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Park, Sung Han. "Protein nutritional status of adolescent wrestlers during periods weight reduction." Virtual Press, 1988. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/533880.
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the seasonal change in the nutritional protein status of adolescent wrestlers who lost weight for competition. Additionally, this study determined if changes in plasma proteins and amino acids could be prevented through nutritional education and dietary supplementation. Twenty-seven adolescent wrestlers (14.8-18.1 yr) were divided into two groups for study during a three month period. One group received a nutritional education and supplement program, the other group served as a control. Height, weight, percent body fat, and free fat weight were measured during wrestling season. Venous blood samples were drawn and analyzed for essential (E) and nonessential (NE) plasma amino acids, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), retinol-binding protein (RBP), prealbumin (PA), albumin (AL), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Four, 4-day dietary records taken during the season were analyzed for protein, carbohydrate, fat, and total calories. The results demonstrated that weight, percent body fat, and fat free weight decreased significantly during the experimental period (p<0.001), with no significant differences between treatment and control groups. The blood RBP and PA decreased significantly during the experimental period (p<0.01), whereas AL didNot change. Most of the amino acids did not show significant decreases during the experimental period whereas the total essential amino acids showed a decreasing trend (p<0.05), the total nonessential amino acids did not change. The subjects' average caloric intake showed significant decreases during the experimental period (p<0.001). The wrestlers failed to meet the RDA for energy and protein intake. It was concluded that nutritional status of adolescent wrestlers appears to be diminished as a result of weight loss during the season.Human Performance Laboratory
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Tolbert, Shannon Marie. "Enhancing weight gain in long-term care residents at risk for weight loss through protein and calorie fortification." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2004. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0329104-095404/unrestricted/TolbertS041204f.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--East Tennessee State University, 2004.Title from electronic submission form. ETSU ETD database URN: etd-0329104-095404. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via Internet at the UMI web site.
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Shute, Max. "Effect of Whey Protein Isolate on Oxidative Stress, Exercise Performance, and Immunity." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11113.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a whey protein isolate (WPI), a reported glutathione (GSH) booster, on exercise performance, immune function, and antioxidant status during weight maintenance and energy restriction in humans. Twenty well-trained, college age, male cyclists performed a cycling exercise test for 45 min, the first 7 min at 70% of VO2peak and the remaining 38 min at 55% VO2peak immediately followed by a performance test set at 90% VO2peak until exhaustion. Blood samples were collected prior to the exercise test, after 45 min of exercise, within 5 min of exhaustion, and 1 h after exercise. Blood samples were analyzed for GSH, GSH/GSSG ratio, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), lipid hydroperoxides (LPO), phagocytosis, oxidative burst, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation, and PBMC phenotyping. Subjects consumed 40g/day of WPI or casein placebo (P) along with their normal diet for 2 wk, repeated the exercise test, and then began a low energy period continuing the same supplementation for 4 d before the final exercise test. WPI was not associated with superior exercise performance or antioxidant status following exercise or weight loss. WPI supplementation did result in 33% greater lymphocyte proliferation capacity following exercise. Following exhaustive exercise for all trials, tGSH and GPx increased 7% and 11%, respectively, while WBCGSH decreased 13%. For WPI, GPx activity was 10% lower than P following exhaustive exercise for all trials combined. Weight loss (2.67 ± 0.26 kg) resulted in increases in phagocytosis (65%), white blood cell (WBC) GSH (40%), and GPx (35%) while decreasing the GSH/GSSG ratio (55%) and LPO (16%). Exhaustive exercise caused a 28% increase in CD8+ PBMCs and decreased CD4+ (34%), CD3+ (15%), the CD4+/8+ ratio (45%), and phagocytosis (8%) with all values returning to baseline after 1 h recovery. Supplementation with WPI did not enhance GSH status or exercise performance in trained cyclists, during weight maintenance or energy restriction. Following exercise, WPI is associated with greater lymphocyte proliferation of PBMCs which may help maintain an athleteâ s health during heavy training or competition.Ph. D.
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Whitrow, Melissa. "Dietary protein versus carbohydrate in weight loss : metabolic effects in subjects with syndrome X /." Title page and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbw623.pdf.
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Faraj, May. "Postprandial plasma acylation stimulating protein response and fat metabolism in post-obese women." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29889.
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Acylation stimulating protein (ASP) is a plasma protein that significantly increases adipose tissue fat storage. In vivo and in vitro studies have suggested a role for plasma ASP in enhancing postprandial plasma triglyceride (TG) clearance. The primary objective of this study was to examine, for the first time, the postprandial response of plasma ASP and the fate of an exogenous fat source in 8 post-obese and 8 matched control women. This was done through following 13C-labeled high fat breakfast meal (1062 Cal, 67% fat) every 2 hours for 8 hours in 3 plasma pools and in expired breath CO2. The 3 plasma pools were: TG fraction in triglyceride rich lipoproteins (TRL) with sedimentation factor Sf > 400 (referred to as chylomicron-TG), TG fraction in TRL with Sf = 20--400 (referred to as VLDL-TG), and plasma free fatty acid (FFA). The secondary objective was to examine fasting and postprandial resting energy expenditure (REE), thermic effect of food (TEF), carbohydrate to fat oxidation rate and insulin sensitivity, which are factors that have been implicated in the tendency of post-obese women to regain weight. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Ruddick-Collins, Leonie C. "Establishing the benefits of protein intake during energy balance and energy restriction to improve weight loss." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/114003/1/Leonie_Ruddick-Collins_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis examined the effects of dietary protein manipulation during energy balance and energy restriction on physiological and behavioural mechanisms influencing body weight. Changes in protein intake were imposed to assess the role of dietary protein in maintaining whole body protein turnover, resting and postprandial energy expenditure, appetite and food preferences. Methodological issues such as reliability and the definition of weight stability were also addressed. The results from this thesis support higher dietary protein intakes as a means for maintaining protein turnover and resting energy expenditure during energy restriction.
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Price, Joanna McMillan. "The effect of four reduced-fat diets varying in glycaemic index, glycaemic load, carbohydrate and protein, on weight loss, body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1606.
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Introduction: The conventional approach to weight loss, recommended by almost all health authorities around the world, has been to reduce the total amount of fat in the diet and replace with carbohydrates. However, research trials using this approach have produced only modest results at best, and despite the active promotion of low fat eating and an apparent decline in fat consumption, rates of overweight and obesity have continued to climb. More recently low glycaemic index (GI) and high protein diets have become popular and are widely used by the public. However, only a small number of randomised controlled trials have been conducted and none directly comparing the two. Both approaches effectively reduce glycaemic load (GL) and aim to reduce post-prandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of diets with reduced GL to enhance the weight loss effects of a reduced-fat diet, to compare the two approaches of reducing GL on metabolic and anthropometric changes, and to investigate any benefit of combining both approaches to produce the lowest GL. Methods: We conducted a 12-week intervention in 129 overweight or obese young adults who were assigned to one of four diets with varying GL, protein, carbohydrate and GI, but similar fat (30% energy), fat type and fibre content. DIET 1 (highest GL) contained 55% E as carbohydrate; DIET 2 was a low-GI version of DIET 1; DIET 3 was a high protein diet with 25% E as protein; DIET 4 (lowest GL) was a low-GI version of DIET 3. The increase in protein in DIETS 3 and 4 came primarily from lean red meat. All key foods and some pre-prepared frozen meals were provided to maximise dietary compliance. Outcome measures were body weight, body fat, lean mass, waist circumference and the following blood parameters: total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols (TAG), free fatty acids, C-reactive protein, fasting insulin, fasting glucose and leptin. Insulin resistance and β-cell function were assessed using homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) and the newer computer models HOMA2-insulin sensitivity and HOMA2-β-cell function. Results: While all groups lost similar amounts of weight (4.2 to 6.2% of initial weight, p=0.09), the proportion who lost >5% of body weight varied significantly by diet: 31%, 56%, 66% and 33% in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively (p=0.011). Differences were strongest in women (76% of the total group) who showed significant differences among groups in percentage weight change (-3.7 ± 0.6%, -5.7 ± 0.6%, -6.5 ± 0.5%, -4.1 ± 0.7% respectively, p=0.005) and fat loss (-3.1 ± 0.4kg, -4.9 ± 0.6kg, -4.8 ± 0.4kg, -3.6 ± 0.7kg respectively, p=0.007). Total and LDL-cholesterol increased on DIET 3 (high protein) compared to a fall on diet 2 (high carbohydrate/low-GI, p=0.013). TAG, HDL-cholesterol and glucose homeostasis improved on all four diets, with no effect of diet composition. Goals for energy distribution were not achieved exactly: both carbohydrate groups ate less fat and the diet 2 group ate more fibre. Conclusions: Reducing GL, through either substituting low-GI foods or replacing some carbohydrate with protein, improved the efficacy of a reduced-fat diet in women and in those with high TAG. Combining both approaches to produce the lowest GL did not promote further weight or body fat loss. Although weight loss was similar in all four diets for the group as a whole, overall clinical outcomes were superior on the high carbohydrate, low-GI diet.
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Price, Joanna McMillan. "The effect of four reduced-fat diets varying in glycaemic index, glycaemic load, carbohydrate and protein, on weight loss, body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors." University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1606.
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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)Introduction: The conventional approach to weight loss, recommended by almost all health authorities around the world, has been to reduce the total amount of fat in the diet and replace with carbohydrates. However, research trials using this approach have produced only modest results at best, and despite the active promotion of low fat eating and an apparent decline in fat consumption, rates of overweight and obesity have continued to climb. More recently low glycaemic index (GI) and high protein diets have become popular and are widely used by the public. However, only a small number of randomised controlled trials have been conducted and none directly comparing the two. Both approaches effectively reduce glycaemic load (GL) and aim to reduce post-prandial glycaemia and insulinaemia. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of diets with reduced GL to enhance the weight loss effects of a reduced-fat diet, to compare the two approaches of reducing GL on metabolic and anthropometric changes, and to investigate any benefit of combining both approaches to produce the lowest GL. Methods: We conducted a 12-week intervention in 129 overweight or obese young adults who were assigned to one of four diets with varying GL, protein, carbohydrate and GI, but similar fat (30% energy), fat type and fibre content. DIET 1 (highest GL) contained 55% E as carbohydrate; DIET 2 was a low-GI version of DIET 1; DIET 3 was a high protein diet with 25% E as protein; DIET 4 (lowest GL) was a low-GI version of DIET 3. The increase in protein in DIETS 3 and 4 came primarily from lean red meat. All key foods and some pre-prepared frozen meals were provided to maximise dietary compliance. Outcome measures were body weight, body fat, lean mass, waist circumference and the following blood parameters: total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols (TAG), free fatty acids, C-reactive protein, fasting insulin, fasting glucose and leptin. Insulin resistance and β-cell function were assessed using homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) and the newer computer models HOMA2-insulin sensitivity and HOMA2-β-cell function. Results: While all groups lost similar amounts of weight (4.2 to 6.2% of initial weight, p=0.09), the proportion who lost >5% of body weight varied significantly by diet: 31%, 56%, 66% and 33% in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively (p=0.011). Differences were strongest in women (76% of the total group) who showed significant differences among groups in percentage weight change (-3.7 ± 0.6%, -5.7 ± 0.6%, -6.5 ± 0.5%, -4.1 ± 0.7% respectively, p=0.005) and fat loss (-3.1 ± 0.4kg, -4.9 ± 0.6kg, -4.8 ± 0.4kg, -3.6 ± 0.7kg respectively, p=0.007). Total and LDL-cholesterol increased on DIET 3 (high protein) compared to a fall on diet 2 (high carbohydrate/low-GI, p=0.013). TAG, HDL-cholesterol and glucose homeostasis improved on all four diets, with no effect of diet composition. Goals for energy distribution were not achieved exactly: both carbohydrate groups ate less fat and the diet 2 group ate more fibre. Conclusions: Reducing GL, through either substituting low-GI foods or replacing some carbohydrate with protein, improved the efficacy of a reduced-fat diet in women and in those with high TAG. Combining both approaches to produce the lowest GL did not promote further weight or body fat loss. Although weight loss was similar in all four diets for the group as a whole, overall clinical outcomes were superior on the high carbohydrate, low-GI diet.
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Mehrfar, Parisa. "Biological markers of weight loss and muscle protein metabolism in early non-small cell lung cancer." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116069.
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The loss of muscle mass leading to cachexia is rarely identified in early lung cancer. Fasting blood and muscle biopsy were collected in 59 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 16 non-cancer patients, at the beginning of thoracic surgery. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP), and IL-6 were higher in NSCLC. In weight-losing NSCLC, food intake and serum albumin were lower, CRP, and TNF-alpha were higher. Although the expression of genes of the ubiquitin-proteasome system was not different, ubiquitinated-protein levels were lower and negatively correlated with ph-FOX01 in weight-losing patients. This would suggest lower muscle proteolytic rates in the early stages of NSCLC. Ph-FOXO1 also related to the degree of weight loss and stage of NSCLC. These data suggest that in early stages of the disease, weight and muscle loss could be mainly due to reduced food intake, rather than accelerated proteolysis, which reinforces the potential for successful dietary interventions to prevent or delay the onset of cachexia.
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Coleman, Mary Dean. "Effect of a Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein Diet on Bone Mineral Density, Biomarkers of Bone Turnover, and Calcium Metabolism in Healthy Pre-Menopausal Females." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28429.
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Low-carbohydrate, high-protein (LCHP) diets have been shown to induce weight loss and beneficial changes in blood lipids that suggest cardiovascular disease risk reduction; however, LCHP diets have not been adequately investigated for health effects on the skeleton. A randomized trial to determine the effects of a LCHP diet on bone mineral status, biomarkers of bone turnover, indicators of acid-base balance, calcium homeostasis and fasting lipids in healthy pre-menopausal women was conducted. Women, aged 32 - 45 y, with a body mass index between 25-41 kg/m2 were randomized into one of two diet groups: LCHP (n = 13) or high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) (n = 12). Anthropometric (body weight, lean mass, fat mass) and bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) measures and markers of lipid metabolism were taken at weeks 0, 6, and 12. Measures of acid-base balance, protein metabolism, and calcium homeostasis were conducted at weeks 0, 1-4, 6, and 12. Serum osteocalcin was analyzed at weeks 0, 1, 2, 6, and 12, while urinary NTx was analyzed at weeks 0, 1 and 2. Weight loss was significant at the end of 12 weeks in both diet groups (P < 0.05) but there was no Diet x Time interaction. Total proximal femur BMD was lower in the LCHP group (P < 0.05) compared to the HCLF group by week 12. Femoral neck BMC decreased in the LCHP diet group (P < 0.05), whereas total forearm BMC increased (P < 0.05) in the HCLF diet group by week 12 of the study. Serum osteocalcin showed significant main effects of diet (P < 0.05) and time (P < 0.0001), but a Diet x Time interaction was not observed. Urinary NTx exhibited no main diet effect, time effect or Diet x Time interaction at weeks 1 or 2. Urinary pH was lower in the LCHP group compared to the HCLF group throughout the study (P < 0.0001). Urinary calcium excretion was higher in the LCHP group and lower in the HCLF group (P < 0.0001) compared to baseline values at all intervals of the study. Urinary phosphorus excretion exhibited a significant diet effect (P < 0.001) and time effect (P < 0.002), while no Diet x Time interaction was observed. Total cholesterol, high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations did not differ between diets during the study. In conclusion, a LCHP diet appears to stimulate bone loss, while a HCLF diet appears to attenuate bone loss in healthy pre-menopausal women undergoing 12 weeks of weight loss.Ph. D.
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Pancewicz, Elena. "The role of the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and the beta3-adrenoreceptor ([Beta]3AR) genes in weight loss /." Title page and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbp188.pdf.
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Mobley-Meulman, Margaret. "Exercise Participation during Weight Loss on a High Protein – Low Carbohydrate Diet Plan in Females Aged 15-25 Years." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1188.
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Weight gain due to poor diet and lack of exercise is responsible for over 300,000 deaths each year (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010). Obese adults have an increased risk for serious health conditions including high blood pressure and cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, respiratory problems, and certain cancers (National Cancer Institute, 2012). Participation in exercise can help control weight, strengthen muscles and bones, and reduce the incidence of cardiac events, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, colon and breast cancers, osteoporotic fractures, gallbladder disease, obesity, depression, anxiety, and delay mortality (ACSM, 2009). The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of exercise participation during weight loss on a high protein-low carbohydrate diet plan during a 12-week span in females aged 15 to 25 years. Specifically, this research study was a comparison of markers of health such as weight, fat mass, percent body fat, and fat-free mass in females who consistently exercised during the diet (Exercisers) from those who did not participate in consistent exercise (Non- Exercisers). The population in this study was selected due to the transition from high school to college being a critical period because it is associated with many identity choices and lifestyle changes that can lead to weight gain (Anderson, Shapiro, & Lundgren, 2003). The data indicate participation in regular exercise, while consuming a high protein-low carbohydrate diet plan, increases the loss of body weight, fat mass, and percent body fat when compared to participating in the diet plan alone. There was no significant difference in fat-free mass reduction between the groups. One implication for practice is recommending moderate to vigorous exercise for a minimum of 30 minutes at a time, totaling a minimum of 150 minutes per week, for females trying to achieve weight loss. Based from the results of this research study, in order to achieve a greater amount of body weight, fat mass, and percent body fat reduction one should consider incorporating exercise participation and high protein-low carbohydrate dieting into their weight loss plan.
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Heick, Jacob Wilhelm-Maria. "DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A LIGHT WEIGHT, ENERGY DENSE, READY TO EAT (RTE) BAR." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/405.
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DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A LIGHT WEIGHT, ENERGY DENSE, READY TO EAT (RTE) BAR
Jacob Wilhelm-Maria Heick
Providing additional calories in the form of an RTE bar to endurance athletes will increase performance and muscle re-synthesis, reduce muscle breakdown, and shorten recovery time. An RTE bar containing a blend of dairy proteins and carbohydrates will create a product with superior functionality, including bioactive and immunity enhancing properties from dairy derived ingredients. The protein will provide benefits in the form of easily digestible calories, essential amino acids and physical satiate.
A formulation was developed and optimized, resulting in a final product that meets the required nutritional profile: 400kcal, 25grams protein per 100 gram serving size. The desired physical characteristics were achieved through processing by both conventional baking and freeze drying. The latter method improves the stability and functionality of the RTE bar.
In order to meet the protein requirements of the RTE bar without compromising sensory properties, a unique protein source was developed. Using high concentrations of conventional protein sources like Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC) resulted in stale off-flavors and unappealing textures. Milk Protein Precipitate (MPP) was developed for this formulation. MPP is a curd-like ingredient created through the combined heat and acid precipitation of dairy proteins. MPP can be used effectively in high concentrations provides a subtle dairy flavor. MPP delivers a balance of casein and whey, similar to that found in milk.
The effectiveness of the RTE bar formulation as a post exercise recovery food was evaluated in a human studies experiment conducted on the Cal Poly campus. The human subjects study utilized 34 Cal Poly students in a single-blind cross-over design experiment. The study compared the effects of this high protein RTE bar against a calorically equal carbohydrate bar. The bars were administered after subjects completed the pre-assigned hikes on three consecutive days. Following the cross-over design, subjects received the alternate bar in the second period of the experiment. Several blood markers involved in metabolism and inflammation were measured before and after the two treatment periods. No blood marker showed a statistically significant difference between bars, but several trends were observed. Body weight and fat percent were also unaffected by bar composition.
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Angus, Jennifer Michelle. "A Study of Clinical Outcomes Using Serum Albumin and Percentage of Weight Loss following Nutritional Intervention in Post-Operative Bariatric Patients." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2144.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if post-operative serum albumin and percentage of weight loss improved in patients who received formalized pre-operative nutrition counseling. Nutrition intervention was measured quantitatively. A retrospective review of records was conducted on 77 RYGB patients (68 female subjects and 9 male subjects), ages 21-64, during January 2001 through January 2006.
The results indicated that patients who received pre-operative nutrition intervention had better clinical outcomes of serum albumin than those with no nutrition intervention from a registered dietitian. However, outcomes regarding percentage of weight loss varied. Both pre-operatively and at the 3 month post-operative visit the weight of subjects who received nutrition intervention seemed to be increasing by the 6 month post-operative visit the subjects with no nutrition intervention had lost more weight.
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Galbreath, Melyn Kreider Richard B. "Effects of a high protein diet on weight loss, markers of health, and functional capacity in senior-aged females participating in the Curves [Registered] fitness program." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5255.
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Chakaroun, Rima. "Effects of weight loss and exercise on chemerin serum concentrations and adipose tissue expression in human obesity." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-158639.
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Chemerin is a chemoattractant adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and may induce insulin resistance. Chemerin serum concentrations are elevated in obese, insulin-resistant, and inflammatory states in vivo. Here we investigate the role of omental (OM) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue chemerin and CMKLR1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in human obesity. In addition, we test the hypothesis that changes in chemerin serum concentrations are primarily associated with reduced body fat mass in the context of 3 weight loss intervention studies. Chemerin serum concentration was measured in 740 individuals in a cross-sectional (n = 629) study including a subgroup (n = 161) for which OM and SC chemerin mRNA expression has been analyzed as well as in 3 interventions including 12 weeks of exercise (n = 60), 6 months of calorie-restricted diet (n = 19) studies, and 12 months after bariatric surgery (n = 32). Chemerin mRNA is significantly higher expressed in adipose tissue of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and correlates with circulating chemerin, body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, C-reactive protein, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and glucose infusion rate in euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps. CMKLR1 mRNA expression was not significantly different between the 2 fat depots. Obesity surgery–induced weight loss causes a significant reduction on both OM and SC chemerin expression. All interventions led to significantly reduced chemerin serum concentrations. Decreased chemerin serum concentrations significantly correlate with improved glucose infusion rate and reduced C-reactive protein levels independently of changes in BMI. Insulin resistance and inflammation are BMI-independent predictors of elevated chemerin serum concentrations. Reduced chemerin expression and serum concentration may contribute to improved insulin sensitivity and subclinical inflammation beyond significant weight loss.
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Pedrosa, Rogerio Graça. "Efeito da suplementação crônica com leucina na composição corporal e no estado protéico de ratos submetidos à restrição alimentar e a período de recuperação nutricional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9132/tde-31082007-145634/.
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Diversos estudos demonstraram que a administração aguda de leucina é capaz de estimular a síntese protéica. Contudo, poucos estudos verificaram os efeitos crônicos dessa suplementação em parâmetros que refletem o estado nutricional protéico (ENP). O presente estudo avaliou o efeito da suplementação crônica com leucina na composição corporal e no estado protéico de ratos submetidos à restrição alimentar (RA) e a período de recuperação nutricional (RN). Foram realizados dois experimentos com 88 ratos Wistar machos e adultos que foram mantidos em gaiolas individuais, em ambiente climatizado e com ciclo biológico de 12 h claro/12 h escuro. No experimento I, 28 animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos: CON (ração AIN93-M) (n = 15) e LEU (ração suplementada com 0,59 % de L-leucina) (n = 13) e submetidos à RA de 50 % por seis semanas. No experimento II, 60 animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos: CON (ração AIN93-M) (n = 30) e LEU (ração suplementada com 0,59 % de L-leucina) (n = 30) e submetidos à RA de 50 % durante uma semana. Findo o período, 15 animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados; o restante dos animais (n = 15 por grupo) foi submetido a duas semanas de RN com suas respectivas rações. No período de RN, as rações foram consumidas ad libitum. Avaliou-se: a composição química da carcaça; a massa de órgãos e do músculo gastrocnêmio; os conteúdos e as concentrações de proteína, RNA e DNA no fígado e no músculo gastrocnêmio; as concentrações séricas de IGF-1, corticosterona, leptina, proteínas totais, albumina e globulina; e as concentrações plasmáticas de uréia e glicose. No experimento I, a suplementação reduziu a gordura corporal e aumentou as concentrações de proteína hepática e de RNA muscular. No experimento II, não houve alterações na massa do intestino e nos conteúdos de proteína e de RNA no fígado dos animais suplementados durante os períodos de RA e RN. A suplementação com leucina aumentou a uremia dos animais do grupo LEU, em relação ao grupo CON, após RN. Não houve diferença significativa na concentração de corticosterona sérica e no conteúdo protéico da carcaça e de tecidos específicos nos animais suplementados. Os resultados obtidos permitem sugerir que a suplementação crônica com leucina aumenta a perda de gordura e melhora alguns parâmetros do ENP na RA em longo prazo, sem alterar o conteúdo protéico da carcaça e de tecidos específicos. Também permitem sugerir que essa suplementação melhora alguns parâmetros do ENP durante variação de peso corporal.Several studies have demonstrated that the acute administration of leucine is capable of stimulating protein synthesis. However, few studies have investigated the chronic effects of this supplementation as to the parameters that reflect the protein nutritional state (PNS). With this in mind, the aim of this study was o evaluate the effect of the chronic supplementation with leucine on body composition and protein state of rats submitted to food restriction (FR) and a subsequent nutritional recovery period (NR). Two experiments were carried out, using 88 adult male Wistar rats that were kept in individual metabolic cages, in an acclimatized environment with a 12-hour dark-light cycle. In experiment I, 28 animals were distributed into 2 groups: CON (fed an AIN93-M ration, n=15) and LEU (fed a ration supplemented with 0.59% L-leucine, n=13), both groups being submitted to 50% FR with their respective rations, during 6 weeks. In experiment II, 60 animals were distributed into two groups: CON (fed an AIN93-M ration, n=30) and LEU (fed a ration supplemented with 0.59% L-leucine, n=30), both groups being submitted to 50% FR with their respective rations, during 1 week. After this period, 15 animals belonging to each group were sacrificed. The remaining animals (n=15 per group) were submitted to a further 2 weeks of NR each with their respective rations. The period of NR was characterised by ration consumption ad libitum. The chemical composition of the carcass; the mass of the viscera and of the gastrocnemius muscle; protein, RNA and DNA concentration and content of the liver and gastrocnemius muscle; the serum concentrations of IGF-1, corticosterone, leptin, total protein, albumin and globulin; and the plasma concentrations of urea and glucose were determined. The results of experiment I showed that supplementation with leucine reduced the amount of body fat and increased the concentrations of liver protein as well as that of muscle DNA after 6 weeks of FR. The supplementation with leucine also increased uremia of the animals belonging to the LEU group with respect to those of the CON group. However, there was no significant difference in the concentration of serum corticosterone and in the protein content of the carcass and specific tissues of the animals subjected to supplementation. We can therefore suggest that supplementation with leucine increases the loss of body fat and improves parameters of the PNS in FR in the long run, without, however, altering the protein content of the carcass and specific tissues. It can also be said that this supplementation improves some of the parameters of the PNS throughout the variation of body weight.
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Furber, Matthew James Walter. "Nutrition and metabolic adaptation : the assessment and impact of dietary manipulation on metabolic and cellular perturbation." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/19011.
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It is well established that improved nutritional strategies can enhance both health and exercise performance. Scientific developments in recent years have furthered our understanding of cellular metabolism, which in turn, has provided an additional platform to investigate the impact of diet on health and adaptation. The overall aim of this research programme was to build on the current understanding of dietary intake in athletes and the impact dietary manipulation has on cellular and metabolic adaptation at rest and in combination with endurance training. It is postulated that nutrition is the most controllable risk factor impacting long-term health and chronic disease (World-Health-Organization, 2003), and enhanced knowledge of nutrition has been associated with improved dietary choices. A number of nutrition knowledge questionnaires have been developed to assess this; however the validity of each tool is reduced if implemented outside the target population. A valid and reliable general and sport nutrition knowledge questionnaire had not yet been developed. Using a parallel groups repeated measures study design (N = 101) the aim of the first experimental Chapter (Chapter 4) was to develop a new tool to measure general and sport nutrition knowledge in UK track and field athletes. Following the questionnaire design 53 nutrition educated and 48 non-nutrition educated participants completed the questionnaire on two occasions separated by three weeks. The results of the process demonstrated face and construct validity from the development of the question pool, content validity (the nutrition educated group scored > 30% higher that the non-nutrition educated group), reliability (test - retest correlation of 0.98, p < 0.05) and internal consistency (Chronbach's alpha value > 0.7) as such establishing a new tool (Nutrition knowledge Questionnaire for Athletes (NKQA)) for the assessment of general and sport nutrition knowledge in track and field athletes. Athletes' diets are commonly reported as inadequate and previous work has demonstrated a weak positive relationship between diet quality and nutrition knowledge. Additionally a commercially available tool, the metabolic typing questionnaire, claims to identify individual metabolic function and subsequently prescribe a personalised diet to optimise health. Thus the aim of the second experimental Chapter (Chapter 5) was to quantify nutrition knowledge (using the questionnaire developed in Chapter 4), measure diet intake and quality and investigate the efficacy of the metabolic typing questionnaire in UK track and field athletes. Using a parallel groups repeated measures design participants (UK track and field athletes n = 59, and non-athletic control group n = 29) completed a food diary, the NKQA and the metabolic typing questionnaire at two time points through the year (October and April) to investigate seasonal change. The results of the metabolic typing questionnaire concluded that 94.3% of the participants were the same dietary type and would subsequently have been prescribed the same diet. Athletes possess greater general and sport nutrition knowledge the non-athletes (60.4 ± 2.0 % vs. 48.6 ± 1.5 %) and also had better diet quality (76.8 ± 10.5 % vs. 67.6 ± 2.6 %). However no relationship was observed between individual nutrition knowledge score and diet quality (r2 = 0.003, p = 0.63). No difference in dietary intake was observed between power and endurance athletes; average diet intake consisted of 57.0% carbohydrate, 17.1% protein and 25.9% fat. The metabolic typing diet is based around three different diets: high carbohydrate, high protein and mixed diet. The results from Chapter 5 identified that the metabolic typing questionnaire was not able to differentiate between metabolic function in healthy individuals. Additionally all athletes, independent of event (power vs. endurance), consumed similar diets. With such similarities a clearer understanding of the impact such diets have at a cellular level is required. Therefore for the remainder of the thesis it was decided to investigate the impact of dietary manipulation utilising more robust measures. Mitochondria are responsible for energy production; their quantity and density have been associated with improved health and endurance performance. External stressors such as energy reduction, carbohydrate restriction and exercise are potent stimulators of transcription markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Thus manipulating carbohydrate and energy availability in vivo may enhance cellular adaptation and limited literature exists on the impact increased protein intake has on this. The aim of Chapter 6 was to investigate the impact of acute (7-day) continuous dietary manipulation on metabolic markers, body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR). Using a repeated measures parallel group (N = 45) design, participants were randomly assigned one of four diets: high protein hypocaloric, high carbohydrate hypocaloric, high protein eucaloric or high carbohydrate eucaloric. The macronutrient ratio of the high protein diets was 40% protein, 30 % carbohydrate and 30% fat, the high carbohydrate diets were 10% protein, 60% carbohydrate and 30% fat. Energy intake in the hypocaloric diets was matched to resting metabolic rate (RMR). Participants consumed habitual diet for 7-days then baseline measures were collected (skeletal muscle biopsy, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan (DXA) and RMR, habitual diet was consumed for a further 7-days and repeat testing was completed (these time points were used as a control), the intervention diet was then consumed for 7-days and post measures were collected. The results of the skeletal muscle biopsy demonstrated no group x time interaction in any marker, however a pre-post time difference subsequent to the high protein hypocaloric diet (the diet which induced the greatest metabolic stress) was observed in four transcriptional markers of mitochondrial biogenesis (pre-post intervention fold increase: PCG1-α 1.27, AMPK 2.09, SIRT1 1.5, SIRT3 1.19, p < 0.05). The results of the DXA scan demonstrated that the high protein hypocaloric group lost significantly more fat mass than the high carbohydrate eucaloric group (-0.99 kg vs. -0.50 kg, p < 0.015). Irrespective of macronutrient ratio, no energy-matched between group difference was observed in lean mass (LM) loss. However when matched for macronutrient ratio the high protein diet attenuated LM loss to a greater extent that the high carbohydrate diet, suggesting an important role of increased protein intake in the maintenance of lean mass. No time point or group difference in RMR was observed. This data suggests that a high protein low carbohydrate hypocaloric diet may provide a stimulus to promote skeletal muscle metabolic adaptation. The aim of the final experimental Chapter (Chapter 7) in this thesis was to explore the impact exercise in combination with a high protein diet on metabolic adaptation, substrate utilisation and exercise performance in well trained runners. Using a parallel groups repeated measures study design the participants (well-trained endurance runners, N = 16) consumed normal habitual diet for 7-days, then 7-days intervention diet (high protein eucaloric or high carbohydrate eucaloric, same dietary ratios as Chapter 6) and finally returned to habitual diet for 7-days, training was consistent throughout. A pre exercise muscle biopsy was taken subsequent to each diet and immediately followed by a 10 km sub-maximal run and a time to exhaustion run (TTE) at 95% of velocity at maximal aerobic capacity (vV̇O2max). Post intervention the high protein group presented significant changes in sub-maximal substrate utilisation with 101% increase in fat oxidation (0.59 g·min-1, p = 0.0001). No changes were observed in substrate utilisation in the high carbohydrate group. A trend towards a reduction in average weekly running speed was observed in the PRO group (-0.9 km·h-1), the high carbohydrate group maintained the same training speed. TTE was decreased (-23.3%, p = 0.0003) in the high protein group subsequent to the intervention, no change was observed in subsequent to the high carbohydrate diet.The high carbohydrate group demonstrated preferential increases in markers of metabolic adaptations (fold increase: AMPK = 1.44 and PPAR = 1.32, p < 0.05) suggesting that training intensity, rather than carbohydrate restriction, may be a more profound driver of metabolic adaptation. All performance measures, in both groups, returned to pre intervention levels once habitual diet was returned; however the increased gene expression observed in the high carbohydrate group remained elevated 7-days post intervention. The increased metabolic stress imposed by reducing carbohydrate intake did not increase transcriptional markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. For continuous endurance training and high intensity endurance performance a high carbohydrate diet is preferential to a high protein diet.
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Masgrau, Aurélie. "Caractérisation du métabolisme protéique musculaire au cours de l'obésité et lors de la perte de poids." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF1MM07.
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L'obésité - caractérisée par l'accumulation de lipides dans le tissu adipeux, puis dans les tissus périphériques tels que le foie et les muscles squelettiques - entraine des dysfonctionnements métaboliques de ces tissus. Sur le long terme, même s'il est fréquemment rapporté une augmentation de la masse maigre, l'obésité s'accompagne d'une perte de masse musculaire. La perte de poids a un impact positif sur les comorbidités associées à l'obésité. Toutefois, lorsqu'elle est induite par une restriction alimentaire, elle peut être associée à une perte demasse musculaire. L'association d'une activité physique à la restriction alimentaire peut limiter la perte de muscles. Sur le plan métabolique, la masse musculaire dépend essentiellement du renouvellement des protéines qui le composent. Aussi, l'objectif du travail de thèse a été de caractériser les modifications du métabolisme protéique musculaire, et particulièrement les modifications de la protéosynthèse, au cours du développement de l'obésité et pendant une perte de poids induite par un régime hypolipidique associé ou non à un exercice d'endurance. La première étude a permis de montrer qu'il existe deux phases distinctes lors du développement de l'obésité chez le rat. La première est associée à un gain de poids et de masse musculaire, associée à une augmentation de la vitesse de synthèse (FSR) des protéines myofibrillaires et mitochondriales spécifiquement dans le muscle glycolytique tibialis anterior, en postabsorptif. La seconde est associée à une stabilisation du poids, une réduction de la masse musculaire et à une diminution du FSR des protéines mitochondriales dans le tibialis anterior, alors même qu'une accumulation lipidique se produit dans ce muscle. Le muscle oxydatif soleus n'est pas affecté. La deuxième étude a montré qu'une restrictionlipidique isocalorique ou que la pratique d'un exercice en endurance régulier ne préviennent pas la perte de masse musculaire induite par l'obésité, contrairement à l'association des deux traitements. L'exercice seul ou associé au régime hyperlipidique stimule le FSR des protéinesmyofibrillaires dans le tibialis anterior, mais l'exercice ne stimule le FSR des protéines myofibrillaires et mitochondriales dans le muscle oxydatif soleus que lorsqu'il est associé à la restriction lipidique. En conclusion, ce travail a mis en évidence, d'une part, que la synthèseprotéique musculaire en postabsorptif et la masse musculaire sont différemment affectées en fonction du stade de développement de l'obésité et que, d'autre part, la synthèse protéique musculaire en postabsorptif est différemment affectée en fonction de la typologie musculaire. D'autre part, l'exercice a un impact bénéfique sur la masse musculaire et sur la protéosynthèse, mais cet effet "anabolisant" est limité par le régime hyperlipidiquehypersucré. Pour transposer ces données chez l'homme, une étude clinique qui porte sur l'effet de la perte de poids induite par chirurgie bariatrique sur le métabolisme protéique musculaire a été mise en place et est actuellement en coursObesity - characterized by lipid accumulation in adipose tissue and in peripheral tissues such as liver and skeletal muscles - leads to metabolic dysfunction of these tissues. In the long term, although it is frequently reported an increase in lean mass, obesity is accompanied by a loss of muscle mass. Weight loss has a positive impact on comorbidities associated with obesity. However, when it was induced by dietary restriction, it may be associated with muscle mass loss. The association of physical activity to food restriction may limit muscle mass loss. Metabolically, muscle mass depends essentially on proteins turnover, i.e. protein synthesis and breakdown. Therefore, the aim of the thesis work was to characterize changes in muscle protein metabolism, especially changes in protein synthesis, during obesity development and weight loss induced by a low-fat-diet with or without endurance exercise. The first study has shown that there are two distinct phases in the development of obesity in rats. The first is associated with body weight and muscle mass gains and an increase in myofibrillar and mitochondrial proteins synthesis rate (FSR), specifically in glycolytic muscle tibialis anterior, in postabsorptive state. Oxidative muscle soleus was not affected. The second phase is associated with body weight stabilization, reduced muscle mass and a decrease in the mitochondrial proteins FSR in the tibialis anterior. The second study has shown that isocaloric low-fat-diet or the practice of regular endurance exercise do not prevent muscle mass loss induced by obesity, unlike the combination of both treatments. Exercise alone or associated with high-fat diet stimulates the FSR of myofibrillar proteins actin in tibialis anterior muscle, but exercise stimulates the FSR of myofibrillar and mitochondrial proteins in the oxidative muscle soleus only when it is associated with lipid restriction. In conclusion, this study has shown firstly that muscle protein synthesis in postabsorptive state and muscle mass are differently affected depending on the stage of obesity development, and, secondly that muscle protein synthesis in postabsorptive state is differently affected depending on muscle typology. On the other hand, exercise has a beneficial effect on muscle mass and protein synthesis, but this "anabolic" effect is limited by the high-fat, high-sucrose diet. To transpose these data in humans, a clinical study that examines the effect of weight loss induced by bariatric surgery on muscle protein metabolism has been established and is currently underway
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Riggs, Amy Jo. "Calories vs. composition : the effects of dietary alterations on anthropometric measures and biochemical parameters in overweight women." Virtual Press, 2002. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1231345.
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TITLE: Calories vs. Composition: The effect on dietary alterations on anthropometric measures and biochemical parameters in overweight women.LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine if a high-protein, low-carbohydrate, ad-libitum diet is more effective than an energy-restricted diet in promoting weight loss and improving blood lipid and insulin levels.ABSTRACT TEXT: Thirty overweight/obese (BMI: 25-35kg/m2), premenopausal women were matched for Body Mass Index (BMI) and randomly assigned to one of the two diets: (1) High Protein (HP) (30-40% protein, 40-55% fat, 10-20% CHO); (2) Energy Restricted (ER) (1200kcal/d, 20-25% fat, 15-20% protein, 55-60% CHO). Subjects were given weekly menus matching their assigned macronutrient and/or energy requirements to aid in meal planning and dietary compliance. Baseline and post-diet measures included height, weight, body composition, blood lipids (total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL< and triglycerides (TG)], and plasma insulin levels. There were no significant differences found among the two groups in any of the above-listed variables prior to the study. Twenty-three women completed the 6-week study (HP=11, ER= 12). Compliance to the diets was adequate as indicated by weekly 24-hour recalls and daily urinary ketone levels. Both groups lost a significant amount of weight and body fat (P<0.05), andweight and body fat losses were not significantly different between the groups. In addition, both groups experienced similar decreases in TG, TC, LDL, HDL, and insulin levels. These results indicate that a HP diet is no more effective than an ER diet in promoting favorable changes in body weight, body composition, blood lipids, and insulin levels.Department of Family and Consumer Sciences
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Hession, Michelle. "Different dietary approaches for the treatment of obesity and the phenotypic responses to these diets." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/415.
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Current treatments for obesity have been unsuccessful. It is essential that a patient-centred approach for obesity management is developed and for this to be successful other diet and lifestyle approaches need to be considered. A systematic review comparing low carbohydrate vs. low fat diets for the treatment of obesity was carried out. It found that low carbohydrate/high protein diets are as effective as, if not better, for treating obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors. A randomised controlled trial investigating dietary approaches for the treatment of obesity and its co morbidities was carried out. Variables including weight and body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, adipokines, liver and kidney function, and health and lifestyle factors were measured. Those with metabolic syndrome were also examined. It was hypothesised that there are alternative ways of treating obese subjects depending on their phenotype. Those with a higher BMI tend to have a higher carbohydrate intake rather that a higher fat intake so may be better suited to a low carbohydrate/high protein diet rather than the conventional low fat/energy reduced diet. Subjects were initially treated with the standard dietary approach for obesity (health eating, HE) and if not successful after 3 months were randomised to either a very low calorie diet (Lighterlife, LL) or a protein sparing modified fast (PSMF). All three groups showed a significant weight loss and reduced risk for CVD at 12 months. Significant improvements were seen for plasminogen-activated receptor-1, adiponectin, leptin and IL-6 on HE and LL, but only adiponectin significantly improved on the PSMF. Neither diet showed any detrimental effects for those with a healthy liver and kidney function. Quality of life and levels of depression improved at 12 months. Of the 54 subjects with metabolic syndrome at baseline, 12 remained on HE and 32 were randomised to LL and PSMF. This indicates that most subjects did not suit a low fat dietary approach. They were successful at losing weight on LL and PSMF and showed improvement in MS risk factors, and adipokine levels at 12 months. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that a low fat diet may not necessarily be the first line of approach to treat obese subjects with a BMI over 35 kg/m2, including those with MS. A very low calorie diet such as LL or a PSMF may be better suited to the subject.
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Simões, Carla Sofia da Silva. "Avaliação de alterações na composição e função proteica da saliva induzidas por perda de peso." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/11399.
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A obesidade é um desfio de saúde pública. Sendo a saliva base de potenciais biomarcadores patológicos e/ou de estados fisiológicos, propomos a análise de possíveis alterações no proteoma salivar decorrente de obesidade e associadas a perda de peso por exercício físico e restrição calórica. Serão ainda analisadas as atividade e expressão da anidrase carbónica VI, dado o seu papel relevante na perceção gustativa e na saúde oral.
A análise do perfil proteico bidimensional das amostras de saliva em estudo revelou 63 spots diferencialmente expressos, 11 deles possíveis “biomarcadores” de obesidade e/ou perda de peso por exercício físico e dieta. Observou-se, por western blot, um aumento da expressão da CAVI com a perda de peso, que não se refletiu em alteração de atividade enzimática.
Estes resultados mostram alterações de proteoma salivar associadas à perda de peso, em particular da CAVI. Será relevante de futuro relacionar estas alterações com as preferências/escolhas alimentares; ### Abstract: Obesity is a public health challenge. Being saliva a source of potential biomarkers pathological and/or of physiological conditions, we propose an analysis of the possible changes in salivary proteome resulting from obesity and associated with weight loss by exercise and caloric restriction. The activity and expression of carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI), will be also analysed, given the role of this protein in taste perception and oral health. The analysis of two-dimensional protein profile of saliva samples under study revealed 63 differentially expressed spots, from which 11 are potential "biomarkers" of obesity and/or weight loss by exercise and diet. It was observed, by western blot analysis, an increased expression of CAVI with weight loss, without alteration on its enzymatic activity. These results points to changes in salivary proteome associated with weight loss, particularly at CAVI level. It will be relevant, in the future, to relate these changes with preferences/food choices.
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Logan, Catherine. "Evaluation of commercial weight loss programmes during weight loss and weight maintenance." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428607.
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Seiber, Andrew. "Examination of Perceptions of Weight Loss and Weight Loss Methods." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3699.
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The purpose of this study was to examine individuals’ perceptions of weight loss and weight loss methods. Respondents were employees and customers attending health/wellness events at local supermarkets in June, July, and August 2019. Participants completed a survey to assess their understanding and perceptions of weight loss and methods used to achieve weight loss. The majority of participants were white females, 60 years or older with a college degree and a Body Mass Index (BMI) classified as overweight or obese. Data revealed most participants had a variety of misconceptions relating to weight loss and weight loss methods that were obscure and fad-diet oriented, including low-carbohydrate diets. Participants did understand benefits of weight loss but expressed maintaining weight loss was a challenge. These findings suggest that fad diets are alluring to individuals and individuals did not incorporate evidence-based behavior changes to promote or sustain weight loss.
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Hughes, Joyce M. "Factors influencing successful weight loss and weight loss maintenance in slimming clubs." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265263.
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Bachman, Robert Lee 1947. "A Psychosocial Comparison Between Weight Loss Maintainers and Weight Loss Non-Maintainers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330956/.
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Psychosocial differences between weight loss maintainers and weight loss non-maintainers were compared at least one year after reaching a medically approved weight goal through a medically supervised weight loss program. Research questions addressed differences between groups on the dimensions of somatization, obsessive/compulsive issues, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, ability to resolve past emotional issues, social interpersonal relationships, and tolerance of ambiguity.
The all-female sample consisted of maintainers of weight loss (N=30), non-maintainers (N=33), psychotherapy maintainers (N=14), and psychotherapy non-maintainers (N=ll). Research instruments administered were the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior, Personal Orientation Inventory, and Budner Scale for Tolerance/Intolerance of Ambiguity.
To determine differences between groups, a t test was performed on data relating to the maintaining and non-maintaining groups. An analysis of variance was performed on data related to the maintaining, non-maintaining, psychotherapy maintaining, and psychotherapy non-maintaining groups. An intercorrelation matrix was completed for all variables.
Non-maintainers of weight loss had significantly more difficulty with somatic problems as indicated in the results of both the t test and the analysis of variance (p < .009, p < .02, respectively). Non-maintainers expressed more complaints which focused on cardio-vascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and somatic equivalents of anxiety (headaches, pain, discomfort of the gross musculature).
An analysis of variance showed non-maintainers (p < .05) to be significantly less effective in resolving past emotional issues than maintainers, psychotherapy maintainers, and psychotherapy non-maintainers. Non-maintainers were more burdened by guilt, regrets, and resentments from the past.
Results of the analysis of variance indicated that psychotherapy maintainers (p < .03) were more socially adjusted than maintainers, non-maintainers, and psychotherapy non-maintainers. Inclusion and control subscales characterized psychotherapy maintainers to be more socially adaptable and flexible. They assumed responsibility without support of others and were less burdened with fears of helplessness and incompetence.
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Calhoun, McKenzie L. "Weight Loss Medication Update." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6887.
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Collins, Kelly. "Discounting Physical Exercise, Weight Gain, and Weight Loss." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2341.
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Fogarty, Nicholas. "Psychological profiles of weight-loss : a comparison of surgical and behavioural weight-loss interventions /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09p/09pf655.pdf.
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Bordieri, Michael J. "Generating sustainable weight loss : investigating the efficacy of a behavioral based weight loss intervention /." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885431361&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Bordieri, Michael James. "Generating Sustainable Weight Loss: Investigating the Efficacy of a Behavioral Based Weight Loss Intervention." OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/42.
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Two thirds of Americans are overweight or obese. Traditional obesity interventions (e.g. drug therapy, diets, behavior therapy) generate moderate short-term weight loss but have little evidence of long-term weight maintenance. The cultural phenomenon of "yo-yo dieting" mirrors empirical findings which suggest that weight loss, albeit demanding, is a far easier process to target than weight maintenance. The present study sought to evaluate the efficacy of an acceptance based behavioral intervention designed to generate improvements in psychological health and quality of life in obese and overweight adults as well as encourage gradual and sustainable weight loss. The therapy package combined the traditional behavioral interventions of self-monitoring and goal setting with an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) protocol across eight weekly individual therapy sessions. While no significant immediate weight loss was observed following the intervention, significant improvements in general psychological health, reductions in anxiety and escape maintained eating, and increases in weight related acceptance and action were found in the treatment group (n = 9) compared to a wait list control group (n = 10). These findings suggest that an acceptance based intervention targeting wide band outcomes might serve as a viable alternative to traditional approaches targeting only immediate weight loss.
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Johnstone, Alexandra M. "Weight loss in human obesity." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU149466.
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Hypothesis: The work examined the effect of rate and extent of WL on body composition, physiological function (e.g. respiratory function), psychological function (e.g. mood), appetite and behaviour. Methods: The PhD was designed as a series of structured, longitudinal studies examining specific physiological and psychological parameters, in the three groups of six healthy, but obese (BMI 30-35) men. Subjects were assigned to either a WL group: (1) total fast to achieve 5% WL in 6 days; (2) VLCD (2.5 MJ/d) to achieve 10% WL in 3 weeks; (3) LCD (5.0 MJ/d) to achieve 10% WL in 6 weeks. Results: The main findings of this thesis are, (i) There was little evidence of energy balance regulation in response to an acute total fast (36 h) in human subjects; (ii) Rate of WL is important in determining tissue loss. A slowest rate of WL (with LCD) induced the greatest loss of fat mass, relative to lean tissue. The VLCD only had a protein sparing effect, relative to fasting, after initial loss of LBM; (iii) Rate of WL had a pronounced effect on subjectively-rated fatigue. This, in turn, influenced physical activity and hence total daily energy expenditure. The faster the rate of weight loss, the more fatigued the subject felt. WL had no effect on muscle function nor central nervous fatigue; (iv) Fasting is a stressful means of weight loss leading to a negative mood, which was reversed upon re-feeding. Extent of WL positively influenced mood; (v) All groups cognitively restrained ad libitum intake, post weight loss. There was a negative correlation between increased restraint score and body weight maintenance (-0.519; p=0.027). Conclusion: Rate and extent of WL are both important in determining the success of WL in terms of tissue loss, health, well-being and quality of life. Starvation cannot be recommended as a means of WL. The most effective WL strategy, should be a LCD, conducted over a period of weeks, resulting in a slow rate of WL to maximise fat loss and health benefits.
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Leser, Maureen Seyford. "Factors affecting weight loss maintenance." Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022008-063337/.
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Houtkooper, Linda, Jaclyn Maurer, and Veronica Mullins. "Weight Loss Tips for Athletes." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146638.
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2 pp.The only way to lose fat weight is to consume fewer calories than the body uses. Athletes who successfully lose weight learn how to apply this concept, while maintaining the energy levels required for training.
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Choudhry, Khurshid Mohammand. "Weight loss and weight gain within two English prisons." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/weight-loss-and-weight-gain-within-two-english-prisons(0b08218c-db2d-49e6-8aea-7b88ec1d4493).html.
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The aim of this thesis was to investigate obesity and weight change in two English prisons using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The research incorporated the first study to assess UK male prisoners’ weight change during imprisonment, as well as the first study to take into consideration factors associated with weight change specific to the prison setting. Data collection, for both qualitative and quantitative components of the study, started in May 2013 and ceased in November 2015. Qualitative interviews were undertaken with prison nurses (17 interviewees) and prisoners (19 interviewees) to obtain an understanding of how imprisonment and the prison setting can influence a prisoner’s weight. These interviews showed similar findings with both groups identifying food and physical activity as important factors that might influence a prisoner’s weight. These opinions were similar to views that might be expressed in a community setting. However, in addition, both groups identified how imprisonment and the prison environment created a unique setting for weight management. These contextual factors influenced health related behaviours and provided a greater understanding of the determinants of prisoners’ health. Power was a key theme, shown to exist in many different forms and having a positive and negative influence on prisoners’ health related behaviours. These were shown to be influenced by three main sources of power: the prison, other prisoners and impact of the outside world. Time, in various forms, was also found to play an important role in dictating prisoners’ health-related behaviours. The quantitative study demonstrated the complex relationship between imprisonment and weight and the influence of age on weight change. Findings from the quantitative study supported the results from the two qualitative studies showing how prison culture impacted on weight and weight change. The final discussion utilises various models of embodiment, including those specific to men’s health, to understand the results of this research project. The final conclusion challenges some commonly held perceptions of prisoners’ health related behaviour and provides a theoretical model that could be developed to provide more appropriate care for prisoners in the future.
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Castle, Elizabeth. "Factors associated with weight status, weight loss and attrition." Thesis, Durham University, 2017. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12182/.
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This thesis presents four studies which explore factors associated with weight status, weight loss and attrition. The first and second studies, respectively, examine factors associated with weight loss and attrition. The third study utilises statistical methods to detect and correct for sample selection bias on expected weight loss outcomes and the final study examines risk and time preferences in relation to BMI. Overall we identify several variables exhibiting a significant relationship with weight loss and attrition. Further, we identify and correct for non-random sample selection and, in the final research chapter, find some evidence of a relationship between risk preferences and BMI. Whilst the four research chapters presented can be read independently, each chapter builds upon the findings of the previous studies to present a rich and comprehensive assessment of variables of interest, and throughout the thesis we build an increasingly sophisticated methodological approach to the evaluation of weight status, weight loss and attrition. Our research allows for the identification of potential intervention-generated-inequalities, which are of particular importance for both the continuous development of weight management services and policy. For the first time within the current literature we complement a rich, comprehensive assessment of weight management services with sophisticated quantitative methodological approaches and concepts prevalent in the behavioural economics literature but which have rarely been utilised in studies of obesity. Finally, we evidence a requirement to control for sample selection in economic assessments of weight management services to ensure unbiased estimates within cost-benefit and return-on-investment analyses.
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DiSilvestro, David Joel. "Encapsulation of Genetically Modified Preadipocytes for Potential Treatment of Metabolic Disorders." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1449090087.
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Haiek, Laura N. "Postpartum weight loss and infant feeding." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55447.
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It is not yet clear whether women who lactate lose the weight gained during pregnancy faster than their nonlactating counterparts. The primary objective of this study was to look for any important differences in the rate of postpartum weight loss in the first 9 months postpartum according to method of infant feeding.Two hundred thirty-six women attending two public health clinics in Montreal were weighed in one to four encounters occurring at different stages of the postpartum period but no later than the 9th month postpartum. A questionnaire assessing the method of infant feeding (predominantly breastfeeding, mixed feeding or predominantly bottlefeeding) and potential confounders was administered by telephone after each weighing. An unbalanced multivariate repeated measures analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in the rate of weight loss by category of infant feeding. Gestational weight gain, postpartum smoking and maternal birthplace were important predictors of postpartum weight change.
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Cullen, Caroline. "Maintained weight loss : facilitators and barriers." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/621925.
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Seward, Hannah. "Socioeconomic status and weight loss behaviors." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3322.
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In the United States and many other countries, obesity is viewed as a public health crisis that must be handled. Many social and individual solutions to the problem are proposed in research and policy. On an individual level, many Americans try to get rid of their fat with a multitude of weight loss practices as part of a healthy lifestyle. Obesity rates, feelings towards fatness, and weight control behaviors are significantly affected by a number of sociocultural factors. In this project I explore the relationship between the desire to lose weight and weight control practices with income. Using data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2010 (N=4,341), I explore how income is associated with body satisfaction and weight control behaviors. I then examine if specific weight loss strategies differ by SES among those who have tried to lose weight (N=1,512). Results indicate that income impacts the desire to lose weight, weight loss attempts (OR=.778, CI=.663-.913), and some weight control strategies such as exercise (OR=1.392, CI=1.055-1.836), switching to lower calorie foods (OR=1.364, CI=1.027-1.813), and eating less fat to lose weight (OR=1.449, CI=1.094-1.919). However, other sociodemographic characteristics, such as education, gender, and race, played very important roles in predicting these behaviors. Overall, these findings suggest that an individual’s socioeconomic status influences feelings about one’s weight and what one does to change it, but it is only one piece of the puzzle. This study has several implications; most notably that one-size-fits-all obesity solution policy platform cannot be created if real changes are expected. Tailoring interventions to specific groups based on education and income are important to creating lasting change.
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Barley, Oliver Roland. "Acute weight loss in combat sports." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2019. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2200.
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Acute dehydration is a common method of weight loss in many combat sports, including Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Acute dehydration has been shown to negatively affect exercise performance but minimal research has examined the mechanisms influencing exercise performance and potential strategies to mitigate them. The present thesis aimed to: i) examine the prevalence of weight loss methods and magnitude of weight lost in MMA and other combat sports, ii) examine the physiological and psychobiological mechanisms (neuromuscular function, mood and cognitive performance) that may be responsible for acute dehydration-induced decreases in performance, and iii) determine if heat acclimation with and without fluid restriction can minimise the effects of acute dehydration. In Study One, 637 combat sports athletes completed a questionnaire to determine their weight loss practices used prior to competition. MMA athletes reported the highest usage of sauna (76%) and water loading (67%) whilst also reporting the second highest use of training in rubber/plastic suits (63%). In Study Two, fourteen MMA athletes completed a familiarisation session, followed by two experimental sessions during which physiological and psychobiological responses were assessed following acute dehydration or a control trial. During the dehydration session athletes lost 3% of their body mass while in a heated chamber (40˚C and 60% relative humidity (RH)) wearing a sweat suit for 3 h. Participants were then provided with a 3 h recovery period to consume food/fluids, after which neuromuscular fatigue, mood and cognitive performance were assessed. Strength-endurance was impaired following acute dehydration despite no influence on markers of central and peripheral fatigue. However, athlete fatigue perception increased which could indicate impaired performance resulted from mental fatigue. In Study Three, a total of 20 recreationally trained athletes were randomly assigned into two groups and completed 3 weeks (12 sessions) of heat acclimation (passive exposure at 40˚C and 60% RH), either with (HAW) or without (HANW) fluid replacement. On two occasions prior to (i.e. double- baseline) and one following heat acclimation, participants also performed experimental trials. These trials involved 3 h of passive heating (45°C, 38% relative humidity) to induce dehydration followed by 3 h of ad libitum food and fluid intake after which participants performed a repeat sled-push test to assess physical performance. No meaningful differences in performance, physiology or psychobiology were observed between the HAW and HANW groups at any time point. Pooled data revealed that mean sprint speed was faster following heat acclimation compared with baseline data. Heat acclimation appeared to improve mood following dehydration, which could have improved repeat-effort performance via altered fatigue perception. This research provides a better understanding of the prevalence of acute weight loss in combat sports and the mechanisms by which such weight loss impairs exercise performance. The results support heat acclimation as a possible strategy to reduce the negative performance effects of rapid weight loss achieved through acute dehydration.
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Oemig, Carmen Kay. "Frequency and appraisal of social support in a behavioral weight loss program relationship to behavioral and health outcomes /." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1197667569.
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Homann, Gary P. "An examination of maintenance practice incorporated into a weight loss program." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338922421&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Gumble, Amanda. "The Relationship between Self-Determined Motivation, Dietary Restraint, and Disinhibition and their Impact on Eating Behaviors, Weight Loss, and Weight Loss Maintenance in a Behavioral Weight Loss Program." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1250791664.
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Spanos, Dimitrios. "Weight loss and weight maintenance interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4562/.
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Background: The prevalence of obesity is higher in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) than in the general population, with increased rates of secondary health risks and increased mortality rates. Multi-component weight loss interventions have been advocated by current UK clinical guidelines for all adults without ID. Such interventions incorporate dietary changes that produce an energy deficit, increased levels of physical activity and the use of behavioural approaches to promote and sustain changes in physical activity and dietary patterns, followed by a weight maintenance intervention. However, UK clinical guidelines have reported that the evidence base for the treatment of obesity in adults with ID is minimal. New evidence in this area of research could be used for the development of accessible weight management interventions for adults with ID and lead to a sustainable clinically significant weight loss. Methods: Study 1: A systematic review aiming to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of weight management interventions in adults with ID and obesity using recommendations from current clinical guidelines for the management of obesity in adults. Full text papers published between 1982 to 2011 were sought by searching the Medline, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL databases. Studies were evaluated based on 1) intervention components, 2) methodology, 3) attrition rate 4) reported weight loss and 5) duration of follow up. The assessment of the quality of the studies and interventions was based on the criteria of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) (University of York) and the PRISMA checklist. Study 2: The evidence base for the development of weight maintenance interventions in adults with ID is limited. This study presents the findings of the second phase of a multi-component weight management programme for adults with ID and obesity (TAKE 5). A total of 31 completers of the 16 week weight loss intervention of the TAKE 5 programme were invited to participate in a 12 month weight maintenance intervention. The TAKE 5 weight maintenance intervention included monthly one to one sessions and monthly phone calls, using the recommendations of the Glasgow and Clyde Weight Management Service (GCWMS) and of the National Weight Control Registry. The intervention provided a dietary advice based on the estimated energy requirements of each participant, advice to improve physical activity and behavioural approach techniques to facilitate changes in physical and dietary patterns. Participants’ body weight, BMI, waist circumference (WC) and levels of physical activity were measured before and after the intervention. Paired t tests were used to assess differences in anthropometric and physical activity measurements. Study 3: 52 participants of the TAKE 5 weight loss programme were individually matched by baseline characteristics (gender, age and BMI) with two participants without ID of the GCWMS programme. Non parametric significance tests were used for comparisons between groups in terms of weight and BMI change and rate of weight loss. In addition, data from the 52 completers with ID of the TAKE 5 weight loss intervention were used to perform a univariate logistic regression analysis for the identification of socio-biological predictors for absolute weight loss and clinically significant weight loss at 16 weeks. Study 4: Semi-structured interviews were used to explore the experiences of 24 carers that supported participants of the TAKE 5 weight loss programme. The transcripts were analysed qualitatively using the qualitative data software analysis package, ATLAS ti 5.2 software. Thematic analysis was used to examine potential themes within data. Results: Study 1: Twenty two studies met the inclusion criteria. The interventions were classified according to inclusion of the following components: behaviour change alone, behaviour change plus physical activity, dietary advice or physical activity alone, dietary plus physical activity advice and multi-component (all three components). The majority of the studies had the same methodological limitations: no sample size justification, small heterogeneous samples, no information on randomisation methodologies. Eight studies were classified as multi-component interventions, of which one study used a 600 kilocalorie (2510 kilojoule) daily energy deficit diet. Study durations were mostly below the duration recommended in clinical guidelines and varied widely. No study included an exercise program promoting 225-300 minutes or more of moderate intensity physical activity per week but the majority of the studies used the same behaviour change techniques. Three studies reported clinically significant weight loss (≥ 5%) at six months post intervention. Study 2: 28 participants completed the TAKE 5 weight maintenance intervention. Most of the participants (50.4%) maintained their weight (mean weight change=-0.5kg; SD= 2.2) within ± 3% from initial body weight at the end of the weight maintenance intervention. There was no statistically significant change in BMI and WC at 12 months from BMI and WC at the end of the 16 week weight loss intervention. There was no statistically significant decrease in the time spent in sedentary behaviour and no statistically significant increase in the time spent in light and in moderate to vigorous physical activity. At the end of the weight maintenance intervention participants spent less days walking (at least 10 minutes) than at the end of the end of the weight loss intervention (P<0.05). Study 3: There were no significant differences between participants with ID and participants without ID in the amount of weight loss (median:-3.6 vs. -3.8, respectively, P=0.4), change in BMI (median: -1.5 vs. -1.4, P=0.9), success of achieving 5% weight loss (41.3% vs. 36.8%, P=0.9) and rate of weight loss across the 16 week intervention. Only, initial weight loss at four weeks was positively correlated with absolute weight loss at 16 weeks (P<0.05). Study 4: Three themes emerged from the analysis: Carers’ perceptions of participants’ health; barriers and facilitators to weight loss; and carers’ perceptions of the weight loss intervention. Data analysis showed similarities between the experiences reported by the carers who supported participants who lost weight and participants who did not. Lack of sufficient support from people from the internal and external environment of individuals with ID and poor communication among carers, were identified as being barriers to change. The need for accessible resources tailored to aid weight loss among adults with ID was also highlighted. Conclusions: Study 1: Weight management interventions in adults with ID differ from recommended practice and further studies to examine the effectiveness of multi-component weight management interventions for adults with ID and obesity are justified. Study 2: The TAKE 5 weight maintenance intervention can effectively support adults with ID maintain their weight. Assessment of the cost effectiveness of the TAKE 5 weight management programme is justified. Study 3: The TAKE 5 multi-component weight loss intervention in its current structure can be equally effective for adults with ID as in adults without ID and obesity. A study with a larger sample could facilitate the identification of sociological and biological predictors for weight loss in adults with ID. Study 4: This study identified specific facilitators and barriers experienced by carers during the process of supporting obese adults with ID to lose weight. Future research could utilise these findings to inform appropriate and effective weight management interventions for individuals with ID.
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Smith, Anna. "Is the Newborn Weight Loss Tool Clinically Useful for Predicting Excess Weight Loss at Day 4 of Life?" University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1592133479514458.
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White, Brends Denise. "Weight loss supplement used by gym clientiele." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/07M%20Theses/WHITE_BRENDA_37.pdf.
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VanDyke, Amy M. "An ethical justification of weight loss surgery." Thesis, Duquesne University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3558282.
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This dissertation provides an ethical justification of surgical weight loss interventions for the treatment of obesity. Situating obesity as not merely a public health concern but also fundamentally a problem of clinical medicine confronting individual patients and physicians, the dissertation argues that the time frame of public health interventions is too long for individuals presently facing obesity and its deleterious physical and social co-morbidities. It argues that failure to address weight loss on an individual level, and specifically to consider the clinical appropriateness of weight loss surgery (WLS), raises serious questions about failure to respect autonomy and promote patient welfare. Moreover, social skepticism or rejection of WLS as a treatment option raises concerns about fairness, as this failure indicates that obesity is not regarded in relevantly similar ways to other life-threatening and health-impairing conditions.
The dissertation examines various reasons that obesity and its myriad interventions, including WLS, are inadequately addressed in the clinical setting. It argues that considerations with cultural and ethical valence play a critical role in obesity's different and unfair treatment within clinical medicine. Gendered and theologically informed attributions of blame, self-blame, shame, and self-stigma influence the attitudes and actions of both patients and clinicians with regard to addressing obesity. Inappropriate and conceptually confused ascriptions of responsibility impede social acceptance of, and access to, WLS. The dissertation's criticism and subsequent reconceptualization of these ascriptions of responsibility from a perspective informed by feminist epistemology and ethics provide the foundation upon which to consider reform of current clinical practices surrounding treatment of obesity. This dissertation concludes that WLS is both ethically and clinically justified.
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Halliday, Vanessa. "Predicting weight loss in people with cancer." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11487/.
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Background: Malnutrition and the cachexia syndrome are common in people with cancer. A combination of reduced nutritional intake and abnormal metabolism can lead to physical and psychological disturbances which may impair quality of life and reduce survival. Improved patient outcomes are more likely if treatments and nutritional support can be initiated before significant weight loss has occurred. Methods: A three phase, mixed methods study was undertaken. The primary aim was to gain a greater understanding of the complex factors that have an effect on, and can predict, weight loss in people with cancer. Phases I and II involved the psychometric testing of the Cancer Appetite and Symptom Questionnaire (CASQ). The instrument was tested for reliability among patients receiving radiotherapy (n=34). Predictive validity of the CASQ, using ROC curve analysis, was determined in patients with lung or upper GI cancer (n=185). Total CASQ scores (possible range, 0 to 48) were assessed at baseline, together with percentage weight change after 3 months. An exploratory qualitative study, following the principles of grounded theory, was conducted to explore the causes and influencing factors on weight change. Results: When tested for reliability, the intra-class correlation coefficient of the CASQ was 0.80 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.92) and the difference between total CASQ scores at the two time points was -0.20 (95% CI -1.21 to 0.80). The optimum cut point of the total CASQ score to predict >5% weight loss was 31/32 (C statistic = 0.64; sensitivity 65%, specificity 62%, PPV 33%, NPV 86%), and to predict >10% weight loss was 29/30 (C statistic = 0.75; sensitivity 71%, specificity 66%, PPV 19%, NPV 95%). Exploratory modelling using multiple linear regression techniques suggested that BMI, MUST score, age and the CASQ items of enjoyment of food and pain, were most predictive of weight loss. Nine patients with lung or upper GI cancer and three carers participated in semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the data confirmed the vulnerability of this patient group in terms of symptom burden and nutritional risk. From the findings, a conceptual model that explains the influences on weight change in people with cancer was proposed. Conclusions: Patients with lung and upper GI cancer are at high risk of malnutrition. Psychometric testing of the CASQ suggests that the instrument can predict weight loss in this patient group. Due to the low PPV, further refinements are needed before the instrument is able to be used in clinical practice. A conceptual model which explains the complex process of influences on weight change in people with cancer can improve knowledge and understanding, ultimately informing healthcare practice.
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Patel, Kishor Kantilal. "Physiological aspects of weight loss in obesity." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12052/.
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Obesity continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality and worldwide prevalence rates continue to rise. The cornerstone for treating obesity remains diet and lifestyle, with the ultimate goal being normalising those parameters that are associated with ill health, for example hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance. Because obesity predominantly develops due to a mismatch between energy intake and utilisation, this thesis looked at the effects of dietary interventions upon Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) and substrate oxidation. In addition, the impact of popular dietary interventions upon body composition and insulin resistance was examined. When phenotypic characteristics were investigated before and after weight loss by using hypocaloric diets, which differed in fat and carbohydrate content, Fat-Free Mass (FFM) and Fat Mass (FM), were strong predictors of REE before and after the intervention and weight loss rather than the specific dietary intervention, significantly predicted post intervention REE. Fasting fat oxidation was found to be lower in obese subjects and they had a lower postprandial response to a high fat challenge. This implied that a diet high in fat is more likely to promote a positive energy balance an ultimate weight gain. The final study compared 4 popular dietary interventions. Each was equally effective at achieving clinically significant weight loss and improvements in insulin sensitivity. Although none was significantly more superior, there was a trend supporting three of the diets (Atkins’, Weight Watchers and Rosemary Conley) above the other (Slim-Fast) and it was the pattern of weight loss, i.e. mainly loss of FM, which proved beneficial with regards to improving insulin sensitivity. In summary, this thesis confirms that REE is mainly predicted by FFM and FM and that there is diminished fat oxidation on obese subjects. What this thesis also adds to previous research that it if a specific diet can improve the pattern of weight loss, this can be clinically beneficial.