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Academic literature on the topic 'Protein meal'

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Published: 7 September 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Protein meal"

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GÖKÇEK, Cemil Kaya, Tamás SZABÓ, and Cüneyt SUZER. "Effect of different protein sources on protease activity of northern pike, Esox lucius Linneaus 1758, juvenile." Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.37.2.03.

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The aim of the study is to determine the inhibitory effect of different protein sources on protease activity of Northern pike, E. Lucius, during larval ontogeny. For this purpose, Northern pike were fed from yolk sac absorption until 21 days after hatching (DAH). At that point, larvae were sampled on 7, 14 and 21 DAH days and the activity of enzyme was analyzed in vitro. In the study, two different fish meal, chicken meal, krill meal, corn gluten, soybean protein concentrate, soybean meal and dried distillers grains with solubles were tested. Fish meal-I showed the lowest effect (7.53 %) on 7 DAH larvae. Moreover, chicken meal has the highest inhibitory effect on the proteases in the first week (68.27%). In the following period (DAH 14), although the inhibition ratio dramatically increased in all ingredients, fish meal-I has still the lowest effect on proteolytic activity (55.66%). In the same period, the highest effect was obtained from krill (82.28 %) and chicken meals (86.73 %), respectively. Then, there was no statistical difference between fish meal-I, fish meal-II and corn gluten in the 21 DAH and relatively lower than the others (p>0.05). Additionally, chicken meal again has the highest effect on juveniles with the ratio 89.27 %. As a result, the increase of proteolytic activity was notably increased in 7-14-21 DAH, however, it is concluded that feeding larvae and juveniles with live prey is still suggested to get better result for such a carnivorous species culture.
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Ukoha, O. A., E. E. Nsa, D. N. Onunkwo, and J. C. Ezike. "Comparative evaluation of fish, crayfish waste, meat and blood meal for broiler production." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i1.1321.

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The effect of different animal protein sources in broiler production was investigated. 300 seven-day old broilers of equal average initial weight were randomly allotted into five treatment groups with three replications of 20 birds each and at the end of 28 days, birds were weighed again and re-randomized to the five treatment groups with three replicates of 16 birds each. The diets consisted of four animal proteins. Treatment 1 (Control) had no animal protein while diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 had 4% fish meal, 4% crayfish waste meal, 4% blood meal and 4% meat meal, respectively. The study was conducted for 56 days with 28days starter phase and 28days finisher phase. Parameters evaluated were proximate composition of test ingredients, growth performance of experimental animals, nutrient digestibility and economic analysis. The results showed blood meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude protein level (77.68%) followed by fish meal (54.53%), crayfish waste (48.08%) and meat meal (41.67%). Cray fish waste meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude fibre (6.07%) while blood meal had the least (2.98%). Fish meal had the highest ether extract (5.99%) followed by crayfish waste meal (4.03%), meat meal (3.67%) and blood meal (3.93%). There were nonsignificant (P<0.05) differences in feed intake during both starter and finisher phases across the treatment groups. Blood meal significantly (P<0.05) depressed final live weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio while other ingredients showed (P>0.05) similarities in the above parameters apart from in protein efficiency ratio for which meat meal only showed significant (P<0.05) depression. The least cost per kg feed and least cost per kg weight gain (naira) were observed with birds on crayfish diets. There was better (P<0.05) digestibility of crude protein by birds on treatment diets 1 and 2 followed by 3 and 4 while birds than on treatment diet5 had the least value (58.10%). Conclusively, the use of crayfish waste meal in broiler starter diets and combined proteins in broiler fisher diets should be encouraged.
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Slepičková, M., and L. Vorlová. "Effect of Meat and Bone Meal Substitutes in Feed Mixes on Quality Indicators of Turkey Breast Meat." Acta Veterinaria Brno 77, no. 2 (2008): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200877020297.

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We analyzed turkey breast meat composition in dependence on the presence of proteins of meat and bone meal origin in the feed mixes used. Farmers involved in the research with comparable zoohygienic and technological conditions of poultry management were divided into two groups. The principal difference between the groups was in the feed mixes they used. Poultry in Group 1 was fed feed mixes containing a total of 7.2 - 9.5% of meat and bone meal, fish meal and poultry meal and of 3.4 - 36.8% of soybean according to the age category as the main source of protein. In Group 2 the nutritious portion of meat and bone meal-based protein was substituted with soybean meal. Feed mixes fed to turkeys in Group 2 contained 9.35 - 35.25% soybean meal depending on the age group. Between 2002 and 2003, turkey meat samples were collected at a turkey slaughterhouse. The samples were cooled to + 4 °C and examined for meat binding characteristics, water content, and total fat. The remaining parts of samples were frozen and pooled. Then they were tested for their content of total protein, net muscle protein, collagen and 9 fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, oleic, eicosanic, erucic, linoleic and linolenic). Evaluation of the results showed that the absence of meat and bone meal in feed mixes had no effect on the indicators important for technological properties of male turkey breast muscle (meat binding characteristics, water content, content of total protein, net muscle protein and collagen). The results of the study, however, also demonstrated a decrease in total lipids (p < 0.05) and a change in the composition of fatty acids when meat and bone meal was replaced with soybean meal (Group 2). Also increased were the levels of palmitic, stearic and eicosanic fatty acids. The difference between eicosanic fatty acid levels was significant (p < 0.05). In the same group of birds, the level of oleic acid also decreased (p < 0.01). The change in total lipids and in the composition of fatty acids of male turkey breast muscle might be important with regards to human health (particularly cardiovascular and cancer diseases).
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Ruzic-Muslic, Dragana, Milan Petrovic, Zorica Bijelic, Zdenka Skrbic, Violeta Caro-Petrovic, Nevena Maksimovic, and Bogdan Cekic. "Eco-fish meal as an alternative to fish meal in diets for lambs." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 34, no. 2 (2018): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1802199r.

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The effect of Eco-fish meal, as an alternative to fish meal, on the production performance of the lambs of the Mis population in the intensive fattening, was investigated. The experiment was carried out on 40 lambs, the average age of 30 days, divided in 2 groups. In addition to mother?s milk, the lambs were given a concentrated mixture and a lucerne hay, at will. Isoprotein forage mixtures (16% of total proteins) differed in terms of the protein component. The protein source for treatment I had fish meal, while the animals on treatment II consumed EcoFish, a herbal substitute for fish meal, which consisted of domestic foods of known origin such as genetically unmodified and thermally treated meal of decorticated soybean grains, soybean protein isolates, gluten, livestock yeast with the addition of minerals, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes and other additives. Statistical processing of the obtained data was done using the SPSS STATISTICA, Version 20. On treatments I and II, the average daily lamb gain was 320 and 283 g, respectively, without statistical significance. The consumption of dry matter and proteins in analogue treatments was 0.819 and 0.823 kg, and 152.62 and 157.04 g, respectively. The dry matter consumption per kilogram of gain (kg/kg of gain) was 2.56 and 2.91; of energy (MJ NEM/kg): 17.65 and 20.25; of total proteins: 476.9 and 554.9 g, respectively. The protein efficiency ratio - PER (g of gain/g of consumed protein) in analogue treatments was: 2.09 and 1.80. There were no statistically significant differences between examined treatments (P> 0.05). Considering that the source of protein did not significantly affect the intensity of growth and the use of food by lambs of Mis population in intensive fattening (P>0.05), fish meal can be replaced by Eco-fish meal - plant protein, since according to Commission Decision 9/2001 on BCE protection (OJEC, 2001), there is a distance to the use of fish meal, as a source of protein.
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Park, Sang K., D. H. Bae, and N. S. Hettiarachchy. "Protein concentrate and adhesives from meat and bone meal." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 77, no. 11 (November 2000): 1223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-000-0191-5.

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Ali El-Tanany, Reham Roshdy, Abderrahim Belkasim Ali Chiab, Hesham Mohamed Abd EL-Gawad El-Banna, Ali Mohamed Ali Mostafa, and Adel Eid Mohamed Mahmoud. "Impact of Replacing Soybean Meal with Sunflower Meal, Sesame Meal, and Black Seed Meal in diets of Barki Lambs." World's Veterinary Journal 11, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 670–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj84.

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Crude protein content in animal diet is considered the first important factor for nutritionists when they start to formulate a diet for different types of animals. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of substituting soybean seed meal by different protein sources on lamb’s diet in terms of nutrients digestibility, and growth performance. Therefore, four tested concentrate feed mixtures (CFM, 14% crude protein) were designed. The CFM1 contained soybean meal as the only source of protein, and 50% of soybean meal protein was replaced by either sunflower meal, sesame seed meal, or black seed meal in CFM2, CFM3, and CFM4 groups, respectively. A total of 28 growing Barki male lambs aged 6 months with an average body weight of 38.6 ± 0.4 Kg were used in feeding trials for 120 days. Depending on their body weight, lambs were divided into four groups (7 animals in each). Each group fed on one of the experimental diets, including D1 (CFM1+ clover hay), D2 (CFM2 + clover hay), D3 (CFM3 + clover hay), and D4 (CFM4 + clover hay). Results of digestion coefficients indicted that the digestibility of crude protein and the nitrogen-free extract was significantly higher for D1 and D4, compared to D2 and D3. The same trend was observed in nutritive values expressed as total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible crude protein (DCP), whereas the D1 and D4 recorded higher TDN and DCP, compared to D2 and D3. Results of rumen parameters demonstrated that there were insignificant differences among groups regarding the average pH, ammonia (NH3-N), and total volatile fatty acids (TVFAs). Data of growth performance indicated that the final live body weight, total body gain, and average daily gain of lambs feed D4 (56.75 kg, 18.62 kg, and 155 g, respectively) and D1 (56.62 kg, 17.60 kg, and 147 g, respectively) were higher than those for lambs fed D2 (53.40 Kg, 14.64 kg, and 122 g, respectively) and D3 (53.11 kg, 14.61 kg, and 122 g, respectively). The feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) was recorded better value with lambs fed D4 followed by that fed D1. In conclusion, black seed meal could be replaced with the 50% of soybean meal participation of protein in growing Barki lambs’ diets without any adverse effects on digestibility, rumen kinetics, and growth performance.
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Liu, Dong Mei, Shi Sheng Tang, Ying Shi, Shu Juan Yu, and Hui Wu. "Comparison of the Amino Acid and Protein Content between Peanut Meal and Fermented Peanut Meal." Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (September 2011): 1042–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.1042.

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Peanut meal (PNM) is considered an inferior protein supplement and used as an inexpensive source of protein. In order to improve the nutritional qualities of PNM, it was fermented by Bacillus subtilis AS1. 260. The amino acids and protein concentration were investigated before and after fermentation by Bacillus subtilis AS1. 260. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis was used to measure proteins molecular weight between PNM and fermented peanut meal (FPNM). The results shows that under the optimum conditions (water volume 50 ml, fermentation 40 h, autoclave period 45 min, (NH4)2SO4 quantity 2.0 g), the No. 9 PFNM had the highest protein content of 55.93 %. PNM fermented by Bacillus subtilis AS1.260 can result in polypeptides of less than 24 kDa. The essential amino acids (EAA) Tyr, Val, Met, Ile, Leu and Lys increased significantly from 1.44, 1.46, 0.09, 1.22, 2.43, 0.90 to 1.51, 2.19, 0.58, 1.78, 2.84, 2.54, respectively (p<0.05). The total amino acids (AA) also increased significantly from 36.39 to 42.40 % (p<0.05). To sum up, fermentation of PNM by Bacillus subtilis AS1.260 can increased significantly the levels of protein, essential amino acids, and amino acids, furthermore, can hydrolyzes the PNM proteins into smaller peptides, which indicates that the fermented PNM can be used as a promising inexpensive source of protein supplement.
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Shimeno, Sadao, Hidetsuyo Hosokawa, Toshiro Masumoto, Toni Ruchimat, and Sohtaroh Kishi. "Addition of Combined Defatted Soybean Meal, Malt Protein Flour, and Meat Meal to Yellowtail Diet." NIPPON SUISAN GAKKAISHI 62, no. 2 (1996): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/suisan.62.243.

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Suwirya, Ketut, Nyoman Adiasmara Giri, and Muhamad Marzuqi. "REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL PROTEIN BY SOY BEAN AND CORN GLUTEN MEAL PROTEINS IN THE DIET OF MUD CRAB, Scylla paramamosain." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2009): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.4.1.2009.75-78.

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Mud crab culture relies heavily on trash fish as the main source of feed ingredients. Artificial diets have been developed for mud crab and most of them have high content of fish meal. The increasing cost and demand of fish meal has encouraged feed manufacture to search for cheaper alternative protein sources such as plant protein. There is an urgent need to find suitable alternative protein sources to reduce the dependence of fish meal in mud crab diet. The objective of this study was to develop compounded feeds for juvenile of mud crab with reduced fish meal content, and as an alternative of trash fish feeding. For that reason, the experiment was done. Experimental diets were fish meal, 20% of soy bean (20% SBP), 40% of soy bean (40% SBP), 20% of corn gluten (20% CGP), and 40% of corn gluten meal protein (40% CGP). Average initial mud crab body weight of 0.65 ± 0.03 g was fed experimental diets for 56 days. The result showed that dietary fish meal protein can be replaced by 20% of soy bean and 20%–40% of corn gluten proteins for mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) diet. Thus, it can arguably be concluded that soy bean and corn gluten proteins are the alternative protein sources to partially replaced fish meal.
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Pearson, G., P. J. Moughan, G. Z. Dong, and P. C. H. Morel. "Protein quality in blood meal." Animal Feed Science and Technology 79, no. 4 (June 1999): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00027-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Protein meal"

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Fombang, Edith Nig. "Protein digestibility of sorghum and maize flours and porridges as affected by gammairradation." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2004. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-12142005-112635.

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Jones, Aaron Michael. "Evaluating the effects of specialty protein sources on nursery pig performance." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38161.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Jason C. Woodworth
A total of 6,465 nursery pigs were used in 8 experiments. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) or fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on nursery pig growth performance. A LP × FSBM interaction was detected for G:F, where LP and FSBM individually improved G:F, but the effect was not additive. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of increasing levels of LP on nursery pig performance. No evidence for differences in growth performance were observed among dietary treatments. Experiment 3 and 4 examined the effects of fish meal source and level on nursery pig growth performance. Overall, a source × level interaction for ADG, G:F and final BW was observed as increasing fish meal source 1 improved ADG and G:F; however, pigs fed fish meal source 2 had improved ADG and G:F at 3%, but decreased at 6%. Pigs fed fish meal source 3 had no further improvements in ADG and G:F beyond the 3% inclusion. No evidence for differences were detected between the dietary treatments for ADFI. Experiment 5 evaluated the effects of feeding fish solubles on nursery pig performance. Pigs fed diets with fish meal had increased ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed the control diet. There was no evidence for differences in growth performance as fish solubles increased. Experiment 6 and 7 investigated the effects of enzymatically-treated soybean meal (ESBM) on nursery pig performance. Results indicated that nursery pigs fed diets with greater than 9% of ESBM resulted in decreased ADFI and final BW. Experiment 8 evaluated the effects of dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) on nursery pig performance. Increasing dEB in diets from weaning to 21-d after weaning resulted in an increase in ADG and BW, which was the result of a marginally significant improvement in ADFI and G:F. Finally, an experiment was conducted to determine the optimal strategy for collecting and submitting samples that adequately describe the nutrient levels in diets collected from a commercial swine facility. Sampling feeders with a probe resulted in less variability on an individual basis, but seemed to get washed out when individual samples were pooled to form a composite sample.
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Fereday, Amelia Clare. "The effects of age, meal size and protein quality on protein utilisation in adult humans." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308627.

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Kumar, Vikas [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Becker. "Jatropha meal and protein isolate as a protein source in aquafeed / Vikas Kumar. Betreuer: Klaus Becker." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1027291988/34.

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Spain, James Nobles. "Evaluating fish meal as a protein source for lactating dairy cows." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54429.

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A series of experiments were conducted to measure the mode of action by which fishmeal exerts its effect on milk composition of dairy cows. Production Study One measured the effect of increased fishmeal intake on milk production and milk composition in dairy cattle. Milk fat percentage and yield were decreased by increased fishmeal intake. This decrease was not associated with changes in ruminal fermentation patterns. Plasma long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased with increased fishmeal intake. Mammary slices from lactating bovine mammary gland were incubated with eicosapentaenoic acid. Changes in ¹⁴C-acetate metabolism were measured. Acetate oxidation and incorporation into milk lipid were not changed by eicosapentaenoic acid. However, tissue from mammary gland of cows milked 6 to 8 h prior to slaughter had 2 fold higher activity than tissue milked 1 h before slaughter. Disappearance of dry matter, crude protein, and lipid in fish meal from undegradable bags in the rumen was measured. Dry matter and crude protein degradation of fish meal were similar to published values. Lipid escaped rapidly with greater than 70% removed by 8 h. A subsequent fish oil infusion study revealed that intraruminal fish oil treatment did not significantly alter ruminal fermentation, or change fatty acid profiles in duodenal digesta, plasma, or milk. Duodenal infusion increased plasma concentrations of n-3 fatty acids but did not affect milk lipid fatty acid composition. A second production study compared the effects of fish meal versus fish oil on milk production and composition, and changes in fatty acids in plasma and milk. Fish meal significantly increased plasma n-3 fatty acids compared to the fish oil treatment. Residual fatty acids contained in fish meal seemed to be protected from rumen degradation and probably remained intact for digestion and absorption since plasma n-3 fatty acid concentrations increased. No changes in milk yield or composition were due to the experimental treatments. Fat in fish meal and fish oil source differed significantly in their ability to alter milk composition and plasma fatty acid profiles.
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Zerbini, Ercole. "Effects of dietary soybean meal and fish meal on protein digesta flow in Holstein cows during early and midlactation." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82616.

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Six lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae and T-type cannulae in the proximal duodenum were used to measure digesta and nitrogen compounds flow to the small intestine during early and midlactation. Fish meal and soybean meal provided 54 and 56% of the protein in the diets composed of corn grain, corn silage and orchardgrass hay, and which contained 15.4 and 15.5% crude protein and 20.9 and 20.5 acid detergent fiber. Spot samples of digesta were collected from the rumen, duodenum and rectum over a period of 72 hours. Co-EDTA and ytterbium were used as liquid and particulate digesta markers to estimate flow and digestibility of nutrients. Cytosine was used as microbial marker. True organic matter digestibility in the stomachs was 48.4, 49.8, 44.9, and 53.2% for fish meal and soybean meal diets and early and midlactation respectively. Protein degradability in the stomachs were 47.2, 65.8, 56.7, and 56.2% for fish meal and soybean meal diets and early and midlactation respectively. Amino acids intake was greater for soybean meal diet but total amino acids reaching the the duodenum were similar for both diets. Valine, methionine, lysine and histidine were less degraded for fish meal but were extensively degraded in soybean meal diet. Least degraded for both diets were glycine, valine, serine, proline and histidine. The advantage of greater quantity of protein escaping ruminal degradation with fish meal supplementation was counterbalanced by less microbial synthesis in the rumen partly explaining the similar response obtained with diets especially in early lactation.
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Kittel, Elliott C. "ESTIMATION OF OPTIMAL PROTEIN TO ENERGY RATIO AND PERCENT SOYBEAN MEAL REPLACEMENT OF FISH MEAL IN JUVENILE SCAPHIRHYNCHUS STURGEON DIETS." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1118.

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Research developing artificial propagation, husbandry, and nutrition of sturgeon species has developed greatly since the collapse of the Caspian Sea fisheries in the 1980s. Sturgeon species are commercially prized for their unfertilized roe which is marketed as the delicacy, caviar. Sturgeon production units commonly utilize commercial salmonid feeds, which contain large proportions of fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO). Concerns regarding economics and sustainability have put pressure on aquafeed manufactures to efficiently utilize FM and FO, and to incorporate alternative protein sources, such as soybean meal (SBM). Therefore, the present studies estimated the optimal protein:energy ratio of juvenile Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus and evaluated the effects of increasing SBM composition on growth, feed efficiency, body and liver composition, and intestinal morphology of juvenile Shovelnose Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus, two species of Scaphirhynchus sturgeon of regional commercial importance. Protein:energy ratios were investigated using casein and dextrose based, semi-purified diets. Results indicated that Scaphirhynchus sturgeon are able to perform similarly across a wide range of protein:energy ratios (79 - 147 mg protein kcal-1), so long as adequate dietary energy (3,800 kcal kg-1 gross energy) is provided and essential amino acids are not limiting. Soybean meal was evaluated utilizing practical, isocaloric, isolipidic, isoenergetic test diets, designed to replace FM with increasing SBM. Juvenile Scaphirhynchus sturgeon were found to perform similarly on diets with up to 50% of FM replaced with SBM (336 g kg-1 diet). Evaluation of liver composition revealed that juvenile Shovelnose Sturgeon store less glycogen and crude lipid than other fish species, although no dietary differences were observed. Histological evaluation of the distal intestine revealed indications of SBM induced enteritis, though no statistical differences in measures were detected between treatments. This research is the first to describe optimal dietary formulation for the culture of Scaphirhynchus sturgeon.
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Cervantes, Cevallos Carlos Ángel. "Replacement of fish meal by meal worm (Eisenia foetida) in the feed of broilers as an alternative source of protein." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5346.

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This investigation was conducted in the rural community of Cuambo, located in the northeast of Imbabura province, in the Mira river basin of Salina parish, at 1530 meters above sea level and with an average temperature of 19 C. The principal objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of four levels of substitution of fish meal for earthworm meal in broiler chicken diets. The fieldwork occurred in two stages over the course of 20 months: A. Creation of the feed: This step lasted from the installation of an earthworm culturing area through the cultivation, harvest, and drying of the worms until obtaining the flour and then the feed with the respective formulas and acquisition of primary materials. B. Cultivation of broiler chickens: This was carried out in a community member's house adapted to function like a chicken coop that had been previously prepared to receive the chicks. The study lasted 7 weeks. A completely random design (CRD) was used with five treatments and five repetitions per treatment, with five chickens per experimental unit. ANOVA, Tukey analysis at 5%, and orthogonal polynomial analysis were used to evaluate the data. The factor under study was the percentage of earthworm flour in a basic diet. The treatments were as follows: T0: Control (Pronaca commercial feed) T1: 100% earthworm meal T2: 75% earthworm meal T3: 50% earthworm meal T4: 25% earthworm meal Analyzed variables: Weekly weight gain, Weekly food conversion, Accumulated food conversion, Total food consumption, Efficiency index, Yield, Organoleptic analysis, Economic analysis. From the results obtained, we conclude that treatment 0 (T0) is the best because it gave the best results in weight gain, food conversion, efficiency index, yield, and cost of production. In the organoleptic analysis T4 received the most points for appearance and flavor; T3 received the most for color, smell, and texture. The treatment with greatest acceptability was T4, with the most points. In production costs, the least expensive was T1, but it is not recommended for use because the chickens had poor results in the studied variables.
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Lui, Flora Y. H. "The production of protein isolates from hexane-defatted ground yellow mustard meal." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0003/MQ40910.pdf.

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Li, Qian. "Production of Carbohydrases for Developing Soy Meal as Protein Source for AnimalFeed." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1490572358360331.

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Books on the topic "Protein meal"

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Igor, Solomon Ogheneochuko. Catalytic deamidation of canola protein in canola meal. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1993.

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Kumar, Manoj, Sneh Punia Bangar, and Parmjit S. Panesar, eds. Oilseed Meal as a Sustainable Contributor to Plant-Based Protein. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47880-2.

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Bengtsson, Lena. Improvement of rapeseed meal quality through breeding for high protein content. Svalo v: Institutionen fo r Kulturva xternas Genetik och Fo ra dling Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1985.

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Blackstone, Margaret. The egg white cookbook: Recipes for every meal, featuring nature's perfect protein. New York, NY: M. Evans, 2005.

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Lui, Flora Y. H. The production of protein isolates from hexane-defatted ground yellow mustard meal. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1998.

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Gall, Muriel. Providing fortified meals and in between meal snacks significantly increases protein and energy intake of hospital patients. [Guildford]: University of Surrey, 1997.

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Jass, Santos. Plant-Based High Protein Meal Plan Included: Tasty High-Protein Dishes. Independently Published, 2020.

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Correa, Joseph. 70 High Protein Paleo Meals: High Protein Meal Recipes Without Supplements or Pills to Increase Muscle. Lulu Press, Inc., 2015.

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Track, Keep. Meal Tracker: Calories, Carbohydrates, Fats and Protein Tracker. Independently Published, 2019.

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Made, Menu Menu. High Protein Low Carb Meal Plan Cook Book. Independently Published, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Protein meal"

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Yu, Yu. "Replacement of Fish Meal with Poultry By-Product Meal and Hydrolyzed Feather Meal in Feeds for Finfish." In Alternative Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets, 51–93. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003421214-3.

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Chughtai, Muhammad Farhan Jahangir, Adnan Khaliq, Tahir Zahoor, Samreen Ahsan, Atif Liaqat, Muhammad Nadeem, Tariq Mehmood, Assam Bin Tahir, Kanza Saeed, and Syed Junaid-ur-Rehman. "Meat Replacers and Meal Plans Based on Plant Protein Isolates for Human Consumption." In Plant Protein Foods, 439–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91206-2_15.

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Lim, Chhorn, Menghe H. Li, Edwin Robinson, and Mediha Yildirim-Aksoy. "Cottonseed Meal in Fish Diets." In Alternative Protein Sources in Aquaculture Diets, 313–42. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003421214-12.

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He, Wenliang, Peng Li, and Guoyao Wu. "Amino Acid Nutrition and Metabolism in Chickens." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 109–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_7.

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AbstractBoth poultry meat and eggs provide high-quality animal protein [containing sufficient amounts and proper ratios of amino acids (AAs)] for human consumption and, therefore, play an important role in the growth, development, and health of all individuals. Because there are growing concerns about the suboptimal efficiencies of poultry production and its impact on environmental sustainability, much attention has been paid to the formulation of low-protein diets and precision nutrition through the addition of low-cost crystalline AAs or alternative sources of animal-protein feedstuffs. This necessitates a better understanding of AA nutrition and metabolism in chickens. Although historic nutrition research has focused on nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) that are not synthesized or are inadequately synthesized in the body, increasing evidence shows that the traditionally classified nutritionally nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), such as glutamine and glutamate, have physiological and regulatory roles other than protein synthesis in chicken growth and egg production. In addition, like other avian species, chickens do not synthesize adequately glycine or proline (the most abundant AAs in the body but present in plant-source feedstuffs at low content) relative to their nutritional and physiological needs. Therefore, these two AAs must be sufficient in poultry diets. Animal proteins (including ruminant meat & bone meal and hydrolyzed feather meal) are abundant sources of both glycine and proline in chicken nutrition. Clearly, chickens (including broilers and laying hens) have dietary requirements for all proteinogenic AAs to achieve their maximum productivity and maintain optimum health particularly under adverse conditions such as heat stress and disease. This is a paradigm shift in poultry nutrition from the 70-year-old “ideal protein” concept that concerned only about EAAs to the focus of functional AAs that include both EAAs and NEAAs.
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Barbhai, Mrunal D., Shriniketan Puranik, VijayKumar V. Waghmare, Jyotsana Patel, and M. Manoj. "Safflower Seed Meal: Progress Towards Obtaining New Protein." In Oilseed Meal as a Sustainable Contributor to Plant-Based Protein, 221–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47880-2_11.

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Das, Dipak, Gaurav Panesar, Parmjit S. Panesar, and Manoj Kumar. "Soybean Meal: The Reservoir of High-Quality Protein." In Oilseed Meal as a Sustainable Contributor to Plant-Based Protein, 31–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47880-2_2.

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Bastian, Februadi, Adiansyah Syarifuddin, Deepak Chandran, and Firzan Nainu. "Enriching Canola Meal to an Alternative Source of Protein." In Oilseed Meal as a Sustainable Contributor to Plant-Based Protein, 99–124. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47880-2_5.

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Yılmaz, Birsen, Tevfik Koçak, Neslihan Yeşilyurt, Andriati Ningrum, and Elif Nur Aksu. "Mustard Meal: Marching Towards Producing a Food-Grade Protein." In Oilseed Meal as a Sustainable Contributor to Plant-Based Protein, 81–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47880-2_4.

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Lishma, N. P., R. Prem Sidharth, Aparna K. Gokul, A. S. Rahul Dev, Vineeth Vijayan, and Deepak Chandran. "Flaxseed Meal: A Newer Candidate of Plant-Based Protein." In Oilseed Meal as a Sustainable Contributor to Plant-Based Protein, 169–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47880-2_8.

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Kumar, Manoj, Neeraj Kumari, Suraj Prakash, Niharika Sharma, Rajat, Radha, Kanika Sharma, Deepak Chandran, Sathyapriya Eswaran, and Parmjit S. Panesar. "Oilseed Meal as a Source of Protein: Introductory Remarks." In Oilseed Meal as a Sustainable Contributor to Plant-Based Protein, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47880-2_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Protein meal"

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Rafael A Garcia and John G Phillips. "Physical Distribution and Characteristics of Meat & Bone Meal Protein." In 2008 Providence, Rhode Island, June 29 - July 2, 2008. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24632.

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Hojilla-Evangelista, Milagros, and Roque Evangelista. "Green' Production of Protein Isolate from Novel Golden Pennycress Seeds." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/trho6904.

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A new field pennycress variety with golden yellow seeds (TT8) was developed to enhance protein properties and for use as an alternative plant protein source. The chemical and functional properties of TT8 proteins have not been determined. Additionally, alternatives to hexane for defatting are being sought due to negative consumer perception on the use of petroleum-based solvents for food processing. In this research, alcohol defatting of the TT8 ground seeds and saline extraction (AL-SE) of the protein were evaluated as approaches for protein production and compared with the previous hexane defatting/saline extraction (HX-SE) techniques. Seeds were ground (final particle size 250-350 μ) and then defatted with anhydrous ethanol or hexane (60°C) until residual oil content was around 0.7%. Protein extraction from defatted meal was done using our saline-based method (1: 10 w/v, 0.1 M NaCl, 2 h, 50°C) for wild pennycress. Alcohol defatted meal was more protein-enriched (49% protein) than hexane-defatted meal (39% protein), but its protein yield and extraction efficiency were reduced. AL-SE protein had lower purity (85% protein) than did the HX-SE protein (94%). Solubility (73-98%) of AL-SE protein from pH 2-8.5 was notably greater than those observed for HX-SE protein. Foaming capacity (125-145 mL), foam stability (90-93% remaining foam after 15 min), emulsifying activity index (141-236 m2/g protein), and emulsion stability index (15-26 min) were also improved in the AL-SE protein. Overall, TT8 protein was more soluble than wild pennycress protein from pH 2-7 and showed better foaming and emulsifying properties. This work demonstrated that proteins with desirable properties can be produced by AL-SE from TT8, a new golden pennycress variety.
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Danilov, Anatolie, Igor Petcu, Iov Donica, and Serghei Secrieru. "Impactul borhotului uscat de porumb asupra consumului de furaje și calităților productive ale tineretului hibrid de suine." In Scientific and practical conference with international participation: "Management of the genetic fund of animals – problems, solutions, outlooks". Scientific Practical Institute of Biotechnologies in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61562/mgfa2023.09.

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This article presents the results of the impact of the use of dry corn meal on feed consumption, growth performance and carcass quality of young pigs subjected to fattening. The aim of the research was the development of effective nutritional solutions for the substitution of classic protein resources with new local protein resources, and the ex-perimental testing of new fodder recipes intended for pig hybrids, with the inclusion of dry corn meal. The results of the analysis of the chemical composition showed that the dry corn meal contains: nutritional units -1.04; metabolizable energy -12.52 Mdj; crude protein - 26.62%; crude fat - 21.95%; raw cellulose -11.69%; non-nitrogenous extractive substances - 46.23%; calcium - 0.05%; phosphorus 0.27% in the absolute dry substance, has an in-creased sugar content of -3.03% and can be accepted for use in the feeding of fattening pigs as an additional protein source.The results of the experiment demonstrated that the substi-tution of sunflower cake and soybean meal with dry corn meal in different proportions did not essentially influence the appetite and intake of combined fodder during the actual ex-perimental period, and the average daily consumption of combined fodder had average values of 3.153 kg and 3.168 kg corresponding to the batches. When using in the feed of meat hybrids of dry corn in proportions of 6%/ in the first period and 10%/t in the second fattening period, the cost price of 1kg of combined fodder decreased by 14 and 27 bani, an average daily gain of 821g was obtained, the ani-mals produced good carcasses with an average slaughter yield of 80.08%, a 5.46% thinner layer of bacon was obtained in the abdomen, muscle eye surface was 44.11 cm², the average weight of the ham 10.863 kg, the amount of fat in the muscle Dorsal longus of 0.92%, the muscle tissue in the carcasses constituted 60.3%. The economic effect from the use of dry corn meal in the feed of meat hybrids was 274.5 lei/head.Investigations have shown that, due to the organoleptic qualities and the rich content of natural proteins, fats and mineral substances, dry corn meal can represent a viable partial replacement solution for some classic protein sources (sunflower cake, soybean meal) from the feed of young pigs sub-jected to fattening.
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Evangelista, Roque, Milagros Hojilla-Evangelista, Steven Cermak, and David Van Tassel. "Processing of Silflower (Silphium Integrifolium) Seeds to Obtain Oil and Enriched Protein Meal." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/gmyy6577.

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Silflower (Silphium integrifolium Michx.), a perennial plant in the sunflower family, has been a promising subject for domestication as an oilseed crop. This work was carried out to investigate the seed processing aspect of this effort. Selected physical properties of the seed were evaluated, seed milling to obtain enriched kernel fraction was conducted, and initial characterization of the seed protein was performed. There was wide variation in seed length (11.5 to 20.8 mm), width (4.6 to 11.8 mm), and thickness (0.9 to 1.6 mm). The thousand seed weight was 23.8 g but the tapped bulk density was only 189.6 g/L due to the presence of wing around the seed’s periphery. The kernel accounted for 56.1% of the seed weight and contained 31.0% oil. An enriched kernel fraction with 79.6% purity was obtained by roller-milling, sifting, and air classification. Linoleic (62.3%) and oleic (19.6%) acids were the major fatty acids in the oil. The defatted enriched kernel fraction contained 63.4% crude protein. Globulin, glutelin, albumin, and prolamin accounted for 55.6%, 19.3%, 16.4%, and 8.7% of the soluble proteins, respectively. At an extraction pH of 9, protein solubility was 62%. Maximum solubility (70%) was obtained at pH 10 while minimum solubility of 9% occurred between pH 4 and 5.5. Aside from the oil, the dehulling of silflower seeds also produced a high-protein defatted meal, which may be used as is or as a starting material for enriching the protein further into a protein isolate.
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Garbacz, Katarzyna, Jacek Wawrzykowski, Michał Czelej, and Adam Waśko. "Optimization of protein extraction conditions from canola meal." In 1st International PhD Student’s Conference at the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland: ENVIRONMENT – PLANT – ANIMAL – PRODUCT. Publishing House of The University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/icdsupl1.t006.

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Albe Slabi, Sara, Christelle Mathé, Mbalo Ndiaye, Odile Mesieres, and Romain Kapel. "Combined effect of extraction and purification conditions on yield, composition, functional and structural properties of lupin proteins." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/rcdt7862.

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The growing global population combined with the socio-economic changes leads to the increase of the demand of plant proteins for human nutrition. In recent years, many studies has been aimed at developing new high-quality and functional plant-based protein food. Lupin being a widely cultivated legume crop is one of the most promising alternative source of proteins for human nutrition. However, the scientific knowledge of the production process of proteins from lupin meal is still very scarce.In this work, different conditions of extraction and purification were evaluated for production of lupin protein isolates. The results showed that the extraction yield was comparable between acidic and alkaline pH (37% vs 40-45%) and the extracted proteins were principally composed of globulins. This finding was astonishing regarding the selective extraction of albumins in acidic pH previously reported for other plant protein sources. The ionic strength negatively impacted the protein extractability at pH 2, whereas no significant differences were observed between extraction at 20 to 50°C.The selected extraction conditions (pH 2 and 7) combined with purification by isoelectric precipitation or ultrafiltration process generated the isolate grade products. Further structural characterization of isolates revealed a partial denaturation of lupin proteins extracted under acidic pH resulting in low protein solubility at pH 6-7 (10-50%), loss in secondary structure, low thermal stability, and formation of aggregates. However, these modifications did not significantly impact the foaming and emulsifying properties of proteins. The obtained results highlighted the original and previously not described behaviors of lupin proteins observed during the isolation process. For the first time the combined effect of extraction and purification conditions on the process performances and the quality of producing proteins was shown. The presented conclusions may help to better characterize lupin proteins and valorize lupin meal as a source of plant proteins in food industry.
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Lamsal, Buddhi, and Bibek Byanju. "Processing opportunities and challenges for plant-based proteins." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/cjmp7212.

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With demand for nutritious and functional protein-rich ingredients rising, there are opportunities to acquire protein from new/ emerging sources, as well as from coproducts of agro-food industry. Some of these sources include plants/ seeds and oilseeds, microalgae, fungi, cell/ microbial, and insect protein; however, each of these may have their own unique challenges in terms of extraction, nutritional profile, bioactivity, techno-functional properties, safety, allergenicity as well as in food and feed applications. Some of the challenges for plant/seed proteins are that they have relatively lower extraction yields and relatively inferior functional/ nutritional aspects, including off-flavor and digestibility. Protein quality in defatted meals is also impacted by harsh oil removal process, which is further exacerbated by the downstream protein extraction and isolation conditions (pH, ionic strength, temperature etc.) resulting in protein denaturation, aggregation, and potential loss of functionality. Also, plant proteins have other issues such as off-flavors, astringency/ taste, allergenicity, and antinutritional factors that reduce mineral bioavailability and protein absorption. Various food processing techniques can be used to reduce/ remove these aspects of protein ingredients; fermentation, germination, heating, enzymatic, or acidic treatment, membrane separation etc. have been employed to improve protein purity and quality. The choice of processing technology, even for oil removal from oilseed, impacts protein extraction and quality. For example, protein recovered from meal/ fibers of aqueous oil extraction were of better quality than from desolventized meals. Emerging physical and biochemical processes, such as high-power sonication, extrusion, high-pressure processing, microwave, pulsed electric field, enzymatic pretreatment (pectinase, proteinase, carbohydrase), and fermentation are reported to increase protein extraction efficiency, removing/ reducing allergenicity, and modify functional characteristics. This presentation will discuss such processing challenges and opportunities for plant-based proteins for extraction and downstream isolation, as well as their impact on important functional characteristics.
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Liu, Huazhen, Micah Pope, Todd Doehring, Pradeep Kachroo, and David Hildebrand. "Review of the Quality of Soybeans Grown in Different Geographic Areas." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/tboo7714.

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Previous reports indicate variable soybean quality parameters exported/shipped from different geographic regions. This review summarizes the quality of soybeans grown under diverse environmental conditions from the three main exporting countries. Soybeans from the US and Brazil have similar levels of protein and oil but US soybeans have higher foreign material and lower heat damage or total damage than soybeans from Brazil. US and Brazil meal is reported to have higher crude protein than meal from Argentina. At equal crude protein content, USA meals had less fiber, more sucrose and lysine and better protein quality than South American meals. Methionine, threonine and cysteine levels were similar in soybean protein from US and Argentina and higher than levels of these three amino acids in soybean protein from Brazil. Soybean oil from Brazil had higher free fatty acids, neutral oil loss, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium than oil from the US or Argentina. Environmental conditions under which soybeans are grown can have a large impact on chemical composition and nutrient quality of soybean oil.
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Soumeh, E. A., V. Jazi, H. Mohebodini, M. Toghyani, A. Shabani, and A. Ashayerizadeh. "Fermented soybean meal with or without mannan-oligosaccharides for broiler chickens." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_87.

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Kaugarenia, Nastassia, Sophie Beaubier, Erwann Durand, François Lesage, Xavier Framboisier, Arnaud Aymes, Pierre Villeneuve, and Romain Kapel. "Optimization of Potent Mineral Chelating Peptides Production from Rapeseed Meal Proteins Proteolysis and Peptide Characterizations." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ougk6662.

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Preventing lipid oxidation and microbial spoilage are both major concerns in sectors such as food and cosmetic industries. Biopeptides, arouse great interest to substitute synthetic antioxidants. Some plant proteins, like 2S rapeseed albumins are known presenting antimicrobial properties. In this context, we aimed to valorize total rapeseed meal proteins with controlled enzymatic proteolysis to generate mineral chelating peptides from the 11S globulins fraction while keeping intact the albumins fraction. To do so, screening of proteases on total rapeseed protein isolate was implemented highlighting a globulin-selective hydrolysis with Prolyve®. Ultrafiltration was then used to purified albumins and enrich the peptide fraction. The fraction obtained showed a noteworthy metal chelating activity. Then, the selected proteolysis was optimized in order to maximize the albumins purity and yield. For that, enzymatic mechanism identification in a wide operating conditions area was led to define the DoE. Then, simulation of hydrolysis kinetics was driven to predict protein fractions concentration at any time and any set of operation conditions. The obtained models were implemented in a genetic-evolutionary algorithm to generate the Pareto Front and Domain, presenting the targeted economical compromises. One solution was chosen and the identified corresponding operating conditions proved the metal chelating activity conservation (EC50 = 247 ± 27 µg) for three times faster production at the same enzyme cost. Finally, peptide activity was investigated in oil-in-water emulsion systems and compared with EDTA. Results showed that peptides could be as effective as EDTA to avoid primary and secondary lipid oxidation products formation.This work demonstrates an original total valorization of both rapeseed meal proteins in food applications. First, antioxidant peptides produced from the globulin fraction, could be used as food preservative in oil-in-water emulsion systems, but also as preventing agents for micronutrient deficiencies. And, the purified albumin fraction could be used to prevent microbial spoilage.
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Reports on the topic "Protein meal"

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Agency, Food Standards. Safety Assessment : Outcome of assessment on an application under the Novel Foods Regulation 2015/2283 as retained in UK Law for Barley Rice Protein. Food Standards Agency, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wnv790.

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An application was submitted to the Food Standards Agency in January 2021 from Evergrain, LLC, USA (“the applicant”) for the authorisation of Barley Rice Protein, a mixture of protein from barley at levels of 30-70% and rice at levels of 70-30%. The applicant intends to market the product within food categories including: bakery products, breakfast cereals, spreadable fats and dressings, grain products and pastas, snack foods, jam, marmalade and other fruit spreads, candy/confectionery, dairy and dairy imitates, dessert sauces and syrups, meat imitates, soups and soup mixes, savoury sauces, legume-based spreads, nut-based spreads, energy drinks, foods and beverages intended for sportspersons and meal replacements for weight control. To support the Food Standards Agency (FSA) and Food Standard Scotland (FSS) in evaluating the dossier, the Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes (ACNFP) was asked to review the dossier. The Committee concluded that Barley Rice Protein is safe under the proposed conditions of use, based on the composition and the anticipated intake. The Committee considered that the proposed uses were not nutritionally disadvantageous if used alone or in combination with other plant sources of protein. However, the Committee expressed concern that it may be nutritionally disadvantageous if used as a meat or dairy protein substitute in products marketed as meal replacements for weight control. The views of the ACNFP have been taken into account in the regulatory assessment which represents the opinion of the FSA and FSS.
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Geppert, Taylor C., and Patrick J. Gunn. Effect of Excess Dietary Crude Protein from Corn Gluten Meal or Soybean Meal on Reproductive Function of Beef Cows Consuming Low Quality Forage. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1271.

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Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.

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The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.
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Grussing, Taylor, Allison Meyer, and Patrick J. Gunn. Effect of Excess Metabolizable Protein Supplementation from Corn Gluten Meal or Soybean Meal on Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations of Beef Cows Consuming Low Quality Forage. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-412.

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Grussing, Taylor, Allison Meyer, and Patrick J. Gunn. Effect of Excess Metabolizable Protein Supplementation from Corn Gluten Meal or Soybean Meal on Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations of Beef Cows Consuming Low Quality Forage. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-2093.

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Barakat, Dr Shima, Dr Samuel Short, Dr Bernhard Strauss, and Dr Pantea Lotfian. https://www.food.gov.uk/research/research-projects/alternative-proteins-for-human-consumption. Food Standards Agency, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wdu243.

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The UK is seeing growing interest in alternative protein sources to traditional animal-based proteins such as beef, lamb, pork, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy. There is already an extensive market in alternative protein materials, however, technological advances combined with the pressure for more sustainable sources of protein has led to an acceleration of innovation and product development and the introduction of a large amount of new alternative protein ingredients and products to the market. These have the potential to dramatically impact on the UK food system. This report is a combination of desk research, based on thorough review of the academic and non-academic literature and of the alternative proteins start-up scene, and presents an analysis of the emerging market for alternative proteins, the potential implications and the potential policy responses that the FSA might need to consider. Four main categories of alternative proteins are presented and reviewed in this report: Plant-based meat substitutes Novel protein sources Proteins and biomass biosynthesised by microorganisms Cultured meat
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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Regulation of Fertilization-Independent Endosperm Development by Polycomb Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695869.bard.

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Arabidopsis mutants that we have isolated, encode for fertilization-independent endosperm (fie), fertilization-independent seed2 (fis2) and medea (mea) genes, act in the female gametophyte and allow endosperm to develop without fertilization when mutated. We cloned the FIE and MEA genes and showed that they encode WD and SET domain polycomb (Pc G) proteins, respectively. Homologous proteins of FIE and MEA in other organisms are known to regulate gene transcription by modulating chromatin structure. Based on our results, we proposed a model whereby both FIE and MEA interact to suppress transcription of regulatory genes. These genes are transcribed only at proper developmental stages, as in the central cell of the female gametophyte after fertilization, thus activating endosperm development. To test our model, the following questions were addressed: What is the Composition and Function of the Polycomb Complex? Molecular, biochemical, genetic and genomic approaches were offered to identify members of the complex, analyze their interactions, and understand their function. What is the Temporal and Spatial Pattern of Polycomb Proteins Accumulation? The use of transgenic plants expressing tagged FIE and MEA polypeptides as well as specific antibodies were proposed to localize the endogenous polycomb complex. How is Polycomb Protein Activity Controlled? To understand the molecular mechanism controlling the accumulation of FIE protein, transgenic plants as well as molecular approaches were proposed to determine whether FIE is regulated at the translational or posttranslational levels. The objectives of our research program have been accomplished and the results obtained exceeded our expectation. Our results reveal that fie and mea mutations cause parent-of-origin effects on seed development by distinct mechanisms (Publication 1). Moreover our data show that FIE has additional functions besides controlling the development of the female gametophyte. Using transgenic lines in which FIE was not expressed or the protein level was reduced during different developmental stages enabled us for the first time to explore FIE function during sporophyte development (Publication 2 and 3). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that FIE, a single copy gene in the Arabidopsis genome, represses multiple developmental pathways (i.e., endosperm, embryogenesis, shot formation and flowering). Furthermore, we identified FIE target genes, including key transcription factors known to promote flowering (AG and LFY) as well as shoot and leaf formation (KNAT1) (Publication 2 and 3), thus demonstrating that in plants, as in mammals and insects, PcG proteins control expression of homeobox genes. Using the Yeast two hybrid system and pull-down assays we demonstrated that FIE protein interact with MEA via the N-terminal region (Publication 1). Moreover, CURLY LEAF protein, an additional member of the SET domain family interacts with FIE as well. The overlapping expression patterns of FIE, with ether MEA or CLF and their common mutant phenotypes, demonstrate the versatility of FIE function. FIE association with different SET domain polycomb proteins, results in differential regulation of gene expression throughout the plant life cycle (Publication 3). In vitro interaction assays we have recently performed demonstrated that FIE interacts with the cell cycle regulatory component Retinobalsoma protein (pRb) (Publication 4). These results illuminate the potential mechanism by which FIE may restrain embryo sac central cell division, at least partly, through interaction with, and suppression of pRb-regulated genes. The results of this program generated new information about the initiation of reproductive development and expanded our understanding of how PcG proteins regulate developmental programs along the plant life cycle. The tools and information obtained in this program will lead to novel strategies which will allow to mange crop plants and to increase crop production.
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Brice, Jeremy. Investment, power and protein in sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Tara Garnett. TABLE, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/d8817170.

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The place of protein in sub-Saharan Africa’s food system is changing rapidly, raising complex international development, global health and environmental sustainability issues. Despite substantial growth in the region’s livestock agriculture sector, protein consumption per capita remains low, and high levels of undernourishment persist. Meanwhile sub-Saharan Africa’s population is growing and urbanising rapidly, creating expectations that demand for protein will increase rapidly over the coming decades and triggering calls for further investment in the expansion and intensification of the region’s meat and dairy sector. However, growing disquiet over the environmental impacts of further expansion in livestock numbers, and growing sales of alternative protein products in the Global North, has raised questions about the future place of plant-based, insect and lab-grown proteins in African diets and food systems. This report examines financial investment in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa. It begins from the position that investors play an important role in shaping the development of diets and food systems because they are able to mobilise the financial resources required to develop new protein products, infrastructures and value chains, or to prevent their development by withholding investment. It therefore investigates which actors are financing the production in sub-Saharan Africa of: a) animal proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products; b) ‘protein crops’ such as beans, pulses and legumes; and c) processed ‘alternative proteins’ derived from plants, insects, microbes or animal cells grown in a tissue culture. Through analysing investment by state, philanthropic and private sector organisations – as well as multilateral financial institutions such as development banks – it aims to establish which protein sources and stages of the value chain are financed by different groups of investors and to explore the values and goals which shape their investment decisions. To this end, the report examines four questions: 1. Who is currently investing in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa? 2. What goals do these investors aim to achieve (or what sort of future do they seek to bring about) through making these investments? 3. Which protein sources and protein production systems do they finance? 4. What theory of change links their investment strategy to these goals? In addressing these questions, this report explores what sorts of protein production and provisioning systems different investor groups might be helping to bring into being in sub-Saharan Africa. It also considers what alternative possibilities might be marginalised due to a lack of investment. It thus seeks to understand whose priorities, preferences and visions for the future of food might be informing the changing place of protein in the region’s diets, economies and food systems.
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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Control of Fertilization-Independent Development by the FIE1 Gene. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575290.bard.

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A fundamental problem in biology is to understand how fertilization initiates reproductive development. During plant reproduction, one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form an embryo, whereas a second sperm cell fuses with the adjacent central cell nucleus to form the endosperm tissue that supports embryo and/or seedling development. To understand the mechanisms that initiate reproduction, we have isolated mutants of Arabidopsis that allow for replication of the central cell and subsequent endosperm development without fertilization. In this project we have cloned the MEA gene and showed that it encode a SET- domain polycomb protein. Such proteins are known to form chromatin-protein complexes that repress homeotic gene transcription and influence cell proliferation from Drosophylla to mammals. We propose a model whereby MEA and an additional polycomb protein we have cloned, FIE , function to suppress a critical aspect of early plant reproduction and endosperm development, until fertilization occurs. Using a molecular approach we were able to determine that FIE and MEA interact physically, suggesting that these proteins have been conserved also during the evolution of flowering plants. The analysis of MEA expression pattern revealed that it is an imprinted gene that displays parent-of- origin-dependent monoallelic expression specifically in the endosperm tissue. Silencing of the paternal MEA allele in the endosperm and the phenotype of mutant mea seeds support the parental conflict theory for the evolution of imprinting in plants and mammals. These results contribute new information on the initiation of endosperm development and provide a unique entry point to study asexual reproduction and apomixis which is expected to improve crop production.
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Kanner, Joseph, Mark Richards, Ron Kohen, and Reed Jess. Improvement of quality and nutritional value of muscle foods. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7591735.bard.

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Food is an essential to our existence but under certain conditions it could become the origin to the accumulative health damages. Technological processes as heating, chopping, mincing, grounding, promote the lipid oxidation process in muscle tissues and meat foodstuffs. Lipid oxidation occurred rapidly in turkey muscle, intermediate in duck, and slowest in chicken during frozen storage. Depletion of tocopherol during frozen storage was more rapid in turkey and duck compared to chicken. These processes developed from lipid peroxides produce many cytotoxic compounds including malondialdehyde (MDA). The muscle tissue is further oxidized in stomach conditions producing additional cytotoxic compounds. Oxidized lipids that are formed during digestion of a meal possess the potential to promote reactions that incur vascular diseases. A grape seed extract (1% of the meat weight) and butylated hydroxytoluene (0.2% of the lipid weight) were each effective at preventing formation of lipid oxidation products for 3 hours during co-incubation with cooked turkey meat in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). Polyphenols in the human diet, as an integral part of the meal prevent the generation and absorption of cytotoxic compounds and the destruction of essential nutrients, eg. antioxidants vitamins during the meal. Polyphenols act as antioxidants in the gastrointestinal tract; they scavenge free radicals and may interact with reactive carbonyls, enzymes and proteins. These all reactions results in decreasing the absorption of reactive carbonyls and possible other cytotoxic compounds into the plasma. Consumptions of diet high in fat and red meat are contributory risk factors partly due to an increase production of cytotoxic oxidized lipid products eg. MDA. However, the simultaneously consumption of polyphenols rich foods reduce these factors. Locating the biological site of action of polyphenols in the in the gastrointestinal tract may explain the paradox between the protective effect of a highly polyphenols rich diet and the low bioavailability of these molecules in human plasma. It may also explain the "French paradox" and the beneficial effect of Mediterranean and Japanese diets, in which food products with high antioxidants content such as polyphenols are consumed during the meal.
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