Journal articles: 'Protein analogue'

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Micallef, Jacob V., Margaret M. Hayes, Abdul Latif, Rukhsana Ahsan, and Saulat B. Sufi. "Serum Binding of Steroid Tracers and its Possible Effects on Direct Steroid Immunoassay." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 32, no. 6 (November 1995): 566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329503200609.

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We studied the serum protein binding of 3H-labelled progesterone, oestradiol and testosterone, and five 125I-labelled analogues of these steroids. All tracers investigated appeared to be bound by proteins in every serum sample tested. The addition of blocking agents caused a substantial reduction in serum protein binding of 3H-labelled steroids, but had relatively little effect on the binding of analogue steroid tracers. Use of analogue steroid tracers in conventional direct immunoassays for oestradiol and progesterone produced anomalous results for some patient samples when compared to extraction radioimmunoassays, but assays where tracer binding to serum constituents was prevented by adoption of two-step procedures appeared to avoid anomalous results. The results suggest that serum protein binding of steroid analogue tracers may be a source of interference in some direct steroid immunoassays.

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Volonté, C., A. H. Ross, and L. A. Greene. "Association of a purine-analogue-sensitive protein kinase activity with p75 nerve growth factor receptors." Molecular Biology of the Cell 4, no. 1 (January 1993): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.4.1.71.

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Purine analogues are protein kinase inhibitors, and they block with varying potency and specificity certain of the biological actions of nerve growth factor (NGF). The analogue 6-thioguanine (6-TG) has been shown to inhibit with high specificity protein kinase N (PKN), a serine/threonine protein kinase activated by NGF in several cellular systems. In the present work, immunoprecipitates of p75 NGF receptors from PC12 cells (+/-NGF treatment) were assayed for protein kinase activity using the substrate myelin basic protein under phosphorylating conditions optimal for PKN and in the presence or absence of purine analogues. An NGF-inducible activity was detected, and approximately 80% was inhibited by purine analogues. This activity was maximally stimulated by NGF within 5-10 min, partially decreased by 60 min, and returned to basal levels after 15 h of NGF treatment. The analogue 6-TG inhibited the NGF-inducible p75-associated kinase activity with an IC50 in the range of 15-35 microM. In mutant PC12 nnr-5 cells that lack the Trk NGF receptor, the purine-analogue-sensitive p75-associated kinase activity was not inducible by NFG. In normal PC12 cells, cyclic AMP analogues and epidermal growth factor failed to induce the same activity. Application of either 2-aminopurine or 6-TG to intact cells only slightly inhibit the NGF-dependent induction of the purine-analogue-inhibited p75-associated kinase activity. This activity shares many similarities but also displays some significant differences with cytosolic PKN. Our findings therefore indicate the association of a purine-analogue-sensitive protein kinase with p75 NGF receptors.

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Wang, Tianxiao, Lovedeep Kaur, Yasufumi Furuhata, Hiroaki Aoyama, and Jaspreet Singh. "3D Printing of Textured Soft Hybrid Meat Analogues." Foods 11, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030478.

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Meat analogue is a food product mainly made of plant proteins. It is considered to be a sustainable food and has gained a lot of interest in recent years. Hybrid meat is a next generation meat analogue prepared by the co-processing of both plant and animal protein ingredients at different ratios and is considered to be nutritionally superior to the currently available plant-only meat analogues. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is becoming increasingly popular in food processing. Three-dimensional food printing involves the modification of food structures, which leads to the creation of soft food. Currently, there is no available research on 3D printing of meat analogues. This study was carried out to create plant and animal protein-based formulations for 3D printing of hybrid meat analogues with soft textures. Pea protein isolate (PPI) and chicken mince were selected as the main plant protein and meat sources, respectively, for 3D printing tests. Then, rheology and forward extrusion tests were carried out on these selected samples to obtain a basic understanding of their potential printability. Afterwards, extrusion-based 3D printing was conducted to print a 3D chicken nugget shape. The addition of 20% chicken mince paste to PPI based paste achieved better printability and fibre structure.

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Sobhonslidsuk, Abhasnee, Jirachaya Wanichanuwat, Pawin Numthavaj, Areepan Sophonsritsuk, Supanna Petraksa, Alongkorn Pugasub, Paisan Jittorntam, Anucha Kongsomgan, Sittiruk Roytrakul, and Bunyong Phakdeekitcharoen. "Nucleotide Analogue-Related Proximal Renal Tubular Dysfunction during Long-Term Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B: A Cross-Sectional Study." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2952635.

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Background. There have been few reports of nucleotide analogue-related renal tubular dysfunction (RTD) in CHB patients. We assessed the prevalence and presentation of nucleotide analogue-related proximal RTD.Methods. A cross-sectional study was performed in CHB patients taking nucleotide analogues. Inclusion criteria were patients who were on adefovir or tenofovir as mono- or add-on therapy with lamivudine (LAM) >1 year. Serum and urine were collected. Fractional excretion of phosphate (FEPO4), uric acid (FEUA), and potassium was calculated. Renal losses were defined based on the criteria: protein (24-hour urine protein >150 mg), glucose (glycosuria with normoglycemia), phosphate (FEPO4>18%), uric acid (FEUA >15%), potassium (renal potassium losses with hypokalemia), and bicarbonate (normal gap acidosis). Subclinical and overt proximal RTD were defined when 2 and ≥3 criteria presented.Results. Ninety-two patients were enrolled. The mean duration of nucleotide analogue taking was55.1±29.6months. Proximal RTD was found in 24 (26.1%) patients (subclinical 15 (16.3%) and overt 9 (9.8%)). The severity of RTD was associated with the duration of nucleotide analogue (P=0.01).Conclusions. The prevalence of proximal RTD in CHB patients taking nucleotide analogues was 26%. The severity of RTD was associated with the treatment duration. Comprehensive testing is necessary for early detecting nucleotide analogue-related nephrotoxicity.

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Wingfield, P. T., P. Graber, G. Buell, K. Rose, M. G. Simona, and B. D. Burleigh. "Preparation and characterization of bovine growth hormones produced in recombinant Escherichia coli." Biochemical Journal 243, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2430829.

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Two analogues of bovine growth hormone (BGH) have been produced in Escherichia coli by recombinant DNA techniques. In analogue Delta-1, the N-terminal alanine residue of the full-length bovine sequence is replaced by methionine. In analogue Delta-9, which is expressed at much higher levels than is Delta-1, the full-length bovine sequence is truncated at the N-terminus by eight residues and there is a serine-for-glycine substitution in the first position of the truncated protein. Both analogues, which were characterized by isoelectric focusing (i.e.f.), polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS (SDS/PAGE), amino acid analysis and N-terminal amino acid sequence determination using combined g.l.c.-m.s., are compared with BGH isolated from pituitaries. In contrast with pituitary-derived BGH, the recombinant-derived proteins are homogeneous on SDS/PAGE and on i.e.f. In a radioimmunoassay, a radioreceptor assay and a bioassay in vivo (rat tibia), Delta-9 BGH showed very similar characteristics to the pituitary-derived hormone. Similar results have also been obtained with the Delta-1 analogue.

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Andika, Ari, Feri Kusnandar, and Slamet Budijanto. "KARAKTERISTIK FISIKOKIMIA DAN SENSORI BERAS ANALOG MULTIGRAIN BERPROTEIN TINGGI." Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan 32, no. 1 (June 2021): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2021.32.1.60.

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Several grains (green bean, red bean, soybean, corn, nuts, sesame, and millets) were processed to yield a high protein analogue rice. Red beans and green beans were soaked in water for six hours while soybean was boiled for 10 minutes and then peeled. Nuts were dried at 70°C, ground, and sieved to pass 80 mesh. All grains were ground into powder except for sesame which was in whole seed. Four formulas of rice analogues were produced at a different level of millet (0-15%), corn (35-50%) with fixed level of red beans (10%), soybeans (25%), green beans (10%), sesame (3%), and glycerol monostearate (GMS) (2%). The products were analyzed in terms of proximate composition, hardness, water absorption index, development ratio, cooking time, in vitro protein digestibility, amino acids composition, and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). The four analogue rice formulas contained high level of protein and protein digestibility, but they did not fulfill the targeted complementation. The protein content of the analogue rice varied from 18.19 to 19.09% (wet based) with protein digestibility of 81.27-88.86%. The most preferred formulas of the rice analogue was composed of corn (40%), millet (10%, red beans (10%), soybeans (25%), green beans (10%), sesame (3%), and GMS (2%). It contained 42.48% of amino acids score and 36.53% of PDCAAS value.

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WANG, Yanlin, Amy HACKER, Tracy MURRAY-STEWART, Jennifer G. FLEISCHER, Patrick M. WOSTER, and Robert A. CASERO. "Induction of human spermine oxidase SMO(PAOh1) is regulated at the levels of new mRNA synthesis, mRNA stabilization and newly synthesized protein." Biochemical Journal 386, no. 3 (March 8, 2005): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20041084.

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The oxidation of polyamines induced by antitumour polyamine analogues has been associated with tumour response to specific agents. The human spermine oxidase, SMO(PAOh1), is one enzyme that may play a direct role in the cellular response to the antitumour polyamine analogues. In the present study, the induction of SMO(PAOh1) enzyme activity by CPENSpm [N1-ethyl-N11-(cyclopropyl)methyl-4,8,diazaundecane] is demonstrated to be a result of newly synthesized mRNA and protein. Inhibition of new RNA synthesis by actinomycin D inhibits both the appearance of SMO(PAOh1) mRNA and enzyme activity. Similarly, inhibition of newly synthesized protein with cycloheximide prevents analogue-induced enzyme activity. Half-life determinations indicate that stabilization of SMO(PAOh1) protein does not play a significant role in analogue-induced activity. However, half-life experiments using actinomycin D indicate that CPENSpm treatment not only increases mRNA expression, but also leads to a significant increase in mRNA half-life (17.1 and 8.8 h for CPENSpm-treated cells and control respectively). Using reporter constructs encompassing the SMO(PAOh1) promoter region, a 30–90% increase in transcription is observed after exposure to CPENSpm. The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that analogue-induced expression of SMO(PAOh1) is a result of increased transcription and stabilization of SMO(PAOh1) mRNA, leading to increased protein production and enzyme activity. These data indicate that the major level of control of SMO(PAOh1) expression in response to polyamine analogues exposure is at the level of mRNA.

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Aini, N., B. Sustriawan, V. Prihananto, J. Sumarmono, R. N. Ramadan, and D. Romadhon. "Formulation of low-fat cheese analogue from sweet corn extract using papain and lime extract as coagulant." Food Research 4, no. 4 (March 24, 2020): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).395.

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Cheese is not only created using cow's milk and can also be made from a mixture of vegetable extracts, including corn extract. Cheese from corn extract has the advantages of low-fat and high-carotene. Notably, papain can be used as a coagulant in the production of cheese analogue, while maltodextrin functions to increase volume and total solids for greater yield. The objectives of the present study was 1) to optimize the formula composition between lime extract, papain, and maltodextrin to create a cheese analogue from sweet corn extract with high yield and protein as well as good sensory properties, 2) to study the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the cheese analogue using the optimal formula, and 3) to compare analog cheese from corn milk to cow's milk cheese. The experimental design involved response surface methodology with three factors (lime extract, papain, and maltodextrin). The results of the study produced the optimal cheese analogue formula from corn extract with the addition of lime extract (2.283%), papain (0.022%), and maltodextrin (15%). The characteristics of this cheese analogue include a yield of 20.3%; pH of 5.4; 14oBrix soluble solids; water content of 65.3%; protein content of 13.5%; total-carotene of 544.4 ppm and of fat content 4.6%. The cheese analogue has sensory characteristics of soft texture, the ability to spread evenly, the typical color of cheese (i.e. yellowish-white), and was preferred by panelists. Cheese analogue has protein content of 7.1%, fat content of 4.55%, total carotene of 544.4 mg/g, cholesterol 0.02 mg/g; while commercial cheese from cow’s milk has protein content 6.3%, fat content 24.53%, total carotene 5.32 mg/g and cholesterol 0.19 mg/g. Thus, sweet corn can potentially be used as a raw material for producing low-fat cheese analogues.

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Guay-Woodford, L. M., O. Platt, and H. W. Harris. "Toad urinary bladder epithelial cells contain an analogue of cytoskeletal protein 4.1." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 260, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): C1308—C1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.260.6.c1308.

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Epithelial cell polarity and vectorial transport require cytoskeletal proteins that maintain local cell membrane structure and mediate cytoplasmic vesicle movement. The cytoskeleton of leaky epithelia, such as the intestinal mucosa and renal proximal tubule cells, has been extensively studied. However, cytoskeletal studies in tight epithelia such as the mammalian collecting duct and toad urinary bladder generally have been confined to ultrastructural investigation. Recent research in nonepithelial cell types has identified an interesting family of cytoskeletal proteins. Present in multiple cell types, these protein 4.1 analogues share a number of similar functional characteristics, yet are structurally diverse. They are multiply phosphorylated by several different kinases, and phosphorylation regulates their associations with other cytoskeletal constituents, integral membrane components, and cytoplasmic vesicles. Using a combination of immunochemical and immunofluorescent techniques, we have demonstrated that toad bladder epithelial cells contain a 65-kDa analogue of human erythrocyte protein 4.1. Toad bladder epithelial cell protein 4.1 is structurally similar to its erythrocyte counterpart and is phosphorylated. This protein 4.1 species is present throughout the toad bladder granular cell cytoplasm, suggesting that it participates in multiple granular cell functions.

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Girija, J., S. Kamalasundari, G. Hemalatha, and T. Umamaheswari. "Production Methodologies of Meat Analogues: A Review." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 58, no. 02 (June 30, 2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2021581.1741.

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Meat is a non-vegetarian food and is considered as a good source of quality nutrients. Though meat protein provide the required content of good quality protein for the body, they are also associated with higher cholesterol and fat content, which prove to be a leading cause of serious health issues. This became the primary reason for increase in a shift in demands for plant-based protein source foods. The other reason is environmental impact of animal derived products. Meat analogues are plant-based good quality protein source of food that tastes like meat protein, and texture resemble that of meat. These plant-based meat analogues have some amount of anti-nutrients and allergic compounds, but they can be successfully removed by employing certain processing methods and resemble meat in its functionality properties. This approach of mimicking the plantbased foods to resemble meat involves understanding of the biochemical composition and three-dimensional structure of meat, and replicating those qualities using plant-based ingredients. In the current scenario, the best suitable methods of manufacturing meat analogue are by extrusion and structuring techniques. The meat analogues satisfy the need of meat for both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. This review attempts to outline the different manufacturing processes of meat analogue using plant-based foods, and to analyse the best suitable method.

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Ferawati, Ferawati, Izalin Zahari, Malin Barman, Mohammed Hefni, Cecilia Ahlström, Cornelia Witthöft, and Karolina Östbring. "High-Moisture Meat Analogues Produced from Yellow Pea and Faba Bean Protein Isolates/Concentrate: Effect of Raw Material Composition and Extrusion Parameters on Texture Properties." Foods 10, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040843.

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Yellow pea and faba bean are potential candidates to replace soybean-based ingredients due to their suitability for cultivation in the northern hemisphere, non-genetically modified organisms cultivation practice and low risk of allergenicity. This study examined the functionality of local yellow pea and faba bean protein isolates/concentrate as meat analogue products. The most critical factors affecting the texture properties of meat analogue were also determined. Extrusion was used to produce high-moisture meat analogues (HMMAs) from yellow pea and faba bean protein isolates/concentrates and HMMAs with fibrous layered structures was successfully produced from both imported commercial and local sources. The texture properties of the HMMA produced were mainly affected by the ash, fiber and protein content and water-holding capacity of the source protein. Three extrusion process parameters (target moisture content, extrusion temperature, screw speed), also significantly affected HMMA texture. In conclusion, functional HMMA can be produced using protein isolates derived from locally grown pulses.

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Banovic, Marija, and Kolbrún Sveinsdóttir. "Importance of being analogue: Female attitudes towards meat analogue containing rapeseed protein." Food Control 123 (May 2021): 107833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107833.

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Yin, Feifei, Manli Wang, Ying Tan, Fei Deng, Just M. Vlak, Zhihong Hu, and Hualin Wang. "A Functional F Analogue of Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus GP64 from the Agrotis segetum Granulovirus." Journal of Virology 82, no. 17 (June 18, 2008): 8922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00493-08.

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ABSTRACT The envelope fusion protein F of Plutella xylostella granulovirus is a computational analogue of the GP64 envelope fusion protein of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). Granulovirus (GV) F proteins were thought to be unable to functionally replace GP64 in the AcMNPV pseudotyping system. In the present study the F protein of Agrotis segetum GV (AgseGV) was identified experimentally as the first functional GP64 analogue from GVs. AgseF can rescue virion propagation and infectivity of gp64-null AcMNPV. The AgseF-pseudotyped AcMNPV also induced syncytium formation as a consequence of low-pH-induced membrane fusion.

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Deinychenko, Grygorii, Inna Zolotukhina, Viktoriia Skrynnik, Liudmyla Deinychenko, and Tamara Kravchenko. "BIOLOGICAL VALUE OF PROTEIN OF CULINARY PRODUCTS BASED ON MILK-PROTEIN CONCENTRATE." EUREKA: Life Sciences 3 (May 31, 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2020.001287.

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The aim of this work is to determine the usage effectiveness of milk-protein concentrates as an analogue of cottage cheese at culinary products manufacturing. For attaining the set aim, we determined the biological value of protein in products, made using a milk-protein concentrate, comparing to traditional culinary products of fatless cottage cheese. The research object was chosen as a milk-protein concentrate of buttermilk, obtained by the method of thermo-acid coagulation. Puree of cranberries was used as a coagulant. Classic recipes of different groups of culinary products, based on cottage cheese: cheese cakes, cottage cheese casserole, cottage cheese stuffing and cottage cheese biscuits were used as control samples for the studies. The protein value of the milk concentrate and also products on its base was determined by the method of digestible indispensable amino acid score calculation. The conducted studies have demonstrated that despite the less amino acid score of the concentrate, comparing with a control sample, products on its base have higher amino acid score, comparing with their cottage cheese analogues. Thus, the amino acid score of cheese cakes based on the concentrate is 84 % and exceeds the control sample, which amino acid score is 33 %, in 2.5 times. The amino acid score of cottage cheese casserole based on the concentrate is 68 % and exceeds the control sample in 1.7 times. The amino acid score parameter of protein stuffing is 94 % that exceeds the control sample with score 36 % in 2.6 times. The amino acid score of biscuits based on the concentrate is 26 % that exceeds the score of a cottage cheese analogue in 2 times. The obtained results may be used for elaborating and correcting the food ration for the population under conditions of protein deficiency.

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Xu, Yunjian, Frank Schwede, Hans Wienk, Anders Tengholm, and Holger Rehmann. "A Membrane Permeable Prodrug of S223 for Selective Epac2 Activation in Living Cells." Cells 8, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8121589.

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Signalling by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) occurs via various effector proteins, notably protein kinase A and the guanine nucleotide exchange factors Epac1 and Epac2. These proteins are activated by cAMP binding to conserved cyclic nucleotide binding domains. The specific roles of the effector proteins in various processes in different types of cells are still not well defined, but investigations have been facilitated by the development of cyclic nucleotide analogues with distinct selectivity profiles towards a single effector protein. A remaining challenge in the development of such analogues is the poor membrane permeability of nucleotides, which limits their applicability in intact living cells. Here, we report the synthesis and characterisation of S223-AM, a cAMP analogue designed as an acetoxymethyl ester prodrug to overcome limitations of permeability. Using total internal reflection imaging with various fluorescent reporters, we show that S223-AM selectively activates Epac2, but not Epac1 or protein kinase A, in intact insulin-secreting β-cells, and that this effect was associated with pronounced activation of the small G-protein Rap. A comparison of the effects of different cAMP analogues in pancreatic islet cells deficient in Epac1 and Epac2 demonstrates that cAMP-dependent Rap activity at the β-cell plasma membrane is exclusively dependent on Epac2. With its excellent selectivity and permeability properties, S223-AM should get broad utility in investigations of cAMP effector involvement in many different types of cells.

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Yuan, Xinyue, Wei Jiang, Dianwei Zhang, Huilin Liu, and Baoguo Sun. "Textural, Sensory and Volatile Compounds Analyses in Formulations of Sausages Analogue Elaborated with Edible Mushrooms and Soy Protein Isolate as Meat Substitute." Foods 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11010052.

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In this study, edible mushroom and soybean protein isolate (SPI) were used to prepare a fibrous meat analogue using thermos-extrusion and the extruded mushroom-based meat analogue as meat replacer was further developed with different formulations in fabricating sausage analogues. The effect of water content (35%, 70% and 100%), three types of edible mushroom (Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Coprinus comatus and a mixture of equal proportions) and their amounts (from 15% to 100%) on the physicochemical and structural profiles were studied. The results showed that the extruded mushroom-based meat analogue prepared from Coprinus comatus (15% addition) and SPI with a water content of 35% exhibited close textural profiles to real beef. Furthermore, a texture profile analysis (TPA) combined with a principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to compare and assess the textural traits of the sausage analogues with similar commercial products. The characterization and comparison of the flavor profile of post-processing mushroom-based meat sausage analogues (MMSA) were performed using headspace-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 64 volatile compounds were identified, and the content in dried-processing treatment was significantly higher than for steamed-processing, which indicated that the natural fermentation process contributed to the increase in aroma substances in the non-animal sourced sausage. This study developed a feasible method to fabricate a meat replacement and to create high added-value products, which offer an opportunity for developing non-animal products with satisfactory sensory properties and flavor profiles.

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Yang, Xiaochen, Hui Miao, Ruotong Xiao, Luyao Wang, Yan Zhao, Qifan Wu, Yanli Ji, Juanjuan Du, Hongqiang Qin, and Weimin Xuan. "Diverse protein manipulations with genetically encoded glutamic acid benzyl ester." Chemical Science 12, no. 28 (2021): 9778–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc01882e.

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Ubbink, Job, and Belal J. Muhialdin. "Protein physical state in meat analogue processing." Current Opinion in Food Science 45 (June 2022): 100822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100822.

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Fekner, Tomasz, Xin Li, Marianne M Lee, and Michael K Chan. "A Pyrrolysine Analogue for Protein Click Chemistry." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48, no. 9 (January 20, 2009): 1633–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200805420.

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Fekner, Tomasz, Xin Li, Marianne M Lee, and Michael K Chan. "A Pyrrolysine Analogue for Protein Click Chemistry." Angewandte Chemie 121, no. 9 (February 16, 2009): 1661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200805420.

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Gong, J. H., and I. Clark-Lewis. "Antagonists of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 identified by modification of functionally critical NH2-terminal residues." Journal of Experimental Medicine 181, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.181.2.631.

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Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 analogues were designed to determine the role of the NH2-terminal region in structure and function. The NH2-terminal residue was important for function and receptor binding, as it could not be deleted or extended. However the NH2-terminal pyroglutamate residue of the wild type was not essential as it could be replaced by several other noncyclic amino acids without loss of activity. Residues 7-10 were essential for receptor desensitization, but were not sufficient for function, and the integrity of residues 1-6 were required for functional activity. A peptide corresponding to MCP-1, 1-10 lacked detectable receptor-binding activities, indicating that residues 1-10 are essential for MCP-1 function, but that other residues are also involved. Several truncated analogues, including 8-76, 9-76, and 10-76, desensitized MCP-1-induced Ca2+ induction, but were not significantly active. These analogues were antagonists of MCP-1 activity with the most potent being the 9-76 analogue (IC50 = 20 nM) The 9-76 specifically bound to MCP-1 receptors with a Kd of 8.3 nM, which was three-fold higher than MCP-1 (Kd 2.8 nM). The 9-76 analogue desensitized the Ca2+ response to MCP-1 and MCP-3, but not to other CC chemokines, suggesting that it is MCP receptor specific. The availability of these compounds will be helpful in evaluating MCP receptor antagonists as anti-inflammatory therapeutics.

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Lindriati, Triana, Ahmad Nafi, and Zelika Gita Sari. "Optimasi Pembuatan Daging Tiruan Umbi Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) dan Isolat Protein Kedelai dengan Metode RSM (Response Surface Methodology)." Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia 11, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jtipi.v11i2.12798.

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Meat analogue is a form of product which has originated from vegetal component which has a lot of tissue and could replace animal meat. The forming of meat analogue is using the extrusion technique. Primary ingredient which used is isolate soy protein and water, but also it is able to be added by other carbohydrates source such as porang bulb (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) wherewith increase the functional character over the meat analogue. This research is aimed for identify the optimum condition of proper treatment between the water additional formulation, isolate soy protein, porang bulb, therewithal the extrusion time. This reasearch was conducted in 5 phases: (1) determining the water content, isolate soy protein and porang bulb powder extrution time; (2) undertaking the randomization box-behnken model over RSM method. (3) Meat analogue forming based on the related randomization; (4) analysed parameters are; texture, WHC, OHC, protein solubility and organoleptic. The data analysis is using RSM Analyze. The optimization result of porang bulb meat analogue in the formulation of 90% water content, 18 minutes of extrusion time and 50% of used isolate soy protein. Meat analogue character with the optimization result as follows: texture 66,93 g/mm, WHC 304,98%, OHC 60,15%, protein solubility 80,06% and organoleptic 70,6%.

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Ikeda, Y., S. i. Kawahara, M. Taki, A. Kuno, T. Hasegawa, and K. Taira. "Synthesis of a novel histidine analogue and its efficient incorporation into a protein in vivo." Protein Engineering Design and Selection 16, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzg084.

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Georgatos, S. D., I. Maroulakou, and G. Blobel. "Lamin A, lamin B, and lamin B receptor analogues in yeast." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 2069–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.6.2069.

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Previous studies have shown that turkey erythrocyte lamin B is anchored to the nuclear envelope via a 58-kD integral membrane protein termed p58 or lamin B receptor (Worman H. J., J. Yuan, G. Blobel, and S. D. Georgatos. 1988. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:8531-8534). We now identify a p58 analogue in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Turkey erythrocyte lamin B binds to yeast urea-extracted nuclear envelopes with high affinity, associating predominantly with a 58-kD polypeptide. This yeast polypeptide is recognized by polyclonal antibodies against turkey p58, partitions entirely with the nuclear fraction, remains membrane bound after urea extraction of the nuclear envelopes, and is structurally similar to turkey p58 by peptide mapping criteria. Using polyclonal antibodies against turkey erythrocyte lamins A and B, we also identify two yeast lamin forms. The yeast lamin B analogue has a molecular mass of 66 kD and is structurally related to erythrocyte lamin B. Moreover, the yeast lamin B analogue partitions exclusively with the nuclear envelope fraction, is quantitatively removed from the envelopes by urea extraction, and binds to turkey lamin A and vimentin. As many higher eukaryotic lamin B forms, the yeast analogue is chemically heterogeneous comprising two serologically related species with different charge characteristics. Antibodies against turkey lamin A detect a 74-kD yeast protein, slightly larger than the turkey lamin A. It is more abundant than the yeast lamin B analogue and partitions between a soluble cytoplasmic fraction and a nuclear envelope fraction. The yeast lamin A analogue can be extracted from the nuclear envelope by urea, shows structural similarity to turkey and rat lamin A, and binds to isolated turkey lamin B. These data indicate that analogues of typical nuclear lamina components (lamins A and B, as well as lamin B receptor) are present in yeast and behave as their vertebrate counterparts.

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Li, Feng, Wipaporn Khanom, Xia Sun, Atchara Paemanee, Sittiruk Roytrakul, Decai Wang, Duncan R. Smith, and Guo-Chun Zhou. "Andrographolide and Its 14-Aryloxy Analogues Inhibit Zika and Dengue Virus Infection." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 5037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215037.

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Andrographolide is a labdene diterpenoid with potential applications against a number of viruses, including the mosquito-transmitted dengue virus (DENV). In this study, we evaluated the anti-viral activity of three 14-aryloxy analogues (ZAD-1 to ZAD-3) of andrographolide against Zika virus (ZIKV) and DENV. Interestingly, one analogue, ZAD-1, showed better activity against both ZIKV and DENV than the parental andrographolide. A two-dimension (2D) proteomic analysis of human A549 cells treated with ZAD-1 compared to cells treated with andrographolide identified four differentially expressed proteins (heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 (HSPA1A), phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), transketolase (TKT) and GTP-binding nuclear protein Ran (Ran)). Western blot analysis confirmed that ZAD-1 treatment downregulated expression of HSPA1A and upregulated expression of PGK1 as compared to andrographolide treatment. These results suggest that 14-aryloxy analogues of andrographolide have the potential for further development as anti-DENV and anti-ZIKV agents.

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ZEGERS, M. P. Mirjam, Jan Willem KOK, and Dick HOEKSTRA. "Use of photoactivatable sphingolipid analogues to monitor lipid transport in mammalian cells." Biochemical Journal 328, no. 2 (December 1, 1997): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3280489.

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Photoactivatable derivatives of ceramide, glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and sphingomyelin {3-(p-azido-m-[125I]iodophenyl)propionylceramide, 3-(p-azido-m-[125I]iodophenyl)propionyl-GlcCer and 3-(p-azido-m-[125I]iodophenyl)propionylsphingomyelin} were synthesized in an attempt to identify compartment-specific proteins involved in sphingolipid sorting or metabolism. In HT29 and BHK cells the ceramide analogue entered the cell by monomeric diffusion, as evidenced by the probe's efficient internalization at low temperature (4 °C). In contrast, the photoactivatable GlcCer was internalized only at elevated temperatures (37 °C), presumably reflecting an endocytic mechanism of uptake. The photoactivatable ceramide was mainly metabolized to the corresponding sphingomyelin analogue, but small amounts of GlcCer and galactosylceramide were also synthesized. The newly synthesized photoreactive sphingomyelin was subsequently transported to the cell surface, a process that was effectively inhibited by the presence of brefeldin A. The incubation of cells with photoactivatable analogues at 4 °C, followed by illumination, led to the association of sphingolipid with a specific subset of proteins. The protein labelling pattern of ceramide differed from that of glucosylceramide. A further shift in labelling pattern was apparent when the cells were incubated with the lipid analogues at 37 °C. Moreover, most of the proteins labelled by photoreactive sphingomyelin seemed to be detergent-insoluble, which is indicative of a location in sphingolipid-rich microdomains at the plasma membrane. The potential of applying photoactivatable sphingolipids to further define and identify the role of distinct proteins in sphingolipid biosynthesis, transport and sorting, is discussed.

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DIETRICH, Alexander, Alexander SCHEER, Daria ILLENBERGER, Yoel KLOOG, Yoav I. HENIS, and Peter GIERSCHIK. "Studies on G-protein α·βγ heterotrimer formation reveal a putative S-prenyl-binding site in the α subunit." Biochemical Journal 376, no. 2 (December 1, 2003): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030578.

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The α and βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins contain specific lipid modifications, which are required for their biological function. However, the relevance of these modifications to the interactions within the heterotrimeric G-protein is not fully understood. In order to explore the role of the S-prenyl moiety of the isoprenylated βγ dimer of retinal transducin, βγt, in the formation of the heterotrimeric complex with the corresponding N-acylated α subunit, αt, we employed purified fully processed subunits, which are soluble in aqueous solutions without detergents. Pertussis-toxin-mediated [32P]ADP-ribosylation of αt is strongly stimulated (≈10-fold) in the presence of βγt and can thus serve as a measure for heterotrimer formation. Using this assay, preincubation of αt with S-prenyl analogues containing farnesyl or geranylgeranyl moieties was found to inhibit heterotrimer formation in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition was competitive and reversible, as indicated by its reversal upon increase of the βγt dimer concentration or by removal of the S-prenyl analogue using gel filtration. The competitive nature of the inhibition is supported by the marked attenuation of the inhibition when the S-prenyl analogue was added to αt together with or after βγt. The inhibition does not involve interaction with the αt acyl group, since an S-prenyl analogue inhibited the [32P]ADP-ribosylation of an unlipidated αt mutant. These data suggest the existence of a hitherto unrecognized S-prenyl-binding site in αt, which is critical for its interaction with prenylated βγt.

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Matozaki, T., J. Martinez, and J. A. Williams. "A new CCK analogue differentiates two functionally distinct CCK receptors in rat and mouse pancreatic acini." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 257, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): G594—G600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1989.257.4.g594.

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Analysis of the competitive inhibition of 125I-labeled cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) binding to isolated rat or mouse pancreatic acini showed that in both species CCK-8 interacts with two different affinity sites. A newly synthesized CCK analogue modified at the COOH-terminal phenylalanine residue totally inhibited 125I-CCK binding. This interaction occurred with sites of a single affinity in rat acini but with two different affinity sites in mouse acini. When acini were incubated with increasing concentrations of CCK-8, a biphasic stimulation of amylase release was observed. By use of rat acini, the analogs stimulated amylase release but caused no inhibition at supramaximal concentrations. By contrast, in mouse pancreatic acini, analogues showed a biphasic stimulation of amylase release similar to CCK-8. Both CCK-8 and the analogue stimulated [3H]leucine incorporation into protein at low concentrations in rat pancreatic acini. Higher concentrations of CCK-8 profoundly inhibited [3H]leucine incorporation, whereas the analogue had no inhibitory effect. Moreover, the analogue at higher concentrations blocked the inhibition of [3H]leucine incorporation caused by CCK-8 but did not affect carbamylcholine-induced inhibition. In mouse acini, however, the CCK analogue inhibited [3H]leucine incorporation similar to the effect of CCK-8. The results support the concept that occupancy of distinct affinity sites or states of the CCK receptor is associated with specific biological actions. A model of the CCK receptor is proposed in which two interchangeable affinity states exist. By occupying all the receptors in only one state, the new CCK analogues serve as partial agonists of some and antagonists of other actions of CCK.

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Kotera, T., and P. D. Brown. "Cl- current activation in choroid plexus epithelial cells involves a G protein and protein kinase A." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 266, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): C536—C540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1994.266.2.c536.

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The involvement of GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) in the regulation of the Cl- conductance in rat choroid plexus epithelial cells was investigated, using the whole cell patch-clamp technique. Intracellular application of a nonhydrolyzable GTP analogue, guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (GTP gamma S; 0.1-0.2 mM), evoked a transient increase in the Cl- conductance. The activated Cl- current exhibited inward rectification and was independent of time at hyperpolarizing or depolarizing voltage pulses. The effect of GTP gamma S was inhibited by a nonhydrolyzable GDP analogue, guanosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) (2 mM), and by an inhibitor of protein kinase A, H-89, but was not affected by chelation of cytosolic Ca2+ with 5 mM 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. GTP gamma S failed to activate the current when ATP was omitted from the pipette solution. Intracellular application of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP; 0.25 mM) or the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A activated a similar Cl- current. These results suggest that G proteins activate Cl- channels via a cAMP-dependent pathway in rat choroid plexus.

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30

Samson, M. F., and D. E. Smilek. "Reversal of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and prevention of relapses by treatment with a myelin basic protein peptide analogue modified to form long-lived peptide-MHC complexes." Journal of Immunology 155, no. 5 (September 1, 1995): 2737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.5.2737.

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Abstract Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease induced by immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein, or encephalitogenic peptides from these myelin components. EAE resembles basic protein multiple sclerosis in some of its clinical and histologic features, and serves as an experimental model for this and other autoimmune diseases. In this study, we examine i.v. peptide therapy of EAE in detail, and show that repeated i.v. injections of MBP peptides effectively treat EAE in (PLJxSJL)F1 mice. In this study, administration of the immunodominant epitope (MBP Ac1-11) prevents MBP-induced disease, whereas the subdominant epitope MBP 31-47 is neither required nor sufficient. Intravenous administration of substituted MBP peptide analogues is also effective in treating EAE, provided the peptide side chains presumed to be involved in TCR contact and MHC binding are preserved. A substituted MBP peptide analogue that forms long-lived peptide-MHC complexes in vivo is more effective than the unmodified MBP peptide. Lower doses of the substituted peptide analogue are effective, and the effect is longer lasting than treatment with the unmodified peptide. Clinical signs of EAE are reversed by injection of the substituted peptide during the acute phase of disease. Moreover, treatment of mice in the remission phase of EAE results in a dramatically reduced incidence of relapse. In summary, we have shown that EAE can be reversed after onset and treated during remission with an MBP peptide analogue that has been modified for improved therapeutic potency.

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31

Redmon, J. B., T. W. Gettys, V. S. Sheorain, J. D. Corbin, and I. L. Taylor. "Failure of insulin to antagonize cAMP-mediated glycogenolysis in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 258, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): E871—E877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.5.e871.

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Isolated rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were used to study the effects of insulin on glycogen metabolism in cells treated with various agents that activate adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase. Incubation of myocytes with isoproterenol produced a rapid concentration-dependent increase in cAMP concentration, cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity, and phosphorylase activity and a simultaneous decrease in the glycogen synthase activity ratio. Various cAMP analogues also produced a concentration-dependent increase in phosphorylase activity and a decline in the glycogen synthase activity ratio. Incubation of cells with insulin produced no change in basal phosphorylase activity but produced a rapid 40% increase in the glycogen synthase activity ratio. Inclusion of insulin in cell incubations containing increasing concentrations of isoproterenol did not modify the increases in cAMP concentration, protein kinase activity, or phosphorylase activity. Insulin also did not antagonize the ability of any of the cAMP analogues tested to activate phosphorylase, irrespective of the suitability of the particular cAMP analogue as a substrate for cAMP phosphodiesterases. The failure of insulin to antagonize the glycogenolytic effects of isoproterenol or cAMP analogues was paralleled by its failure to activate low-Km phosphodiesterase activity, but the cAMP analogue, 8-parachlorophenylthio-cAMP produced a small reproducible activation of the low-Km enzyme. In contrast to hepatocytes and adipocytes, where some effects of insulin appear to be due to activation of the phosphodiesterase and hydrolysis of cAMP, the effects in cardiomyocytes appear to be independent of an insulin-sensitive phosphodiesterase or of the effects on other components of the cAMP cascade.

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Medic, Špela, Peter Podbevšek, and Janez Plavec. "Solution Structure of a Prion Protein Aptamer Analogue." Croatica Chemica Acta 87, no. 4 (2014): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5562/cca2430.

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Tabuchi, Ichiro. "Next-generation protein-handling method: puromycin analogue technology." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 305, no. 1 (May 2003): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00686-7.

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Li, Xin, Tomasz Fekner, Jennifer��J Ottesen, and Michael��K Chan. "A Pyrrolysine Analogue for Site-Specific Protein Ubiquitination." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48, no. 48 (November 16, 2009): 9184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200904472.

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Li, Xin, Tomasz Fekner, Jennifer��J Ottesen, and Michael��K Chan. "A Pyrrolysine Analogue for Site-Specific Protein Ubiquitination." Angewandte Chemie 121, no. 48 (November 16, 2009): 9348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.200904472.

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Tropsha, Alexander, and Jan Hermans. "Application of free energy simulations to the binding of a transition-state-analogue inhibitor to HTV protease." "Protein Engineering, Design and Selection" 5, no. 1 (1992): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/5.1.29.

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37

Fawcett, Janet, Frederick G. Hamel, Robert G. Bennett, Zoltan Vajo, and William C. Duckworth. "Insulin and Analogue Effects on Protein Degradation in Different Cell Types." Journal of Biological Chemistry 276, no. 15 (December 14, 2000): 11552–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m007988200.

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In adult animals, the major effect of insulin on protein turnover is inhibition of protein degradation. Cellular protein degradation is under the control of multiple systems, including lysosomes, proteasomes, calpains, and giant protease. Insulin has been shown to alter proteasome activityin vitroandin vivo. We examined the inhibition of protein degradation by insulin and insulin analogues (LysB28,ProB29-insulin (LysPro), AspB10-insulin (B10), and GluB4,GlnB16,PheB17-insulin (EQF)) in H4, HepG2, and L6 cells. These effects were compared with receptor binding. Protein degradation was examined by release of trichloroacetic acid-soluble radioactivity from cells previously labeled with [3H]leucine. Short- and intermediate-lived proteins were examined. H4 cells bound insulin with an EC50of 4.6 × 10−9m. LysPro was similar. The affinity of B10 was increased 2-fold; that of EQF decreased 15-fold. Protein degradation inhibition in H4 cells was highly sensitive to insulin (EC50= 4.2 × 10−11and 1.6 × 10−10m, short- and intermediate-lived protein degradation, respectively) and analogues. Despite similar binding, LysPro was 11- to 18-fold more potent than insulin at inhibiting protein degradation. Conversely, although EQF showed lower binding to H4 cells than insulin, its action was similar. The relative binding potencies of analogues in HepG2 cells were similar to those in H4 cells. Examination of protein degradation showed insulin, LysPro, and B10 were equivalent while EQF was less potent. L6 cells showed no difference in the binding of the analogues compared with insulin, but their effect on protein degradation was similar to that seen in HepG2 cells except B10 inhibited intermediate-lived protein degradation better than insulin. These studies illustrate the complexities of cellular protein degradation and the effects of insulin. The effect of insulin and analogues on protein degradation vary significantly in different cell types and with different experimental conditions. The differences seen in the action of the analogues cannot be attributed to binding differences. Post-receptor mechanisms, including intracellular processing and degradation, must be considered.

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Soares, Luis R. B., Patricia L. Orr, Marvin R. Garovoy, and Gilles Benichou. "Differential Activation of T Cells by Natural Antigen Peptide Analogues: Influence on Autoimmune and Alloimmune In Vivo T Cell Responses." Journal of Immunology 160, no. 10 (May 15, 1998): 4768–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.4768.

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Abstract Recent studies using synthetic altered peptide ligands (Analogues) have led to the fine dissection of TCR-mediated T cell functions elicited by Ag recognition. Certain Analogues behave as full agonists of the antigenic peptide while others are partial agonists in that they only trigger selected T cell functions. Additionally, peptide Analogues can behave as antagonists by inhibiting functions of T cell clones when coincubated with the wild-type peptide. In fetal thymic organ cultures, synthetic altered peptide ligands can impact T cell repertoire selection. However, the influence of naturally occurring peptide Analogues on T cell immunity in vivo remains hypothetical. We previously reported that, in B10.A mice, immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of the self-MHC class I peptide, Ld 61-80, were influenced by the presentation of a cross-reactive self-peptide, Kk 61-80. Here, we show that Kk 61-80 self-peptide represents a partial agonist of Ld 61-80 in that it induced the proliferation but not the lymphokine production of Ld 61-80-primed T cells. Next, we showed that presentation of Kk 61-80 Analogue peptide mediated T cell tolerance toward Ld 61-80 self-peptide. Alternatively, when Ld protein represented an alloantigen displayed on transplanted cells, immunization with Kk 61-80 Analogue sensitized recipient mice to Ld 61-80 peptide, thus inducing potent immune responses to donor cells. These results show that the presentation of natural Analogue peptides may represent an essential component of T cell responses involved in autoimmunity and transplant rejection.

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Gotch, F., A. McMichael, and J. Rothbard. "Recognition of influenza A matrix protein by HLA-A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Use of analogues to orientate the matrix peptide in the HLA-A2 binding site." Journal of Experimental Medicine 168, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 2045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.168.6.2045.

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CTL specific for the influenza A virus matrix peptide 57-68 and restricted by HLA-A2 were studied. Their ability to recognize a set of analogue peptides, each of which differed from the natural peptide by a single amino acid, was analyzed. This revealed a core of five amino acids, 61-65, where one or more changes completely abrogated recognition. The glycine at position 61 was the only residue where no substitution was tolerated. Analogue peptides that did not induce CTL-mediated lysis were tested as competitors with the natural peptide; those with substitutions at positions 60, 64, and 65 inhibited, identifying residues that interact with the TCR. Another approach was to test a set of four CTL clones on all of the analogues. Marked differences in recognition by individual CTL clones were observed for several substituted peptides. The data indicate that most of the analogues bind to HLA-A2 with possible differences in fine positioning of the peptide. An alpha helical orientation for the peptide is discussed.

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Kyriakopoulou, Konstantina, Julia K. Keppler, and Atze Jan van der Goot. "Functionality of Ingredients and Additives in Plant-Based Meat Analogues." Foods 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030600.

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Meat analogue research and development focuses on the production of sustainable products that recreate conventional meat in its physical sensations (texture, appearance, taste, etc.) and nutritional aspects. Minced products, like burger patties and nuggets, muscle-type products, like chicken or steak-like cuts, and emulsion products, like Frankfurter and Mortadella type sausages, are the major categories of meat analogues. In this review, we discuss key ingredients for the production of these novel products, with special focus on protein sources, and underline the importance of ingredient functionality. Our observation is that structuring processes are optimized based on ingredients that were not originally designed for meat analogues applications. Therefore, mixing and blending different plant materials to obtain superior functionality is for now the common practice. We observed though that an alternative approach towards the use of ingredients such as flours, is gaining more interest. The emphasis, in this case, is on functionality towards use in meat analogues, rather than classical functionality such as purity and solubility. Another trend is the exploration of novel protein sources such as seaweed, algae and proteins produced via fermentation (cellular agriculture).

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MITCHELL, John L. A., Carrie L. SIMKUS, Thynn K. THANE, Phil TOKARZ, Michelle M. BONAR, Benjamin FRYDMAN, Aldonia L. VALASINAS, Venodhar K. REDDY, and Laurence J. MARTON. "Antizyme induction mediates feedback limitation of the incorporation of specific polyamine analogues in tissue culture." Biochemical Journal 384, no. 2 (November 23, 2004): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20040972.

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Spermidine, spermine and putrescine are essential for mammalian cell growth, and there has been a pervasive effort to synthesize analogues of these polyamines that will disrupt their function and serve as tools to inhibit cell proliferation. Recently, we demonstrated that a number of such polyamine analogues are also capable of inducing the regulatory protein AZ (antizyme). In the present study the incorporation of a few sample analogues [mimics of bis(ethyl)spermine] was shown to be significantly limited by a decrease in the Vmax for the polyamine transport system in response to analogue-induced AZ. This creates an unusual circumstance in which compounds that are being designed for therapeutic use actually inhibit their own incorporation into targeted cells. To explore the impact of this feedback system, cultures of rat hepatoma HTC cells were pre-treated to exhibit either low or high polyamine uptake activity and then exposed to polyamine analogues. As predicted, regardless of initial uptake activity, all cultures eventually achieved the same steady-state levels of the cellular analogue and AZ. Importantly, analogue-induced AZ levels remained elevated with respect to controls even after the native polyamines were reduced by more than 70%. To model the insufficient AZ expression found in certain tumours, GS-CHO (GS Chinese-hamster ovary) cells were transfected to express high levels of exogenic AZI (AZ inhibitor). As anticipated, this clone incorporated significantly higher levels of the polyamine analogues examined. This study reveals a potential limitation in the use of polyamine-based compounds as therapeutics, and strategies are presented to either circumvent or exploit this elegant transport feedback system.

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Milligan, G., I. Mullaney, C. G. Unson, L. Marshall, A. M. Spiegel, and H. McArdle. "GTP analogues promote release of the α subunit of the guanine nucleotide binding protein, Gi2, from membranes of rat glioma C6 BU1 cells." Biochemical Journal 254, no. 2 (September 1, 1988): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2540391.

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The major pertussis-toxin-sensitive guanine nucleotide-binding protein of rat glioma C6 BU1 cells corresponded immunologically to Gi2. Antibodies which recognize the alpha subunit of this protein indicated that it has an apparent molecular mass of 40 kDa and a pI of 5.7. Incubation of membranes of these cells with guanosine 5′-[beta gamma-imido]triphosphate, or other analogues of GTP, caused release of this polypeptide from the membrane in a time-dependent manner. Analogues of GDP or of ATP did not mimic this effect. The GTP analogues similarly caused release of the alpha subunit of Gi2 from membranes of C6 cells in which this G-protein had been inactivated by pretreatment with pertussis toxin. The beta subunit was not released from the membrane under any of these conditions, indicating that the release process was a specific response to the dissociation of the G-protein after binding of the GTP analogue. Similar nucleotide profiles for release of the alpha subunits of forms of Gi were noted for membranes of both the neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15 and of human platelets. These data provide evidence that: (1) pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-proteins, in native membranes, do indeed dissociate into alpha and beta gamma subunits upon activation; (2) the alpha subunit of ‘Gi-like’ proteins need not always remain in intimate association with the plasma membrane; and (3) the alpha subunit of Gi2 can still dissociate from the beta/gamma subunits after pertussis-toxin-catalysed ADP-ribosylation.

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Chiu, A. S., P. P. Li, and J. J. Warsh. "G-protein involvement in central-nervous-system muscarinic-receptor-coupled polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis." Biochemical Journal 256, no. 3 (December 15, 1988): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2560995.

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Potentiation of muscarinic-agonist-stimulated polyphosphoinositide (PPI) hydrolysis was demonstrated in a rat cerebral-cortical membrane preparation prelabelled with myo-[3H]inositol. Accumulation of myo-[3H]inositol 1,4-bisphosphate ([3H]IP2) was used to assess brain [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis as its immediate metabolite, myo-[3H]inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, was rapidly hydrolysed to [3H]IP2. Inclusion of ATP (100 microM) and Mg2+ (5 mM) in the assay medium was necessary to demonstrate the effect of GTP analogues on carbachol-stimulated brain [3H]PPI turnover. Carbachol (100 microM) induced only a small increment in [3H]IP2 accumulation (142% of control) in 1 min. However, its effect was markedly enhanced, to 800% and 300% of control, by 100 microM-guanosine 5′-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP[S]) and guanosine 5′-[beta gamma-imido]triphosphate (p[NH]ppG) respectively. GTP[S] and p[NH]ppG also stimulated [3H]IP2 accumulation by over 500% and 200% of control, respectively. The GTP-analogue-potentiated carbachol effect was antagonized by 10 microM-atropine, whereas the GTP-analogue stimulation was unaffected. This report confirms the involvement of a G (GTP-binding) protein(s) in brain PPI metabolism and provides new evidence for the role of G protein(s) in the coupling of stimulated muscarinic receptors to PPI hydrolysis in the central nervous system.

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Ali, Abdalrahim M., Alaa A. Makki, Walaa Ibraheem, Mohammed Abdelrahman, Wadah Osman, Asmaa E. Sherif, Ahmed Ashour, et al. "Design of Novel Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitors for Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and Density Functional Theory Studies on Gold Nanoparticles." Molecules 28, no. 5 (March 1, 2023): 2289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052289.

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Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are a diverse collection of lymphoproliferative cancers that are much less predictable than Hodgkin’s lymphomas with a far greater tendency to metastasize to extranodal sites. A quarter of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cases develop at extranodal sites and the majority of them involve nodal and extranodal sites. The most common subtypes include follicular lymphoma, chronic/small lymphocytic leukaemia, mantel cell lymphoma, and marginal zone lymphoma. Umbralisib is one of the latest PI3Kδ inhibitors in clinical trials for several hematologic cancer indications. In this study, new umbralisib analogues were designed and docked to the active site of PI3Kδ, the main target of the phosphoinositol-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of the rapamycin pathway (PI3K/AKT/mTOR). This study resulted in eleven candidates, with strong binding to PI3Kδ with a docking score between −7.66 and −8.42 Kcal/mol. The docking analysis of ligand–receptor interactions between umbralisib analogues bound to PI3K showed that their interactions were mainly controlled by hydrophobic interactions and, to a lesser extent, by hydrogen bonding. In addition, the MM-GBSA binding free energy was calculated. Analogue 306 showed the highest free energy of binding with −52.22 Kcal/mol. To identify the structural changes and the complexes’ stability of proposed ligands, molecular dynamic simulation was used. Based on this research finding, the best-designed analogue, analogue 306, formed a stable ligand–protein complex. In addition, pharmacokinetics and toxicity analysis using the QikProp tool demonstrated that analogue 306 had good absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties. Additionally, it has a promising predicted profile in immune toxicity, carcinogenicity, and cytotoxicity. In addition, analogue 306 had stable interactions with gold nanoparticles that have been studied using density functional theory calculations. The best interaction with gold was observed at the oxygen atom number 5 with −29.42 Kcal/mol. Further in vitro and in vivo investigations are recommended to be carried out to verify the anticancer activity of this analogue.

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Tornøe, Christian, Eva Johansson, and Per-Olof Wahlund. "Divergent Protein Synthesis of Bowman–Birk Protease Inhibitors, their Hydrodynamic Behavior and Co-crystallization with α-Chymotrypsin." Synlett 28, no. 15 (May 24, 2017): 1901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1588840.

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A divergent protein synthesis strategy was executed to effectively synthesize Bowman–Birk protease inhibitor (BBI) analogues using native chemical ligation of peptide hydrazides. Grafting selected residues from a potent trypsin inhibitor, sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1, onto the α-chymotrypsin-binding loop of BBI, resulted in a fourfold improvement of α-chymotrypsin inhibition. The crystal structure of a synthetic BBI analogue co-crystallized with α-chymotrypsin confirmed the correct protein fold and showed a similar overall structure to unmodified BBI in complex with α-chymotrypsin. Dynamic light scattering showed that C-terminal truncation of BBI led to increased self-association.

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Arueya, Gibson L., Bamidele S. Owosen, and Kazeem K. Olatoye. "Development of Texturized Vegetable Protein from Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and African Oil Bean Seed [Pentaclethrama crophylla (Benth)]: Optimization Approach." Acta Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series E: Food Technology 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aucft-2017-0007.

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AbstractAs part of measures to combat protein shortages in form of meat analogues, extrusion processing conditions for the development of Texturized Vegetable Protein (TVP) from under-utilized sources (Lima bean and African oil bean seed) are analysed. Optimum parameters for processing were established as being: barrel temperature (92.45°C), screw speed (101.48 rpm), feed moisture (59.63%) and African oil bean seed protein concentrates (AOBSPC) of 1%. Concentrations of essential amino-acids were also found to be significant (0.90-7.3%) with a near absence of anti-nutritional factors (0.0022–1.0008) g/kg. Sensory evaluation showed that TVP5 (100% LBPC) compared favourably with the control sample (cooked meat) in overall acceptability. An Acceptable and nutritious meat analogue had been developed.

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Smith, Christine C., Marcel Hollenstein, and Christian J. Leumann. "The synthesis and application of a diazirine-modified uridine analogue for investigating RNA–protein interactions." RSC Adv. 4, no. 89 (2014): 48228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra08682a.

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A uridine analogue equipped with a photoactive diazirine unit was generated and incorporated into RNA either syntheticallyviaphosphoramidite chemistry or by enzymatic polymerization. The new analogue was developed to identify and investigate RNA–protein interactions.

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SHOJAEE-MORADIE, Fariba, Michelle P. Y. CHAN, Micayla A. TELFER, Dietrich BRANDENBURG, Erik SUNDERMANN, Heike ECKEY, Jens KLEINJUNG, Achim SCHÜTTLER, and Richard H. JONES. "Effect of thyroid hormone binding proteins on insulin receptor binding of B1-thyronine-insulin analogues." Biochemical Journal 381, no. 1 (June 22, 2004): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20040177.

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Certain thyronine-insulin analogues, which form non-covalent complexes with plasma proteins, have been shown to act preferentially in the liver. We hypothesized that this property may be dependant on the ability of the analogue to bind to the insulin receptor without prior dissociation from the binding protein. NαB1-L-thyroxyl-insulin, NαB1-3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine-insulin, NαB1-D-thyroxyl-insulin and NαB1-L-thyroxyl-aminolauroyl-insulin were compared with insulin for their capacity to inhibit the binding of [125I]TyrA14-insulin to rat liver plasma membrane in albumin-free buffer. Effective doses at 50% maximum inhibition of binding (ED50) were calculated with and without addition of the thyroid hormone binding proteins transthyretin, thyroxine binding globulin and human serum albumin. The binding of thyronine-insulin analogues to insulin receptors was inhibited in a dose-dependant manner by the addition of thyroid hormone binding proteins at concentrations in the physiological range. Complexes of thyronine-insulin analogues with thyroid hormone binding proteins exhibit impaired insulin receptor binding affinities compared with those of the analogues in their free form. Hepatoselectivity in vivo may not depend on binding of the intact complexes to hepatocytes. These results have implications for the physiological role of hormone binding proteins and the in vivo properties of other insulin analogues which bind to plasma proteins.

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Clare, Anthony S., and Mizue Yamazaki. "Inactivity of glycyl-glycyl-arginine and two putative (QSAR) peptide analogues of barnacle waterborne settlement pheromone." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 80, no. 5 (October 2000): 945–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400002952.

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The effect of two putative tripeptide analogues (isoleucine-isoleucine-arginine [IIR] and valine-leucine-arginine [VLR]) and a reported analogue, glycyl-glycyl-arginine (GGR), of the waterborne cue to settlement of Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin cypris larvae has been investigated. Settlement in the presence of these tripeptides was not significantly different from that in filtered seawater. Because crude waterborne cue and settlement-inducing protein complex both significantly evoked settlement, the cyprids used in this study were competent to respond. The overall results, therefore, demonstrate that IIR, VLR and GGR are not analogues of barnacle waterborne settlement pheromone.

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Karina Wijono, Widya, and Teti Estiasih. "The effect of lesser yam tuber flour (Dioscorea esculenta) and cooking methods on meat analogue chemical and textural properties." Advances in Food Science, Sustainable Agriculture and Agroindustrial Engineering 4, no. 2 (December 2021): 162–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.afssaae.2021.004.02.10.

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The addition of carbohydrates on gluten meat analogue has the potency to improve texture, such as lesser yam flour. It can be processed by steaming and baking. This study aimed to determine, analyze, evaluate the effect of cooking methods (steaming and baking) and substitution of lesser yam tuber flour (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) on the texture of meat analogue and chemical properties only for the best meat analogue. This study used Randomized Block Design, Nested Design of 3 replications with 2 factors, levels of lesser yam tuber flour nested in cooking methods. The texture of meat analogue was compared to beef texture. The results showed that the cooking method affected hardness and cohesiveness significantly. The substitution of lesser yam tuber flour significantly affected hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewability. The best steamed meat analogue was at 5% substitution level of lesser yam tuber flour, contain of 49.79% moisture content, 28.39% protein, 17.04% carbohydrates, 2.57% ash, 2.21% fat and red grayish color. The best baked meat analogue was at 0% substitution level of lesser yam tuber flour, contain of 48.64% moisture content, 29.87% protein, 16.89% carbohydrates, 2.60% ash, 2.00% fat and red grayish color. The steamed meat analogue was more similar to beef, than the baked meat analogue. This production of a meat analogue would be suitable as a simple household-scale meat substituent.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Protein analogue'

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