to discover and characterize IrisFP, the first PAFP combining both properties of photoconversion and photoswitching. The structural modifications of the chromophore associated with an X-ray induced radical state, likely to be involved in thé photobleaching pathway of PAFPs, were also characterized
Verdiere, Jérémy. "Étude de propriétés photophysiques de protéines fluorescentes par dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS450/document.
Full textFluorescent proteins are widely used in biology studies since 20 years. Yet, the origin of their photophysical properties aren’t totally explained. Here, we try to improve the understanding of two particular fluorescent proteins: Padron and EosFP.In the protein Padron, we work on the isomerization of chromophore and try to determine whether isomerization and protonation are simultaneous or successive processes. During the isomerization, the potential donor is Tyr159.First, we show that, in vacuum, the proton transfer is quite unlikely whatever the chromophore geometry.In the protein (where the environment effect isn’t negligible) we evidence with molecular dynamics that, during isomerization, proton transfer stays marginal.In addition, these dynamics shown the appearance, at the end of isomerization, of a lot of water molecules channel between the chromophore and the solvent allowing a proton transfer. We conclude that isomerization and protonation are successive processes.In the case of the protein EosFP, we first analyze the effect of a water molecule which is found only in some of the crystallographic structures.Molecular dynamics of the protein with the chromophore in the ground state show that the water molecule doesn’t play any role neither in the hydrogen bond network nor in the absorption spectra.On the contrary, in the excited state, dynamics without this water show a significant faster decay of fluorescence that those with the molecule.In addition, those dynamics have demonstrate that during long period, the protein retains the chromophore in geometries in which it is unable to convert to the ground state, neither by fluorescence nor by internal conversion. Those “dark” geometries play a crucial role in the photophysics.To take them into account, we calculate the quantum yield and the fluorescence lifetime by direct integration along trajectories and by a kinetic scheme. We obtain a good qualitative agreement with the two methods
Navizet, Isabelle. "Modélisation et analyse des propriétés mécaniques des protéines." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066309.
Full textCaillez, Fabien. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques des protéines par modélisation moléculaire." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077063.
Full textDue to their importance for function, the mechanical properties of proteins are the subject of great attention. We have used molecular modeling techniques to gain a better understanding of these properties. We have notably used molecular dynamics simulations to study the dynamics of E-cadherin molecules which are involved in cellular adhesion. The influence of the presence of calcium ions has been monitored in the context of the change in flexibility and dimerisation. We have also examined three dimeric conformations observed experimentally and discussed their potential involvement in adhesion. We have also developed various methodological tools for the theoretical study of proteins. The first is a new index to measure protein flexibility at the single amino acid level, via the use of restrained energy minimisations. This method also allows us to determine dynamical domains within protein structures by analyzing the deformations caused by the restraints. We have also developed a new multi-scale representation of proteins, containing both coarse-grained and all-atom residues. This representation should allow us to study large Systems while keeping atomic precision within the most important parts of the protein
Mehalebi, Soraya. "Agrégation et gélification de la bêta-lactoglobuline : influence des intéractions électrostatiques." Le Mans, 2008. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2008/2008LEMA1005.pdf.
Full textSophie, Sacquin-Mora. "Représentations gros-grain pour la modélisation des protéines : Propriétés mécaniques et interactions." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00652917.
Full textFredj, Asma. "Élaboration de protéines fluorescentes ayant un fort potentiel en imagerie." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00785092.
Full textBoucher, Julie. "Glycation des protéines intracellulaires : impact sur la fonction contractile cellulaire." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6847.
Full textDebret, Gaëlle. "Etude par Modélisation Moléculaire des Propriétés Mécaniques d'un Système Membranaire : le Canal mécanosensible Mscl au sein de Bicouches Lipidiques Modèles." Paris 7, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00189606.
Full textMechanosensitive channels of large conductance are integral membrane proteins that permit the bacterium to survive when hypo-osmotic shock occurs. Their principal characteristic is to open in response to a mechanical stress : a tension of the membrane. Understanding their mode of activation is necessary to work out a global model of the mechanism of sensitivity to membrane tension. We studied the first stages of the gating mechanism of MscL induced by membrane thinning, as well as the interactions controlling these conformational changes by moleculardynamics simulations. The comparison of principal component analysis of the trajectories and the directions given by the normal modes enabled us to highlight the influence of the membrane on the intrinsic dynamics of the channel. We then studied MscL channels from various organisms and having different sensitivities. Significant differences between the behaviours of the two Systems plunged in membranes of variable thickness were highlighted. These differences led us to explore the role of the various domains and in particular the role of the periplasmic loops by building hybrid channels by combination of domains from different organisms. The results obtained confirm the fundamental role of the periplasmic loops in the sensitivity of the MscL
Pommet, Marion. "Matériaux thermostatiques à base de gluten de blé : influence de l'environnement physico-chimique sur la réactivité du gluten et les propriétés fonctionnelles des matériaux." Montpellier, ENSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSA0021.
Full textWheat gluten is a renewable and abundant protein resource that can be used to make biodegradable thermoplastic materials. The aim of this thesis was to investigate in which extent parameters of gluten physico-chemical environment (temperature, shear, plasticizer, filler, disulfure bonds reducing agent, protease) could modify gluten reactivity and materials functional properties. Influence of the time and temperature of a thermo mechanical treatment on gluten proteins aggregation and degradation degree was characterized and related to the rheological evolution of tan ô, in the linear domain. A decrease in protein mean molecular size by breaking of covalent bonds (disulfure or peptidic) leads to a slowing down of gluten aggregation kinetic. In the case of proteolysis, it also contributes to decrease the reactivity potential by creation of non-reactive species. Finally, gluten network cross linking by covalent bonds induced by a thermo mechanical treatment is mostly inhibited in an acidic environment. Study of plasticizers of different natures showed that their plasticizing effect is mainly related to the formation of hydrogen bonds and enabled us to classify them in three groups according to their potential of interactions with gluten. Gluten plasticization speed rate seems to be governed by the efficiency of gluten wetting by the plasticizer. This wetting is improved in hydrated conditions. A gluten plasticization mechanism was proposed. Mechanical properties of gluten-based materials greatly change with the thermoplastic state of proteins. Increase in cross linking degree of gluten network enables to improve mechanical and water resistance of materials. Using a hydrophobic plasticizer also increases water resistance. Finally, an adhesive behaviour was characterized for some materials for which an application as pressure sensitive adhesives could be possible
Simunovic, Mijo. "Regulating curvature and mechanics of membranes in endocytosis by BAR domain proteins." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC110.
Full textMany biological phenomena are accompanied by the change in shape of the cell membrane. This process is often mediated by curvature-generating proteins, most notably by those containing one of many BAR domains. At the same time, membrane curvature controls the way proteins interact with one another and so it acts as a vital signaling mechanism in the cell. In our work, presented in two theses, we combine theoretical modeling, high-resolution imaging, and quantitative microscopy techniques to study the assembly of BAR proteins on the membrane and its influence on membrane shape and mechanics. Our simulations elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the self-assembly of BAR proteins on the membrane and the way their collective behavior affects the large-scale membrane reshaping. Experimental biophysical methods demonstrate a novel mechanism of membrane fission mediated by BAR proteins and molecular motors. It also quantifies how the formation of protein scaffolds alters the mechanical behavior of the membrane. These results are essential for understanding a newly discovered pathway of endocytosis, mediated by a BAR protein endophilin. Our combined theoretical and experimental approach gives vital Glues on how the mechanical properties of the membrane may regulate protein dynamics in living cells
Gerbeaud, Claire. "Effet de l'insertion de protéines et de peptides membranaires sur les propriétés mécaniques et les changements morphologiques de vésicules géantes." Bordeaux 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR10649.
Full textCuq, Bernard. "Mise en forme et caractérisation de biomatériaux à base de protéines myofibrillaires." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20040.
Full textGuedes, Fernanda T. P. "Vers l’identification des acteurs moléculaires responsables des propriétés mécaniques du bois de tension de peuplier." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2070/document.
Full textThis work aimed at characterizing the composition in polysaccharides of poplar tension wood fibres and a possible correlation with mechanisms for creating tension. Firstly, we isolated G-layers from tension wood formed in young poplars which grows in a greenhouse under controlled conditions and determine its polysaccharides composition and the structure of these polysaccharides. Therefore, we investigate the polysaccharide distribution during tension and opposite wood fibres differentiation by using 178 antibodies raised against the major wall polysaccharides. The distribution and function of two fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins were studied using two antibodies produced to this end and the function of one of the proteins were studied by reverse genetics. This work show an evolution in the polysaccharides composition of G-layer through its differentiation and also differences concerning S2 layer composition between tension and opposite wood fibres. No evidences for the presence of xyloglucans in the G-layer. However, this work shows the presence of a high quantity of RG-I type pectin which may be implicated in a gel-like structure formation which swelling could be responsible for tension creation in cellulose microfibrils. Our results suggest an implication of fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins in G-layer construction. Further, this work opens up new perspectives towards identification of molecular basis of tension creation in tension wood
Planade, Jessica. "Etude du rôle des protéines partenaires de l'actine dans la mécanique des gels branchés de levure." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC285/document.
Full textIn this experimental work we tried to quantify the mechanical properties of yeast branchedactin networks with regard to their biochemical composition. Actin is a semi-flexible biopolymerthat is assembled as part of the cytoskeleton. Proteins partners of actin (ABPs) shape itsfilaments into different type of networks. Arp2/3 is a protein complex that has the propertyto generate branched actin gels. Growing branched actin networks are of particular interest forboth biologists and physicists because of their ability to generate forces necessary to many vitalprocesses such as endocytosis. Here we study in vitro the mechanical properties of such networks,and we focus on the role of one type of actin binding proteins, the crosslinkers. This family ofproteins appears to play a role in both the elastic, viscous and plastic properties of the gels. Weare able to quantify and to compare the impact of three different crosslinkers on branched actinnetworks in yeast.In order to conduct said study, we combined two powerful experimental methods. We used asuperparamagnetic particle-based mechanical measurement technique that was developed in thelab and allows quantitative, high-throughput measurements on very thin gels. And the networkswere reconstituted in vitro by functionalization of the magnetic particles with Las17, which hasbeen showed to activate Arp2/3 for the yeast by our biologist collaborator. We furthermoreworked on both yeast extracts containing all the ABPs of the Arp2/3 networks, and with setsof a few purified proteins, in order to combine a « top-down » (use of mutations in yeast toprevent the expression of protein(s) of interest) and a « bottom-up » (addition of a protein ofinterest in a simplified system) approaches
Bordeleau, François. "Implication des kératines 8/18 dans la modulation de l'activité mécanique des cellules hépatiques initiée aux points focaux d'adhérence." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23624.
Full textL'activité mécanique des cellules générée par l'interaction entre la matrice extracellulaire (MEC) et le cytosquelette d'actine est essentielle pour la régulation de l'adhésion, de l'étalement et de la migration des cellules lors du développement normal ou tumoral. La stimulation mécanique des cellules découle majoritairement des forces externes appliquées par la MEC ou bien des forces internes générées par la contraction de l'actomyosine. Ces stimuli mécaniques convergent aux intégrines situées aux points focaux d'adhérence (FA) reliant la MEC à l'actine fibrillaire. La formation des FA requiert des molécules adaptatrices pour l'actine, telle que la vinculine, ainsi que des molécules de signalisation, comme la FAK (« focal adhesion kinase ») ou les PKC (« protein kinase C »). Les filaments intermédiaires (FI) de kératines 8/18 (K8/K18) sont exprimés dans l'ensemble de l'épithélium simple, mais constituent les seuls FI présents dans les hépatocytes et les hépatomes. Bien que plusieurs évidences suggèrent une participation des FI K8/K18 dans la régulation de l'activité mécanique des cellules, le mécanisme exact demeure énigmatique. Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse examinent les mécanismes impliqués dans la modulation de l'activité mécanique des cellules par les FI K8/K18. Par une approche s'appuyant sur l'utilisation d'une pince optique et de substrats de rigidité variable, les résultats montrent que les FI K8/K18 contribuent à la rigidité cellulaire et aux mécanismes mécanosenseurs, en raison d'une modulation de la signalisation RhoA-ROCK responsable de la dynamique de l'actine fibrillaire, plutôt que de leurs propriétés viscoélastiques. Par ailleurs, la PKCô est identifiée comme un médiateur de la modulation de l'étalement et de la migration associée aux FI K8/K18 chez les hépatomes, via une boucle de rétroaction positive affectant la FAK et l'intégrine aux FA. En fait, ces éléments corrèlent avec l'assemblage d'un complexe formé de RACK1 « Receptor of Activated C Kinase 1», pi-intégrine, plectine, PKC et c-Src. À noter que les mécanismes dépendant de RhoA et PKC sont mutuellement impliqués dans la modulation de la migration et de la rigidité des cellules associées aux FI K8/K18. Dans leur ensemble, les résultats démontrent une implication incontestable des FI K8/K18 dans la modulation de l'homéostasie mécanique des cellules de l'épithélium simple.
Simon, Anne. "Intérêt de la microscopie de force atomique sur la biofonctionnalisation de matériaux : caractérisation du greffage et de l'adhésion cellulaire." Bordeaux 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR12583.
Full textRandrasana, Sahondra. "Synthèses et modifications de polyuréthanes d'intérêt biomédical." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28276.
Full textSynthesis and modifications of polyuréthanes are realized to improve their biological behaviour. The grafting of an alkyl chain is discussed according to the fixation site which is choosen, the chain length and the incorporation rate. Different synthesis routes are effected to obtain polyurethanes with amino-acid skeleton, the interest bringing to the correspondant polymers results of the absence of toxic products generated by their hydrolysis open to step in "in vivo". Physico-chemical properties of the materials are studied, especially the wettability. The determination of their mechanical properties is realized. Their biocompatibility is the object of a beginning of evaluation by the study of the adsorption of plasma proteins and the cytotoxicity of extraction liquids released from the materials in normalized conditions. These polyurethanes are obtained in the form of sheets but it is possible to obtain tubes by injection of pulverisation
Sadek, Céline. "Mécanismes de formation des grains et propriétés des poudres laitières associées : influence de la composition du concentré et des paramètres de séchage." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSARB264.
Full textSpray drying is a well-established process but certain aspects of droplet-particle transition are not yet fully understood, resulting in variability in terms of powder quality and performance. Therefore, understanding precisely how the particle is formed and how it can be controlled still remain a major challenge. This PhD project aims to break down the complexity of the drying phenomenon using an exploratory multi-scale approach. Particle formation of milk proteins (whey proteins and casein micelles) was investigated using different experimental systems (single pendant droplet, confined droplet, mono-dispersed droplets and spraying cone droplets) in controlled drying environments (drying temperature: 20°C to 190°C and relative humidity: 40% to 2%).The results showed that the drying of a single protein droplet included three distinct stages highlighted with the occurrence of specific morphological events (constant rate shrinkage, buckling instability, vacuole nucleation). According to the type of proteins, these drying stages differed in drying kinetics and droplet dynamics, leading to characteristic and reproducible particle shapes whatever the droplet configuration and the drying conditions. These different kinds of drying behaviour were related to specific skin formation conditions and different responses of the protein material to internal stress. Finally, by means of this multi-scale approach, this work highlighted the particular signature of milk proteins in a concentrated state and in general the impact of the matter in the droplet drying process
Sholokh, Marianna. "Caractérisation site-sélective de la dynamique des propriétés chaperonnes de la protéine de la nucléocapside de VIH-1 vis-à-vis de ses cibles nucléiques, à l'aide de sondes fluorescentes innovantes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ031/document.
Full textDue to its high conservation and key functions in the HIV-1 virus, the nucleocapsid protein NC is a potential target for the development of new anti-viral drugs. Although the mechanistic understanding of the NC nucleic acid chaperone properties has achieved a significant progress, the dynamic aspects of these properties remain poorly understood, mainly due to the lack of the appropriate tools to monitor them at the molecular level. The objective of this thesis was to characterize the dynamic interactions of NC with nucleic acids at the molecular level using new fluorescent tools developed in the laboratory or in collaboration. Using NC peptides and its target oligonucleotides labeled in different positions by fluorescent amino acid and nucleoside analogs, respectively, we were able to give a complete picture of the dynamic processes underlying the chaperone activity of NC in the second strand transfer of HIV-1 reverse transcription. This understanding is fundamental to design rational strategies in order to target the specific role of NC in interaction with its nucleic acid targets
Allaf, Oula. "Le Muscle epitrochlearis de rat et son adaptation à la demande fonctionnelle." Compiègne, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997COMP0998.
Full textSince a long time, the humanity has given a particular place to the study of athletic gestures. It was discovered that a wide category of muscles existed in living beings and that their evolution occurred due to alterations imposed by their environment. Ln new conditions, some muscles respond in a new pattern and hence adapt themselves to a newly imposed function. This induces a structural and functional re-ordering of the muscles, leading to changes in biochemical and mechanical characteristics which tend to reflect muscle plasticity. Ln our work, a rats were suspended to induce hyperactivity of postural nature in a phasic muscle of the forelimb : the epitrochlearis. Thus, the rat has to use its forelimb to move around or to maintain his posture. Results show that, after 21 days, the epitrochlearis behaves as a slower muscle : fibbers and myosin heavy chains of type 1 are increased, maximal shortening velocity is decreased, resistance to fatigue is improved and stiffness is increased. Thanks to a model including the force-velocity relationship, the role of the myosin light chains in this adaptative process is emphasized. Moreover, an increase in the total number of muscle fibbers is observed. This could be the result of a mitotic division of satellite cells which are able to generate new undifferentiated fibbers. These fibbers should transform themselves into slow fibbers. This study confirms the relationship between fibber types, contractile proteins and mechanical properties. The observed plasticity is certainly related to the original work by the muscle during suspension, notably, the need of an important postural activity
Molines, Arthur. "Organisation du réseau cortical de microtubules chez Arabidopsis thaliana : contribution des protéines EB1 et MAP65-1." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS421/document.
Full textMicrotubules are essential dynamic filaments of most eukaryotic cells. Microtubule network organization is tightly controlled within cells since most of microtubule functions come from their spatial arrangement. In animal cells, EB1 (End Binding-1 protein) is well known as a major regulator of microtubule network polarization. Though well conserved throughout evolution, Arabidopsis thaliana possesses three EB1 orthologous genes with unclear functions, while microtubule network orientation and organization are critical for plant development. During plant cell expansion, cortical microtubules are organized as parallel fibers that are perpendicular to the elongation axis. This particular organization is thought to promote cell elongation rather than thickening by controlling cell wall synthesis. Cortical microtubule are not isolated from each other, they are laterally associated within bundles, bringing an additional level of complexity, and therefore of regulation, to the microtubule network in plants. Microtubule bundles formation and maintenance are the main interest of this PhD-thesis work. In plants, EB1 proteins had already been involved in directional root growth, but their subcellular functions remained unclear. Our study revealed first that the cortical microtubule network is disorganized in plants lacking cytoplasmic-EB1 protein. Moreover, using super-resolution microscopy combined with an original image processing, we showed that the average number of microtubules per bundle is significantly reduced in the absence of EB1. In addition, EB1-defective roots display a hypersensitivity to medium hardness as mentioned elsewhere before. Altogether, our data suggest: (1) an involvement of the microtubule network in root response to touch; (2) a possible relationship between microtubule-network organization and bundle formation. Then, in order to confirm the functional link between bundle formation and network organization, we tackle the study of MAP65-1 mutant plants. MAP65-1 is a protein well described for its ability to make microtubule bundles in vitro. Our investigations confirmed this function for MAP65-1 in vivo and reveal its involvement in cortical microtubule network organization. Although this result does not reveal any causal connection between both phenomena, it highlights the link between the two levels of complexity that are bundle formation and spatial arrangement of microtubules. Finally, to get insight into the molecular mechanisms allowing EB1 and MAP65-1 to make microtubule bundles, we developed in vitro experiments using purified components. Preliminary results indicate that EB1 stimulates MAP65-1 ability to make bundles, but this remains to be further investigated. Hence, this thesis work contributed to decipher the mechanisms governing microtubule network organization in Arabidopsis thaliana. In particular, it revealed the involvement of EB1 proteins and MAP65-1 in this task. This work further confirmed the role of microtubules in root growth and strongly suggested their involvement in the response to mechanical sensing
Christou, Nina-Eleni. "Development of NMR as a tool for the structural and dynamic high-resolution characterization of phototranformable fluorescent proteins." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY051.
Full textThe discovery of Phototransformable Fluorescent proteins (PTFPs) over the last decades has revolutionized the field of microscopy. Reversibly photo-switchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs), in particular, are currently routinely used for Super Resolution Microscopy techniques, such as RESOLFT (REversible Saturable OpticaL Fluorescence Transitions). Photo-induced switching between a fluorescent "on"- and a dark "off"-state, in combination with advanced illumination schemes has allowed for imaging nanometer sized compartments in biological cells. Crystallographic studies of such RSFPs have provided useful mechanistic explanations for their photophysical behaviour and has guided fluorescent protein engineering into designing better tags. However, the crystal forms of such proteins studied at cryogenic temperatures fail to capture dynamics present in RSFPs which could potentially play a significant role in their photophysics. So far, only a single NMR study for the RSFP Dronpa has been reported in the literature (Mizuno, 2008). During my PhD thesis, I was able to complement crystallographic studies of rsFolder, a green RSFP, with a dynamic perspective using multidimensional solution NMR spectroscopy.Using a portable in-situ laser illumination device coupled with the NMR spectrometer, I was able to extract quantitative local dynamic information for both the fluorescent "on"- and "off"-states of rsFolder, characterized by a primarily cis and trans chromophore, respectively. NMR signatures of residues in the non-fluorescent "off"-state were identified using LASER-driven Exchange NMR experiments. The metastable photo-induced "off"-state of rsFolder appears more dynamic on the millisecond timescale than the fluorescent "on"-state. NMR investigations of the chromophore resulted in the deciphering of four configurations, populated in a pH-dependent fashion. Moreover, pH-induced cis-trans isomerization of the chromophore was observed, in the absence of light. NMR-derived values of activation energies for isomerization and free energy differences between the cis and trans chromophore enabled the mapping of the ground-state free energy landscape of rsFolder at different pH values and buffer compositions. Lastly, comparing NMR observables with optical measurements on rsFolder and mutants highlights the potential role that NMR can play in the field of RSFP engineering. Altogether, my PhD work yielded in not only a reliable in-situ illumination set-up accompanied with relevant NMR experiments to study RSFPs, but also highlighted the importance of dynamics in understanding RSFPs' photophysical properties
Gelot, Thomas. "Flexibilités et hétérogéneités structurelles de biomolécules impliquées dans la transcription inverse du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00815389.
Full textRayer, Mégane. "Mécanisme de génération de forces par les cellules apoptotiques lors de la morphogenèse de la drosophile." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30169.
Full textEach animal species acquires a specific shape during development. The generation of mechanical forces is one of the strategies used by cells to sculpt organs. During animal development, the mechanical forces generated in the plane of adherens junctions are important for epithelium remodeling. These planar forces have been extensively studied over the last years. This is particularly the case during apical constriction of mesodermal cells during drosophila embryo gastrulation. The reduction of the cell's apex is considered a fundamental process to trigger invagination of this tissue. However, recently, it has been shown that forces can also be generated along the cell apico-basal axis. The team in which I did my thesis has shown that these forces are important for the formation of folds during drosophila leg development. In this process, before their disappearance, cells form an apico-basal myosin structure, called "myosin cable". The force created by the contraction of the cable is transmitted to the cell's neighbors, inducing cell shape changes progressively resulting in fold formation. However, the mechanisms required for apico-basal force generation remained unknown. The goal of my thesis was to study in detail how the cells destined to die could generate an effective force. We made the hypothesis that the myosin cable should be anchored at the apical and basal cell poles in order to promote a resistance to the cable contraction, and to allow force transmission to the neighbors. Therefore, my aim was to identify these anchoring points thanks to imaging and genetics technics. First, I had identified apical anchor point. Indeed, apoptotic cells reduce their apex but maintain their adherens junctions. The apical extremity of the myosin cable colocalizes to this adhesion structure. Secondly, I searched for the basal anchor point of myosin cable. Surprisingly, I observed that the nucleus of apoptotic cells is systematically relocated on the basal cell half and that the myosin cable contacts it. I tested whether the nucleus plays a role in myosin cable anchorage by perturbing its basal localization. The loss of function of Klarsicht, a LINC complex protein, prevents the cell to deform its neighbors, showing that, in this context the force is strongly or totally abolished. Finally, I have shown that the apoptotic nucleus itself is anchored to the basal side in order to promote a resistance during cable contraction. Indeed, I studied nuclei mobility and showed that apoptotic nuclei are less mobile than non-apoptotic nuclei. I also showed that F-actin and Talin, a basal adhesion component, are required for apoptotic nucleus stability. Furthermore, I have observed that, during cable contraction, the nucleus moves back apically and that it deforms locally. Finally, laser ablation experiments of the myosin cable show an apical recoil of apical surface and a basal recoil of the nucleus. Thus, the force generated by the apoptotic cells is transmitted in the apico-basal axis thanks to the link between apical adherence, cable and nucleus. My work highlights a new mechanism of force generation. This new mechanism of apico-basal force could be conserved in other cell types in additional invagination processes during morphogenesis. My results also show that the nucleus plays a new role, beyond the protection of the genome, by participating actively in force generation
Ghose, Avisek. "Etude des propriétés photophysiques de dérivés de l’oxyluciférine et leurs applications à l’étude d’interactions entre biomolécules." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ005/document.
Full textIn this work, we investigated the emission mechanism of the optically active part of the firefly luciferin-luciferase complex. This bioluminescent system is widely used in bioanalytical assay. This amazing natural phenomenon results in the emission of visible light (yellow-green-red) from the photoproduct Oxyluciferin. This color tuning mechanism involves six chemical species, but their active involvement in the excited state proton transfer (ESPT) mechanism was poorly understood so far. One of the main finding presented here relies on the identification of six chemical forms of Oxyluciferin involved in the color tuning fluorescence emission mechanism. This result was obtained by studying the optical properties of different structural analogues of firefly Oxyluciferin in aqueous buffer. Different spectroscopic (steady state and time-resolved) and chemometric approaches have been applied to reveal the emission mechanism. In addition, the photophysical properties of Oxyluciferin in complex with the Luciferase enzyme Luciola cruciata have been studied in aqueous buffer as well. In parallel, derivatives displaying environment sensitive emission were used to monitor biomolecular interactions. In particular, we demonstrated that Oxyluciferin can be employed to map intracellular pH by using fluorescence microscopy within living cells. With the help of another Oxyluciferin derivative we were able to monitor the interaction between a HIV-1 protein and different oligonucleotide sequences by means of ratiometric measurements. Finally we develop an approach based on cysteine labeling to monitor in vitro protein-protein interaction
Bocahut, Anthony. "Etudes theoriques et experimentales de la neuroglobine humaine." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112192.
Full textIn this PhD work, I tried to link together the different structural, dynamic and fonctional properties of a new human protein discovered in the mamals brain in 2000: the Neuroglobin. First of all, I established a new two ways mecanism in order to get the pentacoodinated oxydized cysteins state using theoritical method. One of this mecanism’s conformer shows an important heme sliding inside of the proteic structure. Furthermore with help of metadynamic method, I studied the small ligand diffusion and migration in the internal cavity network. I showed the higher ligand affinity when the disulfide bridge is bond and we proposed an important number of exit pathways. Then we developed a method to understand the mechanical properties of the globins and we found four residues mechanically sensitive which form together a control access pathway between internal cavities, called breath phenomenon. Secondly I used ITC method in order to characterize the interaction between the Neuroglobin and a small ligand. From this experiment we highlighted that the kinetic ligation is faster when the disulfide bridge is formed. Then I noticed a relative decrease of the velocity when the mutation C120S is operated followed by a relative increase of the velocity for the triple mutation C46G/C55S/C120 compared to the Wild Type data. To understand these results, I performed a molecular simulation of the triple mutation Neuroglobin form. During this trajectory, I discovered a structure with a two hydrogen bonds network, which significantly changes the ligand entry/exit pathways. The 120 mutation closes one/several exit pathways while the 46 mutation opens the natural globin exit pathway. Because of the considerable structural change observed in the triple mutation Neuroglobin form, I decided to produce NMR results. These last points reveal a relative structure difference between the Wild Type oxidized cysteins form and the triple mutation form not only on the mutation points but also on the global structure. All these new results highlight the essential role of the three cysteins in the human Neuroglobin
Wojcieszak, Marine. "La soie, "modèle" de polymères naturels fibreux : analyse vibrationnelle et nano/micromécanique, de la fibre au composite." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066506/document.
Full textFibrous proteins (keratin, elastin, collagen, fibroin ...) make up to one third of the proteins ofmammals and birds. They are structural proteins with a protective and/or mechanical function. Silk appearsto be the ‘simplest’ model because it mainly consists of two small amino acids residues (alanine andglycine). Some silks have comparable or superior mechanical properties compared to those of syntheticfibres and could be used in technical applications (e.g. biomedical) if the variability of their properties canbe controlled. This work focuses on the structure of silks from: Bombyx mori (domestic silkworm)degummed or not, Nephila madagascariensis (wild spider, no sericin coating), GM Bombyx mori (includinga gene of Nephila) a recombinant spider silk 4RepCT (Escherichia Coli). Silk is analyzed by Ramanspectroscopy (and FTIR), uni-axial tensile testing, and also by the coupling of these methods. The analysisof the low wavenumbers region in Raman spectroscopy allowed the characterization of ordered regions of 2to 3 microns separated by about 60 microns. This is the first evidence of the heterogeneous structure ofsilk. Coupling with the uni-axial tensile test shows that these ordered regions are stressed under macroscopicdeformation, suggesting silk organization according to Prevorsek’s model, i.e. that the samemacromolecular chain belongs to both amorphous and ordered regions. The statistical study of themechanical properties of silkworm and spider silks shows great dispersion, but a good stability over time(decades). Genetic modification does not improve the fibres mechanical properties but a slight decrease intheir variability. Various strategies have been investigated to control the variability: bacterial production,solubilization of silk and films regeneration. The role of water in silk biosynthesis, as well as the effect ofvarious parameters (filtration, pH, drying ...) during the preparation of the films were studied. It wasconfirmed that the presence of protein aggregates promotes the organization in film and two types of filmswere prepared. The most amorphous ones have the most interesting mechanical properties, though only afew percent of those from the starting fibres. The fabrication of regenerated silk matrix compositesreinforced by silk fibres increases the strength and strain to failure. These initial results are encouraging forthe development of silk fibres/regenerated silk matrix composite materials
Aguilar, Alicia. "Impact des contraintes physiques sur la maturation des mégacaryocytes : rôle de la rigidité de l'environnement." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ014/document.
Full textMegakaryopoiesis is the process of differentiation and maturation of megakaryocytes (MKs) in the aim to produce platelets able to prevent hemorrhages. These mechanisms are not well known. To better understand the process of platelet formation, we mimicked the medullar microenvironment in vitro, in 3D using hydrogel of stiffness comparable to the bone marrow. In this study we: i) characterized the physical properties of the hydrogel and design the culture of hematopoietic progenitors in this system, ii) showed the MKs ability to feel the physical constraints of their environment, then iii) showed the impact of these constraints on the MK maturation and proplatelet generation, and finally iv) highlighted the MK response to stiffness. MKs are “mecanosensitives”, being able to feel and to adapt to the physicals modifications of the environment. The activation of mechanotransduction pathways (including MKL1) and the cytoskeleton reorganization in response to extracellular physical constraints improves MK maturation, in terms of ploïdy, ultrastructure and ultimately proplatelet generation
Coullomb, Alexis. "Développement de substrats actifs et d'une méthode d'analyse de FRET quantitative pour décoder la mécanotransduction." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY044/document.
Full textLiving cells can react to mechanical signals such as the rigidity of the surface they adhere on, the traction or compression forces applied on them, the liquid flow at their membrane surface or the geometry of their adhesions or of their overall shape. Those signals influence cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration or cell death. Those processes are tightly regulated by biochemical reactions that constitute a signaling network. Mechanotransduction is the translation of the mechanical signal into the biochemical one.In order to study mechanotransduction, we have considered the use of ultrasounds to mechanically stimulate cells at relatively high temporal and spatial frequencies. Numerous setups and options have been considered in this very exploratory project. Finally, we will retain some promising leads for the continuation of this project.We have developed what we call active substrates that allows us to control both spatially and temporally the mechanical stimulation on living cells. Those active substrates consist of iron micropillars embedded in a soft elastomer and actuated by 2 electromagnets. We can control dynamically the displacement of the pillar that will deform locally and continuously the surface. This deformation will then deform in traction or in compression the living cells spread on the surface nearby. Thanks to fluorescent trackers we can perform Traction Force Microscopy and monitor the stress applied by the pillars to the cells through the PDMS surface, and we can look at the mechanical response of the cells. Moreover, those substrates are compatible with live cell fluorescence microscopy, which makes possible the observation of the cellular response at the morphological level (focal adhesions, protrusive activity, …) and most importantly at the biochemical level.Indeed, in order to study the cellular biochemical response after a mechanical stimulation, we use fluorescence microscopy to observe biosensors containing pairs of donor/acceptor fluorophores. Those biosensors allow us to monitor the activity of proteins implied in cellular signaling by computing the Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) efficiency of those biosensors. To do so, samples are alternatively excited at donor and acceptor excitation wavelengths. The fluorescence signal is then simultaneously measured in donor and acceptor emission channels. A substantial part of my thesis has been dedicated to the development of a quantitative method to analyze fluorescence images in order to measure FRET efficiencies that do not depend on experimental factors or biosensors concentration in cells. We assess different methods to compute standard correction factors that account for spectral bleed-through and direct excitation of acceptors at donor excitation wavelength. To obtain more quantitative measurements, we have developed a new method to compute 2 additional correction factors. We compare this method with the only one preexisting, and we assess the influence of image processing parameters on FRET efficiency values
Šećerović, Amra. "Identification and characterization of molecular players potentially responsible for the mechanical properties of tension wood." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2066/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to approach the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the particular properties of the G-layer and the outstanding mechanical properties of tension wood (TW). Accordingly, three potential molecular players (fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein (FLA), chitinase-like protein (CTL) and β-galactosidase (BGAL)) were chosen and studied through a phylogenetic analysis, expression analyses and most importantly characterization of RNAi transgenic poplars. This multilevel characterization revealed that CTL2 and FLAs have function in the regulation of cellulose crystallinity in TW. CTL2 was also shown to be important both for the cell wall organization and stem mechanical properties. BGAL was studied in a light of the previously reported modifications of RG-I pectin, potentially important for the mechanical properties of TW. Study of BGAL revealed that the enzyme has higher activity in TW than in opposite wood. BGAL7, whose gene was expressed specifically in TW, does not seem to be responsible for the higher BGAL activity in TW. In comparison to poplar, we analyzed the occurrence of molecular players potentially responsible for TW mechanical properties in simarouba, a tropical species, which develops different TW fiber. Arabinogalactan proteins and RG-I pectin potentially targeted by BGAL were localized in TW fibers both in poplar and simarouba and therefore may be involved in a common mechanism of tensile stress generation in different TW types. A model was finally proposed to elucidate a potential function of the studied molecular players in the regulation of G-layer properties and tensile stress generation
Sabatier, Laura. "Étude des conséquences de traitements physiques sur le cheveu, de l’échelle moléculaire à celle de la fibre." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS076.
Full textThermomechanical hair styling is preferred by users for easy and temporary reshaping of hair. However, the result is not always up to expectations, particularly due to poor shape stability over time and possible hair damage. In this work, we aim to improve hairstyling devices. To this end, we need to understand the effects of such treatments on hair in order to determine conditions which allow the best shape holding while minimizing hair damage. To achieve this, we use tensile testing, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy experiments. First, we studied the structural organization of natural hair. We highlighted a “core-skin” distribution of structures with a regular core which is all the more off-centered as curvature is high. Subsequently, we identified the main parameters of thermomechanical reshaping: temperature, stress and application time. Then, we evaluated the effects of these parameters on mechanical behavior and hair nanostructure. Our study shows that applied stress is a key factor: we defined stresses range allowing preservation of hair structure and its mechanical properties and the one leading to degradation or even driving to beta-sheets transition. Efficiency of the different treatment conditions in producing long-lasting shape over time was then evaluated. In addition, we analyzed the structural mechanisms that occur during stretching for native and pretreated hair: we used X-ray microdiffraction coupled with continuous stretching of hair. Consequently, we were able to monitor a beta sheet structure in hair during stretching. The original results obtained during this work, bridging internal molecular mechanisms and macroscopic behavior of hair, will allow to develop new thermomechanical treatments at industrial scale
Souhassou, Mohamed. "Densité d'électrons dans les composés peptidiques par méthode X-X et calcul théorique : LA (N) acétyl-L-tryptophane-méthylamide et la (N)-acétyl-alpha-béta -dehydrophenylalanine-methylamide, influence de La alpha -beta -déhydrogénation et étude critique des modèles multipolaires." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10418.
Full textByette, Frédéric. "Développement de matériaux à base de protéines extraites du byssus de la moule bleue Mytilus edulis." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/16003.
Full textThe byssus is a set of protein-based anchoring threads produced by marine mussels to tether to water immersed surfaces. These fibers have impressive mechanical properties combining stiffness, elasticity and toughness, as well as a self-healing behavior of their mechanical performance upon rest following removal of stress. These properties are the result of collagen-rich block copolymer-like proteins hierarchically assembled and of the presence of organo-metallic reversible sacrificial bonds. Even though these fibers have outstanding mechanical properties and a high content of potentially biocompatible collagen, the mussel farming industry still treats them as a waste. The main objective of this thesis was to use byssus as a sustainable biological feedstock to produce a new family of biomimetic protein-based materials. We developed a method to produce a byssus protein hydrolyzate (BPH) rich in charged amino acids (~30 % mol) and with good film-forming capabilities. A hydrogel rich in inter- and intra-molecular anti-parallel β-sheets and in collagen triple helical structures forms following the BPH solubilization at pH 10.5. After evaporation of water, the resulting film is insoluble in aqueous media as a result of the BPH self-assembly into stable secondary structures. The mechanical properties of the films are pH-responsive owing to their high electrostatic charges content that act like effective crosslinking points at the isoelectric point (pI = 4.5), but causes swelling of the protein matrix and loss of mechanical performance at pH higher or lower than the pI. The strain at fracture remains constant, which increases the toughness of the materials when moving toward the pI. The high content in charged and reactive amino acids was used to covalently crosslink the BPH films using either EDC or glutaraldehyde. Increasing the crosslinking degree gives rise to stiffer and stronger films but leads to a loss of extensibility as a consequence of protein chains being trapped by the crosslinking points. The crosslinked films become resistant to collagenase degradation even though infrared spectroscopy shows the conversion of aggregated strands to hydrated collagen/PPII related structures following the crosslinking reaction. Thus, the crosslinked collagen-related structural elements hinder the collagenase action on the BPH films. Sacrificial bonds were formed in the BPH films by treatments at their pI and/or with various metallic ions, i.e. Na+, Ca2+, Fe3+, in order to tune the mechanical properties and to evaluate the role of sacrificial bonds on the self-healing behavior during cyclic mechanical testing. Using metallic ions of higher valence to treat the films results in an increase of the modulus, strength and toughness without reducing the strain at fracture, confirming the formation of organo-metallic sacrificial bonds. Cyclic mechanical testing shows that pI and Ca2+ treatments create reversible ionic sacrificial bonds that induce a pH-dependent self-healing behavior. Fe3+ addition at various concentrations enables tuning the mechanical performances over a larger interval and to reach higher values than other treatments. This behavior is attributed to the more covalent nature of the iron-amino acids bonding and to the affinity of iron with numerous amino acids, including histidines and DOPA, as detected using Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Iron addition also leads to the formation of reversible sacrificial bonds that procure a self-healing behavior of the mechanical properties to BPH films. Altogether, our results show that the BPH films are byssus biomimetic hydrogels whose mechanical properties can be tuned by using various treatments or crosslinking reactions. The materials could thus find a niche as protein matrix in domains such as the pharmaceutical industry or soft tissue engineering.