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Fombang, Edith Nig. "Protein digestibility of sorghum and maize flours and porridges as affected by gammairradation." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12142005-112635.
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Jones, Aaron Michael. "Evaluating the effects of specialty protein sources on nursery pig performance." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38161.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Jason C. Woodworth
A total of 6,465 nursery pigs were used in 8 experiments. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) or fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on nursery pig growth performance. A LP × FSBM interaction was detected for G:F, where LP and FSBM individually improved G:F, but the effect was not additive. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of increasing levels of LP on nursery pig performance. No evidence for differences in growth performance were observed among dietary treatments. Experiment 3 and 4 examined the effects of fish meal source and level on nursery pig growth performance. Overall, a source × level interaction for ADG, G:F and final BW was observed as increasing fish meal source 1 improved ADG and G:F; however, pigs fed fish meal source 2 had improved ADG and G:F at 3%, but decreased at 6%. Pigs fed fish meal source 3 had no further improvements in ADG and G:F beyond the 3% inclusion. No evidence for differences were detected between the dietary treatments for ADFI. Experiment 5 evaluated the effects of feeding fish solubles on nursery pig performance. Pigs fed diets with fish meal had increased ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed the control diet. There was no evidence for differences in growth performance as fish solubles increased. Experiment 6 and 7 investigated the effects of enzymatically-treated soybean meal (ESBM) on nursery pig performance. Results indicated that nursery pigs fed diets with greater than 9% of ESBM resulted in decreased ADFI and final BW. Experiment 8 evaluated the effects of dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) on nursery pig performance. Increasing dEB in diets from weaning to 21-d after weaning resulted in an increase in ADG and BW, which was the result of a marginally significant improvement in ADFI and G:F. Finally, an experiment was conducted to determine the optimal strategy for collecting and submitting samples that adequately describe the nutrient levels in diets collected from a commercial swine facility. Sampling feeders with a probe resulted in less variability on an individual basis, but seemed to get washed out when individual samples were pooled to form a composite sample.
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Fereday, Amelia Clare. "The effects of age, meal size and protein quality on protein utilisation in adult humans." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308627.
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Kumar, Vikas [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Becker. "Jatropha meal and protein isolate as a protein source in aquafeed / Vikas Kumar. Betreuer: Klaus Becker." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1027291988/34.
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Spain, James Nobles. "Evaluating fish meal as a protein source for lactating dairy cows." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54429.
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A series of experiments were conducted to measure the mode of action by which fishmeal exerts its effect on milk composition of dairy cows. Production Study One measured the effect of increased fishmeal intake on milk production and milk composition in dairy cattle. Milk fat percentage and yield were decreased by increased fishmeal intake. This decrease was not associated with changes in ruminal fermentation patterns. Plasma long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased with increased fishmeal intake.
Mammary slices from lactating bovine mammary gland were incubated with eicosapentaenoic acid. Changes in ¹⁴C-acetate metabolism were measured. Acetate oxidation and incorporation into milk lipid were not changed by eicosapentaenoic acid. However, tissue from mammary gland of cows milked 6 to 8 h prior to slaughter had 2 fold higher activity than tissue milked 1 h before slaughter.
Disappearance of dry matter, crude protein, and lipid in fish meal from undegradable bags in the rumen was measured. Dry matter and crude protein degradation of fish meal were similar to published values. Lipid escaped rapidly with greater than 70% removed by 8 h. A subsequent fish oil infusion study revealed that intraruminal fish oil treatment did not significantly alter ruminal fermentation, or change fatty acid profiles in duodenal digesta, plasma, or milk. Duodenal infusion increased plasma concentrations of n-3 fatty acids but did not affect milk lipid fatty acid composition.
A second production study compared the effects of fish meal versus fish oil on milk production and composition, and changes in fatty acids in plasma and milk. Fish meal significantly increased plasma n-3 fatty acids compared to the fish oil treatment. Residual fatty acids contained in fish meal seemed to be protected from rumen degradation and probably remained intact for digestion and absorption since plasma n-3 fatty acid concentrations increased. No changes in milk yield or composition were due to the experimental treatments. Fat in fish meal and fish oil source differed significantly in their ability to alter milk composition and plasma fatty acid profiles.Ph. D.
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Zerbini, Ercole. "Effects of dietary soybean meal and fish meal on protein digesta flow in Holstein cows during early and midlactation." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82616.
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Six lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae and T-type cannulae in the proximal duodenum were used to measure digesta and nitrogen compounds flow to the small intestine during early and midlactation. Fish meal and soybean meal provided 54 and 56% of the protein in the diets composed of corn grain, corn silage and orchardgrass hay, and which contained 15.4 and 15.5% crude protein and 20.9 and 20.5 acid detergent fiber. Spot samples of digesta were collected from the rumen, duodenum and rectum over a period of 72 hours. Co-EDTA and ytterbium were used as liquid and particulate digesta markers to estimate flow and digestibility of nutrients. Cytosine was used as microbial marker. True organic matter digestibility in the stomachs was 48.4, 49.8, 44.9, and 53.2% for fish meal and soybean meal diets and early and midlactation respectively. Protein degradability in the stomachs were 47.2, 65.8, 56.7, and 56.2% for fish meal and soybean meal diets and early and midlactation respectively. Amino acids intake was greater for soybean meal diet but total amino acids reaching the the duodenum were similar for both diets. Valine, methionine, lysine and histidine were less degraded for fish meal but were extensively degraded in soybean meal diet. Least degraded for both diets were glycine, valine, serine, proline and histidine. The advantage of greater quantity of protein escaping ruminal degradation with fish meal supplementation was counterbalanced by less microbial synthesis in the rumen partly explaining the similar response obtained with diets especially in early lactation.Ph. D.
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Kittel, Elliott C. "ESTIMATION OF OPTIMAL PROTEIN TO ENERGY RATIO AND PERCENT SOYBEAN MEAL REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL IN JUVENILE SCAPHIRHYNCHUS STURGEON DIETS." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1118.
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Research developing artificial propagation, husbandry, and nutrition of sturgeon species has developed greatly since the collapse of the Caspian Sea fisheries in the 1980s. Sturgeon species are commercially prized for their unfertilized roe which is marketed as the delicacy, caviar. Sturgeon production units commonly utilize commercial salmonid feeds, which contain large proportions of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO). Concerns regarding economics and sustainability have put pressure on aquafeed manufactures to efficiently utilize FM and FO, and to incorporate alternative protein sources, such as soybean meal (SBM). Therefore, the present studies estimated the optimal protein:energy ratio of juvenile Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and evaluated the effects of increasing SBM composition on growth, feed efficiency, body and liver composition, and intestinal morphology of juvenile Shovelnose Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus, two species of Scaphirhynchus sturgeon of regional commercial importance. Protein:energy ratios were investigated using casein and dextrose based, semi-purified diets. Results indicated that Scaphirhynchus sturgeon are able to perform similarly across a wide range of protein:energy ratios (79 - 147 mg protein kcal-1), so long as adequate dietary energy (3,800 kcal kg-1 gross energy) is provided and essential amino acids are not limiting. Soybean meal was evaluated utilizing practical, isocaloric, isolipidic, isoenergetic test diets, designed to replace FM with increasing SBM. Juvenile Scaphirhynchus sturgeon were found to perform similarly on diets with up to 50% of FM replaced with SBM (336 g kg-1 diet). Evaluation of liver composition revealed that juvenile Shovelnose Sturgeon store less glycogen and crude lipid than other fish species, although no dietary differences were observed. Histological evaluation of the distal intestine revealed indications of SBM induced enteritis, though no statistical differences in measures were detected between treatments. This research is the first to describe optimal dietary formulation for the culture of Scaphirhynchus sturgeon.
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Cervantes, Cevallos Carlos Ángel. "Replacement of fish meal by meal worm (Eisenia foetida) in the feed of broilers as an alternative source of protein." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5346.
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This investigation was conducted in the rural community of Cuambo, located in the northeast of Imbabura province, in the Mira river basin of Salina parish, at 1530 meters above sea level and with an average temperature of 19 C. The principal objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of four levels of substitution of fish meal for earthworm meal in broiler chicken diets. The fieldwork occurred in two stages over the course of 20 months: A. Creation of the feed: This step lasted from the installation of an earthworm culturing area through the cultivation, harvest, and drying of the worms until obtaining the flour and then the feed with the respective formulas and acquisition of primary materials. B. Cultivation of broiler chickens: This was carried out in a community member's house adapted to function like a chicken coop that had been previously prepared to receive the chicks. The study lasted 7 weeks. A completely random design (CRD) was used with five treatments and five repetitions per treatment, with five chickens per experimental unit. ANOVA, Tukey analysis at 5%, and orthogonal polynomial analysis were used to evaluate the data. The factor under study was the percentage of earthworm flour in a basic diet. The treatments were as follows: T0: Control (Pronaca commercial feed) T1: 100% earthworm meal T2: 75% earthworm meal T3: 50% earthworm meal T4: 25% earthworm meal Analyzed variables: Weekly weight gain, Weekly food conversion, Accumulated food conversion, Total food consumption, Efficiency index, Yield, Organoleptic analysis, Economic analysis. From the results obtained, we conclude that treatment 0 (T0) is the best because it gave the best results in weight gain, food conversion, efficiency index, yield, and cost of production. In the organoleptic analysis T4 received the most points for appearance and flavor; T3 received the most for color, smell, and texture. The treatment with greatest acceptability was T4, with the most points. In production costs, the least expensive was T1, but it is not recommended for use because the chickens had poor results in the studied variables.
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Lui, Flora Y. H. "The production of protein isolates from hexane-defatted ground yellow mustard meal." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/MQ40910.pdf.
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Li, Qian. "Production of Carbohydrases for Developing Soy Meal as Protein Source for AnimalFeed." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1490572358360331.
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Zakayo, Griffin A. "Evaluation of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal as a protein source for growing-finishing pigs." Thesis, Curtin University, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2298.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the use of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLM) as a protein supplement for pigs. In addition, an evaluation of detoxifying LLM, by sun-drying, water-soaking, or treating with ferrous sulphate (FeS04) solution was undertaken. The research involved two experiments; a growth study and a metabolic study. In the growth study sixteen, 12 weeks old Large White x Landrace pigs (average body weight 22.9 ± 2.12 kg) were fed four experimental rations; a commercial grain-based grower /finisher ration (control); or a ration containing 20% of either sun-dried LLM, water-soaked LLM, or FeS04-treated LLM, replacing the basal diet. There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in liveweight gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency in pigs fed the ration containing sun-dried LLM. Growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were not affected by the addition of water-soaked and FeS04-treated LLM to the basal diet. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels in the blood plasma were not affected by the dietary treatments. However, addition of FeS04-treated LLM to the basal diet significantly (P<0.05) decreased the back fat thickness of the pigs. In the metabolic study, the digestible dry matter (DDM) and digestible CP (DCP) were measured as well as mimosine, 3-hydroxy-4-(1H) pyridone (3,4-DHP) and 2,3DHP output in the faeces and urine.Addition of water-soaked LLM to the diet significantly (P<0.05) lowered the DDM of the diet, whereas addition of FeS04-treated LLM significantly (P<0.05) reduced the DCP. Sun-drying, water-soaking and treatment of LLM with FeS04 solution, did not enhance the output of mimosine or 3,4-DHP in the urine and faeces. The results suggest that water soaking or treatment with FeS04 solution reduces the antinutritional factors (presumably including mimosine) and therefore improves the nutritional quality of LLM containing diets for pigs.
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Fairgrieve, William Thomas Jr. "Effects of dietary histamine on fish meal protein quality to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5331.
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Lusweti, Francesca N. "Rumen undegradable protein in growing sheep diets /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842596.
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Pine, Harvey J. Daniels William H. "Replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal as a protein source in sunshine bass, Morone chyrsops x Morone saxatilis, diets." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/PINE_HARVEY_41.pdf.
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Zakayo, Griffin A. "Evaluation of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal as a protein source for growing-finishing pigs." Curtin University of Technology, Muresk Institute of Agriculture, 1998. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=13519.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the use of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LLM) as a protein supplement for pigs. In addition, an evaluation of detoxifying LLM, by sun-drying, water-soaking, or treating with ferrous sulphate (FeS04) solution was undertaken. The research involved two experiments; a growth study and a metabolic study. In the growth study sixteen, 12 weeks old Large White x Landrace pigs (average body weight 22.9 ± 2.12 kg) were fed four experimental rations; a commercial grain-based grower /finisher ration (control); or a ration containing 20% of either sun-dried LLM, water-soaked LLM, or FeS04-treated LLM, replacing the basal diet. There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in liveweight gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency in pigs fed the ration containing sun-dried LLM. Growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were not affected by the addition of water-soaked and FeS04-treated LLM to the basal diet. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels in the blood plasma were not affected by the dietary treatments. However, addition of FeS04-treated LLM to the basal diet significantly (P<0.05) decreased the back fat thickness of the pigs. In the metabolic study, the digestible dry matter (DDM) and digestible CP (DCP) were measured as well as mimosine, 3-hydroxy-4-(1H) pyridone (3,4-DHP) and 2,3DHP output in the faeces and urine.Addition of water-soaked LLM to the diet significantly (P<0.05) lowered the DDM of the diet, whereas addition of FeS04-treated LLM significantly (P<0.05) reduced the DCP. Sun-drying, water-soaking and treatment of LLM with FeS04 solution, did not enhance the output of mimosine or 3,4-DHP in the urine and faeces. The results suggest that water soaking or treatment with FeS04 solution reduces the antinutritional factors (presumably including mimosine) and therefore improves the nutritional quality of LLM containing diets for pigs.
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Viswanathan, T. V. "Evaluation of ruminal escape potential of crab meal and other protein supplements and influence of steam explosion of ruminal degradability of crab meal." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38168.
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Zakayo, Griffin Allen. "Evaluation of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal as a protein source for growing-finishing pigs /." Full text available, 1998. http://adt.curtin.edu.au/theses/available/adt-WCU20031008.122905.
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Chaklader, Md Reaz. "Supplementing insect meal and fish protein hydrolysates in barramundi, Lates calcarifer diet improves the inclusion efficiency of poultry by-product meal: a physiological approach." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/86668.
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The research investigated the complete replacement of fishmeal (FM) with a mixture of multiple protein ingredients including poultry by-product meal (PBM), black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal, and fish protein hydrolysates (FPHs) originating from recycled food wastes. The results showed that supplementation of HI and FPH separately or concurrently with PBM can replace FM completely from the juvenile barramundi diet with an improvement in physiological and immunological responses and final product quality.
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Blaufuss, Patrick. "EXPLORING SOY-DERIVED ALTERNATIVES TO FISH MEAL: USING SOY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE AND SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE IN HYBRID STRIPED BASS (Morone chrysops ♂ x M. saxatilis ♀) AQUACULTURE." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/297.
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Many sources of protein have been investigated to reduce the use of fish meal (FM) in aquaculture feeds, including soybean meal (SBM). However, FM replacement in feeds for carnivorous species is limited by problems with feed intake, growth rate, and overall health associated with reduced digestibility and anti-nutritional factors found in SBM. However, soy processing strategies can reduce the effects of anti-nutritional factors and improve utilization. Therefore, we examined the possibility of further FM replacement in SBM maximized feeds for hybrid striped bass using refined soy products, soy protein concentrate (SPC) and soy protein isolate (SPI). Results indicate that further FM sparing is possible, beyond what can be achieved with SBM. For example, it is possible to reduce dietary FM content as low as 5% using SPC, and though this negatively affects growth rate, this effect may be reversed by the addition of a betaine-based attractant. Replacement with SPI resulted in such a degree of feeding reluctance that starvation and cannibalization became issues during the trial. Reducing FM content below 5-10% resulted in more variable production performance and, when using SPI, increased incidence of cannibalism. No differences in stress tolerance were observed during the trials; however, there was a trend of increasing handling mortality in fish fed the SPC diets. Refined soy proteins can be used in conjunction with SBM to spare FM, but the cost of these products, along with their acceptability to aquatic livestock, will determine the extent of their utilization in aquafeeds.
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GARCIA, NAVA ALFREDO, and SALEM ABDELFATTAH ZEIDAN MOHAMED. "“IMPACT OF Moringa oleifera LEAF MEAL PROTEIN ON BIOMETHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN STEER DIETS”." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, UAEM, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67725.
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La particularidad de estos animales se basa en que son capaces de alimentarse de
pradera, ensilado y forraje debido a que pueden digerir los componentes de estos
forrajes como celulosa y hemicelulosa, condición que los demás animales con un
estómago simple no pueden realizar (Relling y Mattioli, 2003). Según (Weimer,
1998), se debe apresurar el trabajo de la microbiota ruminal para la digestión de la
fibra.
Cualquier alimento y agua que el animal consume es fermentado dando lugar a las
células microbianas, ácidos grasos volátiles y gases como dióxido de carbono y
metano (McDonald et al., 1995).El estudio del ecosistema ruminal implica analizar el funcionamiento de una compleja variedad de bacterias anaerobias obligadas, hongos y protozoarios que se rigen a ser seleccionados por la exigencia del rumen
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Sullivan, Katherine B. "Replacement of fish meal by alternative protein sources in diets for juvenile black sea bass." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/sullivank/katherinesullivan.pdf.
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Agbo, Nelson W. "Oilseed meals as dietary protein sources for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/984.
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One of the major problems facing aquaculture in Ghana is the non-availability of quality and affordable fish feeds. The present study investigated the nutritional suitability and cost-effectiveness of some Ghanaian oilseed by-products, soybean meal (Glycine spp), cottonseed meal (Gossypium spp), groundnut cake (Arachis hypogaea L.) and groundnut husk, as alternative protein sources to fishmeal (FM) in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The oilseed meals were used individually, as mixtures, as mixtures enriched with methionine and mixtures detoxified by heat processing (autoclaving) and/or addition of supplements (viz. phytase and ferrous sulphate) intended to reduce levels of the most important antinutritional factors (ANFs). Diets, containing the oilseed meals at inclusion levels from 25% to 75% dietary protein, were formulated to be isonitrogenous (320 g.kg-1), isolipidic (100 g.kg-1) and isoenergetic (18 KJ.g-1) and fed to juvenile Nile tilapia at 4-10% of their body weight for a period of eight weeks. Proximate analysis showed that soybean meal (SBM), cottonseed meal (CSM), groundnut cake (GNC) and groundnut husk (GNH) had 500.3, 441.4, 430.5 and 205.6 g.kg-1 crude protein, 38.2, 89.5, 12.8 and 89.2 g.kg-1 crude fibre and 20.19, 19.61, 23.17 and 22.18 kJ.g-1 gross energy respectively. Generally the oilseed meals had good essential amino acid (EAA) profiles with the exception of GNH. The EAA profile of SBM compared very well with FM but methionine and threonine were low (0.73 and 1.50 % of protein respectively) and the same was true for CSM and GNC with even lower levels. Analyzed ANFs in SBM, CSM, GNC and GNH were 17.54, 31.64, 14.86 and 3.99 g.kg-1 phytic acid, 14.09, 1.24 and 2.34 g.kg-1 trypsin inhibitors and 5.80, 6.50, 8.01 and 10.08 g.kg-1 saponin respectively and in CSM 5.6 g.kg-1 gossypol. Nutrient digestibility of these oilseed proteins suggested that Nile tilapia may be able to utilize SBM, CSM and GNC efficiently as dietary protein sources due to high apparent protein digestibility of 94.50%, 84.93% and 90.01% respectively. However, GNH may not be suitable because of very low apparent protein digestibility (27.67%). These protein sources when used individually were shown to cause depressed growth and feed efficiency when substituting more than 50% of the FM protein in diets. This may be attributed to high levels of ANFs, high fibre content and poor EAA profile. However, the use of mixtures of these meals was found to be marginally more effective than that of single sources. This may have been as a result of lower levels of ANFs and improvement in essential amino acid profile due to mixing. Supplementing the mixtures with methionine led to improvement in feed utilization but without significantly improving the nutritive value compared with FM. Heat processing was effective in reducing heat labile trypsin inhibitors in SBM, CSM and GNC by almost 80%, but not phytic acid and saponins, which remained virtually unaffected. Use of meals detoxified by heat processing with/without supplements at 50% inclusion improved growth and feed utilization compared to the unprocessed meals and performance was generally not significantly different from FM. Cost effectiveness analysis revealed that diets containing single feedstuffs or mixtures, particularly those containing equal proportions of oilseed meals and higher proportion of CSM replacing between 50% - 75% FM protein, were more profitable than FM diet. Similarly, the use of heat processed meals at 50% replacement of FM protein yielded greater profit than all other diets including the FM diet. However, essential amino acid supplementation of the meals was less profitable compared to the control. Generally, fish fed diets with oilseed meals would take longer to attain harvest size compared with FM and this could lead to an increase in production costs or a decrease in the number of production cycles which could be achieved within a year. It can be concluded that there is nutritional and economic justification for using SBM, CSM and GNC as partial replacement for FM in diets of Nile tilapia. Based on growth performance, nutrient utilization and economic benefits the diet with heat processed oilseed meal mixtures (containing equal proportions of 16.67% each) at 50% inclusion has the best prospects for replacing FM protein in diets of O. niloticus.
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Lunger, Angela Nicole. "Evaluation of organically certifiable alternate protein sources for production of the marine carnivore, cobia (Rachycentron canadum)." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35229.
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Cobia represents one of the most attractive candidate species for aquaculture in the history of the industry. With rapid growth rate, high survival rates, and delectable flesh, cobia possess highly desirable characteristics for a cultured fish. Although interest in this species is high, issues pertaining to nutritional requirements must be resolved if this animal is to be produced sustainably. Cobia are high level marine carnivores and, as such, require relatively high dietary protein levels which usually are met through the use of fish meal. Fish meal supplies have become limited and costly, and alternate proteins must be utilized if future aquaculture production is to meet demand. Moreover, the movement towards organic aquaculture production presents additional challenges with respect to fish meal inclusion in aquafeeds designed for cobia. This thesis summarizes research pertaining to fish meal replacement in cobia aquafeeds with organically certifiable alternate protein sources.
Initial trials with an organically certifiable yeast-based protein source indicated that up to 25% of the fish meal could be replaced without detrimental impacts to growth rates, feed efficiency, or biological indices. Substitution levels above this resulted in decreased performance in all measured parameters. Based on these results and other research however, it is hypothesized that fish meal replacement levels could be increased to 40% without detrimental impacts upon production characteristics.
In a subsequent study, multiple organically certifiable alternate protein sources were investigated for their ability to replace fish meal in aquafeeds for juvenile cobia. A 25% inclusion level of yeast-based protein was used along with a 40% inclusion level. The remaining alternate proteins (soybean meal, soybean isolate, and hemp) also were included at 40% of dietary protein. Two additional diets were formulated to contain all four alternate proteins with or without 8% fish meal. Lack of fish meal resulted in poor survival, while the 8% inclusion of fish meal resulted in decreased overall performance compared to fish fed the fish meal control and the diets with up to 40% organic protein source. When included at 40% of fish meal replacement, these alternate protein sources led to returned excellent weight gain, feed efficiencies, and other production characteristics when compared to the 100% fish meal control diet. I hypothesized that higher inclusion level of alternate protein sources could be achieved with specific amino acid supplementation.
Two additional trials involved the use of the yeast-based protein with supplementation by the amino acids methionine, tryptophan, and taurine. Diets containing 50 and 75% of the yeast-based protein were investigated with the addition of methionine (0.3%) and tryptophan (0.2%), with and without taurine (0.5%). Taurine significantly and dramatically increased production performance. A final trial re-evaluated that ability of the yeast-based protein to completely replace fish meal with supplemental taurine (0.5%). While growth at the 50% inclusion level equaled that of the control, at higher levels (75 and 100%), growth was reduced even with taurine supplementation, leading to the hypothesis that other essential amino acids may also have been limiting.
This thesis presents evidence that replacement of fish meal, as well as organic production of cobia, is feasible. However, these studies also illustrate the necessity of developing quantitative amino acid requirement data for cobia if these goals are to be fully realized.Master of Science
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Redmond, Emily Ja Young. "The protein metabolic response to ingestion of a complete meal in sarcopenic women and the potential anabolic effect of a leucine-rich meal: a pilot study." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106253.
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Sarcopenia – muscle loss that occurs with aging – is a growing concern affecting physical strength and function. This thesis assessed whether 1) the anabolic response of protein metabolism to a meal is impaired in older sarcopenic women – a phenomenon we believe to be largely responsible for the daily imbalance between protein synthesis (S) and breakdown that ultimately causes muscle loss, 2) meal supplementation with leucine (LEU), an essential amino acid which has been shown to stimulate protein S, improves the protein anabolic response to a meal, and 3) a LEU-rich meal affects meal thermogenesis or satiety. Using tracer methodology, whole-body LEU balance was measured, as well as energy expenditure, blood hormone, nutrient and appetite profiles, and activity of muscle intracellular pathways of protein S, in both healthy control (n = 4; body mass index: 24.9 ± 1.5 kg/m2; lean body mass (LBM): 39.4 ± 2.1 kg) and sarcopenic (n = 5; 22.6 ± 1 kg/m2; 34.7 ± 0.4 kg) older women (≥ 61y) after ingestion of a LEU-rich and non-LEU-rich meal in random crossover design. Preliminary results by kg LBM reveal no difference in whole-body LEU balance between groups. The LEU-rich meal achieved greater net balance in both groups without affecting thermogenesis and appetite. Muscle immunoblot data (N = 6) do not suggest blunted activation of mTORC1 and its downstream substrates PRAS40, 4E-BP1, S6K1 and rpS6 in older sarcopenic women, however additional subjects are necessary to draw any conclusions. Future longitudinal supplementation studies assessing postprandial rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in the sarcopenic population will also be necessary to confirm any immunoblot results.La sarcopénie – perte musculaire associée au vieillissement – est une source de préoccupation, puisqu'elle affecte la force physique et le fonctionnement. Cette thèse a évalué si 1) la réponse anabolique du métabolisme protéique au repas est déficiente chez la femme âgée sarcopénique – un phénomène que nous estimons être largement responsable du déséquilibre entre la synthèse (S) et le catabolisme protéique qui résulte ultérieurement en la perte musculaire, 2) un repas enrichi en leucine (LEU), un acide aminé essentiel avec lequel il fut démontré qu'il stimule la S protéique, améliore la réponse anabolique au repas et 3) un repas enrichi-LEU affecte la thermogénèse et l'appétit. Nous avons procédé à la mesure du bilan en LEU corporel à l'aide d'un traceur isotopique, de même qu'à la dépense énergétique, aux profils des hormones sanguines, nutriments et appétit, et à l'activité intracellulaire de la voie de transduction de la S protéique musculaire, chez des femmes âgées > 61 ans, témoins en santé [n = 4; indice de masse corporelle : 24.9 ± 1.5 kg/m2; masse maigre (MM) : 39.4 ± 2.1 kg] et chez des femmes sarcopéniques (n = 5; 22.6 ± 1 kg/m2; 34.7 ± 0.4 kg), après ingestion d'un repas enrichi-LEU et non-enrichi-LEU dans un devis aléatoire, pairé et croisé. Les résultats préliminaires en kg MMC ne démontrent aucune différence entre les groupes dans le bilan en LEU corporel pour l'un ou l'autre des repas. Cependant le repas enrichi-LEU a stimulé d'avantage le bilan net sans affecter la thermogénèse et l'appétit. Les données musculaires obtenues par immunoblots (n = 6) ne démontrent pas d'activité réduite du mTORC1 et de ses substrat en aval PRAS40, 4E-BP1, S6K1 et rpS6 chez les femmes sarcopéniques. Il est par contre nécessaire d'obtenir plus de sujets avant de pouvoir formuler des conclusions. Des études longitudinales avec des suppléments LEU évaluant les taux de S protéique musculaire (SPM) postprandiaux chez les femmes sarcopéniques seront aussi nécessaires pour confirmer ces résultats.
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Chapin, Clifford Arthur. "Protein partition and digesta flow in lactating Holsteins fed 2:1 and 1:2 soybean meal:fish meal." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74521.
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Attempts to improve upon the crude protein feeding system have strived to characterize feedstuffs with respect to ruminal protein degradability. In vitro an in situ procedures fall short of this goal by not accounting for ruminal turnover. Six lactating cows, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae, were utilized for in vivo determination of protein degradability by employing a double-marker system. Treatments were corn silage-based diets supplemented with 2:1 soybean meal:fish meal nitrogen (SF) or 1:2 soybean meal:fish meal nitrogen (FS) at levels of 15. 9 and 16.0 percent protein. Ruminal cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CoEDTA) infusions marked liquid phase (LP) digesta and Yb-soaked hay was used as a solid phase (SP) marker. Duodenal digesta was separated into SP and LP at 3000xg.
Least squares means of LP flows did not differ for total, precipitable protein, or microbial nitrogen, for SF and FS. Total solid phase flow of dry matter was higher for FS (9.06 kg/d) than for SF (7.97 kg/d), although intakes did not differ. Milk composition and yield did not differ for FS and SF. Average daily gain was 0.12 kg/d for SF and 1:26 kg/d for FS. Whole-tract digestibilties were not different although rumen digestibility of dry matter was 24.9% for FS and 35.7% for SF, and duodenal recovery of N was 93.8% for SF and 107.5% for FS.
Inclusion of a higher level of fish meal in the diet increased the proportion of feed proteins delivered to the small intestine, increasing weight gain while having no effect on milk production.Master of Science
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Nazareth, Zara Matina. "Compositional, functional and sensory properties of protein ingredients prepared from gas-supported screw-pressed soybean meal." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009.
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Gray, Morgan. "Evaluation of oxidized rendered protein meals in pet foods." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20379.
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Master of ScienceGrain Science and Industry
Greg Aldrich
Rendered protein meal is an important source of dietary protein and fat in pet food. However, fats in rendered meals can oxidize rapidly if not protected. The most common measurement of oxidation is the peroxide value (PV), but the analysis is highly variable. Additionally, the incorporation of oxidized protein further shortens its shelf life. Therefore, our objectives were to evaluate methods to measure fat quality in rendered protein meals and to determine the effect of increasingly oxidized protein meals on the shelf life of extruded pet foods. In Experiment 1, samples of five chicken byproduct meals (CBPM) from each of three locations and five beef meat and bone meals (BMBM) from each of two locations were analyzed for PV, anisidine value (AV), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The PV varied by method and location (P < 0.05). The alternative oxidation analytical methods, AV and TBARS, were not strongly correlated to PV (R² > 0.01). In Experiment 2, one metric ton of each unpreserved CBPM and unpreserved BMBM were collected and left unpreserved (U) or preserved with either ethoxyquin (E) or mixed tocopherols (T). These were held at ambient conditions (25°C, 51% RH) and monitored for PV and AV until values plateaued (41 and 63 days for CBPM and BMBM, respectively). Each “aged” meal was then incorporated into a model extruded cat food diet (~30% protein). Samples of kibble for each treatment were collected and stored at an elevated temperature and humidity (40°C, 70% RH) for 18 weeks and an ambient temperature and humidity (~22°C, 45% RH) for 12 months. The initial reduction (P < 0.05) in PV of the U (highly oxidized) BMBM and CBPM after processing suggests oxidation levels were diluted by food production. The oxidized meal led to a shorter shelf life (P < 0.05) in the finished food by PV analysis; but, sensory analysis by quick assessment did not completely corroborate these findings. These results suggest that PV doesn’t fully describe rendered protein meal stability or have a direct impact on shelf life for consumers; but may have a negative impact on pets due to oxidized lipid consumption.
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Karlsson, Malin, and Linnea Sund. "Life cycle assessments of arable land use options and protein feeds : A comparative study investigating the climate impact from different scenarios in the agricultural sector." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129462.
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The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the climate impact from different arable land use options and protein feeds aimed for cattle. This has been made by executing two life cycle assessments (LCAs). The first LCA aimed to compare the following three arable land use options: Cultivation of wheat used for production of bioethanol, carbon dioxide and DDGS Cultivation of rapeseed used for production of RME, rapeseed meal and glycerine Fallow in the form of long-term grassland The second LCA aimed to compare the three protein feeds DDGS, rapeseed meal and soybean meal. In the LCA of arable land, the functional unit 1 ha arable land during one year was used and the LCA had a cradle-to-grave perspective. The LCA of protein feeds had the functional unit 100 kg digestible crude protein and had a cradle-to-gate perspective, hence the use and disposal phases of the feeds were excluded. Bioethanol, DDGS and carbon dioxide produced at Lantmännen Agroetanol, Norrköping, were investigated in this study. The production of RME, rapeseed meal and glycerine were considered to occur at a large-scale plant in Östergötland, but no site-specific data was used. Instead, general data of Swedish production was used in the assessment. The wheat and rapeseed cultivations were considered to take place at the same Swedish field as the fallow takes place. The protein feed DDGS was produced at Lantmännen Agroetanol and the rapeseed meal was assumed to be produced at a general large-scale plant in Sweden. In the soybean meal scenario, a general case for the Brazilian state Mato Grosso was assumed and no specific production site was investigated. Data required for the LCAs was retrieved from literature, the LCI database Ecoinvent and from Lantmännen Agroetanol. In the LCA of arable land use options, system expansion was used on all products produced to be able to compare the wheat and rapeseed scenarios with the fallow scenario. In the LCA of protein feeds, system expansion was used on co-products. The products in the arable land use options and the co-products in the protein feed scenarios are considered to replace the production and use of products on the market with the same function. The result shows that the best arable land use option from a climate change perspective is to cultivate wheat and produce bioethanol, carbon dioxide and DDGS. This is since wheat cultivation has a higher yield per hectare compared to rapeseed and therefore a bigger amount of fossil products and feed ingredients can be substituted. To have the arable land in fallow is the worst option from a climate change perspective, since no products are produced that can substitute alternative products. Furthermore, the result shows that DDGS and rapeseed meal are to prefer before soybean meal from a climate change perspective, since soybean meal has a higher climate impact than DDGS and rapeseed meal. This can be explained by the smaller share of co-products produced in the soybean meal scenario compared to the DDGS and rapeseed meal scenarios. Since the production and use of co-products leads to avoided greenhouse gas emissions (since they substitute alternatives), the amount of co-products being produced is an important factor. A sensitivity analysis was also executed testing different system boundaries and variables critical for the result in both LCAs. The conclusion of this study is that arable land should be used to cultivate wheat in order to reduce the total climate impact from arable land. Furthermore, it is favorable for the climate if DDGS or rapeseed meal are used as protein feeds instead of imported soybean meal.
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Snarr, Chandra. "Protein balance, metabolic and satiety responses to leucine- rich versus isonitrogenous meal in healthy post-menopausal woman." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=106495.
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Despite higher protein relative to energy needs with advancing age, many older adults experience a decline of appetite. Thus, a strategy to optimize protein retention is essential. Leucine is a branched-chain amino acid with anabolic effects via stimulation of protein synthesis and insulin secretion. Studies of postprandial response to leucine supplementation are limited, and no study exists in exclusively older women. We assessed protein balance, metabolic and satiety responses to a leucine-rich versus isonitrogenous mixed meal in nine healthy postmenopausal women by double-blinded, randomized, crossover meal studies. Five-hour whole-body postprandial leucine oxidation response, measured by constant infusion of [1-13C]leucine, was increased with higher leucine intake. Resulting leucine balance (intake-oxidation) was nonetheless greater with added leucine, corresponding to greater protein retention, with no effect on satiety and gut peptides. This study provides evidence of the anabolic potential of a leucine-rich mixed meal in postmenopausal women, and may be used in interventions to promote protein anabolism.Les personnes âgées vivent souvent une perte d'appétit malgré leurs besoins en protéines relativement élevés. Une stratégie visant à favoriser la rétention des protéines est donc souhaitable. La leucine est un acide aminé à chaîne ramifiée qui possède des propriétés anaboliques via la stimulation de la synthèse protéique et la sécrétion d'insuline. La réponse postprandiale à un supplément de leucine a été peu étudiée et aucune étude n'a été menée exclusivement auprès des femmes âgées. Dans un devis expérimental d'études pairées-croisées, randomisées, menées à double-insu, nous avons mesuré le bilan protéique et les réponses métaboliques et de satiété de neuf femmes post-ménopausées, suite à un repas mixte enrichi en leucine versus un repas de contenu équivalent en azote. La réponse d'oxydation de la leucine, mesurée à l'aide d'infusion constante de [1-13C]leucine pendant 5 heures, était davantage augmentée suite au repas enrichi en leucine. Néanmoins, le bilan en leucine (apport-oxydation) était supérieur avec la leucine, ce qui représente une meilleure rétention protéique, sans affecter la satiété et les peptides gastro-intestinaux. Cette étude démontre le potentiel anabolique d'un repas enrichi en leucine chez les femmes post-ménopausées, qui peut être utilisé comme intervention nutritionnelle visant à promouvoir l'anabolisme protéique.
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Nasrah, Rima. "Muscle and plasma protein synthesis in response to a leucine-enriched meal in sarco-dynapenic older women." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121117.
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Sarcopenia (muscle loss) and dynapenia (loss of strength) are risk factors for disabilities, falls and loss of autonomy with aging. The essential amino acid leucine is a signaling molecule that stimulates mRNA translation, protein synthesis and insulin secretion, making it a potential anabolic agent. This thesis assessed the effect of leucine added to a meal on whole-body leucine balance, myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins and on total plasma protein fractional synthesis rates (FSR) in 13 older women. The design was a randomized, double-blind crossover versus an isonitrogenous meal. A possible effect of sarco-dynapenia on these variables was tested (n=7 with sarco-dynapenia, n=6 controls). Greater whole-body leucine balance (intake – oxidation, measured by dilution of stable isotope [1-13C]leucine), after the meal+leucine was contributed by enhanced myofibrillar protein synthesis, measured by incorporation of [2H5]-phenylalanine. Sarcoplasmic and total plasma protein FSR were equally stimulated by both meals. There was no effect of sarco-dynapenia on any of these protein kinetic responses. Data suggest that additional leucine stimulates myofibrillar protein synthesis and greater total retention. The anabolic capacity was maintained in women with sarco-dynapenia who could benefit from such an intervention. Future studies will determine whether long-term leucine supplementation translates into improved muscle mass, strength and function.La sarcopénie (perte de muscle) et la dynapénie (perte de force) sont des facteurs de risque d'incapacités, de chutes et de perte d'autonomie liés au vieillissement. L'acide aminé essentiel leucine est une molécule signalétique qui stimule la traduction de l'ARNm, la synthèse protéique et la sécrétion d'insuline, ce qui en fait un agent anabolique potentiel. Cette thèse a évalué les effets de l'ajout de leucine à un repas sur le bilan global de leucine et les taux de synthèse des protéines myofibrillaires, sarcoplasmiques et plasmatiques totales, chez 13 femmes âgées. L'étude avait un devis chassé-croisé, randomisé, à double insu versus un repas sans leucine ajoutée (total d'azote identique). Un effet possible de la sarco-dynapénie sur ces variables a été testé (n=7 femmes sarco-dynapéniques versus n=6 contrôles). Les taux de synthèse de protéines myofibrillaires (mesurés par incorporation de la [2H5]-phenylalanine) ont davantage augmenté suite au repas+leucine, contribuant à augmenter le bilan global de leucine (apport - oxidation, mesurée par la dilution de 1-[13C]leucine). La synthèse des protéines sarcoplasmiques et plasmatiques a été stimulée également par le repas avec ou sans leucine ajoutée. La présence de sarco-dynapénie n'a exercé aucun effet sur ces réponses des cinétiques de protéines. Les résultats suggèrent que l'ajout de leucine à un repas stimule la synthèse protéique myofibrillaire et la rétention globale de leucine. La capacité anabolique des femmes âgées sarco-dynapéniques était préservée; celles-ci pourraient donc bénéficier d'une telle intervention. Il reste à démontrer, dans de futures études, si la supplémentation à long terme de leucine résulte en une augmentation de la masse, la force et la fonction musculaire.
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Finnigan, T. J. A. "The extraction, concentration and detoxification of rapeseed protein, with special reference to United Kingdom commercial rapeseed meal." Thesis, University of Reading, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371850.
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CUERO, NÚÑEZ TRINIDAD, and MOHAMED MOHAMED YASSEEN ELGHANDOUR MONA. "Moringa oleifera leaf meal as protein feed in goat’s diets: biomethane and carbon dioxide and fermentation kinetics”." Tesis de maestría, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, UAEM, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11799/67722.
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Durante la fermentación ruminal de los piensos, se producen grandes cantidades de
gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) que hace en el ganado uno de los productores de
gases de efecto invernadero más importantes. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas
para la agricultura y la alimentación (FAO, 2006) informó que el sector ganadero
representa aproximadamente el 18% del metano (CH4) y el 9%de las producciones de
dióxido de carbono (CO2). Se han hecho muchos intentos para mitigar la emisión de ch4
de rumiantes, incluyendo la inclusión de levaduras (Elghandour et.al., 2017), sal de
ácidos orgánicos, enzimas exógenas y aceites esenciales con resultados prometedores.
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Wen, Jinlei. "Effect of amino acids and vitamin D3 on performance and biological responses in poultry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83506.
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As productive performance is improved by breed selection, amino acid requirements may change to support this higher performance in poultry. The first objective of this dissertation was to update the valine and tryptophan requirement of small-framed laying hens and the lysine requirement of young broilers using empirical dose-response methods. The tryptophan requirement was estimated as 155.8 mg/d for egg mass, 153.2 mg/d for egg production and 140.4 mg/d for feed conversion ratio using a linear broken line model. For valine, the requirement was highest for egg mass, 597.3 mg/d, followed by egg production, 591.9 mg/d and feed conversion ratio (FCR), 500.5 mg/d. The lysine requirement of young chicks was estimated by conducting four short term experiments from 1 to 3, 3 to 5, 5 to 8 and 8 to 11 days of age, respectively. The lysine requirement from 1 to 3, 3 to 5 and 5 to 8 days of age were not able to be estimated as no dose response was observed on growth performance most likely due to an overestimation of the lysine requirement. Digestible lysine requirement from 8 to 11 days of age was 1.057%, 1.050% and 1.016% based on body weight gain, FCR and pectoralis major weight using a linear broken line model, respectively. In addition to determining amino acid requirements, research was conducted to develop a new bacterial protein meal for use in laying hens diets. The data suggested that diets containing 7.5% of the bacterial protein meal was able to at least maintain egg production in laying hens, but 15% bacterial protein meal resulted in reduced performance.
The second objective of this dissertation was to investigate the effects of various concentrations of dietary vitamin D3 on pullet and laying hen performance, eggshell quality and bone health in laying hens. Pullets/hens were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments containing vitamin D3 from 1,681 to 68,348 IU/kg diet from day of hatch until 68 weeks of age. These data suggested that dietary vitamin D3 fed at 68,348 IU/kg resulted in reduced egg production, but vitamin D from 8,348 to 35,014 IU/kg diet maintained egg production, increased egg vitamin D content in a dose dependent manner, and generally increased both eggshell quality and pullet and hen bone mineral status.Ph. D.
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Wu, Yuqun. "The effects of moisture, lignosulfonate, alcohol and heat treatments on canola meal protein degradation and digestion in ruminants." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ32038.pdf.
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Hoang, Phuong Ha, Thi Ngoc Mai Cung, Thi Minh Nguyen, Thi Lien Do, Lan Phuong Do, and Thi Nhi Cong Le. "Isolation and selection of probiotic bacteria capable of forming biofilm for fermenting soybean meal." Technische Universität Dresden, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A32723.
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Soybean meal (SBM) is residua product after oil extraction, the SBM with 48% protein is used for poultry, cattle. The SBM contains significant amount of anti-nutritional factors. Degradation of most antigenic proteins and protease inhibitors in SBM fermented by fungal, yeast and bacterial strains. Soybean fermented products are used as feed for livestock or aquaculture. Recently, biofilm forming microorganisms were broadly applied for fermentation process using substrates such as rice bran, corn, soybean meal ... to produce probiotics. In this study, we isolated and selected beneficial microbial strains that are capable of well biofilm forming, produce digestive enzymes and resist pathogenic microorganisms to ferment of soybean meal. The result showed that, four microorganism strains including NA5.3; TB2.1; TB4.3 TB4.4 had ability of forming higher biofilm, producing digestive enzymes such as amylase, protease and cellulose. Among them, NA5.3
and TB 4.4 strains had anti-pathogenic bacteria capacity such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Enterococcus faecalis; Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Four selected strains were checked effection of pH, temperature, NaCl and bile salt concentration to their biofilm formation. The result indicated suitable conditions for forming biofilm at pH 6-8 range; temperature range 30-37°C; NaCl concentration of 0-3%, bile salt concentration of 0.5-2%. The selected strains grew well during solid
fermentation process, achieved 1011 CFU/gram.Khô đậu nành là sản phẩm còn lại từ quá trình ép dầu chứa tới 48% protein thô và thường được sử dụng làm thức ăn cho gia cầm, gia súc. Nhưng trong khô đậu nành còn chứa một lượng đáng kể một số chất ức chế dinh dưỡng, các chất ức chế này lại được phân hủy bởi quá trình lên men nhờ một số loài vi khuẩn, nấm mốc hay nấm men. Sản phẩm lên men khô đậu tương được sử dụng làm thức ăn cho gia cầm, gia súc hay nuôi trồng thủy sản. Trong những năm gần đây, các vi sinh vật tạo màng sinh học đã được ứng dụng để lên men các cơ chất như cám gạo, ngô, khô đậu nành… tạo sản phẩm probiotics. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã phân lập và tuyển chọn một số vi sinh vật có lợi tạo màng sinh học cao, sinh các enzyme tiêu hóa và kháng lại một số vi khuẩn gây bệnh cho mục đích lên men khô đậu nành. Kết quả đã lựa chọn được 4 chủng vi khuẩn NA5.3; TB2.1; TB4.3 TB4.4 có khả năng tạo màng sinh học cao, sinh các enzyme như amylase, protease và cellulose.Trong đó,hai chủng NA5.3 và TB4.4 có khả năng kháng lại một số vi khuẩn gây bệnh như Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Enterococcus faecalis; Bacillus cereus và Escherichia coli. Bốn chủng vi khuẩn lựa chọn được nghiên cứu ảnh hưởng của các điều kiện lên khả năng tạo màng sinh học của chúng, chúng thích hợp ở pH 6-8; nhiệt độ 30-37°C; NaCl 0-3%, muối mật 0,5-2%. Sử dụng các chủng vi khuẩn này cho quá trình lên men rắn khô đậu tương, mật độ vi khuẩn sau khi lên men đạt 1011 CFU/gram.
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Veiverberg, Cátia Aline. "Desempenho e características de carcaça de juvenis de carpa capim (ctenopharyngodon idella) em resposta a níveis e fontes de proteína da dieta." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10723.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThis work was carried out to evaluate the performance and carcass characteristics of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles in response to dietary protein levels and sources. For this, two experiments were conducted: the first (80 days), evaluating four crude protein (CP) levels (22, 30, 36 and 44%) and the second (60 days), comparing protein sources in the diet: FCS (porcine meat meal - control); FC: canola meal; FG: sunflower meal and FCG: canola meal + sunflower meal. Both experiments were conducted in a water re-use system composed of 12 tanks (850 L), with three replicates per treatment. In experiment 1, 10 fish by tank (initial weight 153,0±1,5g) were fed 3% of body weight, twice daily, and the experiment 2 was provided ration (2% of biomass) in the morning and forage (Napier grass ad libitum) in the afternoon, to 15 fish by tank (initial weight 54,6±1,0g). Growth parameters (weight, specific growth rate, daily weight gain, relative weight gain and feed conversion ratio) and carcass (carcass and fillet yield, digestive somatic index, hepatic somatic index and visceral fat index, intestinal quotient, protein retention, protein efficiency rate and whole body and fillet protein and fat deposition) were evaluated. Moreover, the proximate composition (moisture, ash, fat and protein) in fillet and whole fish and blood parameters (glucose, total triglycerides, total cholesterol and total protein in both experiments and hematocrit in Experiment 1) were also evaluated. In experiment 2 was also determined the daily consumption of forage and the instrumental color. In experiment 1, linear positive effect of protein level for all growth variables was observed. However, the same effect was observed to whole body and fillet fat deposition, triglycerides and total cholesterol in serum, indicating that the protein from the diet was used as energy source. To feed conversion ratio and fat in whole fish, the effect was quadratic, with maximum response with 40.6 and 37.1% CP, respectively. Protein retention, protein efficiency ratio, protein deposition in whole body and fillet and hematocrit also showed linear positive effect, while the other parameters were not affected. In experiment 2, the growth parameters and the daily consumption of forage (1.24 to 2.11% of body weight) did not differ among the treatments. About proximate composition of whole fish, higher fat content and lower protein content, besides fillet ash, were obtained in the treatment FCG. The diet FCS presented the highest values of serum protein, triglycerides and total cholesterol. The fillet yield was higher in the treatments FCG and FC, while the digestive somatic index was higher in treatment FG and FCG. In the instrumental evaluation of color, the fillets from FCS and FCG diets showed higher value of L (brightness), differing only treatment FC. The other parameters did not differ among them. Based on this results, we can conclude that: the minimum protein level for maximum growth of grass carp in the growing phase, with practical diets, is 44%; the variation in dietary protein level promotes changes in metabolism of juvenile grass carp, reflected in hematological and carcass parameters; canola meal and sunflower meal can be used in diets for grass carp growing phase, when supplemented with limiting essential amino acids, without compromising growth.
Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho produtivo e qualidade de pescado de juvenis de carpa capim (Ctenopharyngodon idella) em resposta a níveis e fontes de proteína da dieta. Para isso, foram conduzidos dois experimentos: o primeiro, com 80 dias, avaliando quatro níveis de proteína bruta (22, 30, 36 e 44%) e o segundo, com 60 dias, avaliando fontes protéicas na dieta, em combinação com farelo de soja: FCS: farinha de carne suína; FC: farelo de canola; FG: farelo de girassol e FCG: farelo de canola + farelo de girassol. Ambos os experimentos foram conduzidos em sistema de recirculação de água com temperatura controlada, composto de 12 unidades experimentais (850 L), com três repetições por tratamento. No experimento 1, 10 animais por unidade experimental (peso inicial 153,0 ± 18,2g) foram alimentados com ração (3% da biomassa) duas vezes ao dia. No experimento 2, foram utilizados 15 animais por unidade experimental (peso inicial 54,7 ± 7,8g), alimentados com ração (2% da biomassa) pela manhã e capim elefante (à vontade) à tarde. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento (peso, taxa de crescimento específico, ganho em peso diário e relativo e conversão alimentar aparente) e de carcaça (rendimento de carcaça e filé, índices digestivossomático, hepatossomático e de gordura visceral, quociente intestinal, coeficiente de retenção protéica e deposições de proteína e gordura corporal e no filé). Além disso, a composição centesimal (umidade, cinzas, gordura e proteína) no filé e no peixe inteiro e os parâmetros sangüíneos (glicose, triglicerídeos totais, colesterol total e proteínas totais nos dois experimentos e hematócrito no experimento 1) também foram avaliados. No experimento 2 também foi determinado o consumo diário de forragem e a medida instrumental da cor. No experimento 1, houve efeito linear positivo do nível de proteína para todas as variáveis de crescimento. Entretanto, o mesmo efeito foi observado para a deposição de gordura corporal e no filé, triglicerídeos totais e colesterol total no soro, indicando que a proteína proveniente da dieta estava sendo utilizada como fonte de energia. Para conversão alimentar aparente e gordura no peixe inteiro, o efeito foi quadrático, com ponto de máxima em 40,6% de PB e 37,1%, respectivamente. Coeficiente de retenção protéica, taxa de eficiência protéica, deposição de proteína corporal e no filé e hematócrito também apresentaram efeito linear positivo. No experimento 2, os parâmetros de crescimento não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos. O consumo de forragem variou entre 1,24 e 2,11% do PV por dia, não diferindo entre os tratamentos. Na composição centesimal do peixe inteiro, maior teor de gordura e menor teor de proteína foram obtidos no tratamento FCG, bem como para cinzas no filé. A dieta FCS foi a que apresentou maiores valores de proteínas, triglicerídeos e colesterol total circulantes. O rendimento de filé foi maior nos tratamentos FC e FCG, enquanto o índice digestivossomático foi maior nos tratamentos FG e FCG. Na avaliação instrumental da cor, os filés obtidos dos tratamentos FCS e FCG apresentaram maior valor de L (luminosidade), diferindo apenas do tratamento FC. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: o nível mínimo de proteína para o máximo crescimento da carpa capim na fase de recria, com dietas práticas, é de 44%; a variação do nível de proteína da dieta promove alterações no metabolismo dos juvenis de carpa capim, refletido nos parâmetros sangüíneos e de carcaça; farelo de canola e farelo de girassol podem ser utilizados em dietas para recria da carpa capim, quando for feita a suplementação com lisina e forragem, sem comprometer o crescimento.
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Soto, Gonzalez Jose Alfredo. "Effects of low crude protein, amino acid fortified diets and neutral detergent fiber on finishing pig performance." Diss., Kansas State University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38578.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Michael D. Tokach
Eleven experiments using 5,434 growing-finishing pigs were performed in addition to the development of a model to predict dietary NE that yields the greatest economic benefit. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary phytogenics on growth and carcass performance of growing-finishing pigs. The addition of the combination of two phytogenics products (EOM 1+2) to diets improved ADFI, HCW, and carcass ADG. However, there was no evidence for treatment differences for growth or carcass performance in a second study. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding high SID Trp:Lys ratios with and without Ractopamine HCl (RAC) on growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, whereas increasing SID Trp:Lys ratio above 20% improved growth and carcass performance when diets contained RAC, pigs fed SID Trp:Lys ratios above 20% in diets without RAC had reduced growth and carcass performance. Contrary in Exp. 2, pigs fed increasing SID Trp:Lys in diet containing RAC did not provide further performance benefits. Three experiments were conducted to determine the optimum dietary SID Lys and CP concentrations in finishing pigs over 100 kg. The SID Lys requirement to obtain 100% of maximum response was 0.55 to 0.63% depending on the response variable. Growth and carcass performance was maximized in diets containing at least 12% dietary CP. Four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of SBM concentration and whether dEB, choline, or K are the reasons that performance is reduced when pigs over 100 kg BW are fed low CP diets. Performance was reduced as SBM concentration was reduced in the diet. Choline, K, and dEB do not appear to be the reason that performance is reduced when SBM concentration is decreased in low CP diets fed to pigs over 100 kg BW. A Microsoft Excel®-based model to predict the value of dietary NE that yields the greatest economic return to the production system was developed. Furthermore, a meta-analysis was conducted to incorporate the impact of NDF on carcass yield in the model.
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Keller, Judith Ina. "Protein Mass Spectrometry Aids In Chagas Vector Blood Meal Identification And Offers An Innovative Approach To Battling Vector-Borne Diseases." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/994.
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Vector borne-diseases make up a significant portion of morbidity and mortality worldwide, being responsible for around 700,000 deaths annually according to the World Health Organization. Neglected, tropical diseases such as Chagas disease have a significant impact on people in Latin America, affecting millions, and especially those residing in rural areas. Chagas disease is the number one cause for heart disease in Latin America, and is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, carried by Triatominae insect vectors. The intricate life cycle of the parasite, ecology and behavior of the vector, and lack of disease treatment options, make Chagas disease challenging to control. Prevention measures are highly sought after, and implementation science approaches such as Ecohealth management engage affected communities in disease prevention. Knowing what insect vectors are feeding on sheds light on vector ecology and behavior, aiding in vector management which is pivotal in disease prevention.
While DNA-based methods have traditionally been used to study vector blood meals, they come with limitations and challenges, such as the need for fresh, high abundance blood meals. Therefore, the goal of this research was to evaluate Chagas vector blood meal sources using an innovative protein mass spectrometry-based approach. We demonstrate first the ability to utilize liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to correctly identify hemoglobin protein peptides from mouse blood and subsequently identify Chagas vector blood meal sources from field-collected insect vectors where blood meal identification is compared with traditional DNA-based methods as a control.
An experimental feeding study allowed us to then demonstrate the longevity of hemoglobin protein peptides for blood meal detection, showing LC-MS/MS-based blood meal identification outperforms DNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at least 4 weeks post-feeding and 12 weeks post-molting. This allowed us to test the limits of our innovative detection method experimentally and comparatively.
Finally, we evaluated blood meals in field-caught insect vectors collected as part of a large collaborative Ecohealth project in Central America. LC-MS/MS identified two times as many blood meals in insect vectors, including those that did not have blood meals detected with DNA-based PCR. As single vectors often feed on multiple sources, we also validated our ability to decipher multiple blood meals from an individual vector and showed the ability to quantify a blood meal using synthetic AQUA (Absolute QUAntification) peptides, a first step in using quantification data for identifying blood meals not currently in our underlying database. Furthermore, we show that lower resolution mass spectrometers are able to identify blood meals from taxa correctly, an important and strong attribute of our LC-MS/MS-based method, opening the door to using proteomics in countries where Chagas disease is endemic and resources are limited.
Even though expertise and resources of research labs differ in locations across the globe, herein is described how LC-MS/MS is a valuable additional tool for fighting neglected tropical diseases. Ultimately, hemoglobin-based LC-MS/MS vector blood meal identification is a complementary technique to available molecular methods and can confidently identify Chagas vector blood meal sources to aid in understanding vector biology and ecology, and aid in developing appropriate Ecohealth vector control measures.
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Loman, Abdullah Al. "Enzyme Based Processing of Soybean Meal: Production of Enriched Protein Product and Utilization of Carbohydrate as Fermentation Feedstock for Arabitol Production." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1480456278924992.
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Martinelli, Suziane Ghedini. "DINÂMICA DIGESTIVA PROTEICA E RESPOSTA DE DESEMPENHO EM JUNDIÁ (Rhamdia quelen)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10830.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets with different speeds of protein digestion on performance, composition, metabolic parameters, glucose curve and protein absorption curve of silver catfishes. The effect of adding tannin to experimental diets with rapid digestion protein sources was also evaluated in relation to digestive and metabolic responses. Assays were performed in vitro for selection of protein sources with different digestion rates, which composed the following diets: PS- fishmeal (slow speed digestion) and soybean meal (fast speed digestion), PC: fishmeal and canola meal (average speed of digestion), PCS- fish meal, canola meal and soybean meal, PStan- fish meal and soybean meal (with addition of 1.5% tannin) and PCStan- fishmeal, canola meal and soybean meal (with addition of 1.5% tannin). The biological assay of growth was composed by 375 juvenile catfish (38 ± 3 g initial weight), which were divided into 15 experimental units, composing five treatments with three replications. At the end of 60 days, the animals were weighed and their size measured. Samples of blood, fillet, liver and digestive tract were taken. The proximate analysis of whole fish was also accomplished. Glucose and protein contents were determined in blood samples before feeding and hour after delivery of the experimental diets (2.5% weight), totaling 12 points of analysis. The apparent diet digestibility was determined in the diet and feces with chromium oxide as an indicator. The in vitro digestion analysis show large differences in the digestion of different protein ingredients and diets, as well as animal performance. The PS diet tends to lead to higher performance, higher carcass protein deposition, lower levels of carcass fat and lower protein retention, compared to PC diet. Indexes and hepato-somatic gonad were higher in animals PS diet, compared to PC diet. The PS diet also showed the best results for apparent digestibility, whereas diets with tannin showed the worst protein digestibility. The PCStan diet showed changes in blood parameters, which combined with glucose curve, may show an indication of animal stress. For other analyzes (liver and digestive tract), no differences were observed. Based on these results, we can conclude that: animal performance was not affected by the diets. The animals fed the PS diet had higher protein retention in the carcass. There were changes in blood parameters of animals from treatments with tannin and treatment PS. The addition of tannins in the diets did not improve performance, and its addition worsened the apparent digestibility of the ration.
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de dietas com diferentes velocidades de digestão proteica sobre o desempenho, composição centesimal, parâmetros metabólicos, curva glicêmica e curva de absorção proteica de jundiás. O efeito da adição de tanino às dietas experimentais com fontes proteicas de rápida digestão também foi avaliado quanto às respostas digestivas e metabólicas dos animais. Foram realizados testes in vitro para seleção de fontes proteicas com diferentes tempos de digestão, que compuseram as dietas experimentais: PS- farinha de peixe (lenta velocidade de digestão) e farelo de soja (rápida velocidade de digestão); PC- farinha de peixe e farelo de canola (média velocidade de digestão), PCS: farinha de peixe, farelo de canola e de soja, PStan- farinha de peixe e farelo de soja (com adição de 1,5% de tanino) e PCStan- farinha de peixe, farelo de canola e de soja (com adição de 1,5% de tanino). No ensaio biológico de crescimento foram utilizados 375 juvenis de jundiá (38 ± 3g de peso inicial), divididos em 15 unidades experimentais em cinco tratamentos e três repetições. Ao final de 60 dias experimentais os animais foram pesados e medidos e realizadas coletas de sangue, filé, fígado e trato digestório, bem como, realizada análise centesimal de peixe inteiro. As curvas glicêmica e proteica foram determinadas a partir da coleta de sangue antes do arraçoamento e de hora em hora após o fornecimento das rações experimentais (2,5% peso vivo), totalizando 12 pontos de análise. Para a digestibilidade aparente das rações para os jundiás foi utilizado o óxido de cromo como indicador, quantificado nas rações e fezes. Foram observadas nas curvas de digestão in vitro, diferenças marcantes quanto à digestão dos diferentes ingredientes proteicos e das rações, se refletindo no desempenho dos animais. Mesmo sem mostrar diferenças significativas, foi possível observar uma tendência da dieta PS, que teve curva de digestão mais estável, a melhores resultados de desempenho e de deposição proteica na carcaça, quando comparada à dieta PC, com menores valores de gordura na carcaça, porém com menor retenção de proteína. Os índices hepato e gonado-somático foram maiores nos animais do tratamento PS, em comparação com os do tratamento PC. O tratamento PS, também apresentou os melhores resultados para digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes das rações, enquanto as dietas com adição de tanino apresentaram os piores resultados de digestibilidade de proteína das rações. Também na dieta PCStan, observou-se alterações nos parâmetros sanguíneos, o que aliado a curva glicêmica pode mostrar um indicativo de estresse nos animais alimentados com essa dieta. Para as demais análises (fígado e trato digestivo), não foram observadas diferenças. Com base nos resultados encontrados, pode-se concluir que: o desempenho dos animais não foi afetado pelas dietas. Os animais alimentados com a dieta PS apresentaram maior retenção de proteína na carcaça. Houve alterações nos parâmetros sanguíneos dos animais dos tratamentos com tanino e do tratamento PS. A adição de tanino nas dietas não apresentou melhora no desempenho, sendo que sua adição piorou a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da ração.
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McMullen, Carson. "The effects of protein supplementation on performance of beef cattle grazing native mixedgrass range in western Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20374.
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Master of ScienceAnimal Sciences and Industry
John R. Jaeger
Cattle consuming low-protein forage (<7% CP) require additional supplemental protein to maintain BW and BCS. Daily delivery of protein supplements places undue financial burden on cattle producers. Supplementing cows as infrequently as once every 6 d) has resulted in similar changes cow BW and BCS when compared to daily supplementation. As calving season nears, producers may wish to increase supplementation frequency. The responses to a change in supplementation frequency during the third trimester of gestation have not been widely investigated. Therefore, our objective in Study 1 was to evaluate the effect of altering supplementation frequency during late gestation on performance of spring-calving cows grazing low-quality, dormant native range and supplemented with dried distillers grains with solubles (DDG). Angus × cows (n = 238; mean age = 6 ± 2.5 yr; average initial BW = 618 ± 56.2 kg; average initial BCS = 5.7 ± 0.03) were stratified by age, BW, BCS, and assigned randomly to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) DDG daily (D1); 2) DDG once every 6 d (D6); 3) DDG daily from d 1 to d 60 and then every 6 d (D1-D6); 4) DDG every 6 d from d 1 to d 60 and then daily (D6-D1). Treatments were initiated 100 d prior to expected onset of calving. Cow BW and BCS were measured every 28 d. Cows were sorted daily before supplementation at 0830 h. Supplement delivery was calculated to meet dietary CP requirements. Increasing supplementation frequency 28 d prepartum negatively affected final BW and BW change from d 61-88 for the D6-D1 supplementation group (P < 0.05) compared to other supplementation groups. Cow BW change for the study (d 1-88) was also less (P < 0.02) for the D6-D1 group compared to other groups but was also affected (P < 0.01) by year. Under the conditions of our study, increasing supplementation frequency 28 d before calving was not a viable means of increasing prepartum cow performance. The development of replacement heifers is a significant expense for cow-calf producers. Reducing the cost of heifer development programs while achieving high pregnancy rates is an industry-wide goal. Therefore, our objective in Study 2 was to determine if DDGS was a viable replacement for an oilseed meal-based protein supplement when developing heifers on low-quality, dormant native range. Treatments consisted of daily supplementation of either 1.65 kg DM DDG (DDG; 0.57 kg CP) or 1.37 kg DM of a 73.6% soybean meal and 26.4% rolled sorghum grain mixture (SBM-S; 0.56 kg CP). Treatments were administered from 1/15 until 4/8 (84 d). Initial BW and BCS were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.29). Final BW and BCS also did not differ (P ≥ 0.55) between treatments; moreover, rates of BW and BCS change were not different (P ˃ 0.30) between treatments. Proportions of heifers pubertal before ovulation synchronization, first service conception rates, and final pregnancy rates were not affected (P > 0.40) by treatment. Under the conditions of our study supplemental CP fed at a rate of approximately 0.56 kg daily was sufficient to promote growth and BCS change adequate for optimal reproductive performance; moreover, supplement ruminal degradability of CP did not influence heifer performance over an 84-d development period.
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Loureiro, Bruno Bianch. "Concentrado proteico de farelo de arroz como substituto da farinha de peixe em dietas para juvenis de jundiá (rhamdia quelen)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10896.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorOur study tested the inclusion of rice meal protein concentrate (RMPC) in diets containing fish meal, to reduce their use in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) nutrition. Were evaluated growth parameters, body composition, deposition of nutrients, metabolic responses and digestive enzymes activities. RMPC was obtained from the Fish Farming Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS. During 45 days, 500 silver catfish juvenile with initial weight of 6.28 ± 0.12 g were average and randomly divided into 20 cylindrical tanks (280 L, each), connected tothermoregulated water recirculation system, two biological filters and ultraviolet filter. The fish were fed three times daily at 9: 00, 13h: 00 to 17h: 00 at apparent satiety, with diets increasing levels of inclusion of RMPC (10, 15, 20, and 30%). At end of the study, we evaluated growth parameters, body composition, nutrient deposition, digestive indices, activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin enzymes, blood parameters and liver. The data were submitted to normality test and analysis of variance and the means were compared with the Control diet by Dunnett test, except weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), which were calculated by analysis of cubic regression. Differences were considered significant at probability level of P <0.05. There were no mortalities during the experimental period. Significant differences in body composition, feed conversion, activity of digestive enzymes and plasma parameters of the fish fed with the experimental diets were observed. Significant differences were found for lower final weight and condition factor in fish fed the RMPC10 and RMPC15 diets, as well as lower body protein deposition and daily feed intake in RMPC10 diet. WG and SGR parameters (P = 0.003 and P = 0.004) set up to the cubic regression model, indicating the optimal level of inclusion of RMPC in the diet for maximum growth (25.01% and 25.07% respectively). Fish fed the RMPC30 diet had lower protein efficiency ratio (PER) and hepatossomatic index (HSI) as well as increased activity enzyme alanine aminotransferase. Based on the results obtained, it can be seen that the inclusion of 20% RMPC in diet did not change any of the parameters analyzed in this study, showing growth performance numerically superior to the control and the other diets, demonstrating significant nutritional quality of RMPC. Therefore, adding 20% of RMPC can be used in diets for silver catfish, as an alternative protein ingredient to reduce the use of fishmeal.
Nosso estudo testou a inclusão do concentrado proteico de farelo de arroz (CPFA) em dietas contendo farinha de peixe, visando reduzir seu uso na alimentação de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). Foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, composição corporal, deposição de nutrientes, respostas metabólicas e atividades de enzimas digestivas. O CPFA foi obtido do Laboratório de Piscicultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS. Durante 45 dias, 500 juvenis de jundiá com peso médio inicial de 6,28 ± 0,12 g foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 20 tanques circulares de polietileno (280 L cada), conectados a um sistema de recirculação de água termorregulado dotado de tanque de decantação, dois filtros biológicos, reservatório de água e filtro ultravioleta. Os peixes foram alimentados três vezes ao dia às 9h:00, 13h:00 e 17h:00, até a saciedade aparente com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão do CPFA (10, 15, 20, e 30%). Ao final do estudo, foram avaliados parâmetros de crescimento, composição corporal, deposição de nutrientes, índices digestórios, atividades das enzimas tripsina e quimotripsina, parâmetros plasmáticos e hepáticos. Os dados foram submetidos a teste de normalidade e análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas com o controle por teste de Dunnett, exceto para ganho de peso (GP) e taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) que foram calculados por análise de regressão cúbica. As diferenças foram consideradas significativas a um nível de probabilidade de P<0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para composição corporal, conversão alimentar aparente, atividade de enzimas digestivas e parâmetros plasmáticos dos peixes alimentados com as dietas experimentais. Foram encontrados menor peso final e fator de condição nos peixes alimentados com as dietas CPFA10 e CPFA15, além da menor deposição de proteína corporal e consumo diário de ração na dieta CPFA10. Os parâmetros de crescimento GP e TCE ajustaram-se (P = 0,003 e P = 0,004) ao modelo de regressão cúbica, indicando o nível ideal de inclusão do CPFA na dieta para o máximo crescimento (25,01% e 25,07%, respectivamente). Os peixes alimentados com a dieta CPFA30 apresentaram menor taxa de eficiência proteica e índice hepatossomático, além de maior atividade da enzima alanina aminotransferase. Com base nos resultados obtidos, é possível observar que a inclusão de 20% de CPFA na dieta não alterou nenhum dos parâmetros analisados neste estudo, demonstrando desempenho de crescimento numericamente superior ao controle e as demais dietas, demonstrando a significativa qualidade nutricional do CPFA. Portanto, a inclusão de 20% de CPFA pode ser utilizada em dietas para jundiás, como ingrediente proteico alternativo para reduzir o uso da farinha de peixe.
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Aguilar, Daniel. "Use of Soybean Meal, Raw Soybeans, & Heat-Treated Soybeans as Protein Supplements with & without Niacin for Dairy Cows in Early Lactation." TopSCHOLAR®, 1987. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2103.
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Twenty three cows with an average of 2.7 lactations were used to measure the effects of different protein sources (soybean meal, soybeans, and heat-treated soybean) and supplementation with niacin on milk production, milk components (protein, fat, somatic cell counts), 4% fat corrected milk, solid corrected milk, dry matter intake, body weight changes, and rumen volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate).
Diets affected performance of cows. The results indicate, in general, that feeding heat-treated soybean and soybean meal to lactating dairy cows in early lactation resulted in greater milk production, milk protein, dry matter intake and less loss of body weight than these parameters in cows fed soybean. Cows fed heat-treated soybeans had greater protein percentage in the milk and milk protein yield than cows fed soybean meal; however, there was tendency for higher fat tests early in lactation when cows were fed soybean.
Also the results indicated that niacin supplementation improved milk production and dry matter intake, but did not influence milk composition.
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Karalazos, Vasileios. "Sustainable alternatives to fish meal and fish oil in fish nutrition : effects on growth, tissue fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/220.
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Traditionally, fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO) have been used extensively in aquafeeds, mainly due to their excellent nutritional properties. However, various reasons dictate the use of sustainable alternatives and the reduction of the dependence on these commodities in fish feeds. Hence, the aim of the present thesis was to investigate the effects of the replacement of FM and FO with two vegetable oils (VO) and an oilseed meal on the growth performance, feed utilization, nutrient and fatty acids (FA) digestibility and tissue FA composition and metabolism in three commercially important European fish species. Specifically, in Experiment I crude palm oil (PO) was used to replace FO in diets for rainbow trout. In Experiments II and III FO was replaced with rapeseed oil (RO) in diets for Atlantic salmon at various dietary protein/lipid levels aiming also at further reductions of FM by using low protein (high lipid) diet formulations. In Experiments II and III the fish were reared at low and high water temperatures, respectively, in order to elucidate, also, the potential effects of temperature. Lastly, the effects of the replacement of FM with full fat soya meal (FFS) in Atlantic cod were investigated in Experiment IV. The results of the present thesis showed no negative effects on growth performance and feed utilization in rainbow trout when FO was replaced with PO. The dietary inclusion of RO improved the growth of Atlantic salmon, possibly, due to changes in the nutrient and FA digestibilities and FA catabolism while, the growth and feed utilization were unaffected by the dietary protein/lipid level. However, the growth of Atlantic cod was affected negatively by the replacement of FM with FFS. The proximate composition of the fish whole body was in most cases unaffected by dietary treatments. The changes in dietary formulations affected the dietary FA compositions and resulted in significant changes in the fish tissue FA compositions. It was clearly shown that the fish tissue total lipid FA composition reflects the FA composition of the diet, although specific FA were selectively utilized or retained in the tissues by the fish. These may have serious implications not only for fish metabolism and growth but also for the quality of the final product, especially in terms of possible reductions of n-3 HUFA.
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Krome, Carsten Alexander. "Studies on the suitability of Jatropha curcas kernel meal as an alternative protein source in diets for carp (Cyprinus carpio) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21265.
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Aquaculture production is increasing annualy and wild fisheries for fishmeal production remain stagnant. As a consequence, extensive research has been deployed to reduce dietary fishmeal inclusion in feeds of farmed species. Usage of alternative protein sources derived from plants continues to increase with the most popular sources being oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains. The downside of these sources is that most of them could directly be used for human consumption arising legitimate criticism from voices referring to countries where protein shortages lead to malnutrition among the population. Jatropha curcas is a tropical oilseed with upcoming popularity for sustainable fuel sourcing. The plant is thought to thrive in semi-arid and arid areas, not just producing oil, but at the same time reclaiming previously eroded land for the local population. For these reasons, annual cultivation of Jatropha curcas is thought to rise over the next decades. After oil is extracted from the seed, the remaining press cake, is currently used as a fertilizer or energy source. This is mostly due to toxic phorbol esters that until recent- ly limited any nutritional applications. In 2011, a method to detoxify Jatropha press cake was developed and paved the way for nutritional research on the resulting detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal (JKM) to be launched. JKM offers very high protein content with a balanced amino acid composition suggesting opportunities for usage as a feedstuff in aquaculture diets. JKM further has higher mineral content than comparable oilseeds. However, potential anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) present in the meal could lead to impairment of nutrient availability or other adverse effects. Previous research has already started to evaluate JKM as a protein source for a variety of aquaculture species. This thesis attempts to further identify the potential of JKM as a protein source and assess the effects of JKM on the development of two model cultured teleost species, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), as they represent two of the most farmed species, particularly in the tropics. The work comprises growth trials on both species using fishmeal as a subject of replacement in solely fishmeal protein-based diets and on more practical fishmeal/plant protein-based diets. It engages with the effects of phytate, a prominent component of JKM with potential anti-nutritional attributes and commercially available phytase feed supplements to diminish these attributes, as well as oxalate, another plant-specific component with high concentrations in JKM and with limited attention in aquaculture nutrition research. Carp and tilapia showed varying results with different inclusion levels of JKM. For carp 50% fishmeal replacement was possible without losses in growth in diets where fishmeal was the only bulk protein source (Chapter 3.1), Tilapia showed slightly worse growth at a 30% replacement level (Chapter 3.2). A steep decline in growth could be observed when replacing 100% fishmeal with JKM in carp (Chapter 3.1), while tilapia showed no difference at that level compared to 30% replacement (Chapter 3.2). In practical diets, 100% of fishmeal could be replaced by JKM without any adverse effects on growth of carp (Chapter 3.3), while tilapia showed a slight, but significant linear negative correlation with higher inclusion levels of JKM (Chapter 3.4). Phytase addition in tilapia feeds was identified as having no obvious impact on growth in JKM based diets where enough available phosphorus was provided through mineral supplementation (Chapter 4.1). In JKM based diets where available phosphate was not added, phytase addition showed a tendency to increase growth and significantly increased mineral retention and decreased phosphorus effluent contamination (Chapter 4.2). Phytase application through pre-incubating JKM along with citric acid exerted a positive effect of growth on carp when fishmeal protein was replaced by 50% (Chapter 3.1). Phytase was further shown to completely hydrolyze phytate in vitro; however, incomplete hydrolysis was observed in vivo in tilapia (Chapter 4.3). Dietary soluble oxalate added to fishmeal based diets for carp showed better growth parameters, nutrient and mineral retention at inclusion levels 1.5% and higher (Chapter 5.1). For tilapia, a trial could demonstrate adverse effects of oxalate on potassium, calcium, manganese and zinc digestibilities, in this case without negative effects on growth (Chapter 5.2). For both, carp and tilapia, an impact of oxalate on lipid metabolism was evident, lowering body lipid content and blood cholesterol in inclusion levels from 1.5% or higher. JKM can become a valuable alternative to present dietary protein sources in aquaculture feeds. The nutritional attributes of JKM need further research, especially longer-term testing in a commercial scenario and application in commercially produced feeds. Results of this thesis pose a useful addition to previous research and can be referred to for realizing these next steps.
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Coloni, Rodrigo Dias [UNESP]. "Utilização da polpa cítrica ou do farelo de girassol em rações de coelhos em crescimento." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95258.
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Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização da polpa cítrica e do farelo de girassol em substituição ao feno de alfafa e farelo de soja, como fontes de fibra e proteína, respectivamente. O feno de alfafa foi substituído pela polpa cítrica em 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%. O farelo de soja foi substituído pelo farelo de girassol em 0, 16, 25,5, 32,3 e 40%. Para os ensaios de digestibilidade foram utilizados 20 coelhos com 35 dias de idade submetidos a 5 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Nas análises de desempenho, parâmetros de carcaça e avaliação econômica foram utilizados 40 coelhos dos 35 aos 75 dias de idade. Para tratamentos que continham polpa cítrica foram observadas diferenças para os coeficientes de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, proteína bruta além de proporcionar melhor peso final e ganho de peso. Para tratamentos com o farelo de girassol não houve problemas com a digestibilidade dos ingredientes além de proporcionar resultados positivos de peso e características de carcaça
The objective was to evaluate the use of citrus pulp and sunflower meal in replacement of alfalfa hay and soybean meal as sources of fiber and protein, respectively. The alfalfa hay was replaced by citrus pulp at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. The soybean meal was replaced by sunflower meal at 0, 16, 25.5, 32.3 and 40%. For the digestibility trials were used twenty with 35 days old rabbits subjected to five treatments and four replications. In the analysis of performance, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation were used 40 rabbits from 35 to 75 days old. For treatments containing citrus pulp differences were observed for the digestibility coefficients of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein as well as providing a better final weight and weight gain. For treatments with sunflower meal there were no problems with the digestibility of ingredients in addition to providing positive results in weight and carcass traits
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Dang, Yu. "Value-added Conversion of Waste Cooking Oil, Post-consumer PET Bottles and Soybean Meal into Biodiesel and Polyurethane Products." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468591615.
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Queiroz, Mário Adriano Ávila. "Desempenho, características de carcaça e parâmetros metabólicos de cordeiros recebendo rações ricas em amido e fontes protéicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-15072008-141711/.
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Fontes protéicas em rações ricas em amido foram avaliadas para cordeiros em confinamento. O primeiro aspecto foi investigar a variação do consumo de matéria seca (MS) de 28 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês; o ganho de peso médio diário (GMD), as características de carcaça e da carne e o custo dos alimentos. O delineamento foi em blocos completos casualizados, sendo as dietas isonitrogenadas, com 90% de concentrado e 10% de feno de coastcross. As rações foram formuladas pelo Small Ruminant Nutrition System (SRNS) versão 1.8.1 e diferiam quanto à fonte suplementar de proteína: farelo de soja, farelo de amendoim, farelo de canola, farelo de algodão. O segundo aspecto avaliado foi o ensaio metabólico com quatro borregos fistulados no rúmen distribuídos em delineamento em quadrado latino 4x4 sendo analisadas as características físicas de capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), solubilidade, tamanho médio de partículas e densidade das fontes protéicas relacionados com a degradabilidade ruminal e a taxa de passagem. A contaminação de nitrogênio microbiano na degradabilidade da proteína das rações totais foi corrigida pelo nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (NIDN). Determinou-se a digestibilidade dos nutrientes no trato digestório total, o balanço de nitrogênio, as concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3), ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), o pH ruminal e a síntese de proteína microbiana. Adicionalmente, o teor de amido nas fezes foi avaliado como indicador para estimar a digestibilidade do amido das rações. Como último aspecto estudado, confrontou-se os dados metabólicos e de desempenho obtidos no ensaio experimental com as estimativas obtidas no SRNS. As fontes protéicas não alteraram (P>0,05) os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaça e da carne. A solubilidade e a CRA influenciaram (P<0,05) a degradabilidade efetiva da MS. A ração com o farelo de algodão apresentou menor (P<0,05) degradabilidade efetiva da proteína bruta o que refletiu em maior (P<0,05) excreção de nitrogênio nas fezes. A contaminação microbiana subestimou a taxa de degradação da ração total em aproximadamente 13,5%. O farelo de canola apresentou menor taxa de passagem (P<0,05) e o principal parâmetro físico relacionado com essa variável foi a CRA. A ração com o farelo de amendoim promoveu menor custo de nitrogênio por kg de ganho, maiores concentrações de (N-NH3) e menores proporções de (AGCC) (P<0,05), porém, a síntese de nitrogênio microbiano e a excreção de nitrogênio na urina foram semelhantes (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. O teor de amido fecal mostrou-se eficiente como indicador na estimativa da digestibilidade do amido com coeficiente de determinação de 93%. As estimativas de desempenho e metabólica do sistema SRNS foram satisfatórias com algumas diferenças (P<0,05) na ingestão de MS e na taxa de passagem. Os resultados apresentados poderão contribuir com o banco de dados de sistemas de formulação de rações para ovinos em crescimento.Protein sources in starch rich diets for finishing lambs were evaluated in this study. Twenty-eight Santa Ines ram lambs were used to determine the effects of using different protein sources in dry matter intake, average daily gain and characteristics of carcass and meat. Lambs were assigned, by weight and age at the beginning of the trial, in a complete randomized block design. Experimental diets were isonitrogen with 90% concentrate and 10% coastcross hay. Rations were formulated using the Small Ruminant Nutrition system (SRNS) version 1.8.1 and had one of the following protein sources: soybean meal, peanut meal, canola meal or cottonseed meal. A metabolism assay using a Latin square 4 x 4 design also was performed. Four rumen cannulated wethers were used to determine protein sources physical characteristics: water holding capacity (WHC), solubility, mean particle size and density in relation with ruminal degradability and rate of passage. Microbial nitrogen contamination of TMR was corrected by in neutral detergent fiber insoluble nitrogen. Total tract diet digestibility, nitrogen balance, ammonia nitrogen concentration (N-NH3), short chain fatty acids, ruminal pH and microbial protein synthesis were determined. In addition, fecal starch concentration was evaluated as an indicator to estimate starch digestibility in the ration. Performance and metabolic data were compared to SRNS estimates. Protein sources did not affected performance or carcass and meat characteristics. Water holding capacity and solubility affected (P<0.05) DM effective degradability. Cottonseed diet resulted in lower (P<0.05) CP effective degradability showing higher (P<0.05) excretion of fecal N. Microbial contamination underestimated diet degradation in 13.5%. Canola meal diet had the lower rate of passage and the main physical parameter related with this variable was water holding capacity. Peanut meal diet had high concentration of NNH3 and the lowest short chain fatty acids concentration. However, microbial N synthesis and excretion of N in urine were similar among treatments. Fecal starch concentration was a good indicator to estimate starch digestibility showing a coefficient of determination of 93%. Estimates from SRNS for DM intake and rate of passage were different from observed data. There results may contribute to predict nutrient requirements and biological value of feeds for lambs.
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Penn, Michael H. "The effects of dietary soybean saponins on growth and performance, intestinal histology and immune response of first feeding rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1119027556.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 105 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-105). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Lovatto, Naglezi de Menezes. "METABOLISMO E EFICIÊNCIA ZOOTÉCNICA DE JUNDIÁS (Rhamdia quelen) ALIMENTADOS COM CONCENTRADOS PROTEICOS VEGETAIS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10794.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoThis work was conducted to evaluate the growth and metabolism of jundiá fed protein concentrates of sunflower meal and crambe as a substitute source of vegetable protein, 25 and 50% of animal protein. The work was divided into two distinct phases. The first consisted in obtaining and characterization of protein concentrates of sunflower meal and crambe methodology using concentration by isoelectric pH (Smith et al, 1946), with modifications. We obtained values of 51.42 and 50.37% crude protein and yield of 48.30 and 50.32% respectively. Regarding the profile of amino acids, the protein concentration in crambe meal increased levels of lysine and methionine in 50.29 and 122.00%, respectively. In sunflower protein concentrate increased by 41.5 and 186%. In the second phase the biological assay was conducted for 52 days in water recirculation system. We used 300 jundiás with average initial weight of 14.59 ± 0.18 g, these animals were housed in 15 experimental units of 280L net volume of each. The initial stocking density was 1.04 g fish / L water. We evaluated two levels (25 and 50%) partial replacement of protein coming from the flour meat and swine bone by protein concentrates in question. At the end of the period, there were no statistical differences for weight (W). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in the Control and CPFG-25% diets (P <0.05). There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) for specific growth rate (SGR), relative weight gain (RWG) e average daily gain (ADG). In relation to condition factor (CF), the highest values were found in the diet CPFG-25%. There was no statistical difference (P> 0.05) in dry matter, protein and crude protein deposited (CPD) in carcasses of animals subjected to different diets. We found a higher lipid content and total fat deposited (TFD) in the diet CPFG-50%. For carcass yield (CY) and digestive rates was not significant between the experimental diets. The activities of digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin showed no statistical differences in diets. There was no significant difference for any of the analyzed blood parameters (glucose, total circulating protein, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides). The animals diet CPFG-25% had higher liver glycogen stock (p <0.05). It was found increased activity (p <0.05) of the enzyme glutamic-pyruvic transaminases (GPT) in animals of the control diet. Was observed increase in the concentration of free amino acids in fish fed diet CPFG- 25%. It can be concluded that the use of protein concentrates of sunflower meal and crambe meal did not affect growth and weight gain of fish as well as metabolism. The protein concentrate of sunflower meal was more metabolically efficient than crambe meal. The animals fed diet CPFG-25% had improved metabolic efficiency of use of the ingredients.
Este trabalho foi conduzido a fim de avaliar o crescimento e metabolismo de jundiás alimentados com concentrados proteicos de farelos de girassol e crambe como substitutos de fonte protéica de origem vegetal, em 25 e 50% da proteína. O trabalho foi dividido em duas fases distintas. A primeira consistia na obtenção e caracterização dos concentrados proteicos dos farelos de girassol e crambe utilizando-se metodologia de concentração através do pH isoelétrico (SMITH et al., 1946), com modificações. Obtiveram-se valores de 51,42 e 50,37% de proteína bruta e rendimento de 48,30 e 50,32%, respectivamente. Em relação ao perfil de aminoácidos, a concentração protéica no farelo de crambe elevou os teores de lisina e metionina em 50,29 e 122,00%, respectivamente. No concentrado proteico de girassol houve aumento de 41,5 e 186%. Na segunda fase foi conduzido o ensaio biológico durante 52 dias, em sistema de recirculação de água. Foram utilizados 300 jundiás com peso médio inicial de 14,59±0,18g, esses animais foram alojados em 15 unidades experimentais de 280L de volume útil cada. A densidade de estocagem inicial foi de 1,04g de peixe/L de água. Foram avaliados dois níveis (25 e 50%) de substituição parcial da proteína advinda da farinha de carne e ossos suína pelos concentrados proteicos em questão. Ao final do período experimental não houve diferença estatística para peso (P). A conversão alimentar aparente (CAA) foi maior nas dietas Controle e CPFG-25% (P<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), ganho de peso relativo (GPR), ganho de peso diário (GPD). Em relação ao fator de condição (FC), os maiores valores foram encontrados na dieta CPFG-25%. Não houve diferença estatística (P>0,05) no teor de matéria seca, proteína e proteína bruta total depositada (PBTD) na carcaça dos animais submetidos às distintas dietas. Foi encontrado maior teor de lipídeos e gordura total depositada (GTD) na dieta CPFG-50%. Para rendimento de carcaça (RC) e índices digestivos não houve significativa entre as dietas experimentais. As atividades das enzimas digestivas tripsina e quimotripsina não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas nas dietas testadas. Não houve diferença significativa para nenhum dos parâmetros sanguíneos analisados (glicose, proteínas totais circulantes, albumina, colesterol e triglicerídeos). Os animais da dieta CPFG-25% apresentaram maior estoque de glicogênio hepático (p<0,05). Detectou-se aumento da atividade (p<0,05) da enzima transminase glutamopirúvica (TGP) nos animais da dieta controle. Foi verificado aumento no teor de aminoácidos livres nos peixes que receberam a dieta CPFG-25%. Pode-se concluir que a utilização dos concentrados proteicos de farelos de girassol e crambe, não afeta o crescimento e ganho de peso dos peixes bem como o metabolismo. O concentrado proteico de farelo de girassol mostrou-se mais eficiente metabolicamente do que o farelo de crambe. Os animais que receberam a dieta CPFG-25% apresentaram a melhor eficiência de uso metabólico dos ingredientes.