Relevant bibliographies by topics / Protein feed

Academic literature on the topic 'Protein feed'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Protein feed"

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Iegorov, В., A. Makarynska, and N. Vorona. "QUALITY EVALUATION OF PROTEIN FEED ADDITIVE AND TURKEY COMPOUND FEED." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 20, no. 3 (October 21, 2020): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v20i3.1848.

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The article describes that there is a problem of providing the population of the planet with a complete protein in the world today. It is proved that its lack can lead to significant pathologies. This issue becomes very acute with the rapid increase in the number of people on Earth. In this situation the challenge is complicated for compound feed producers because it is necessary to provide protein feeds to farm animals and poultry to meet people's needs for animal protein products. However, feed manufacturers should not use protein raw materials that can be consumed as food. Based on cooperation with compound feed producers, the task of finding alternative sources of protein raw materials, preferably of vegetable origin, is set. The optimal composition of protein feed additive (PFA) for soybean meal replacement in compound feeds for farm animals and poultry has been developed. PFA can be manufactured at a feed mill with portion technology by weighing portions of components and mixing in a paddle periodic action mixer. PFA can be used as a part of compound feeds for poultry farms and livestock complexes, feed concentrates for poultry and livestock farms, feed mills with advanced technology, inter-farm or mini-feed mills. We have developed compound feed recipes for heavy type turkeys using PFA to determine the cost-effectiveness of using PFA in compound feed. Turkeys have been chosen as a poultry because they are the most demanding birds to the quality and quantity of protein in the ration. The experimental samples of PFA were made in accordance with the developed recipes. We determined their physical properties and chemical composition. The PFA experimental samples match the quality of soybean meal according to the physical properties and chemical composition. In accordance with the developed recipes of mixed feeds for heavy type turkeys experimental samples of starter and grower feeds were made. Research of the physical properties and chemical composition of compound feeds has shown that the replacement of soybean meal with PFA in their composition does not affect the nutritional value and technological properties of the final product.
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Petrychenko, V., V. Likhochvor, I. Voronetska, L. Fedoryshyna, and I. Petrychenko. "HIGH PROTEIN FEED MARKET: CURRENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS FOR UKRAINE." Financial and credit activity: problems of theory and practice 1, no. 36 (February 17, 2021): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18371/fcaptp.v1i36.227998.

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The research is devoted to the problem of formation of high-protein feeds market for farm animals in Ukraine in conditions of European integration processes. The problem of providing the population with high quality food is becoming more global, the demand for high protein food products of a good quality is growing as well as the need for protein-balanced feeds for livestock. The dynamics of high-protein feed production in Ukraine and EU countries has been studied. The tendencies of the high-protein feeds market formation in Ukraine are considered. By means of benchmarking, price trends in the protein feed market in the EU and Ukraine have been analyzed. Ukraine has favorable soil and climatic conditions for the production of quality, safe products as well as efficient logistic routes available. As a result of the study it was found that the key factor for Ukraine’s penetration into the EU feed market is the need for high-protein feeds. The directions of solving the problem of feed protein deficiency for the needs of animal husbandry are determined. Environmental problems regarding feed quality and safety in the context of Ukraine’s aspirations for European integration are substantiated. The legislative basis for ensuring the quality and safety of feed and feed resources is considered. As a result of SWOT-analysis of vegetable protein production in Ukraine, it was found that Ukraine has significant potential for the production of competitive feed protein that meets domestic needs, form high export potential and promote entry into European and Asian markets. It is emphasized that the process of Ukraine’s European integration requires constant marketing research of the sectoral situation changes with account of the specific features of domestic production of high-protein feeds, highlighting key factors of Ukraine’s presence and its potentialities in the EU agricultural market and outlining the prospects for its development. Increase in the performance of farm animals and margins of livestock production requires balanced diets and reduction of feed cost in the costs structure due to the use of high protein feeds. It is important for Ukraine to promote the development of the market for high-protein and bulk feeds on the industrial basis as well as the development of organic feed and livestock production. Development of the competitive feed market in Ukraine and solving of the environmental and social problems of intensive animal husbandry requires the improvement of legislation to meet the requirements of EU Directives on the production, processing and efficient use of feed resources.
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Kyriazakis, I., C. C. Emmans, and C. T. Whittemore. "The ability of growing pigs to control their protein intake when fed in different ways." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (March 1988): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960001655x.

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On a single feed an animal can increase its intake of a nutrient (eg. protein), as its ratio to energy is reduced, only by increasing its rate of energy intake. When given, as a choice, two feeds of a different protein but equal energy contents, it can vary its protein intake independently of Its energy intake by varying the proportion of each feed in its diet.The experiment described here was designed to investigate the effect of feed protein content on the feed intake of young pigs and to test the proposition that young pigs, when given a choice between two feeds of different protein contents, a combination of which is non-limting, will select a diet which meets their protein requirements. In addition an investigation of the rules which govern the diet selection was carried out.Four feeds (L, A, B and H) with similar energy contents (16.5 MJ DE per kg fresh feed) but different levels of crude protein (CP) were formulated and made into pellets. All feeds were intended to be non-limiting in vitamins and minerals.
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Fernández Gimenez, Analía Verónica, Ana Cristina Díaz, Susana María Velurtas, and Jorge Lino Fenucci. "In vivo and in vitro protein digestibility of formulated feeds for Artemesia longinaris (Crustacea, Penaeidae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, no. 6 (December 2009): 1379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000600009.

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This study was undertaken to determine the in vivo crude protein apparent digestibility in the prawn Artemesia longinaris, using feeds with 0.25% of chromic oxide and animal (fish meal, meat and bone meal and squid protein concentrate) and plant (soybean meal) ingredients. Three replicate groups of prawn were fed and the feces were collected. The rate of protein hydrolysis was measured in vitro using midgut gland enzyme extract from the prawns fed the respective feeds and was compared with those found with enzyme extract of wild prawn. The in vivo apparent digestibility coefficients showed significant differences among the feeds (P<0.05). Fish meal feed presented the highest digestibility (92%); intermediate digestibility (83%) was found for meat and bone meal feed, and the less digestible feed (63%) was that containing soybean meal and squid proteins concentrate. No significant differences in the in vitro protein digestibility were found among the experimental feeds. The results indicated the limitation of in vitro enzyme assays and that it should be complemented by in vivo studies.
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Kim, Sung Woo, John F. Less, Li Wang, Tianhai Yan, Viswanath Kiron, Sadasivam J. Kaushik, and Xin Gen Lei. "Meeting Global Feed Protein Demand: Challenge, Opportunity, and Strategy." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 7, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-030117-014838.

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Feed protein supplements are one of the most expensive and limiting feed ingredients. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of how the expected expansion of animal production, driven by the rising world population and living standards for more animal-sourced foods, is creating a global shortage of feed protein supply. Because ruminants, chickens, and pigs contribute to 96% of the global supply of animal protein and aquaculture is growing fast, means of meeting the feed protein requirements of these species are elaborated. Geographic variation and interdependence among China, Europe, and North America in the demand and supply of feed protein are compared. The potential and current state of exploration into alternative feed proteins, including microalgae, insects, single-cell proteins, and coproducts, are highlighted. Strategic innovations are proposed to upgrade feed protein processing and assessment, improve protein digestion by exogenous enzymes, and genetically select feed-efficient livestock breeds. An overall successful and sustainable solution in meeting global feed protein demands will lead to a substantial net gain of human-edible animal protein with a minimal environmental footprint.
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Bugaev, Oleg, Ivan Leonov, Viktor Klimov, Daniil Khatuntsov, and Andrey Ponomarev. "Technology of production of protein feed mixtures for hydrobionts based on cultured worms Eisenia fetida and Dendrobena Veneta using freeze drying technology." Fisheries 2022, no. 4 (August 10, 2022): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2022-4-65-70.

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The technology being developed for the production of a feed mixture based on the biomass of a cultivated worm is aimed at improving factory feeds by adding an additional volume of protein, thereby increasing the nutritional value of the feed, eliminating the need to buy a specific feed of greater nutritional value, providing the opportunity to supplement feeds less saturated with protein components. Also, the technology being developed is aimed at partial or complete replacement of currently known protein feed components (such as soy meal, meat and bone meal and fish meal). In the course of the study, a trial production of a protein feed component was carried out, according to the methodologies described in the work, in order to test the proposed technology in practice.
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Sebatta, C., G. Ssepuuya, E. Sikahwa, J. Mugisha, G. Diiro, M. Sengendo, P. Fuuna, KKM Fiaboe, and D. Nakimbugwe. "Farmers’ acceptance of insects as an alternative protein source in poultry feeds." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v8i2.40553.

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The research aimed at assessing the perceptions and willingness of poultry farmers, feed traders and processors to use insects as a source of protein ingredient in poultry feed. The research used a cross-sectional design and a structured questionnaire to collect quantitative data from 287 poultry farmers and 71 feed traders from 3 culturally diverse regions in Uganda. The study findings revealed that majority of the farmers mixed their own poultry feed. Willingness to use insects in poultry feeds was expressed by over 70% of the farmers, feed traders and processors, indicating a strong potential demand for insect-based feeds. However, some poultry farmers doubted the possibility of acquiring insects (rearing/harvesting) in large enough quantities and the consumers’ acceptance of poultry products from birds raised on insect-based feed. Nonetheless, there is a high potential for adoption of insects for use as poultry feed if they can be produced in sustainable quantities that ensure the viability of poultry farming and the feed processing businesses. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (2): 32-41, December, 2018
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Kemm, E. H., F. K. Siebrits, M. N. Ras, and S. E. Coetzee. "Feed intake, growth and protein deposition of pigs fed three protein levels." Livestock Production Science 41, no. 2 (February 1995): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-6226(94)00054-b.

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Makmuri, Makmuri, Subandiyono Subandiyono, and Ristiawan Agung Nugroho. "Pengaruh protein dan enzim papain dalam pakan isokalori terhadap efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan dan pertumbuhan ikan patin (Pangasius hypopthalmus)." Sains Akuakultur Tropis 6, no. 2 (May 16, 2022): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/sat.v6i2.14064.

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ABSTRACTCatfish (Pangasius hypopthalmus) is one of the high economically freshwater fish. There are problems in catfish culture, especially related to the low of feed utilization. This could be solved by addition of protein and papain enzyme in feeds which play an important role on protein synthesis, so that it helps increasing the fish growth. The aim of the research was to analyze the effect of protein and papain enzyme in isocaloric feeds on the feed utilization efficiency and growth of catfish (P. hypopthalmus). The research was conducted in Mei to June 2018, at the Teaching Factory, Diponegoro University, Semarang. The body length of trial fish used ranged between 7 to 9 cm. The experimental method applied was factorial randomized design with two factors (order 2 x 2). Each factor consisted of two treatment levels with 3 replicates, so that, 12 experimental units were required. The first factor was feed with protein of 26% (A1) and 32% (A2), while the second factor was feed with the addition of papain enzyme as much as 0,25 g/kg feed (B1) and 0,50 g/kg feed (B2), respectively. Results showed that combination of protein and papain in an isocaloric feed had a significant effect on the total of feeding consumption level (TFC), feed utilization efficiency (FUE), and relative growth rate (RGR), but had no significant effect on the survival rate (SR). Results showed that the optimum dose of protein and papain in isocaloric feed was 32% of protein dan 0,25 g of papain/kg feed which was able to produced TFC of 154,32±4,52 g, FUE of 58,35±2,80%, and RGR of 4,66±0,06%/day.Keywords: Catfish, Protein, Papain Enzyme, Isocaloric Feed, Growth
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Iommelli, Piera, Fabio Zicarelli, Nadia Musco, Fiorella Sarubbi, Micaela Grossi, Daria Lotito, Pietro Lombardi, Federico Infascelli, and Raffaella Tudisco. "Effect of Cereals and Legumes Processing on In Situ Rumen Protein Degradability: A Review." Fermentation 8, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080363.

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The determination of the ruminal degradability rate of feeds, mainly starch and crude protein, is one of the most common methods to evaluate the nutritional value of ruminant feed. The protein requirements for ruminants are met from microbial protein and undegraded dietary protein digested in the small intestine. In order to reach maximum productivity, high-quality proteins are needed, and the requirement for undegraded dietary protein increases with the performance of the animal. This protein can be supplied by reducing the ruminal degradation to increase the amount of protein digested post-rumen, but the form in which a feed is administered influences degradability, and grain processing, especially, is a common practice to improve feed efficiency. Despite these aspects, studies on the effects of feed processing methods on protein degradability are limited, even though more and more ruminants are fed with processed feeds. For these reasons, this review investigated the protein degradability of different processed cereals and legumes in ruminants based on the analysis of available literature in order to take stock of the state of the art on this topic. Results showed that: First, the majority of the papers are focused on the energy aspects mainly due to carbohydrate-rich feeds; second, the majority of the studies in the literature are quite old, probably because the changes occurred in the animal testing legislation that made in vivo studies more and more difficult in the last 20 years; third, as a consequence, the few data available in recent years concern in vitro experiments; fourth, we found a high variability of the experimental conditions thus affecting protein degradability and making it quite difficult to compare the different results.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Protein feed"

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Pugh, Jamie A. "Prediction of optimal rumen degradable protein levels in no-roughage, corn-based feedlot diets." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6277.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 16, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Avornyo, Franklin Kennedy Kodjo. "Estimation of degradability of feed protein in the rumen." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621652.

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Monegue, James Seth. "EVALUATION OF DIETARY ALTERATIONS THAT HAVE POTENTIAL TO AFFECT FEED INTAKE AND FEED PREFERENCE IN SWINE." UKnowledge, 2009. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/642.

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Feed intake is a key factor affecting pig performance; thus, the objective of these studies was to assess a variety of factors that could potentially affect intake in pigs in different production stages. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of flavor and diet complexity, Appetein™ (an alternative protein source), and graded levels of salt on swine feed intake and feed preference. Two newly developed flavors were used in nursery pig diets. The use of the two flavors did not increase feed intake (P > 0.05). Nursery pigs actually showed a preference for the control diet. Complex diet formulation does increase feed intake (P < 0.03) in nursery pigs when diets are not over-formulated. When flavor was added to lactation diets sow feed intake did not change compared to the control. The flavor did not affect litter performance (P > 0.05). When Appetein™ was added to lactation diets at 0.5%, pig weight and litter weight were numerically greater for the sows fed Appetein™ but not significantly so. Appetein™ did not affect feed intake. When nursery pigs were fed graded levels of salt (0.1, 0.5, and 0.8%) feed intake increased (P < 0.01) as salt level increased. Nursery pigs also preferred (P < 0.05) 0.8% salt over other levels the first two weeks after weaning when given a choice among diets.
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Lloyd, Ruth Marie. "Fungal mycelium from penicillin and G production : an alternative protein source for animal production?" Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247903.

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Oliveira, Maria Isabel Ferraz de. "Enzyme treated Lupinus spp. seeds as an alternative source of protein for broilers." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU603186.

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The studies reported in this thesis were carried out to evaluate the effects of enzyme treatment on the nutritive value of three lupin species (L. luteus, L. albus and L. angustifolius) and evaluate their suitability as a source of protein for growing broilers. Some preliminary in vitro work on the effect of quinolizidine alkaloids on bacteria from poultry excreta was carried out. Furthermore the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as an alternative technique for assessing the chemical composition and nutritive value (such as metabolizable energy and digestibilities) was investigated. Compositional analyses of the various lupins, fractions and diets were conducted. The chemical composition of the lupin seeds used in this study showed a high crude protein content and a variable content in ether extract and neutral detergent fibre. The alkaloid content of the seeds was determined and allowed the classification of the lupin into bitter (L. luteus cv Cardiga), semi-sweet (L. albus cv Estoril) and sweet (L. albus from France and L. angustifolius from Australia) seeds. Alkaloids from lupins decrease feed consumption and may affect the digestive capacity of the animal. A preliminary study on the effects of sparteine and alkaloids extracted from L. luteus seeds on bacteria from poultry excreta indicated that extracts of alkaloids from L. luteus had an inhibitory effect on coliform growth that was not, however, as great as that of sparteine. Sparteine, essentially prevented growth of coliforms at concentrations of 10 g dm-3. Lactobacilli were apparently not directly affected by the lupin extract of alkaloid or the isolated sparteine. This in vitro work suggests that it may be possible to influence the gut microflora in a beneficial manner by using the appropriate concentration of the appropriate alkaloids. A set of tube feeding experiments (by gavage) were carried out to evaluate the effect of different enzymes on the nutritive value of L. luteus (cv. Cardiga) and L. albus (cv. Estoril) seeds. The first experiment was a preliminary one which allowed the modification of the tube feeding assay in order to suit the characteristics of the test materials used in this study. The following six experiments tested the effects of pre-incubation, as a wet mash, of a polygalacturonase, five proteases, a pectinase and an [Special character omitted]-galactosidase at variable levels, on the nutritive value of L. luteus (cv Cardiga) and L. albus (cv. Estoril). The nutritive value of the lupin seeds was evaluated essentially by measuring metabolizable energy (ME) and amino acid (AA) digestibilities. Results indicated that L. albus seeds, irrespective of enzyme treatment, had a higher ME expressed as TMEn than L. luteus seeds. Carbohydrase containing enzyme preparations, caused variable improvements in the ME value of lupin seeds. Polygalacturonase caused a significant increase in the ME of L. luteus seeds, which may have been mediated by an increase in protein digestibility as shown by improvements in the AA digestibility. Increased concentrations of pectinase tended to be more effective in the improvement of ME of L. albus, while increasing concentrations of a-galactosidase were so for L. luteus. The fact that the carbohydrases acted differently upon the two lupin species was probably due to their different concentration in constituent carbohydrates. Pre-incubation with exogenous proteases decreased the ME of the lupin seeds. The reasons for the depression were not clear, however high concentrations of proteases, expressed as U kg-1 of lupin seeds, may have interfered with the gastro intestinal tract and also with the endogenous enzymes of the bird resulting in reduced utilisation of the pre-incubated material. A growth experiment was design to investigate the effects of the inclusion of L. luteus (cv. Cardiga), L. albus (from France) or L. angustifolius (from Australia) as the main or secondary source of protein in diets for growing broilers. Lupin seeds were either pre-incubated as a wet mash, or the lupin containing diets were supplemented with a carbohydrase, a protease or a mixture of both. Diets were fed to the animals over a three week period. The results obtained tended to support the hypothesis that the enzymes had little effect on the other dietary ingredients but had their main effects on the lupins in the diets.
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Spain, James Nobles. "Evaluating fish meal as a protein source for lactating dairy cows." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54429.

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A series of experiments were conducted to measure the mode of action by which fishmeal exerts its effect on milk composition of dairy cows. Production Study One measured the effect of increased fishmeal intake on milk production and milk composition in dairy cattle. Milk fat percentage and yield were decreased by increased fishmeal intake. This decrease was not associated with changes in ruminal fermentation patterns. Plasma long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased with increased fishmeal intake. Mammary slices from lactating bovine mammary gland were incubated with eicosapentaenoic acid. Changes in ¹⁴C-acetate metabolism were measured. Acetate oxidation and incorporation into milk lipid were not changed by eicosapentaenoic acid. However, tissue from mammary gland of cows milked 6 to 8 h prior to slaughter had 2 fold higher activity than tissue milked 1 h before slaughter. Disappearance of dry matter, crude protein, and lipid in fish meal from undegradable bags in the rumen was measured. Dry matter and crude protein degradation of fish meal were similar to published values. Lipid escaped rapidly with greater than 70% removed by 8 h. A subsequent fish oil infusion study revealed that intraruminal fish oil treatment did not significantly alter ruminal fermentation, or change fatty acid profiles in duodenal digesta, plasma, or milk. Duodenal infusion increased plasma concentrations of n-3 fatty acids but did not affect milk lipid fatty acid composition. A second production study compared the effects of fish meal versus fish oil on milk production and composition, and changes in fatty acids in plasma and milk. Fish meal significantly increased plasma n-3 fatty acids compared to the fish oil treatment. Residual fatty acids contained in fish meal seemed to be protected from rumen degradation and probably remained intact for digestion and absorption since plasma n-3 fatty acid concentrations increased. No changes in milk yield or composition were due to the experimental treatments. Fat in fish meal and fish oil source differed significantly in their ability to alter milk composition and plasma fatty acid profiles.
Ph. D.
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Greathead, Henry M. R. "Fat and protein metabolism in cattle fed on grass silage." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339657.

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Chapin, Clifford Arthur. "Protein partition and digesta flow in lactating Holsteins fed 2:1 and 1:2 soybean meal:fish meal." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74521.

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Attempts to improve upon the crude protein feeding system have strived to characterize feedstuffs with respect to ruminal protein degradability. In vitro an in situ procedures fall short of this goal by not accounting for ruminal turnover. Six lactating cows, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae, were utilized for in vivo determination of protein degradability by employing a double-marker system. Treatments were corn silage-based diets supplemented with 2:1 soybean meal:fish meal nitrogen (SF) or 1:2 soybean meal:fish meal nitrogen (FS) at levels of 15. 9 and 16.0 percent protein. Ruminal cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CoEDTA) infusions marked liquid phase (LP) digesta and Yb-soaked hay was used as a solid phase (SP) marker. Duodenal digesta was separated into SP and LP at 3000xg. Least squares means of LP flows did not differ for total, precipitable protein, or microbial nitrogen, for SF and FS. Total solid phase flow of dry matter was higher for FS (9.06 kg/d) than for SF (7.97 kg/d), although intakes did not differ. Milk composition and yield did not differ for FS and SF. Average daily gain was 0.12 kg/d for SF and 1:26 kg/d for FS. Whole-tract digestibilties were not different although rumen digestibility of dry matter was 24.9% for FS and 35.7% for SF, and duodenal recovery of N was 93.8% for SF and 107.5% for FS. Inclusion of a higher level of fish meal in the diet increased the proportion of feed proteins delivered to the small intestine, increasing weight gain while having no effect on milk production.
Master of Science
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Sandén, Anna Maria. "Impact of glucose feed rate on productivity and recombinant protein quality in Escherichia coli." Doctoral thesis, KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-115.

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The goal of this work was to contribute to the fed-batch process optimisation task by deriving parameters that have considerable impact on productivity as well as product quality The chosen parameters were I) the design of the glucose feed profile, II) the choice of induction strategy, with respect to the method of addition, and III) the time of the induction, with respect to the specific glucose consumption rate.

The present fed-batch experiments using the lacUV5-promoter, for production of b-galactosidase, have shown that a high glucose feed rate gives a specific production rate, qp, that is twice as high, after induction, compared to a feed rate that is 2.5 times lower. The constant accumulation of lacZ-mRNA indicates that the translational capacity is initially limiting the synthesis machinery, but after four hours of maximum specific production and a corresponding drop in lacZ-mRNA production, the cultivation is likely to be transcription limited. The high feed-rate system resulted in high accumulation of β-galactosidase, corresponding to 40% of total cellular proteins.

By design of feed profiles in a fed-batch process the detrimental effects of overflow metabolism, giving acetic acid formation, can be avoided. However, the results show that a one-dose addition of isopropyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG), provokes a non-growth associated production of acetic acid. This response can be alleviated by; lowering the inducer concentration (in this case to below 165 μM), by further reducing the feed rate of glucose or by using alternative induction methods. The use of a stepwise addition or a feed of IPTG thus delayed and reduced the level of acetic acid accumulation. It was also shown that a small change in the time-point of induction lead to large variability, regarding both productivity and acetic acid accumulation, in a fed-batch cultivation,

In order to further investigate the protein quality two additional proteins were studied in fed-batch cultivations using high and low glucose feed. The aim was to prove the hypothesis that the feed related change in the rate of synthesis of the nascent polypeptide controls the product quality. For the two proteins: Zb-MalE (wt) and Zb-MalE31 (mutant), the transcription rate, in terms of amount of IPTG, and translation rate, in terms of changes in feed rate, influences the percentage of inclusion body formation and degradation of nascent polypeptide. The data show a higher rate of inclusion body formation for the model protein Zb-MalE31 during high feed rate cultivations, as well as at high levels of inducer. Furthermore, the rate of proteolysis was significantly higher for a high feed rate. The high feed rate thus results in a higher rate of synthesis but a lower corresponding quality, for the model proteins studied.

In the present investigation of fed-batch cultivations using several different expression vectors, it was found that the central alarmone guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) was formed at both high and low feed rates upon induction. It could be shown, however, that by secretion of Zb-MalE to the periplasm, the stringent response could be avoided. This might be due to the decreased burden on the host where the secretion of product further seems to make the cell able to redirect the carbon flux from overflow metabolism, since no acetic acid was produced. The secretion also demonstrates that the growth arrest could be aborted, which is otherwise gained in the PmalK production system.

A novel fed-batch process based on the promoters for the universal stress proteins A and B (PuspA, PuspB) was designed to make use of these powerful promoters in an industrial production context. It was concluded that the process had to start from a high specific growth rate and induction was performed once a limiting feed started. This was done to purposely induce the stringent response and/or acetic acid accumulation since this was required for induction. In the suggested system, induction has to be performed and maintained at continuous substrate feeding, whilst avoiding exceeding the cellular capacity, since the stationary phase starvation alone did not lead to production. In conclusion, a new stress induction based production system was achieved resulting in high accumulations of product protein without any detected metabolic side effects.

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Essilfie, Rexford Justice, Hawkesbury Agricultural College, and Faculty of Food and Environmental Sciences. "Protein upgrading of orange peel waste for stock feed by solid substrate fermentation." THESIS_FES_XXX_Essilfie_R.xml, 1985. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/353.

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Protein upgrading of orange peel waste was carried out by Solid Substrate Fermentation using an Aspergillus sp. inoculum in a waste peel mixture containing peel waste, potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KH2 PO4), ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4] and molasses. Fermentation lasted 72 hours at 30C. after which crude protein level in the substrate increased from 5% to 13%. Factors found to be important in determing the efficiency of the fermentation process included fermentable sugar content of the medium, nitrogen and mineral levels, initial temperature, PH, moisture, agitation of the medium, and size of particles constituting the substrate. Protein quality of the fermented peel was evaluated by PEP assay and a PER value of 0.78 was recorded. It is suggested that a low level of total amino acids is the major contributory factor to this low PEP value. Total amino acid level measured 5.75g per 100g fermented peel waste.
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Books on the topic "Protein feed"

1

Donovan, Bernadette C. Lupins as a protein source in pig diets. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990.

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Donovan, Bernadette C. Lupins as a protein source in pig diets. Charlottetown: University of Prince Edward Island, 1990.

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Singh, Chandrapal K. Evaluation of raw and roasted lupins as protein supplements for lactating cows. Charlottetown: University of Prince Edward Island, 1992.

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Downing, John W. L. The growing and feeding of maize to dairy cattle and its effect on milk protein. Uckfield: Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust, 1996.

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Watkins, Stephen. Lupins: Niche or alternative crop? Are they a viable source of home-produced GM-free protein? Market Harborough: Nuffield Farming Scholarships Trust, 2003.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. and FAO/IAEA Division of Isotope and Radiation Applications of Atomic Energy for Food and Agricultural Development., eds. Isotope aided studies on non-protein nitrogen and agro-industrial by-products utilization by ruminants: Proceedings of the final research co-ordination meeting on isotope aided studies ... Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1987.

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Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., ed. Protein sources for the animal feed industry: Expert consultation and workshop, Bangkok, 29 April - 3 May 2002. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2004.

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C, Février, Institut national de la recherche agronomique (France), European Association for Animal Production., and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., eds. Workshop on protein feed for animal production in Central and Eastern Europe: Rennes, France, 30 June-1 July 2000. Wageningen: Wageningen Pers, 2001.

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Čerešňáková, Zuzana. Vplyv chemického a fyzikálneho ošetrenia bielkovinových krmív na ich využitel̕nost̕ vo výžive prežúvavcov. Bratislava: Veda, 1988.

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Aminogen: Feed the muscle, starve the fat. New Canaan, Conn: Keats Pub., 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Protein feed"

1

El Boushy, A. R. Y., and A. F. B. van der Poel. "Protein recovery from wastewater in poultry processing plants." In Poultry Feed from Waste, 83–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2654-4_3.

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Volden, H., and N. I. Nielsen. "Energy and metabolizable protein supply." In NorFor - The Nordic feed evaluation system, 81–84. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-718-9_8.

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Hobbi, Parinaz, Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit, Frederic Debaste, Nei Lei, and Amin Shavandi. "Insect-Derived Protein as Food and Feed." In Alternative Proteins, 85–132. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429299834-5.

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Dale, Douglas, Todd Becker, Michael Reichman, and Sam Maurer. "Delivery and stabilization of enzymes in animal feed." In Enzymes in farm animal nutrition, 207–19. 3rd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241563.0012.

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Abstract This chapter discusses the market for pelleting-stable feed enzymes; application of enzymes in feed; feed production process and impact on enzyme activity; other sources of stress in animal feed production; protein stabilization through molecule selection and modifcation; preventing thermal degradation; preventing other failure modes through engineering; stability during formulation and processing; solid and liquid enzyme formulation and stability in diluted, premix and pelleted feeds.
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Kumar, Rajesh, Vishal Srivashtav, and Abhilasha Tripathi. "Immunoassays (Protein-Based Methods)." In Testing and Analysis of GMO-containing Foods and Feed, 91–114. Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, [2019]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315178592-3.

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El Boushy, Adel R. Y., and Antonius F. B. van der Poel. "Protein Recovery from Wastewater in Poultry Processing Plants." In Handbook of Poultry Feed from Waste, 75–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1750-2_3.

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Blasiak, Sam, Huzefa Rangwala, and Kathryn B. Laskey. "A Family of Feed-Forward Models for Protein Sequence Classification." In Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases, 419–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33486-3_27.

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Lima, A. R. C., K. T. Resende, I. A. M. A. Teixeira, T. F. V. Bompadre, R. T. S. Frighetto, and M. H. M. R. Fernandes. "Methane emission and digestibility of goats subjected to feed restriction." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 119–20. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_32.

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Lukefahr, Steven D., James I. McNitt, Peter R. Cheeke, and Nephi M. Patton. "Principles of rabbit nutrition." In Rabbit production, 89–106. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249811.0007.

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Bals, Bryan D., Bruce E. Dale, and Venkatesh Balan. "Recovery of Leaf Protein for Animal Feed and High-Value Uses." In Biorefinery Co-Products, 179–97. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470976692.ch9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Protein feed"

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Сорокин, Александр, Alexander Sorokin, Валентина Руцкая, and Valentina Ruckaya. "LUPIN AS THE BASE FOR PROTEIN COMPONENT OF FEED MIX FOR POULTRY." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2019-21-69-110-115.

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The article presents the data of domestic and foreign researchers for feeding of poultry used lupin and its processed products. It’s advisable to use energy-and-protein concentrates made of legumes and cereal grain mixtures to prepare complete feeds. Lupin is one of the main sources of plant protein with unique amino acid composition. In opinion of the majority of researchers lupin containing feeds made according to technic guidance support productivity increasing of poultry growing and improve the quality of the products.
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Kosolapov, Vladimir, Halyaf Ishmuratov, Valentina Kosolapova, and Zinaida Zverkova. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF YOUNG CATTLE PROTEIN FEED FROM BARLEY-PEA MIXTURES." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-109-114.

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An assessment is made of the protein nutritional value of silage and crushed grain prepared from a mixture of barley and peas, as well as an assessment of the quality of protein feed from these mixtures. It has been determined that the greatest economic effect can be obtained by using a biological preparation for silage and crushed grain treatment to animals rations.
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Afonina, Elena. "USE OF WHITE LUPIN AS A BASE FOR FEED WITH HIGH PROTEIN CONTENT." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-99-103.

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The paper presents data on the biochemical composition of seeds and amino acid composition of legumes, white lupine. The indicators of biochemical composition of extruded and granulated feed made on the basis of white lupin grain are given. The results of the use of the antioxidant Agidol in the composition of prepared feed and its effect on its shelf life are described.
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Ishmuratov, Halyaf. "FEEDING OF GRAIN OF CEREALS TREATED WITH HEAT AND UREA TO NEW COWS." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-115-12.

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In the preserved grain, urea, when subjected to hydrolysis, secretes am-MIAC, protecting it from self-heating and spoilage, and the other part of it goes to ammonium compounds, thereby increasing the protein nutrition of the grain. Processing of grain with urea contributed to a decrease in the concentration of protein, both soluble — by 3.24%, and cleavable-by 4.01%, compared with the control. The cost of processing 1 ton of grain with urea is 1.72 times cheaper than conventional drying. The profitability of milk production increased by 26.62%.
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Mescheryakova, Anna, and A. Romashchenko. "BIOCOMBINED FEED PLANT "UNIVERSAL" FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HIGH-PROTEIN COMPOUND FEED." In Modern technologies and automation of production. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mtap2021_45-50.

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Дмитриев, Дмитрий, Dmitry Dmitriev, Василий Финогеев, and Vasily Finogeev. "CONTENT OF MAJOR NUTRIENTS AND SOME MACRO AND MICROELEMENTS IN HAYLAGE AND SILAGE OF THE AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE "KRASNYY MAYAK" LTD FOR 2016." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2019-21-69-98-103.

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In the proposed material the features of the accumulation of basic nutrients is considered, such as crude protein, crude fiber and crude fat, as well as some macro- and microelements in haylage and silage, of the agricultural enterprise CJSC "Krasny Mayak".
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TIMOShENKO, Elena, German YaGOVENKO, and Valentina Ruckaya. "Use of lupin flour in foods’ production." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production 27 (75). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-27-75-169-175.

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Use of domestic lupin flour will significantly increase the food safety of Russian Federation by means of replacement of imported protein produced in China; their rate takes 97.5% in our market. Plant protein, particularly the lupin protein answers the demands of actual time – the country needs cheap, qualitative products made from local row material. Nutritional value of lupin flour is determined by balanced content of protein (34-46%), oil (3-10%), fiber (10.6-18.2%) and carbohydrates (15-22%). Lupin flour is used for production of gluten-free foods with dietary and therapeutic properties; flour of lupin husk is full valuable, functionally technological and promising raw materials used as food protein supplement. Food supplement enriched with processed lupin should answer the limit acceptable concentration of alkaloid in foods. Foreign lupin flour production and use have the commercial scope; at the same time it practically stopes out in the RF in spite that the perspective of lupin row materials is declared for food quality improving. The article presents the possibility of lupin flour use in development of foods with functional purposes.
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Matovu, Jacob, and Ahmet Alçiçek. "Investigations and Concerns about the Fate of Transgenic DNA and Protein in Livestock." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.011.

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The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein from feed derived from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been a major issue since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated the risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and protein to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, but some of the reported data are controversial. Previous reports showed that tDNA fragments or proteins derived from GM plants could not be detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products from livestock. Other researchers have shown that there is a possibility of small fragments entering animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the probable transfer and accumulation of tDNA/proteins from transgenic feeds in animal samples (ruminant and non-ruminant) by evaluating the available experimental studies published scientifically. This study found that the tDNA/protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (cattle), tDNA fragments/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, rumen fluid, and faeces. In small ruminants (goats), traces of tDNA/proteins were detected in GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they were detected in blood, spleen, liver, kidney, and GIT digesta. In poultry, traces were detected in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and eggs. Notwithstanding some studies that have shown transfer of tDNA/protein fragments in animal samples, we cannot rely on these few studies to give general evidence for transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of farm animals. However, this study clearly shows that transfer is possible. Therefore, intensive and authentic research should be conducted on GM plants before they are approved for commercial use, investigating issues such as the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effects of feeding GM feed to livestock.
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ПИГАРЕВА, Светлана, Svetlana PIGAREVA, Наталья Зайцева, Natalya Zaitseva, Татьяна ЯГОВЕНКО, and Tat'yana YaGOVENKO. "EFFECT OF THE FUNGICIDE AMISTAR EXTRA ON A NUMBER OF BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF YELLOW LUPIN PLANTS." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2019-21-69-40-44.

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The positive impact of fungicide Amistar extra on a number of physiological parameters is shown. Assimilation surface describes a level of photosynthetic potential and netto prod-uctivity of photosynthesis which increased in 1.07 and 1.09 times. Fungicide impact on nitrogen accumulation and dry matter in a plant was set. Decreasing of the total amount of plant pods was recorded. The treatment increased protein content in seeds of var. Prestizh. Tendency for increasing of alkaloid level in yellow lupin seeds and green mass was noticed.
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Kosolapov, Vladimir, Halyaf Ishmuratov, Valentina Kosolapova, and Zinaida Zverkova. "EFFECT OF THE USE OF FEED FROM BARLEY AND PEAS ON MEAT BULLS PRODUCTIVITY." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-104-108.

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Reconnaissance experiments were conducted to evaluate the productive effect of diets for young cattle. The diets consist of silage prepared from peas and barley in the ratio of 50: 50 and 25: 75, as well as from crushed grain these crops. Mixed crop cultivation is recommended for use in feed production. The average daily gain in live weight of gobies grown on such diets is 927–996 g, slaughter yield is up to 58.8%, and the protein content in the longest muscle of the back is 21.93–23.63%.
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Reports on the topic "Protein feed"

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Harpaz, Sheenan, Steven G. Hughes, and Pinhas Lindner. Optimization of Diet for Post Larvel/Juvenile Sea Bass and Hybrid Stripped Bass Based on Enzymatic Profiles of their Digestive Tracts. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604924.bard.

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The overall goal of this research work was to identify the main proteolytic activities which take place in the digestive tracts of young bass fish, and use the knowledge acquired in order to improve feed protein utilization in juvenile fish based on their digestive capacity. The results of the work clearly showed that the young fish possess the entire profile of proteolytic enzymes which is found in adult fish. Yet, in the young fish the level of activity is substantially lower per gram tissue (or gram protein) as compared with the activity found in the digestive tracts of the same fish at an older (larger) age. In addition it was found that the main proteolytic enzyme in these fish is chymotrypsin which accounts for almost 80% of the proteolytic activity. An effort aimed at enhancing this activity has lead to the interesting finding that alcohol substantially enhances the proteolytic activity of fish intestines. Fish intestinal homogenates were used in order to evaluate the suitability of various feeds for the fish. Potential feed proteins were subjected to the proteolytic activity of the fish enzymes in vitro, in a manner simulating the natural process. The proteolytic activity was monitored by the valuation of the products, i.e. amino acid released. This method has proven to be a powerful tool which enables us to predict with a very high degree of accuracy the potential of a feed to promote growth. Selection of feed based on the proteolytic capacity of the fish degestive tracts can now be implemented in feed formulation, as anticipated in the original research proposal.
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Fraanje, Walter, and Tara Garnett. Soy: food, feed, and land use change. Edited by Helen Breewood. Food Climate Research Network, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/47e58c32.

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The global growth in the production of soy and its use for different types of foods has been, and continues to be, a major contributor to land use change in the Amazon and other regions in South America. This building block explores the connections between soy, land use change, and discussions on animal- versus plant-based protein sources.
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Grubbs, Kyle, Nicholas K. Gabler, Jack C. M. Dekkers, Elisabeth J. Huff-Lonergan, and Steven M. Lonergan. Selection for Residual Feed Intake Alters the Protein Profile of the Mitochondria in Pigs. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1206.

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Díaz, Julia A. Calderón, Jeffrey L. Vallet, Terry Prince, Christina Phillips, Askley DeDecker, and Kenneth J. Stalder. Optimal Dietary Energy and Protein for Gilt Development: Growth and Body Composition, Feed Intake and Carcass Composition Traits. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1336.

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Clark, Christopher A., Patrick J. Gunn, and Dallas L. Maxwell. Utilization of Pelleted Corn Stover/DDG Feed as Primary Source of Roughage and Protein in Beef Feedlot Rations. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1183.

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Anderson, Olin D., Gad Galili, and Ann E. Blechl. Enhancement of Essential Amino Acids in Cereal Seeds: Four Approaches to Increased Lysine Content. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7585192.bard.

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Cereal seeds are the basis of the human diet, and their amino acid composition is thus of major nutritional and economic importance. Currently, deficiencies in essential amino acids are addressed, when possible, by additionalprotein sources or by supplementing animal feed with non-cereal protein or synthetic amino acids. A number of strategies have been suggested to make cereal flours more complete and balanced sources of amino acids, although systematic examination of such strategies is rare. This project proposed to begin such a systematic examination using four complementary and parallel approaches to increasing wheat seed lysine: 1) Modifying endogenous wheat seed proteins for increased lysine composition. 2) Overexpression of naturally occurring high-lysine proteins in the wheat endosperm. 3) Ectopic expression of proteins in the wheat endosperm. 4) Alteration of free lysine levels in the wheat endosperm. The results of these studies are expected to be wheat lines with increased lysine content and will establish a clearer understanding of the approaches most likely to enhance cereal seed protein quality. Progress is reported for all four objectives, with a significant foundation for further work on two of the objectives (modification of wheat storage proteins and lysine metabolism). Plans for continuing work on all four objectives are briefly outlined.
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Blaxter, Tamsin, and Tara Garnett. Primed for power: a short cultural history of protein. TABLE, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/ba271ef5.

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Protein has a singularly prominent place in discussions about food. It symbolises fitness, strength and masculinity, motherhood and care. It is the preferred macronutrient of affluence and education, the mark of a conscientious diet in wealthy countries and of wealth and success elsewhere. Through its association with livestock it stands for pastoral beauty and tradition. It is the high-tech food of science fiction, and in discussions of changing agricultural systems it is the pivotal nutrient around which good and bad futures revolve. There is no denying that we need protein and that engaging with how we produce and consume it is a crucial part of our response to the environmental crises. But discussions of these issues are affected by their cultural context—shaped by the power of protein. Given this, we argue that it is vital to map that cultural power and understand its origins. This paper explores the history of nutritional science and international development in the Global North with a focus on describing how protein gained its cultural meanings. Starting in the first half of the 19th century and running until the mid-1970s, it covers two previous periods when protein rose to singular prominence in food discourse: in the nutritional science of the late-19th century, and in international development in the post-war era. Many parallels emerge, both between these two eras and in comparison with the present day. We hope that this will help to illuminate where and why the symbolism and story of protein outpace the science—and so feed more nuanced dialogue about the future of food.
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Shapira, Roni, Judith Grizzle, Nachman Paster, Mark Pines, and Chamindrani Mendis-Handagama. Novel Approach to Mycotoxin Detoxification in Farm Animals Using Probiotics Added to Feed Stuffs. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592115.bard.

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T-2 toxin, a toxic product belongs to the trichothecene mycotoxins, attracts major interest because of its severe detrimental effects on the health of human and farm animals. The occurrence of trichothecenes contamination is global and they are very resistant to physical or chemical detoxification techniques. Trichothecenes are absorbed in the small intestine into the blood stream. The hypothesis of this project was to develop a protecting system using probiotic bacteria that will express trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (Tri101) that convert T-2 to a less toxic intermediate to reduce ingested levels in-situ. The major obstacle that we had faced during the project is the absence of stable and efficient expression vectors in probiotics. Most of the project period was invested to screen and isolate strong promoter to express high amounts of the detoxify enzyme on one hand and to stabilize the expression vector on the other hand. In order to estimate the detoxification capacity of the isolated promoters we had developed two very sensitive bioassays.The first system was based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Human liver cells proliferation was used as the second bioassay system.Using both systems we were able to prove actual detoxification on living cells by probiotic bacteria expressing Tri101. The first step was the isolation of already discovered strong promoters from lactic acid bacteria, cloning them downstream the Tri101 gene and transformed vectors to E. coli, a lactic acid bacteria strain Lactococcuslactis MG1363, and a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus casei. All plasmid constructs transformed to L. casei were unstable. The promoter designated lacA found to be the most efficient in reducing T-2 from the growth media of E. coli and L. lactis. A prompter library was generated from L. casei in order to isolate authentic probiotic promoters. Seven promoters were isolated, cloned downstream Tri101, transformed to bacteria and their detoxification capability was compared. One of those prompters, designated P201 showed a relatively high efficiency in detoxification. Sequence analysis of the promoter region of P201 and another promoter, P41, revealed the consensus region recognized by the sigma factor. We further attempted to isolate an inducible, strong promoter by comparing the protein profiles of L. casei grown in the presence of 0.3% bile salt (mimicking intestine conditions). Six spots that were consistently overexpressed in the presence of bile salts were isolated and identified. Their promoter reigns are now under investigation and characterization.
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Mizrahi, Itzhak, and Bryan A. White. Uncovering rumen microbiome components shaping feed efficiency in dairy cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600020.bard.

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Ruminants provide human society with high quality food from non-human-edible resources, but their emissions negatively impact the environment via greenhouse gas production. The rumen and its resident microorganisms dictate both processes. The overall goal of this project was to determine whether a causal relationship exists between the rumen microbiome and the host animal's physiology, and if so, to isolate and examine the specific determinants that enable this causality. To this end, we divided the project into three specific parts: (1) determining the feed efficiency of 200 milking cows, (2) determining whether the feed- efficiency phenotype can be transferred by transplantation and (3) isolating and examining microbial consortia that can affect the feed-efficiency phenotype by their transplantation into germ-free ruminants. We finally included 1000 dairy cow metadata in our study that revealed a global core microbiome present in the rumen whose composition and abundance predicted many of the cows’ production phenotypes, including methane emission. Certain members of the core microbiome are heritable and have strong associations to cardinal rumen metabolites and fermentation products that govern the efficiency of milk production. These heritable core microbes therefore present primary targets for rumen manipulation towards sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. We then went beyond examining the metagenomic content, and asked whether microbes behave differently with relation to the host efficiency state. We sampled twelve animals with two extreme efficiency phenotypes, high efficiency and low efficiency where the first represents animals that maximize energy utilization from their feed whilst the later represents animals with very low utilization of the energy from their feed. Our analysis revealed differences in two host efficiency states in terms of the microbial expression profiles both with regards to protein identities and quantities. Another aim of the proposal was the cultivation of undescribed rumen microorganisms is one of the most important tasks in rumen microbiology. Our findings from phylogenetic analysis of cultured OTUs on the lower branches of the phylogenetic tree suggest that multifactorial traits govern cultivability. Interestingly, most of the cultured OTUs belonged to the rare rumen biosphere. These cultured OTUs could not be detected in the rumen microbiome, even when we surveyed it across 38 rumen microbiome samples. These findings add another unique dimension to the complexity of the rumen microbiome and suggest that a large number of different organisms can be cultured in a single cultivation effort. In the context of the grant, the establishment of ruminant germ-free facility was possible and preliminary experiments were successful, which open up the way for direct applications of the new concepts discovered here, prior to the larger scale implementation at the agricultural level.
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Zhou, Ting, Roni Shapira, Peter Pauls, Nachman Paster, and Mark Pines. Biological Detoxification of the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol (DON) to Improve Safety of Animal Feed and Food. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613885.bard.

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The trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), one of the most common mycotoxin contaminants of grains, is produced by members of the Fusarium genus. DON poses a health risk to consumers and impairs livestock performance because it causes feed refusal, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemolytic effects and cellular injury. The occurrence of trichothecenes contamination is global and they are very resistant to physical or chemical detoxification techniques. Trichothecenes are absorbed in the small intestine into the blood stream. The overall objective of this project was to develop a protecting system using probiotic bacteria that will express trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase (Tri101) that convert T-2 to a less toxic intermediate to reduce ingested levels in-situ. The major obstacle that we had faced during the project is the absence of stable and efficient expression vectors in probiotics. Most of the project period was invested to screen and isolate strong promoter to express high amounts of the detoxify enzyme on one hand and to stabilize the expression vector on the other hand. In order to estimate the detoxification capacity of the isolated promoters we had developed two very sensitive bioassays.The first system was based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Human liver cells proliferation was used as the second bioassay system.Using both systems we were able to prove actual detoxification on living cells by probiotic bacteria expressing Tri101. The first step was the isolation of already discovered strong promoters from lactic acid bacteria, cloning them downstream the Tri101 gene and transformed vectors to E. coli, a lactic acid bacteria strain Lactococcuslactis MG1363, and a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus casei. All plasmid constructs transformed to L. casei were unstable. The promoter designated lacA found to be the most efficient in reducing T-2 from the growth media of E. coli and L. lactis. A prompter library was generated from L. casei in order to isolate authentic probiotic promoters. Seven promoters were isolated, cloned downstream Tri101, transformed to bacteria and their detoxification capability was compared. One of those prompters, designated P201 showed a relatively high efficiency in detoxification. Sequence analysis of the promoter region of P201 and another promoter, P41, revealed the consensus region recognized by the sigma factor. We further attempted to isolate an inducible, strong promoter by comparing the protein profiles of L. casei grown in the presence of 0.3% bile salt (mimicking intestine conditions). Six spots that were consistently overexpressed in the presence of bile salts were isolated and identified. Their promoter reigns are now under investigation and characterization.
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