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Journal articles on the topic 'Protein and weight loss'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., A. Nieuwenhuizen, D. Tomé, S. Soenen, and K. R. Westerterp. "Dietary Protein, Weight Loss, and Weight Maintenance." Annual Review of Nutrition 29, no. 1 (August 2009): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141056.

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2

MOON, MARY ANN. "Protein Intake Tied to Weight-Loss Maintenance." Internal Medicine News 44, no. 1 (January 2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(11)70014-2.

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3

Magkos, Faidon. "Protein-Rich Diets for Weight Loss Maintenance." Current Obesity Reports 9, no. 3 (June 15, 2020): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13679-020-00391-0.

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4

Lejeune, Manuela P. G. M., Eva M. R. Kovacs, and Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga. "Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans." British Journal of Nutrition 93, no. 2 (February 2005): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041305.

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Since long-term weight maintenance (WM) is a major problem, interventions to improve WM are needed. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the addition of protein to the diet might limit weight regain after a weight loss of 5–10 % in overweight subjects. In a randomised parallel study design, 113 overweight subjects (BMI 29·3 (SD 2·5) kg/m2); age 45·1 (SD 10·4) years) followed a very-low-energy diet for 4 weeks, after which there was a 6-month period of WM. During WM, subjects were randomised into either a protein group or a control group. The protein group received 30 g/d protein in addition to their own usual diet. During the very-low-energy diet, no differences were observed between the groups. During WM, the protein group showed a higher protein intake (18 %v.15 %;P<0·05), a lower weight regain (0·8v.3·0 kg;P<0·05), a decreased waist circumference (−1·2 (SD 0·7)v.0·5 (SD 0·5 ) cm;P<0·05) and a smaller increase in respiratory quotient (0·03 (SD 0·01)v.0·07 0·01; (SD/)P<0·05) compared with the control group. Weight regain in the protein group consisted of only fat-free mass, whereas the control group gained fat mass as well. Satiety in the fasted state before breakfast increased significantly more in the protein group than in the control group. After 6 months follow-up, body weight showed a significant group × time interaction. A protein intake of 18 % compared with 15 % resulted in improved WM in overweight subjects after a weight loss of 7·5 %. This improved WM implied several factors, i.e. improved body composition, fat distribution, substrate oxidation and satiety.

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5

Phillips, Stuart M. "Higher Dietary Protein During Weight Loss: Muscle Sparing?" Obesity 26, no. 5 (April 23, 2018): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.22186.

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6

van Baak, Marlene A., and Edwin C. M. Mariman. "Dietary Strategies for Weight Loss Maintenance." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081916.

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Weight regain after a successful weight loss intervention is very common. Most studies show that, on average, the weight loss attained during a weight loss intervention period is not or is not fully maintained during follow-up. We review what is currently known about dietary strategies for weight loss maintenance, focusing on nutrient composition by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies and discuss other potential strategies that have not been studied so far. Twenty-one studies with 2875 participants who were overweight or obese are included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies investigate increased protein intake (12 studies), lower dietary glycemic index (four studies), green tea (three studies), conjugated linoleic acid (three studies), higher fibre intake (three studies), and other miscellaneous interventions (six studies). The meta-analysis shows a significant beneficial effect of higher protein intake on the prevention of weight regain (SMD (standardized mean difference) −0.17 (95% CI −0.29, −0.05), z = 2.80, p = 0.005), without evidence for heterogeneity among the included studies. No significant effect of the other strategies is detected. Diets that combine higher protein intake with different other potentially beneficial strategies, such as anti-inflammatory or anti-insulinemic diets, may have more robust effects, but these have not been tested in randomized clinical trials yet.

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7

Vasconcellos, Ricardo S., Naida C. Borges, Karina N. V. Gonçalves, Júlio C. Canola, Francisco J. A. de Paula, Euclides B. Malheiros, Marcio A. Brunetto, and Aulus C. Carciofi. "Protein Intake during Weight Loss Influences the Energy Required for Weight Loss and Maintenance in Cats." Journal of Nutrition 139, no. 5 (March 4, 2009): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.108.103085.

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8

Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., M. P. G. M. Lejeune, I. Nijs, M. van Ooijen, and E. M. R. Kovacs. "High protein intake sustains weight maintenance after body weight loss in humans." International Journal of Obesity 28, no. 1 (December 22, 2003): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802461.

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9

McCarthy, David, and Aloys Berg. "Weight Loss Strategies and the Risk of Skeletal Muscle Mass Loss." Nutrients 13, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 2473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072473.

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With energy intake restriction and exercise remaining the key diet and lifestyle approaches to weight loss, this is not without potential negative implications for body composition, metabolic health, and quality and quantity of life. Ideally, weight loss should be derived almost exclusively from the fat mass compartment as this is the main driver of metabolic disease, however, several studies have shown that there is an accompanying loss of tissue from the fat-free compartment, especially skeletal muscle. Population groups including post-menopausal women, the elderly, those with metabolic disease and athletes may be particularly at risk of skeletal muscle loss when following a weight management programme. Research studies that have addressed this issue across a range of population groups are reviewed with a focus upon the contribution of resistance and endurance forms of exercise and a higher intake dietary protein above the current guideline of 0.8 g/kg body weight/day. While findings can be contradictory, overall, the consensus appears that fat-free and skeletal muscle masses can be preserved, albeit to varying degrees by including both forms of exercise (but especially resistance forms) in the weight management intervention. Equally, higher intakes of protein can protect loss of these body compartments, acting either separately or synergistically with exercise. Elderly individuals in particular may benefit most from this approach. Thus, the evidence supports the recommendations for intakes of protein above the current guidelines of 0.8 g/kg body weight/d for the healthy elderly population to also be incorporated into the dietary prescription for weight management in this age group.

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10

Leidy, Heather J., Peter M. Clifton, Arne Astrup, Thomas P. Wycherley, Margriet S. Westerterp-Plantenga, Natalie D. Luscombe-Marsh, Stephen C. Woods, and Richard D. Mattes. "The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101, no. 6 (April 29, 2015): 1320S—1329S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.084038.

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11

Layman, Donald K., and Jamie I. Baum. "Dietary Protein Impact on Glycemic Control during Weight Loss." Journal of Nutrition 134, no. 4 (April 2004): 968S—973S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.4.968s.

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12

Selvin, Elizabeth. "The Effect of Weight Loss on C-Reactive Protein." Archives of Internal Medicine 167, no. 1 (January 8, 2007): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.1.31.

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13

METTLER, SAMUEL, NIGEL MITCHELL, and KEVIN D. TIPTON. "Increased Protein Intake Reduces Lean Body Mass Loss during Weight Loss in Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42, no. 2 (February 2010): 326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181b2ef8e.

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14

Bendtsen, Line Q., Janne K. Lorenzen, Thomas M. Larsen, Marleen van Baak, Angeliki Papadaki, J. Alfredo Martinez, Teodora Handjieva-Darlenska, et al. "Associations between dairy protein intake and body weight and risk markers of diabetes and CVD during weight maintenance." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 5 (October 30, 2013): 944–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114513003322.

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Dairy products have previously been reported to be associated with beneficial effects on body weight and metabolic risk markers. Moreover, primary data from the Diet, Obesity and Genes (DiOGenes) study indicate a weight-maintaining effect of a high-protein–low-glycaemic index diet. The objective of the present study was to examine putative associations between consumption of dairy proteins and changes in body weight and metabolic risk markers after weight loss in obese and overweight adults. Results were based on secondary analyses of data obtained from overweight and obese adults who completed the DiOGenes study. The study consisted of an 8-week weight-loss phase and a 6-month weight-maintenance (WM) phase, where the subjects were given five different diets varying in protein content and glycaemic index. In the present study, data obtained from all the subjects were pooled. Dairy protein intake was estimated from 3 d dietary records at two time points (week 4 and week 26) during the WM phase. Body weight and metabolic risk markers were determined at baseline (week − 9 to − 11) and before and at the end of the WM phase (week 0 and week 26). Overall, no significant associations were found between consumption of dairy proteins and changes in body weight and metabolic risk markers. However, dairy protein intake tended to be negatively associated with body weight gain (P= 0·08; β = − 0·17), but this was not persistent when controlled for total protein intake, which indicates that dairy protein adds no additional effect to the effect of total protein. Therefore, the present study does not report that dairy proteins are more favourable than other proteins for body weight regulation.

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Wang, Ping, Claus Holst, Arne Astrup, Freek G. Bouwman, Sanne van Otterdijk, Will K. W. H. Wodzig, Malene R. Andersen, et al. "Blood profiling of proteins and steroids during weight maintenance with manipulation of dietary protein level and glycaemic index." British Journal of Nutrition 107, no. 1 (June 23, 2011): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511002583.

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Weight regain after weight loss is common. In the Diogenes dietary intervention study, a high-protein and low-glycaemic index (GI) diet improved weight maintenance. The objective of the present study was to identify (1) blood profiles associated with continued weight loss and weight regain (2) blood biomarkers of dietary protein and GI levels during the weight-maintenance phase. Blood samples were collected at baseline, after 8 weeks of low-energy diet-induced weight loss and after a 6-month dietary intervention period from female continued weight losers (n 48) and weight regainers (n 48), evenly selected from four dietary groups that varied in protein and GI levels. The blood concentrations of twenty-nine proteins and three steroid hormones were measured. The changes in analytes during weight maintenance largely correlated negatively with the changes during weight loss, with some differences between continued weight losers and weight regainers. Increases in leptin (LEP) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were significantly associated with weight regain (P < 0·001 and P = 0·005, respectively), and these relationships were influenced by the diet. Consuming a high-protein and high-GI diet dissociated the positive relationship between the change in LEP concentration and weight regain. CRP increased during the weight-maintenance period only in weight regainers with a high-protein diet (P < 0·001). In addition, testosterone, luteinising hormone, angiotensinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, resistin, retinol-binding protein 4, insulin, glucagon, haptoglobin and growth hormone were also affected by the dietary intervention. The blood profile reflects not only the weight change during the maintenance period, but also the macronutrient composition of the dietary intervention, especially the protein level.

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16

Roumans, Nadia J. T., Stefan G. Camps, Johan Renes, Freek G. Bouwman, Klaas R. Westerterp, and Edwin C. M. Mariman. "Weight loss-induced stress in subcutaneous adipose tissue is related to weight regain." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 5 (January 13, 2016): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515005139.

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AbstractInitial successful weight loss is often followed by weight regain after the dietary intervention. Compared with lean people, cellular stress in adipose tissue is increased in obese subjects. However, the relation between cellular stress and the risk for weight regain after weight loss is unclear. Therefore, we determined the expression levels of stress proteins during weight loss and weight maintenance in relation to weight regain. In vivo findings were compared with results from in vitro cultured human Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes. In total, eighteen healthy subjects underwent an 8-week diet programme with a 10-month follow-up. Participants were categorised as weight maintainers or weight regainers (WR) depending on their weight changes during the intervention. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained before and after the diet and after the follow-up. In vitro differentiated SGBS adipocytes were starved for 96 h with low (0·55 mm) glucose. Levels of stress proteins were determined by Western blotting. WR showed increased expressions of β-actin, calnexin, heat shock protein (HSP) 27, HSP60 and HSP70. Changes of β-actin, HSP27 and HSP70 are linked to HSP60, a proposed key factor in weight regain after weight loss. SGBS adipocytes showed increased levels of β-actin and HSP60 after 96 h of glucose restriction. The increased level of cellular stress proteins in the adipose tissue of WR probably resides in the adipocytes as shown by in vitro experiments. Cellular stress accumulated in adipose tissue during weight loss may be a risk factor for weight regain.

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17

Shaffer, Annabelle, Mindy Lee, Catherine Applegate, Nouf Alfouzan, John Erdman, Jennie Hsu-Lumetta, and Manabu Nakamura. "Increased Protein Density During Weight Loss Is Correlated with Reduced Abdominal Obesity and Body Mass Index and Improved Body Composition." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa063_085.

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Abstract Objectives There is a clear link between abdominal obesity and chronic diseases. Dietary changes leading to substantial weight loss reduce obesity and improve health; however, no viable dietary treatment program exists that produces clinically significant, cost-effective, and sustainable weight loss. To test the hypothesis that a diet dense in lean proteins and fiber is inversely associated with abdominal obesity while maintaining skeletal muscle mass (SMM), we evaluated the correlation between mean protein and fiber density and changes in BMI, waist circumference and SMM during weight loss. Methods Thirty adult males and females participated in this ongoing, 2-year dietary weight loss program. The Individualized Dietary Improvement Program focused on reducing caloric intake and increasing protein (7–11 g/100 kcal) and fiber (1.8–3.2 g/100 kcal) density to desired ranges. Participants attended 19 group educational sessions, 3 individual counseling appointments, self-weighed daily, and submitted monthly 24-hour dietary recalls. BMI, waist circumference and body composition (InBody) measurements were collected at baseline and after 6 months. Results At 6 months, 25 participants (24–70y) remained in the study with 18 completing all body measurements. Mean weight loss (n = 25) was −2.2 ± 0.5 BMI points (–5.2 ± 1.3% of initial body weight) and mean waist circumference reduction (n = 18) was −6.5 ± 1.3 cm from baseline. Significant increases in protein and fiber density were seen from baseline to month 2 (P < 0.05). There were direct inverse associations between mean protein density and both reduced waist circumference (P < 0.01) and reduced BMI (P < 0.01). Fiber intake had no significant impact on weight loss, and maintenance of SMM did not significantly correlate with mean protein density. However, only 11.0 ± 3.2% of weight lost was due to the loss of SMM, supporting the efficacy of the program. A significant positive correlation (P < 0.01) existed between fat mass loss and protein density, with 74.3 ± 4.7% of excess body fat accounting for total weight lost. Conclusions Increased protein density correlates with accelerated loss of fat mass, greater reductions in abdominal adiposity, and may protect SMM from degradation during weight loss. Funding Sources This research is supported by the NIBIB of the NIH and the USDA NIFA.

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18

Murphy, Chaise A., and Karsten Koehler. "Modulating Weight Loss and Regain through Exercise and Dietary Protein." Diabesity 3, no. 4 (October 15, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/diabesity.2017.44.

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19

Murphy, Caoileann H., Amy J. Hector, and Stuart M. Phillips. "Considerations for protein intake in managing weight loss in athletes." European Journal of Sport Science 15, no. 1 (July 11, 2014): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.936325.

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20

Clifton, Peter M., Jennifer B. Keogh, and Manny Noakes. "Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.1.23.

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21

Johnstone, Alexandra M. "Safety and efficacy of high-protein diets for weight loss." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71, no. 2 (March 8, 2012): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665112000122.

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Dietary strategies that can help reduce hunger and promote fullness are beneficial for weight control, since these are major limiting factors for success. High-protein (HP) diets, specifically those that maintain the absolute number of grams ingested, while reducing energy, are a popular strategy for weight loss (WL) due to the effects of protein-induced satiety to control hunger. Nonetheless, both the safety and efficacy of HP WL diets have been questioned, particularly in combination with low-carbohydrate advice. Nonetheless, for short-to-medium-term intervention studies (over several months), increasing the energetic contribution of protein does appear effective. The effects of HP diets on appetite, bone health, renal function, blood pressure, cardiovascular bio-markers, antioxidant status, gut health and psychological function are discussed. Further research is warranted to validate the physiological effects of HP diets over longer periods of time, including studies that modify the quality of macronutrients (i.e. the type of carbohydrate, fat and protein) and the interaction with other interventions (e.g. exercise and dietary supplements).

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22

Solá, Eva, Silvia Navarro, Pilar Medina, Amparo Vayá, Amparo Estellés, Antonio Hernández-Mijares, and Francisco España. "Activated protein C levels in obesity and weight loss influence." Thrombosis Research 123, no. 5 (March 2009): 697–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2008.07.017.

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23

Bierer, Tiffany Linn, and Linh M. Bui. "High-Protein Low-Carbohydrate Diets Enhance Weight Loss in Dogs." Journal of Nutrition 134, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 2087S—2089S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.8.2087s.

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CHURCH, TIMOTHY S., CONRAD P. EARNEST, ANGELA M. THOMPSON, ELISA L. PRIEST, RUBEN Q. RODARTE, TRAVIS SAUNDERS, ROBERT ROSS, and STEVEN N. BLAIR. "Exercise without Weight Loss Does Not Reduce C-Reactive Protein." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 42, no. 4 (April 2010): 708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181c03a43.

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25

Serrano, José C. E., Juan Antonio Baena‐Fustegueras, Meritxell Martin‐Gari, Helene Rassendren, Anna Cassanye, Alba Naudí, Carolina López‐Cano, et al. "Adipose Tissue Protein Glycoxidation is Associated with Weight‐Loss Potential." Obesity 27, no. 7 (May 21, 2019): 1133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.22501.

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26

Pallotto, Marissa R., Patrícia M. Oba, Maria R. C. de Godoy, Kirk L. Pappan, Preston R. Buff, and Kelly S. Swanson. "Effects of Weight Loss and Moderate-Protein, High-Fiber Diet Consumption on the Fasted Serum Metabolome of Cats." Metabolites 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11050324.

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Feline obesity elicits a plethora of metabolic responses leading to comorbidities, with potential reversal during weight loss. The specific metabolic alterations and biomarkers of organ dysfunction are not entirely understood. Untargeted, high-throughput metabolomic technologies may allow the identification of biological components that change with weight status in cats, increasing our understanding of feline metabolism. The objective of this study was to utilize untargeted metabolomic techniques to identify biomarkers and gain mechanistic insight into the serum metabolite changes associated with reduced food intake and weight loss in overweight cats. During a four-wk baseline period, cats were fed to maintain body weight. For 18 wk following baseline, cats were fed to lose weight at a rate of ~1.5% body weight/wk. Blood serum metabolites were measured at wk 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. A total of 535 named metabolites were identified, with up to 269 of them being altered (p- and q-values < 0.05) at any time point. A principal component analysis showed a continual shift in metabolite profile as weight loss progressed, with early changes being distinct from those over the long term. The majority of lipid metabolites decreased with weight loss; however, ketone bodies and small lipid particles increased with weight loss. The majority of carbohydrate metabolites decreased with weight loss. Protein metabolites had a variable result, with some increasing, but others decreasing with weight loss. Metabolic mediators of inflammation, oxidative stress, xenobiotics, and insulin resistance decreased with weight loss. In conclusion, global metabolomics identified biomarkers of reduced food intake and weight loss in cats, including decreased markers of inflammation and/or altered macronutrient metabolism.

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Templin, Andrew T., Mahnaz Mellati, Raija Soininen, Meghan F. Hogan, Nathalie Esser, J. Josh Castillo, Sakeneh Zraika, Steven E. Kahn, and Rebecca L. Hull. "Loss of perlecan heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans lowers body weight and decreases islet amyloid deposition in human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic mice." Protein Engineering, Design and Selection 32, no. 2 (February 2019): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzz041.

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Abstract Islet amyloid is a pathologic feature of type 2 diabetes (T2D) that is associated with β-cell loss and dysfunction. These amyloid deposits form via aggregation of the β-cell secretory product islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and contain other molecules including the heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan. Perlecan has been shown to bind amyloidogenic human IAPP (hIAPP) via its heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HS GAG) chains and to enhance hIAPP aggregation in vitro. We postulated that reducing the HS GAG content of perlecan would also decrease islet amyloid deposition in vivo. hIAPP transgenic mice were crossed with Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice harboring a perlecan mutation that prevents HS GAG attachment (hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3), and male offspring from this cross were fed a high fat diet for 12 months to induce islet amyloid deposition. At the end of the study body weight, islet amyloid area, β-cell area, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion were analyzed. hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice exhibited significantly less islet amyloid deposition and greater β-cell area compared to hIAPP mice expressing wild type perlecan. hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice also gained significantly less weight than other genotypes. When adjusted for differences in body weight using multiple linear regression modeling, we found no differences in islet amyloid deposition or β-cell area between hIAPP transgenic and hIAPP;Hspg2Δ3/Δ3 mice. We conclude that loss of perlecan exon 3 reduces islet amyloid deposition in vivo through indirect effects on body weight and possibly also through direct effects on hIAPP aggregation. Both of these mechanisms may promote maintenance of glucose homeostasis in the setting of T2D.

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German, Alexander J., Shelley Holden, Thomas Bissot, Penelope J. Morris, and Vincent Biourge. "Changes in body composition during weight loss in obese client-owned cats: Loss of lean tissue mass correlates with overall percentage of weight lost." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 10, no. 5 (October 2008): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2008.02.004.

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Obesity is one of the most common medical diseases in cats, but there remains little information on success of weight loss regimes in obese client-owned cats. No information currently exists on body composition changes during weight loss in clinical cases. Twelve obese client-owned cats undertook a weight loss programme incorporating a high-protein low fat diet. Body composition was quantified by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, before and after weight loss. Mean (±standard deviation) weight loss was 27±6.8% of starting weight, and mean rate of weight loss was 0.8±0.32% per week. Mean energy allocation during weight loss was 32±7.0 kcal/kg target weight. Mean composition of tissue lost was 86:13:1 (fat:lean:bone mineral). The proportion of lean tissue loss was positively associated with overall percentage of weight loss (simple linear regression, r2=44.2%, P=0.026). Conventional weight loss programmes produce safe weight loss, but lean tissue loss is an inevitable consequence in cats that lose significant proportions of their starting body weight.

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Lee, Mindy, Annabelle Shaffer, Nouf Alfouzan, Catherine Applegate, Jennie Hsu-Lumetta, John Erdman, and Manabu Nakamura. "Advising Based on Self-Experimentation Assignments Increases the Magnitude of Weight Loss." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa063_049.

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Abstract Objectives Individualized Diet Improvement Program (iDip) has been developed for a sustainable diet for weight management through self-experimentation with emphasis on increasing protein and fiber and reducing caloric intake. Upon a successful feasibility test with the first study completed in 2018 (iDip 1), we hypothesized that assigning homework and advising based on response would improve weight loss along with the dietary changes. Methods Thirty adults (BMI >25 kg/m2) were enrolled in a 2-year study (iDip 2). The study comprised of 22 dietary sessions over 12 months, identical to iDip 1. Participants were assigned to complete a self-experimentation homework after each session and received advising based on responses. As visual feedback, weekly weight charts and dietary analyses in the form of Protein-Fiber (PF) plot were offered. Daily weights, body composition, waist circumference were collected and 24-hour dietary records were obtained. Results Six participants dropped out, leaving 24 participants (80%). Mean body weight change (n = 24) in iDip 2 at 8 months was −6.2 ± 1.5% while mean body weight change (n = 12) in iDip 1 was −5.2 ± 1.1%. Nine out of 24 participants (38%) achieved clinically meaningful weight loss (>5% of initial body weight) with a mean body weight change of −12.9% ± 2.8. The magnitude of weight loss of the successful group in iDip 2 was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of the successful group in iDip 1 where 5 out of 12 participants (42%) achieved >5% weight loss (mean body weight change: −8.9 ± 1.3%). Skeletal muscle mass was well-maintained with a mean change (n = 18) of −0.7 ± 0.2% at 6 months. Waist circumference (n = 18) was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) from baseline by −6.5 ± 1.3 cm. 24-hr records showed improvements in protein and fiber intake throughout the study. Although no significant differences were found in protein and fiber intake between two studies, higher mean protein and fiber intake were observed at 6 months in iDip 2. Conclusions Self-experimentation assignments followed by individualized feedback significantly increased the magnitude of weight loss over the previous study with protein intake to maintain skeletal muscle mass as evidenced by its minimal loss. The success rate of participants achieving >5% weight loss did not improve in this study. Funding Sources USDA NIFA ILLU-698–908; NIBIB NIH (CA).

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Shin, Min-Jeong, Oh Yoen Kim, Soo Jeong Koh, Jey Sook Chae, Ji Young Kim, Yangsoo Jang, and Jong Ho Lee. "Modest weight loss does not increase plasma adiponectin levels: effects of weight loss on C-reactive protein and DNA damage." Nutrition Research 26, no. 8 (August 2006): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2006.06.021.

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31

Smith, Gordon I., Jun Yoshino, Shannon C. Kelly, Dominic N. Reeds, Adewole Okunade, Bruce W. Patterson, Samuel Klein, and Bettina Mittendorfer. "High-Protein Intake during Weight Loss Therapy Eliminates the Weight-Loss-Induced Improvement in Insulin Action in Obese Postmenopausal Women." Cell Reports 17, no. 3 (October 2016): 849–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.047.

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Westcott, Wayne, Amanda Colligan, Kelly Lannutti, Rita La Rosa Loud, and Samantha Vallier. "Effects of Resistance Exercise and Protein on Body Composition Following Weight Loss." Journal of Clinical Exercise Physiology 7, no. 2 (January 1, 2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31189/2165-6193-7.2.25.

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Background: Research indicates that weight loss programs are effective for reducing body weight temporarily, but weight maintenance studies have been almost uniformly unsuccessful in preventing weight regain. Methods: Subjects who completed a 6-month weight loss study were invited to continue with a weight maintenance program. The weight loss study examined the effects of exercise (20 min strength, 20 min aerobics, twice weekly) and nutrition (1,200 to 1,800 kcal·d−1, 2 daily meal replacement protein shakes) on body weight and body composition. Weight loss program completers experienced improvements (P < 0.05) in body weight, percent fat, fat mass, lean mass, waist girth, and hip girth. Subjects who participated in the weight maintenance program performed the same strength and aerobic exercise protocol, but discontinued caloric restriction and decreased daily meal replacement protein shakes from 2 to 1. Results: After 6 months on the weight maintenance program, participants experienced improvement (P < 0.05) in percent fat, fat mass, lean mass, waist girth, and hip girth, with no significant change in body weight. A subgroup of subjects who continued the weight maintenance program for an additional 3 months experienced additional improvement (P < 0.05) in percent fat, fat mass, lean mass, waist girth, and hip girth, with no significant change in body weight. Conclusion: These findings indicated that a postdiet weight maintenance program incorporating 2 weekly resistance and aerobic exercise sessions coupled with a daily meal replacement protein shake was effective for avoiding weight regain and for improving body composition, with concurrent fat mass decrease and lean mass increase.

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Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S., Sofie G. Lemmens, and Klaas R. Westerterp. "Dietary protein – its role in satiety, energetics, weight loss and health." British Journal of Nutrition 108, S2 (August 2012): S105—S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002589.

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Obesity is a serious health problem because of its co-morbidities. The solution, implying weight loss and long-term weight maintenance, is conditional on: (i) sustained satiety despite negative energy balance, (ii) sustained basal energy expenditure despite BW loss due to (iii) a sparing of fat-free mass (FFM), being the main determinant of basal energy expenditure. Dietary protein has been shown to assist with meeting these conditions, since amino acids act on the relevant metabolic targets. This review deals with the effects of different protein diets during BW loss and BW maintenance thereafter. Potential risks of a high protein diet are dealt with. The required daily intake is 0·8–1·2 g/kg BW, implying sustaining the original absolute protein intake and carbohydrate and fat restriction during an energy-restricted diet. The intake of 1·2 g/kg BW is beneficial to body composition and improves blood pressure. A too low absolute protein content of the diet contributes to the risk of BW regain. The success of the so-called ‘low carb’ diet that is usually high in protein can be attributed to the relatively high-protein content per se and not to the relatively lower carbohydrate content. Metabolic syndrome parameters restore, mainly due to BW loss. With the indicated dosage, no kidney problems have been shown in healthy individuals. In conclusion, dietary protein contributes to the treatment of obesity and the metabolic syndrome, by acting on the relevant metabolic targets of satiety and energy expenditure in negative energy balance, thereby preventing a weight cycling effect.

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Afolabi, Paul R., Farook Jahoor, Alan A. Jackson, James Stubbs, Alexander M. Johnstone, Peter Faber, Gerald Lobley, Eileen Gibney, and Marinos Elia. "The effect of total starvation and very low energy diet in lean men on kinetics of whole body protein and five hepatic secretory proteins." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 293, no. 6 (December 2007): E1580—E1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00169.2007.

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It is unclear whether the rate of weight loss, independent of magnitude, affects whole body protein metabolism and the synthesis and plasma concentrations of specific hepatic secretory proteins. We examined 1) whether lean men losing weight rapidly (starvation) show greater changes in whole body protein kinetics, synthesis, and circulating concentrations of selected hepatic secretory proteins than those losing the same amount of weight more slowly [very low energy diet (VLED)]; and 2) whether plasma concentrations and synthetic rates of these proteins are related. Whole body protein kinetics were measured using [1-13C]leucine in 11 lean men (6 starvation, 5 VLED). Fractional and absolute synthetic rates of HDL-apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), retinol binding protein, transthyretin, α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT), and transferrin were measured using a prime-constant intravenous infusion of [13C2]glycine. Compared with VLED group, the starvation group showed greater increases (at a 5% weight loss) in whole body protein oxidation ( P < 0.05); fractional synthetic rates of HDL-apoA1 (25.3 vs. −1.52%; P = 0.003) and retinol binding protein (30.6 vs. 7.1%; P = 0.007); absolute synthetic rates of HDL-apoA1 (7.1 vs. −3.8 mg·kg−1·day−1; P = 0.003) and α1-AT (17.8 vs. 3.6 mg·kg−1·day−1; P = 0.02); and plasma concentration of α1-AT ( P = 0.025). Relationships between synthetic rates and plasma concentrations varied between the secreted proteins. It is concluded that synthetic rates of hepatic secreted proteins in lean men are more closely related to the rate than the magnitude of weight loss. Changes in concentration of these secreted proteins can occur independently of changes in synthetic rates, and vice versa.

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Black, Katherine E., Chloe Hindle, Rebecca McLay-Cooke, Rachel C. Brown, Claire Gibson, Dane F. Baker, and Brett Smith. "Dietary Intakes Differ by Body Composition Goals: An Observational Study of Professional Rugby Union Players in New Zealand." American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 6 (November 27, 2019): 155798831989135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988319891350.

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Preseason in rugby union is a period of intensive training where players undergo conditioning to prepare for the competitive season. In some cases, this includes modifying body composition through weight gain or fat loss. This study aimed to describe the macronutrient intakes of professional rugby union players during pre-season training. It was hypothesized that players required to gain weight would have a higher energy, carbohydrate and protein intake compared to those needing to lose weight. Twenty-three professional rugby players completed 3 days of dietary assessment and their sum of eight skinfolds were assessed. Players were divided into three groups by the team coaches and medical staff: weight gain, weight maintain and weight loss. Mean energy intakes were 3,875 ± 907 kcal·d−1 (15,965 ± 3,737 kJ·d−1) (weight gain 4,532 ± 804 kcal·d−1; weight maintain 3,825 ± 803 kcal·d−1; weight loss 3,066 ± 407 kcal·d−1) and carbohydrate intakes were 3.7 ± 1.2 g·kg−1·d−1 (weight gain 4.8 ± 0.9 g.kg−1·d−1; weight maintain 2.8 ± 0.7 g·kg−1·d−1; weight loss 2. 6 ± 0.7 g·kg−1·d−1). The energy and carbohydrate intakes are similar to published intakes among rugby union players. There were significant differences in energy intake and the percent of energy from protein between the weight gain and the weight loss group.

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Moon, Jaecheol, and Gwanpyo Koh. "Clinical Evidence and Mechanisms of High-Protein Diet-Induced Weight Loss." Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome 29, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7570/jomes20028.

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Layman, Donald K. "Key note-Protein and Exercise Modify Body Composition During Weight Loss." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000272813.88329.f8.

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Brehm, Bonnie J., and David A. DʼAlessio. "Benefits of high-protein weight loss diets: enough evidence for practice?" Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 7, no. 6 (December 2008): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mci.0b013e32831daebd.

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Campbell, Wayne W., and Minghua Tang. "Protein Intake, Weight Loss, and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 65A, no. 10 (July 6, 2010): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glq083.

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Brehm, Bonnie J., and David A. DʼAlessio. "Benefits of high-protein weight loss diets: enough evidence for practice?" Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity 15, no. 5 (October 2008): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/med.0b013e328308dc13.

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McIver, C. M., and P. M. Clifton. "Skeletal Muscle Protein Synthesis and Degradation Following Energy Restricted Weight Loss." Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 6 (October 2012): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2012.08.126.

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St-Onge, Marie-Pierre, Nancy Claps, Carla Wolper, and Steven B. Heymsfield. "Supplementation with Soy-Protein−Rich Foods Does Not Enhance Weight Loss." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 107, no. 3 (March 2007): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.12.002.

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Totani, Nagao, Akira Morita, Maki Nishinaka, Sayuri Tateishi, and Haruyasu Kida. "A Novel Body Weight-loss Promoting Oil Prepared with Vegetable Protein." Journal of Oleo Science 59, no. 1 (2010): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.59.41.

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Tchernof, André, Amy Nolan, Cynthia K. Sites, Philip A. Ades, and Eric T. Poehlman. "Weight Loss Reduces C-Reactive Protein Levels in Obese Postmenopausal Women." Circulation 105, no. 5 (February 5, 2002): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc0502.103331.

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Tang, Minghua, Lauren E. O'Connor, and Wayne W. Campbell. "Diet-Induced Weight Loss: The Effect of Dietary Protein on Bone." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 114, no. 1 (January 2014): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.08.021.

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Lee, Mindy H., Catherine C. Applegate, Annabelle L. Shaffer, Abrar Emamaddin, John W. Erdman, and Manabu T. Nakamura. "A feasibility study to test a novel approach to dietary weight loss with a focus on assisting informed decision making in food selection." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 26, 2022): e0267876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267876.

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Obesity is a significant contributor to the development of chronic diseases, some of which can be prevented or reversed by weight loss. However, dietary weight loss programs have shortcomings in the success rate, magnitude, or sustainability of weight loss. The Individualized Diet Improvement Program’s (iDip) objective was to test the feasibility of a novel approach that helps individuals self-select a sustainable diet for weight loss and maintenance instead of providing weight loss products or rigid diet instructions to follow. The iDip study consisted of 22 dietary improvement sessions over 12 months with six months of follow-up. Daily weights were collected, and a chart summarizing progress was provided weekly. Six 24-hour dietary records were collected, and dietary feedback was provided in the form of a protein-fiber plot, in which protein/energy and fiber/energy of foods were plotted two-dimensionally together with a target box specific to weight loss or maintenance. An exit survey was conducted at 12 months. Twelve (nine female, 46.3±3.1 years (mean±SE)) of the initial 14 participants (BMI>28 kg/m2) completed all sessions. Mean percent weight loss (n = 12) at six and 12 months was -4.9%±1.1 (p = 0.001) and -5.4%±1.7 (p = 0.007), respectively. Weight loss varied among individuals at 12 months; top and bottom halves (n = 6 each) achieved -9.7%±1.7 (p = 0.0008) and -1.0%±1.4 weight loss, respectively. The 24-hour records showed a significant increase in protein density from baseline to final (4.1g/100kcal±0.3 vs. 5.7g/100kcal±0.5; p = 0.008). Although mean fiber density showed no significant change from the first month (1.3g/100kcal±0.1), the top half had significantly higher fiber/energy intake than the bottom half group. The survey suggested that all participants valued the program and its self-guided diet approach. In conclusion, half of the participants successfully lost >5% and maintained the lost weight for 12 months without strict diet instructions, showing the feasibility of the informed decision-making approach.

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Malipatil, Nagaraj, Helene A. Fachim, Kirk Siddals, Bethany Geary, Gwen Wark, Nick Porter, Simon Anderson, et al. "Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry Can Identify Circulating Proteins That Predict Future Weight Loss with a Diet and Exercise Programme." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 2 (January 25, 2019): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020141.

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We investigated biological determinants that would associate with the response to a diet and weight loss programme in impaired glucose regulation (IGR) people using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH) mass spectrometry (MS), a data acquisition method which complement traditional mass spectrometry-based proteomics techniques. Ten women and 10 men with IGR underwent anthropometric measurements and fasting blood tests. SWATH MS was carried out with subsequent immunoassay of specific peptide levels. After a six-month intervention, 40% of participants lost 3% or more in weight, 45% of patients remained within 3% of their starting weight and 15% increased their weight by 3% or more. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) level was reduced with weight loss with improvements in insulin sensitivity. SWATH MS on pre-intervention samples and subsequent principal component analysis identified a cluster of proteins associated with future weight loss, including insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and Vitamin D binding protein. Individuals who lost 3% in weight had significantly higher baseline IGF-II levels than those who did not lose weight. SWATH MS successfully discriminated between individuals who were more likely to lose weight and potentially improve their sensitivity to insulin. A higher IGF-II baseline was predictive of success with weight reduction, suggesting that biological determinants are important in response to weight loss and exercise regimes. This may permit better targeting of interventions to prevent diabetes in the future.

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Keller, Ulrich. "Dietary Proteins in Obesity and in Diabetes." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 81, no. 23 (March 1, 2011): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000059.

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Dietary proteins influence body weight by affecting four targets for body weight regulation: satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition. Protein ingestion results in higher ratings of satiety than equicaloric amounts of carbohydrates or fat. Their effect on satiety is mainly due to oxidation of amino acids fed in excess; this effect is higher with ingestion of specific incomplete proteins (vegetal) than with animal proteins. Diet-induced thermogenesis is higher for proteins than for other macronutrients. The increase in energy expenditure is caused by protein and urea synthesis and by gluconeogenesis. This effect is higher with animal proteins containing larger amounts of essential amino acids than with vegetable proteins. Specifically, diet-induced thermogenesis increases after protein ingestion by 20 - 30 %, but by only 5 - 10 % after carbohydrates and 0 - 5 % after ingestion of fat. Consumption of higher amounts of protein during dietary treatment of obesity resulted in greater weight loss than with lower amounts of protein in dietary studies lasting up to one year. During weight loss and decreased caloric intake, a relatively increased protein content of the diet maintained fat-free mass (i. e. muscle mass) and increased calcium balance, resulting in preservation of bone mineral content. This is of particular importance during weight loss after bariatric surgery because these patients are at risk for protein malnutrition. Adequate dietary protein intake in diabetes type 2 is of specific importance since proteins are relatively neutral with regard to glucose and lipid metabolism, and they preserve muscle and bone mass, which may be decreased in subjects with poorly controlled diabetes. Ingestion of dietary proteins in diabetes type 1 exerts a delayed postprandial increase in blood glucose levels due to protein-induced stimulation of pancreatic glucagon secretion. Higher than minimal amounts of protein in the diet needed for nitrogen balance may play an important role for the increasing number of elderly obese subjects in our industrialized societies, since proteins exert beneficial effects in the conditions of overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, bone health, and sarcopenia. Adverse effects of increased dietary proteins have been observed in subjects with renal impairment- this problem is frequently observed in the elderly, hypertensive, and diabetic population. Nevertheless, dietary proteins deserve more attention than they have received in the past.

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Hansen, Thea Toft, Mads Fiil Hjorth, Karoline Sandby, Sarah Vold Andersen, Arne Astrup, Christian Ritz, Mònica Bulló, et al. "Predictors of successful weight loss with relative maintenance of fat-free mass in individuals with overweight and obesity on an 8-week low-energy diet." British Journal of Nutrition 122, no. 04 (June 27, 2019): 468–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519001296.

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AbstractA low-energy diet (LED) is an effective approach to induce a rapid weight loss in individuals with overweight. However, reported disproportionally large losses of fat-free mass (FFM) after an LED trigger the question of adequate protein content. Additionally, not all individuals have the same degree of weight loss success. After an 8-week LED providing 5020 kJ/d for men and 4184 kJ/d for women (84/70 g protein/d) among overweight and obese adults, we aimed to investigate the relationship between protein intake relative to initial FFM and proportion of weight lost as FFM as well as the individual characteristics associated with weight loss success. We assessed all outcomes baseline and after the LED. A total of 286 participants (sixty-four men and 222 women) initiated the LED of which 82 % completed and 70 % achieved a substantial weight loss (defined as ≥8 %). Protein intake in the range 1·0–1·6 g protein/d per kg FFM at baseline for men and 1·1–2·2 g protein/d per kg FFM at baseline for women was not associated with loss of FFM (P = 0·632). Higher Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) hunger at baseline and reductions in TFEQ disinhibition and hunger during the LED were associated with larger weight loss (all P ≤ 0·020); whereas lower sleep quality at baseline predicted less successful weight loss using intention to treat analysis (P = 0·021), possibly driven by those dropping out (n 81, P = 0·067 v. completers: n 198, P = 0·659). Thus, the protein intakes relative to initial FFM were sufficient for maintenance of FFM and specific eating behaviour characteristics were associated with weight loss success.

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Breuille, D., M. C. Farge, F. Rose, M. Arnal, D. Attaix, and C. Obled. "Pentoxifylline decreases body weight loss and muscle protein wasting characteristics of sepsis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 265, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): E660—E666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1993.265.4.e660.

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Sepsis induces metabolic disorders that include loss of body weight, muscle wasting, and acute-phase protein synthesis in liver. Cytokines are generally recognized as active mediators of these disorders, and the implication of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been frequently discussed in the recent past. However, the identity of the active agent in alterations of protein metabolism is still controversial. To improve our understanding of the role of cytokines in mediating muscle wasting observed in sepsis, we investigated muscle and liver protein metabolism in the following three groups of rats: infected control rats (INF-C); infected rats pretreated with pentoxifylline (PTX-INF), which is a potent inhibitor of TNF secretion; and pair-fed rats for the PTX-INF group pretreated with pentoxifylline. Pentoxifylline nearly completely suppressed TNF secretion but did not influence the transient fall in rectal temperature, the decreased hematocrit, and the increased liver protein mass and synthesis observed in INF-C rats. Pentoxifylline decreased the anorexia, the loss of body weight and muscle protein observed in INF-C animals, and partially prevented the decrease in muscle protein synthesis induced by infection. The overall data indicate that pentoxifylline is an effective agent in mitigating the characteristic muscle protein wasting induced by sepsis and confirm the limited role of TNF in the mediation of the acute-phase protein synthesis. Our results suggest a probable implication of TNF in the regulation of protein balance in muscle but do not allow discarding possible implication of other mediators that would be inhibited by pentoxifylline.

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