Academic literature on the topic 'Protein analogue'
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Journal articles on the topic "Protein analogue"
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Micallef, Jacob V., Margaret M. Hayes, Abdul Latif, Rukhsana Ahsan, and Saulat B. Sufi. "Serum Binding of Steroid Tracers and its Possible Effects on Direct Steroid Immunoassay." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 32, no. 6 (November 1995): 566–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456329503200609.
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We studied the serum protein binding of 3H-labelled progesterone, oestradiol and testosterone, and five 125I-labelled analogues of these steroids. All tracers investigated appeared to be bound by proteins in every serum sample tested. The addition of blocking agents caused a substantial reduction in serum protein binding of 3H-labelled steroids, but had relatively little effect on the binding of analogue steroid tracers. Use of analogue steroid tracers in conventional direct immunoassays for oestradiol and progesterone produced anomalous results for some patient samples when compared to extraction radioimmunoassays, but assays where tracer binding to serum constituents was prevented by adoption of two-step procedures appeared to avoid anomalous results. The results suggest that serum protein binding of steroid analogue tracers may be a source of interference in some direct steroid immunoassays.
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Volonté, C., A. H. Ross, and L. A. Greene. "Association of a purine-analogue-sensitive protein kinase activity with p75 nerve growth factor receptors." Molecular Biology of the Cell 4, no. 1 (January 1993): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.4.1.71.
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Purine analogues are protein kinase inhibitors, and they block with varying potency and specificity certain of the biological actions of nerve growth factor (NGF). The analogue 6-thioguanine (6-TG) has been shown to inhibit with high specificity protein kinase N (PKN), a serine/threonine protein kinase activated by NGF in several cellular systems. In the present work, immunoprecipitates of p75 NGF receptors from PC12 cells (+/-NGF treatment) were assayed for protein kinase activity using the substrate myelin basic protein under phosphorylating conditions optimal for PKN and in the presence or absence of purine analogues. An NGF-inducible activity was detected, and approximately 80% was inhibited by purine analogues. This activity was maximally stimulated by NGF within 5-10 min, partially decreased by 60 min, and returned to basal levels after 15 h of NGF treatment. The analogue 6-TG inhibited the NGF-inducible p75-associated kinase activity with an IC50 in the range of 15-35 microM. In mutant PC12 nnr-5 cells that lack the Trk NGF receptor, the purine-analogue-sensitive p75-associated kinase activity was not inducible by NFG. In normal PC12 cells, cyclic AMP analogues and epidermal growth factor failed to induce the same activity. Application of either 2-aminopurine or 6-TG to intact cells only slightly inhibit the NGF-dependent induction of the purine-analogue-inhibited p75-associated kinase activity. This activity shares many similarities but also displays some significant differences with cytosolic PKN. Our findings therefore indicate the association of a purine-analogue-sensitive protein kinase with p75 NGF receptors.
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Wang, Tianxiao, Lovedeep Kaur, Yasufumi Furuhata, Hiroaki Aoyama, and Jaspreet Singh. "3D Printing of Textured Soft Hybrid Meat Analogues." Foods 11, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11030478.
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Meat analogue is a food product mainly made of plant proteins. It is considered to be a sustainable food and has gained a lot of interest in recent years. Hybrid meat is a next generation meat analogue prepared by the co-processing of both plant and animal protein ingredients at different ratios and is considered to be nutritionally superior to the currently available plant-only meat analogues. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is becoming increasingly popular in food processing. Three-dimensional food printing involves the modification of food structures, which leads to the creation of soft food. Currently, there is no available research on 3D printing of meat analogues. This study was carried out to create plant and animal protein-based formulations for 3D printing of hybrid meat analogues with soft textures. Pea protein isolate (PPI) and chicken mince were selected as the main plant protein and meat sources, respectively, for 3D printing tests. Then, rheology and forward extrusion tests were carried out on these selected samples to obtain a basic understanding of their potential printability. Afterwards, extrusion-based 3D printing was conducted to print a 3D chicken nugget shape. The addition of 20% chicken mince paste to PPI based paste achieved better printability and fibre structure.
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Sobhonslidsuk, Abhasnee, Jirachaya Wanichanuwat, Pawin Numthavaj, Areepan Sophonsritsuk, Supanna Petraksa, Alongkorn Pugasub, Paisan Jittorntam, Anucha Kongsomgan, Sittiruk Roytrakul, and Bunyong Phakdeekitcharoen. "Nucleotide Analogue-Related Proximal Renal Tubular Dysfunction during Long-Term Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B: A Cross-Sectional Study." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2952635.
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Background. There have been few reports of nucleotide analogue-related renal tubular dysfunction (RTD) in CHB patients. We assessed the prevalence and presentation of nucleotide analogue-related proximal RTD.Methods. A cross-sectional study was performed in CHB patients taking nucleotide analogues. Inclusion criteria were patients who were on adefovir or tenofovir as mono- or add-on therapy with lamivudine (LAM) >1 year. Serum and urine were collected. Fractional excretion of phosphate (FEPO4), uric acid (FEUA), and potassium was calculated. Renal losses were defined based on the criteria: protein (24-hour urine protein >150 mg), glucose (glycosuria with normoglycemia), phosphate (FEPO4>18%), uric acid (FEUA >15%), potassium (renal potassium losses with hypokalemia), and bicarbonate (normal gap acidosis). Subclinical and overt proximal RTD were defined when 2 and ≥3 criteria presented.Results. Ninety-two patients were enrolled. The mean duration of nucleotide analogue taking was55.1±29.6months. Proximal RTD was found in 24 (26.1%) patients (subclinical 15 (16.3%) and overt 9 (9.8%)). The severity of RTD was associated with the duration of nucleotide analogue (P=0.01).Conclusions. The prevalence of proximal RTD in CHB patients taking nucleotide analogues was 26%. The severity of RTD was associated with the treatment duration. Comprehensive testing is necessary for early detecting nucleotide analogue-related nephrotoxicity.
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Wingfield, P. T., P. Graber, G. Buell, K. Rose, M. G. Simona, and B. D. Burleigh. "Preparation and characterization of bovine growth hormones produced in recombinant Escherichia coli." Biochemical Journal 243, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2430829.
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Two analogues of bovine growth hormone (BGH) have been produced in Escherichia coli by recombinant DNA techniques. In analogue Delta-1, the N-terminal alanine residue of the full-length bovine sequence is replaced by methionine. In analogue Delta-9, which is expressed at much higher levels than is Delta-1, the full-length bovine sequence is truncated at the N-terminus by eight residues and there is a serine-for-glycine substitution in the first position of the truncated protein. Both analogues, which were characterized by isoelectric focusing (i.e.f.), polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of SDS (SDS/PAGE), amino acid analysis and N-terminal amino acid sequence determination using combined g.l.c.-m.s., are compared with BGH isolated from pituitaries. In contrast with pituitary-derived BGH, the recombinant-derived proteins are homogeneous on SDS/PAGE and on i.e.f. In a radioimmunoassay, a radioreceptor assay and a bioassay in vivo (rat tibia), Delta-9 BGH showed very similar characteristics to the pituitary-derived hormone. Similar results have also been obtained with the Delta-1 analogue.
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Andika, Ari, Feri Kusnandar, and Slamet Budijanto. "KARAKTERISTIK FISIKOKIMIA DAN SENSORI BERAS ANALOG MULTIGRAIN BERPROTEIN TINGGI." Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan 32, no. 1 (June 2021): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.6066/jtip.2021.32.1.60.
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Several grains (green bean, red bean, soybean, corn, nuts, sesame, and millets) were processed to yield a high protein analogue rice. Red beans and green beans were soaked in water for six hours while soybean was boiled for 10 minutes and then peeled. Nuts were dried at 70°C, ground, and sieved to pass 80 mesh. All grains were ground into powder except for sesame which was in whole seed. Four formulas of rice analogues were produced at a different level of millet (0-15%), corn (35-50%) with fixed level of red beans (10%), soybeans (25%), green beans (10%), sesame (3%), and glycerol monostearate (GMS) (2%). The products were analyzed in terms of proximate composition, hardness, water absorption index, development ratio, cooking time, in vitro protein digestibility, amino acids composition, and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). The four analogue rice formulas contained high level of protein and protein digestibility, but they did not fulfill the targeted complementation. The protein content of the analogue rice varied from 18.19 to 19.09% (wet based) with protein digestibility of 81.27-88.86%. The most preferred formulas of the rice analogue was composed of corn (40%), millet (10%, red beans (10%), soybeans (25%), green beans (10%), sesame (3%), and GMS (2%). It contained 42.48% of amino acids score and 36.53% of PDCAAS value.
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WANG, Yanlin, Amy HACKER, Tracy MURRAY-STEWART, Jennifer G. FLEISCHER, Patrick M. WOSTER, and Robert A. CASERO. "Induction of human spermine oxidase SMO(PAOh1) is regulated at the levels of new mRNA synthesis, mRNA stabilization and newly synthesized protein." Biochemical Journal 386, no. 3 (March 8, 2005): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20041084.
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The oxidation of polyamines induced by antitumour polyamine analogues has been associated with tumour response to specific agents. The human spermine oxidase, SMO(PAOh1), is one enzyme that may play a direct role in the cellular response to the antitumour polyamine analogues. In the present study, the induction of SMO(PAOh1) enzyme activity by CPENSpm [N1-ethyl-N11-(cyclopropyl)methyl-4,8,diazaundecane] is demonstrated to be a result of newly synthesized mRNA and protein. Inhibition of new RNA synthesis by actinomycin D inhibits both the appearance of SMO(PAOh1) mRNA and enzyme activity. Similarly, inhibition of newly synthesized protein with cycloheximide prevents analogue-induced enzyme activity. Half-life determinations indicate that stabilization of SMO(PAOh1) protein does not play a significant role in analogue-induced activity. However, half-life experiments using actinomycin D indicate that CPENSpm treatment not only increases mRNA expression, but also leads to a significant increase in mRNA half-life (17.1 and 8.8 h for CPENSpm-treated cells and control respectively). Using reporter constructs encompassing the SMO(PAOh1) promoter region, a 30–90% increase in transcription is observed after exposure to CPENSpm. The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that analogue-induced expression of SMO(PAOh1) is a result of increased transcription and stabilization of SMO(PAOh1) mRNA, leading to increased protein production and enzyme activity. These data indicate that the major level of control of SMO(PAOh1) expression in response to polyamine analogues exposure is at the level of mRNA.
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Aini, N., B. Sustriawan, V. Prihananto, J. Sumarmono, R. N. Ramadan, and D. Romadhon. "Formulation of low-fat cheese analogue from sweet corn extract using papain and lime extract as coagulant." Food Research 4, no. 4 (March 24, 2020): 1071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(4).395.
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Cheese is not only created using cow's milk and can also be made from a mixture of vegetable extracts, including corn extract. Cheese from corn extract has the advantages of low-fat and high-carotene. Notably, papain can be used as a coagulant in the production of cheese analogue, while maltodextrin functions to increase volume and total solids for greater yield. The objectives of the present study was 1) to optimize the formula composition between lime extract, papain, and maltodextrin to create a cheese analogue from sweet corn extract with high yield and protein as well as good sensory properties, 2) to study the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of the cheese analogue using the optimal formula, and 3) to compare analog cheese from corn milk to cow's milk cheese. The experimental design involved response surface methodology with three factors (lime extract, papain, and maltodextrin). The results of the study produced the optimal cheese analogue formula from corn extract with the addition of lime extract (2.283%), papain (0.022%), and maltodextrin (15%). The characteristics of this cheese analogue include a yield of 20.3%; pH of 5.4; 14oBrix soluble solids; water content of 65.3%; protein content of 13.5%; total-carotene of 544.4 ppm and of fat content 4.6%. The cheese analogue has sensory characteristics of soft texture, the ability to spread evenly, the typical color of cheese (i.e. yellowish-white), and was preferred by panelists. Cheese analogue has protein content of 7.1%, fat content of 4.55%, total carotene of 544.4 mg/g, cholesterol 0.02 mg/g; while commercial cheese from cow’s milk has protein content 6.3%, fat content 24.53%, total carotene 5.32 mg/g and cholesterol 0.19 mg/g. Thus, sweet corn can potentially be used as a raw material for producing low-fat cheese analogues.
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Guay-Woodford, L. M., O. Platt, and H. W. Harris. "Toad urinary bladder epithelial cells contain an analogue of cytoskeletal protein 4.1." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 260, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): C1308—C1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.260.6.c1308.
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Epithelial cell polarity and vectorial transport require cytoskeletal proteins that maintain local cell membrane structure and mediate cytoplasmic vesicle movement. The cytoskeleton of leaky epithelia, such as the intestinal mucosa and renal proximal tubule cells, has been extensively studied. However, cytoskeletal studies in tight epithelia such as the mammalian collecting duct and toad urinary bladder generally have been confined to ultrastructural investigation. Recent research in nonepithelial cell types has identified an interesting family of cytoskeletal proteins. Present in multiple cell types, these protein 4.1 analogues share a number of similar functional characteristics, yet are structurally diverse. They are multiply phosphorylated by several different kinases, and phosphorylation regulates their associations with other cytoskeletal constituents, integral membrane components, and cytoplasmic vesicles. Using a combination of immunochemical and immunofluorescent techniques, we have demonstrated that toad bladder epithelial cells contain a 65-kDa analogue of human erythrocyte protein 4.1. Toad bladder epithelial cell protein 4.1 is structurally similar to its erythrocyte counterpart and is phosphorylated. This protein 4.1 species is present throughout the toad bladder granular cell cytoplasm, suggesting that it participates in multiple granular cell functions.
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Girija, J., S. Kamalasundari, G. Hemalatha, and T. Umamaheswari. "Production Methodologies of Meat Analogues: A Review." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 58, no. 02 (June 30, 2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2021581.1741.
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Meat is a non-vegetarian food and is considered as a good source of quality nutrients. Though meat protein provide the required content of good quality protein for the body, they are also associated with higher cholesterol and fat content, which prove to be a leading cause of serious health issues. This became the primary reason for increase in a shift in demands for plant-based protein source foods. The other reason is environmental impact of animal derived products. Meat analogues are plant-based good quality protein source of food that tastes like meat protein, and texture resemble that of meat. These plant-based meat analogues have some amount of anti-nutrients and allergic compounds, but they can be successfully removed by employing certain processing methods and resemble meat in its functionality properties. This approach of mimicking the plantbased foods to resemble meat involves understanding of the biochemical composition and three-dimensional structure of meat, and replicating those qualities using plant-based ingredients. In the current scenario, the best suitable methods of manufacturing meat analogue are by extrusion and structuring techniques. The meat analogues satisfy the need of meat for both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. This review attempts to outline the different manufacturing processes of meat analogue using plant-based foods, and to analyse the best suitable method.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Protein analogue"
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Jimenez, Rosales Angelica. "Methyltransferases as bioorthogonal labelling tools for proteins." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/methyltransferases-as-bioorthogonal-labelling-tools-for-proteins(27231f93-7cdd-4c2d-9f31-0adc3f38b147).html.
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Development of enzymatic labelling methods has been driven by the importance of studying molecular structures and interactions to comprehend cellular processes. Methyltransferases (MTases), which regulate genetic expression by transferring a methyl group from the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to DNA, histones and various proteins, have been shown to accept SAM analogues with an alternative alkyl group on the sulfonium centre. These alkyl groups can be transferred to the substrate, and with a further reaction can be selectively functionalized. Thus, MTases together with SAM analogues have emerged as novel labelling tools. The project aims to use MTases to obtain an orthogonal system that can selectively use a SAM cofactor analogue to transfer functional chains to proteins with a specific motif. To achieve selectivity of the system, the SAM analogue cofactor was modified on the ribose ring; to obtain a new transferase activity of the system, the transferable methyl on the sulfonium centre was changed to a different substituent. SAM analogues were produced enzymatically with hMAT2A by using 3'-deoxy-ATP and methionine or ethionine. Mutants of SET8 and novel substrates were designed to have modifications at residues in the active site, within the vicinity of the ribose ring of SAM, and were assessed for selective activity with the new analogue cofactor. The results showed that the new cofactor 3'-deoxy-S-adenosyl-L-methionine (3'dSAM) was efficient in the mono-methylation of the substrate peptide RFRKVL, and that the mutant SET8 C270V exhibited over 13 fold MTase activity in presence of 3'dSAM and the RFRKVL substrate, in comparison with the activity with the WT sequence RHRKVL and the SAM cofactor. In addition, glutathione S-transferase (GST) was used as a model protein to express the motif RFRKVL, to transform it into a potential substrate for SET8. Assessment of the MTase activity of SET8, 3'dSAM and the novel GST substrate indicated mono-methylation of the substrate. Moreover, the motif showed no interference with GST native activity. Based on the observations, a new enzymatic system shows higher selectivity with a new analogue cofactor over SAM to effectively methylate proteins expressing the consensus RFRKVL. Work on substrates, enzymes and cofactors should continue to obtain a functional-chain transferase activity of the enzymatic system.
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Allsebrook, Andrew M. "QPRTase : quinolinic acid analogue synthesis and non-enzymic decarboxylation of N-alkylquinolinic acids." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14376.
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Quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRTase, E.C. 2.4.2.19) is considered to be a unique enzyme in that it is thought to catalyse two distinct chemical reactions. Both the transfer of a phosphoribosyl group from 5-phosphoribosyl-1- pyrophosphate onto the nitrogen of quinolinic acid and the subsequent decarboxylation of the intermediate to form nicotinic acid mononucleotide are thought to be catalysed by the QPRTase system. Analogues of quinolinic acid were designed as potential inhibitors of QPRTase. These contain acidic groups at the 2- and 3- positions but are unable to decarboxylate. However, such compounds may be able to undergo the phosphoribosyl transfer reaction, potentially increasing their inhibitory potency. These compounds may be useful as "biological tools" allowing the neurological effects of an increase in quinolinic acid levels to be investigated. The compounds may show anti-fungal activity blocking the kynurenine pathway for NAD production. 2-Sulfonicotinic acid was synthesised by the oxidation of 2-mercaptonicotinic acid by either basic potassium permanganate, or iodine, with the structure was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. In biological testing the acid was shown to be neither an agonist nor antagonist of the NMDA receptor, or to be neurotoxic. A number of synthetic routes towards 2-phosphononicotinic acid, an alternative quinolinic acid analogue, were attempted though none were successful. These included orthometallation strategies and palladium coupling reactions to incorporate the phosphonic acid group at the 2- position. Nucleophilic addition routes, methods of building up the pyridine ring and including non-selective phosphonic acid addition were also examined. However, a related derivative, 2-(phosphonomethyl)nicotinic acid, was successfully synthesised. The non-enzymic decarboxylation of N-alkyl quinolinic acids was investigated, for comparison with the decarboxylation reaction catalysed by QPRTase. Both N- methyl and N-ethylquinolinic acid were synthesised, and the pH versus rate profiles measured. The rate maximum for both compounds was at pH 1.5, with the rate decreasing both above and below the maximum. N-Methylquinolinic acid was 10 times faster than quinolinic acid itself, demonstrating the effect of the nitrogen substituent. The N-ethyl derivative decarboxylated a further 1.5 times faster, showing the effect of increasing the size of the substituent. An Arrhenius plot was also carried out, giving an activation energy for the reaction of 153 kJ mol-1. Attempts to prepare the N-propyl derivative were unsuccessful, as decarboxylation occurred very readily to give N- propylnicotinic acid.
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Anderson, Gordon James. "Molecular characterisation of the PRP8 protein on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identification of an analogue in HeLa cells." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11287.
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Schmiele, Marcio 1979. "Interações físicas e químicas entre isolado protéico de soja e glúten vital durante a extrusão termoplástica a alta e baixa umidade para a obtenção de análogo de carne = Physical and chemical interactions between isolated soy protein and vital gluten during thermoplastic extrusion at high and low moisture content to obtain meat analogue." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/255892.
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Orientador: Yoon Kil ChangTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T06:53:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schmiele_Marcio_D.pdf: 9722936 bytes, checksum: 95d9146270f349c5f3e7ad761ac0d266 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Os análogos de carne obtidos por extrusão termoplástica de proteínas vegetais são caracterizados pelo seu elevado teor proteico e estrutura semelhante às fibras da carne, envolvendo diversos tipos de ligações e/ou interações químicas entre as proteínas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características tecnológicas e físico-químicas de análogos de carne, à base de isolado proteico de soja, obtidos por processo de extrusão termoplástica a alta umidade (AU) e baixa umidade (BU). Para cada condição de umidade foi utilizado um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional de três variáveis independentes (glúten vital, umidade de condicionamento e temperatura de extrusão). As variáveis dependentes avaliadas foram a textura instrumental, cor instrumental, capacidade de absorção de água, índice de solubilidade em água, capacidade de absorção de óleo, índice de dispersibilidade de proteína, energia mecânica específica e o tipo de interações proteicas. Estas interações foram avaliadas através de sete tipos de solventes específicos: (i) tampão fosfato para as proteínas no estado nativo; (ii) dodecil sulfato de sódio para as interações hidrofóbicas e iônicas; (iii) Triton 100X para as interações hidrofóbicas; (iv) ureia para as interações hidrofóbicas e pontes de hidrogênio; (v) ß-mercaptoetanol para as ligações dissulfeto; e (vi) ß-mercaptoetanol e ureia e (vii) dodecil sulfato de sódio e ureia, para avaliar o efeito sinérgico entre os sistemas. O ponto otimizado (caracterizado principalmente por promover maiores valores de L* e de capacidade de absorção de água, menores valores de índice de solubilidade em água, de capacidade de absorção de óleo, de desnaturação proteica e valores intermediários de textura instrumental e de energia mecânica específica) foi processado juntamente com uma amostra controle para ambos os processos com o intuito de validar os modelos matemáticos e avaliar as possíveis alterações na morfologia dos análogos de carne, na massa molecular das proteínas, na composição de aminoácidos totais e na desnaturação proteica. As melhores condições de processamento foram obtidos para os análogos de carne contendo de 12 e 5 % de glúten vital, 58 e 18 % de umidade de condicionamento e 135 e 100 °C para a temperatura de extrusão, para o processo AU e BU, respectivamente. As principais interações proteína-proteína encontradas nos análogos de carne foram as ligações dissulfeto e ligações de hidrogênio para o processo AU e as ligações dissulfeto e interações iônicas para o processo BU. A adição de glúten vital promoveu uma aparência mais lisa e melhor orientação na estrutura das fibras. Verificou-se que ocorreu aumento nas proteínas de baixa massa molecular e diminuição nas proteínas de alta massa molecular. No perfil de aminoácidos totais houve maior variação negativa para os aminoácidos essenciais (triptofano e treonina), semi essenciais (cisteína) e não essenciais (serina), indicando que houve redução no valor nutricional. As estruturas secundárias (a-hélice, ß-folha, ß-volta e a estrutura desordenada) mostraram alteração na sua conformação devido à desnaturação proteica e formação de novos agregados
Abstract: Meat analogue obtained by termoplastic extrusion of vegetable proteins are characterized by its high protein levels and structure similar to meat fibers, which comprises many types of chemical bonds and/or interactions between proteins. The aim of this work was to evaluate the technological and physico-chemical characteristics of meat analogue based on isolated soy protein obtained by thermoplastic extrusion process at high moisture (HM) and low moisture (LM) content. For each moisture condition was used a Central Rotational Composite Design with three independent variables (vital gluten, moisture content and extrusion temperature). The dependent variables evaluated were instrumental texture, instrumental color, water absorption capacity, water solubility index, oil absorption capacity, protein dispersibility index, specific mechanical energy, and the type of protein interactions. These interactions were evaluated using seven specific solvents types: (i) phosphate buffer for proteins in native state; (ii) sodium dodecil sulphate for hydrophobic and ionic interactions; (iii) Triton 100X for hydrophobic interactions; (iv) urea for hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds; (v) ß-mercaptoethanol for dissulfide bonds; and (vi) ß-mercaptoethanol and urea and (vii) sodium dodecil sulphate and urea, for the synergistic effect between the systems. The optimized point (characterized mainly by promoting higher values for L* and water absorption capacity, lower values for water solubility index, oil absoption capacity and protein denaturation and intermediate values for instrumental texture and specific mechanical energy) was processed, together with a control sample for each processes, in order to validate the mathematical models and to evaluate possibles changes in the meat analogues morphology, in the protein molecular weight, in the total amino acid composition, and in the protein denaturation. The best processing conditions were obtained for the meat analogue containing 12 and 5 % of vital gluten, 58 and 18 % of moisture content and 135 and 100 °C of extrusion temperature, for the HM and LM processes, respectively. The main protein-protein interactions found in meat analogues were the dissulfide bonds and hydrogen bonds for the LM process and the dissulfide bonds and ionic interactions for the HM process. The addition of vital gluten promoted a smoother appearance and better orientation in the fiber structure. It was found that occured an increase in the protein with low molecular weight and a reduction in the protein with high molecular weight. There were a greater negative variation for the essential (tryptophan and threonine), semi-essential (cysteine) and nonessential (serine) amino acids in the total amino acid profile, indicating a reduction of the nutritional value. The secondary structure (a-helix, ß-sheet, ß-turn and disordered structure) showed alteration in its conformation due to the protein denaturation and formation of new aggregates
Doutorado
Tecnologia de Alimentos
Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos
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Frippiat, Steven. "Synthèses et fonctionnalisations de noyaux imidazolones : utilisations innovantes d'isonitriles et d'oxazolines." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMIR17.
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A ce jour, les dérivés d’imidazolones-4-arylidènes et dialkyles-(4,4’)-imidazolones font l’objet de nombreuses convoitises pour les scientifiques tant sur le domaine des matériaux via ses propriétés de fluorescence, que sur celui du médical, en particulier pour le traitement de maladies comme les cancers, l’hypertension ou la maladie d’Alzheimer. Les chimistes n’ont eu de cesses de présenter des procédés de synthèses plus originaux les uns que les autres pour l’obtention de ces imidazolones. Cependant, ces méthodes parfois anciennes, peuvent sembler être en décalage avec les demandes d’accéder en une seule étape à un large panel de dérivés hautement fonctionnels. De plus, ces voies de synthèses ne répondent plus à enjeux actuels : être davantage économiques en terme d’étapes mais aussi d’atomes. C’est pourquoi il nous a semblé important de proposer nous-mêmes des solutions dans l’optique de répondre à ces problématiques à l’aide d’une fonction particulière : la fonction isonitrileUp until now, arylidene-4-imidazolones and dialkyl-(4,4’)-imidazolones derivatives are subject of longing for scientists both in the field of materials with fluorescence properties, and medical area, in particular for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, high blood pressure or Alzheimer's disease. Chemists have constantly presented synthetic methods, each more original than the other for the synthesis of these imidazolones. However, these old methods can appear to be out of step with the demands for one-step access to a large panel of highly functional derivatives. In addition, these synthetic routes are no longer respond to current challenges : being more economical in terms of synthetic’s step but also of atoms. This is why it seemed important to us to come up with some solutions in order to respond to these problems according to a particular function: the isocyanide function
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Nemeth, Joseph. "Design and synthesis of chemical probes for the protein kinase B PH domain." Thesis, St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/572.
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GANDINI, ENRICO. "MOLECULAR DYNAMICS AND CHEMINFORMATICS METHODS TO EXPLORE THE CHEMICAL REALITY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/888609.
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Part I: Antifreeze Peptides
Organisms living in icy environments produce antifreeze proteins to control ice growth and recrystallization. It has been proposed that these molecules pin the surface of ice crystals, thus inducing the formation of a curved surface that arrests crystal growth. Such proteins are very appealing for many potential applications in food industry, material science and cryoconservation of organs and tissues. Unfortunately, their structural complexity has seriously hampered their practical use, while efficient and accessible synthetic analogues are highly desirable. In the present work, we used molecular dynamics based techniques to model the interaction of three short antifreeze synthetic peptides with an ice surface. The employed protocols succeeded in reproducing the ice pinning action of antifreeze peptides and the consequent ice growth arrest, as well as in distinguishing between antifreeze and control peptides, for which no such effect was observed. Principal components analysis of peptides trajectories in different simulation settings permitted to highlight the main structural features associated to antifreeze activity. Modeling results are highly correlated with experimentally measured properties, and insights on ice-peptide interactions and on conformational patterns favoring antifreeze activity will prompt the design of new and improved antifreeze peptides.
Part II: Molecular Similarity
Molecular similarity is an important notion in chemistry, with applications in fields such as chemical databases and drug design. Molecular similarity is also important in chemical legislation, in particular in the evaluation process for orphan drugs (i.e., drugs for rare diseases). A new molecule needs to be dissimilar from any other existing drug for a given disease to be assigned the financially advantageous status of orphan drug. Currently, there are many ways to define whether two molecules are similar or dissimilar. Thus far, the European Medicines Agency has used majority voting on discretional judgments of similarity when assessing new drugs for rare diseases. Similarity in an inherently subjective concept, which depends on individual factors such as gender, age, state of mind, and previous experiences. Automated procedures that quantitatively and objectively evaluate molecular similarity are needed. Existing automated procedures are quite effective, but only take into account 2D molecular properties. We improved upon existing similarity-prediction procedures by including calculated 3D properties in the computational models. We created a new data-set of molecular similarity assessments, that includes complex and borderline similarity scenarios. We used the new data-set to test the existing procedures, and to build new and improved computational models.
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Milner, Steven John. "The oxidative folding of insulin-like growth factor-I analogues /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm65945.pdf.
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DI, LUCENTE CRISTINA. "The phytotoxin fusicoccin: a regulator of multiple 14-3-3 targets." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/202271.
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L’identificazione della fusicoccina come metabolita responsabile degli effetti tossici di Phomopsis amygdali, dovuti alla sua capacità di attivare irreversibilmente l’H+-ATPasi di plasmalemma, ha dato impulso al chiarimento del meccanismo molecolare di azione della tossina. L’H+-ATPasi di plasmalemma è, ad oggi, l’unico bersaglio dell’azione della FC individuato. La mancata identificazione di siti di legame per la FC in batteri, lieviti, funghi e animali ha fatto ritenere che l’azione della tossina fosse quindi ristretta al regno vegetale. In questo lavoro è dimostrata la capacità della fitotossina di influenzare il processo di aggregazione piastrinica. In particolare, da un’analisi, condotta nel nostro laboratorio è stata identificato il recettore piastrinico GPIb-IX-V come possibile bersaglio dell’azione della fusicoccina. Infatti, la tossina è in grado di promuovere il legame delle proteine regolatrici 14-3-3 alla glicoproteina Ibα e di inibire l’associazione con la subunità Ibβ. Da ciò ne risulta la stimolazione dell’adesione piastrinica al fattore di von Willebrand che determina la diffusione piastrinica e l’attivazione delle integrine αIIbβ3. Tali risultati incoraggiano il proseguimento degli studi volti a stabilire se la fusicoccina possa essere utilizzata nella terapia o nella diagnosi di patologie associate alla coagulazione del sangue. Inoltre, questo lavoro pone le basi ad una futura ricerca volta a determinare la possibile applicazione della tossina ad altri complessi 14-3-3/target.
Inoltre, la disponibilità di un gran numero di derivati e analoghi della fusicoccina ha reso possibile un’analisi dettagliata della correlazione tra attività e struttura chimica. A tale scopo, è stata saggiata l’attività di questi composti correlati alla fusicoccina in saggi sia in vivo che in vitro.The fungal toxin fusicoccin induces plant wilting by affecting ion transport across the plasma membrane of plant cell. The activity of this toxin is so far unknown in humans. In this work, we show that fusicoccin is able to affect the platelet aggregation process. The toxin associates to platelet intracellular binding sites and induces aggregation in platelet-rich plasma in a dose-dependent manner. We identified the adhesion receptor glycoprotein Ib-IX-V as fusicoccin target. The toxin promotes the binding of the regulatory 14-3-3 proteins to glycoprotein Ibα and hampers that to glycoprotein Ibβ subunit. As a result, platelet adhesion to von Willebrand Factor is stimulated, leading to platelet spreading and integrin αIIbβ3 activation. We anticipate our study to be a starting point for future therapeutic use of fusicoccin in genetic bleeding diseases characterized by qualitative or quantitative abnormalities of the platelet membrane adhesion receptors. Furthermore, we demonstrated that fusicoccin action can be widen also to other 14-3-3 clients, provided that a mode III motif with an appropriate C terminal amino acid is present. Results obtained suggest also the rationale for fusicoccin inability to promote 14-3-3 binding to targets with a mode I consensus sequence. In addition, the availability of a large number of fusicoccin derivatives and analogues made possible a detailed analysis of the relationship between activity and chemical structure. The activity of these fusicoccin-related compounds has been tested either in vivo and in vitro.
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Carmona, Sylvie. "Un analogue de synthèse de la squalamine, NV669, comme nouvel inhibiteur de la protéine Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) : étude de ses effets in vitro et in vivo sur la croissance des tumeurs pancréatiques et hépatiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0616.
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NV669 est un aminosterol dérivé de la squalamine qui a montré posséder des propriétés anti-cancéreuses. L'objectif de cette étude a été de rechercher les effets bénéfiques de NV669 sur des modèles de cancers humains pancréatiques et hépatiques et de comprendre les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires impliqués dans la diminution de la croissance tumorale par le traitement avec NV669. Les lignées cellulaires humaines pancréatiques (BxPC3 et MiaPaca-2) et hépatiques (HepG2 et Huh7) ont été traitées avec NV669 à différentes concentrations et à différents temps. Les résultats ont montré que NV669 inhibe la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses en induisant l'arrêt du cycle cellulaire en phase G2/M via le complexe cycline B1/Cdk1 et en induisant l'apoptose via le clivage de la caspase-8 et de PARP-1, et la fragmentation de l’ADN.De plus, nos recherches in vitro ont révélé que NV669 inhibe l’activité phosphatase de PTP1B et l’expression de FAK. NV669 affecte l’expression des molécules d’adhérence CDH-1, -2 et -3 dans les lignées BxPC3 et Huh7 qui forment des monocouches cellulaires. Cela suggère qu’en inhibant PTP1B, NV669 induirait l’apoptose.Par la suite, nos résultats in vivo ont montré que NV669 inhibe la croissance des xénogreffes pancréatiques et hépatiques tumorales avec une diminution significative de la prolifération cellulaire et une augmentation de l'apoptose des cellules tumorales. Par conséquent, nos recherches suggèrent que l’analogue de la squalamine, NV669, pourrait être un agent anti cancéreux, utilisé seul ou en association avec d’autres médicaments, dans le traitement de l’adénocarcinome pancréatique et du carcinome hépatocellulaireNV669 is an aminosterol derived from squalamine found to possess strong antiangiogenic and anticancer effects. The aim of this study was to investigate NV669’s beneficial effects on human pancreatic and hepatic cancer models and to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tumor growth decrease upon treatment with NV669.Pancreatic (BxPC3, MiaPaCa-2) and hepatic (HepG2, Huh7) cancer cells were treated with NV669, and the effects on proliferation, on cell cycle and death were determined. The results showed that NV669 inhibited the viability of cancer cells, induced cell cycle arrest through the regulation of G2/M phase via a decrease in the expression of cyclin B1 and phosphorylated Cdk1 and the induction of apoptosis via cleaved caspase-8 and PARP-1 and fragmented DNA. Moreover, in vitro NV669 inhibits PTP1B activity and FAK expression. NV669 impacts on the expression of adhesion molecules CDH-1, -2 and -3 in BxPC3 and Huh7 lines that form cell monolayers. This suggests that NV669 by inhibiting PTP1B would induce apoptosis. Subsequently, our in vivo results showed that NV669 inhibited the growth of pancreatic and hepatic tumor xenografts with a significant decrease in proliferation cell and an increase of tumor cell apoptosis. Therefore, NV669 may serve as an alternative anticancer agent, used alone or in association with other medications, for the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma
Books on the topic "Protein analogue"
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Martin, R. P. Synthesis of a thiosugar analogue of an N - linked oligosaccharide fragment: A tool for the study of carbohydrate -protein interactions. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.
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Easterfield, Howard James. Analogues of phosphotyrosine: New components of ligands for protein tyrosine kinase enzymes. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1999.
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Nava, Phillip J. Synthesis of fluorescent analogues of a-tocopherol as ligands for the human a-tocopherol transfer protein (a-TTP). St. Catharines, Ont: Brock University, Centre for Biotechnology, 2006.
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Kelly, Matthew. Protein-related ripening studies in soy cheese analogues. 1998.
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Voinescu, Alexandra, Nadia Wasi Iqbal, and Kevin J. Martin. Management of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0118_update_001.
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In all patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5, regular monitoring of serum markers of CKD-mineral and bone disorder, including calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and alkaline phosphatase, is recommended. Target ranges for these markers are endorsed by guidelines. The principles of therapy for secondary hyperparathyroidism include control of hyperphosphataemia, correction of hypocalcaemia, use of vitamin D sterols, use of calcimimetics, and parathyroidectomy. of hyperphosphataemia is crucial and may be achieved by means of dietary P restriction, use of P binders, and P removal by dialysis. Dietary P restriction requires caution, as it may be associated with protein malnutrition. Aluminium salts are effective P binders, but they are not recommended for long-term use, as Aluminium toxicity (though from contaminated dialysis water rather than oral intake) may cause cognitive impairment, osteomalacia, refractory microcytic anaemia, and myopathy. Ca-based P binders are also quite effective, but should be avoided in patients with hypercalcaemia, vascular calcifications, or persistently low PTH levels. Non-aluminium, non-Ca binders, like sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate, may be more adequate for such patients; however, they are expensive and may have several side effects. Furthermore, comparative trials have failed so far to provide conclusive evidence on the superiority of these newer P binders over Ca-based binders in terms of preventing vascular calcifications, bone abnormalities, and mortality. P removal is about 1800–2700 mg per week with conventional thrice-weekly haemodialysis, but may be increased by using haemodiafiltration or intensified regimens, such as short daily, extended daily or three times weekly nocturnal haemodialysis. Several vitamin D derivatives are currently used for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism. In comparison with the natural form calcitriol, the vitamin D analogue paricalcitol seems to be more fast-acting and less prone to induce hypercalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia, but whether these advantages translate into better clinical outcomes is unknown. Calcimimetics such as cinacalcet can significantly reduce PTH, Ca, and P levels, but they have failed to definitively prove any benefits in terms of mortality and cardiovascular events in dialysis patients. Parathyroidectomy is often indicated in CKD patients with severe persistent hyperparathyroidism, refractory to aggressive medical treatment with vitamin D analogues and/or calcimimetics. This procedure usually leads to rapid improvements in biochemical markers (i.e. significant lowering of serum Ca, P, and PTH) and clinical manifestations (such as pruritus and bone pain); however, the long-term benefits are still unclear.
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Vitamin D3 Analogues with Low Vitamin D Receptor Binding Affinity Regulate Chondrocyte Proliferation, Proteoglycan Synthesis, and Protein Kinase C Activity. Storming Media, 1997.
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Macdougall, Iain C. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0124.
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The advent of recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) in the late 1980s transformed the management of renal anaemia, liberating many dialysis patients from lifelong regular blood transfusions, in turn causing severe iron overload and human leucocyte antigen sensitization. Epoetin can be administered either intravenously or subcutaneously, but the half-life of the drug is fairly short at around 6–8 hours, necessitating frequent injections. To circumvent this problem, two manipulations to the erythropoietin molecule were engineered. The first of these was to attach an extra two carbohydrate chains to the therapeutic protein hormone (to make darbepoetin alfa), and the second was to attach a large pegylation chain to make continuous erythropoietin receptor activator. Both of these strategies prolonged the circulating half-life of the erythropoietin analogue. The next erythropoietic agent to be produced was peginesatide, a peptide-based agent which had no structural homology with native or recombinant erythropoietin, but shared the same biological and functional characteristics. Future strategies include stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor, by orally active inhibitors of the prolyl hydroxylase enzyme, and advanced clinical trials are underway. In the meantime, several large randomized controlled trials have highlighted the potential harm in targeting a near normal haemoglobin of 13–14 g/dL (with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications), and sub-normal correction of anaemia is now advised. Some patients may show mild or severe resistance to erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy, and common causes include iron insufficiency, infection, and underlying inflammation. Very rarely, patients may produce antibodies against their ESA, which neutralize not only the ESA, but also endogenous erythropoietin, causing pure red cell aplasia.
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Hum, Gabriel. Novel approaches towards the synthesis of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors and alternative strategies in the design of transition state analogues for phosphatase abzymes. 2002.
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Wright, A. G. Voltage dividers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0013.
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Voltage dividers provide accelerating voltages to generate multiplier gain. Dynode voltages must remain constant and independent of the light input to maintain stable gain. The standard resistive divider never quite satisfies this requirement, although acceptable performance can be achieved by careful design. The inclusion of zener diodes improves performance but field-effect transistor (FET) circuits can provide gain stability at high mean anode currents, regardless of whether the application is pulsed or analogue. Design procedures for active and semi-active voltage dividers are presented. Dividers based on the Cockcroft–Walton (CW) principle are particularly suited to portable instrumentation because of their low standing current. Consideration is given to pulsed operation, decoupling, switch-on transients, ripple, dynode signals, single cable dividers, and equivalent circuits at high frequencies. Gating is used to protect a photomultiplier, in the presence of high light levels, by reducing the gain electronically. Various methods for gating a voltage divider are presented.
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Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair. The Cartel Party. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199586011.003.0006.
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In terms of an analogy to economic markets, the political market for parties has nearly always been an oligopoly. In recent decades, that oligopoly has transformed into a cartel, in which the parties share rather than compete over resources, and effectively conspire to protect their collective interests. The capacity of their leaders to maintain this cartel of parties depends, however, on their ability to control their own parties, giving rise to a new form of party organization, the cartel party. As with all ideal types, there are never any fully fledged cartel parties, just as there were never any fully fledged mass parties or catch-all parties, but the realities of modern politics are better understood as approaches to the cartel party ideal type than as perversions of the catch-all party.
Book chapters on the topic "Protein analogue"
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Rabiller, Matthias, Jeffrey R. Simard, and Daniel Rauh. "Dissecting Phosphorylation Networks: The Use of Analogue-Sensitive Kinases and More Specific Kinase Inhibitors as Tools." In Protein Kinases as Drug Targets, 69–83. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527633470.ch3.
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T. Waites, Gillian, and S. C. Bell. "STUDIES ON MURINE a1-PREGNANCY-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN (a1-PAP) AND ITS RAT ANALOGUE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO HUMAN a2-PAG." In Pregnancy Proteins in Animals, edited by Jann Hau, 415–28. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110858167-040.
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Liu, Juinn-Lin, and Hsing-Jien Kung. "Marek’s Disease Herpesvirus Transforming Protein MEQ: a c-Jun Analogue with an Alternative Life Style." In Molecular Evolution of Viruses — Past and Present, 51–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1707-8_5.
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Yoshida, Norio, and Fumio Hirata. "Statistical Mechanical Integral Equation Approach to Reveal the Solvation Effect on Hydrolysis Free Energy of ATP and Its Analogue." In The Role of Water in ATP Hydrolysis Energy Transduction by Protein Machinery, 69–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8459-1_5.
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Li, Xiang, Annamalai Manickavasagan, Loong-Tak Lim, and Amanat Ali. "Plant-Based Protein Meat Analogues." In Plant Protein Foods, 171–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91206-2_6.
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Fantl, Wendy J., Alberto Di Donato, Arthur Arnone, and James M. Manning. "Carboxymethylated Hemoglobin as a Structural Analogue for Carbamino Hemoglobin." In Proteins, 141–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1787-6_14.
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Leon, Lorraine, and Matthew Tirrell. "Protein Analogous Micelles." In Self-Assembly, 179–205. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119001379.ch6.
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Srivastava, Sudha, Ratna S. Phadke, and Girjesh Govil. "Comparative study of solution conformation of bradykinin and its analogues." In Proteins, 57–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9063-6_7.
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Liu, Bei, Daniel J. Marston, and Klaus M. Hahn. "Engineering Optogenetic Protein Analogs." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 113–26. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0755-8_7.
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Palacio-Castañeda, Valentina, Roland Brock, and Wouter P. R. Verdurmen. "Generation of Protein-Phosphorodiamidate Morpholino Oligomer Conjugates for Efficient Cellular Delivery via Anthrax Protective Antigen." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 129–41. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2010-6_8.
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AbstractPhosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMOs) offer great promise as therapeutic agents for translation blocking or splice modulation due to their high stability and affinity for target sequences. However, in spite of their neutral charge as compared to natural oligonucleotides or phosphorothioate analogs, they still show little permeability for cellular membranes, highlighting the need for effective cytosolic delivery strategies. In addition, the implementation of strategies for efficient cellular targeting is highly desirable to minimize side effects and maximize the drug dose at its site of action. Anthrax toxin is a three-protein toxin of which the pore-forming protein anthrax protective antigen (PA) can be redirected to a receptor of choice and lethal factor (LF), one of the two substrate proteins, can be coupled to various cargoes for efficient cytosolic cargo delivery. In this protocol, we describe the steps to produce the proteins and protein conjugates required for cytosolic delivery of PMOs through the cation-selective pore generated by anthrax protective antigen. The method relies on the introduction of a unique cysteine at the C-terminal end of a truncated LF (aa 1–254), high-yield expression of the (truncated) toxin proteins in E. coli, functionalization of a PMO with a maleimide group and coupling of the maleimide-functionalized PMO to the unique cysteine on LF by maleimide-thiol conjugation chemistry. Through co-administration of PA with LF-PMO conjugates, an efficient cytosolic delivery of PMOs can be obtained.
Conference papers on the topic "Protein analogue"
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Martins, L. S., F. Lopes, R. N. Ferreira, E. E. L. Valente, L. S. Leite, and R. M. S. Santos. "Isopropyl ester of the hydroxy analogue of methionine (HMBi) fed to Nellore bulls at pasture during the wet season." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_26.
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Authi, K. S., B. J. Evenden, and N. Crawford. "ACTION OF GTPγS [GUANOSINE 5∲-0-(3-THIOPHOSPHATE)] ON SAPONIN-PERMEABILISED PLATELETS: INVOLVEMENT OF 'G' PROTEINS IN PLATELET ACTIVATION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644514.
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Certain ligand-receptor interactions at cell surfaces lead to the phospholipase-C (PLC) hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol (4.5) bisphosphate (PIP2). The products serve as intracellular second messengers, e.g. inositol (1.4.5) trisphosphate (IP3) releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores and diacylglycerol activates protein kinase-C. From studies using GTP and analogues (e.g. GTPγS) there is evidence of a key role for a guanine nucleotide binding protein(s) as a link between receptors and PIP2 hydrolysis. We report the actions of GTPγS on washed human platelets permeabilised with saponin (12-14 μg/ml) to allow penetration of low MWt polar substances. The responses to GTPγS are dose dependent (range 9-60 μM) and at 60 μM the agent induces shape change, aggregation and the secretion of 50% of previously incorporated [14C]-5HT. No effect of GTPγS is seen with intact cells. Shape change occurs 25-30 sec after GTPγS; aggregation and secretion is complete after 3 min. When GTP was used (up to 135 μM) with similarly permeabilised platelets no responses were initiated. Phosphatidylinositol turnover was monitored using 32P-labelling before permeabilisation. The addition of 90 μM GTPγS resulted in a 143 ± 23% (n=4) increase in 32P-phosphatidic acid (PA) with respect to the basal levels of “saponised control” cells. These findings suggest that GTPγS stimulates PLC activity through a ‘G’ protein interaction. The GDP analogue (GDPβS) produced no activation responses in saponised platelets but inhibited responses induced by GTPγS in a dose dependent manner (0-480 μM, max inhibition 480 μM). At 960 μM, GDPβS totally inhibited aggregation and secretion initiated by low doses of thrombin (0.1 U/ml) and collagen (1 μg/ml). Identical inhibition by GDPβS of thrombin and collagen-induced activation of intact platelets was observed indicating membrane penetration of this analogue. Shape change effects were not inhibited by GDPSS. The inhibitory effects of GDPSS towards thrombin and collagen induced secretion could be progressively overcome at higher doses of thrombin (0.2 U/ml - 2 U/ml) and collagen (5 μg/ml - 60 μg/ml) suggesting that at higher concentrations these agonists may exert effects through 'G' protein-independent mechanisms.
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Siffert, W., P. Scheid, and JW N. Akkerman. "PROTEIN KINASE C CONTROLS CA2+ MOBILIZATION IN HUMAN PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644509.
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Platelet stimulation has been shown to result in a rise of cytosolic pH (pHi) as a result of an activation of a Na+/H+ antiport. We have investigated the role of pH in Ca2+ mobilization in human platelets. pHi and free Ca2+, {Ca2+)i, were measured in platelets loaded with the fluorescent indicators BCECF and quin2, respectively. Stimulation of platelets by either thrombin or OAG, an activator of protein kinase C (Pk-C), increased pHi. Pretreatment of platelets with inhibitors of Pk-C, trifluoperazine (TFP) or sphingosine (SPH), blocked the stimulus-induced rise in pHi, suggesting a role of Pk-C in the activation of Na+/H+ exchange. Blocking Na+/H+ exchange by an amiloride analogue or by TFP similarly suppressed the thrombin-induced increase in {Ca2*}i. This effect could be prevented by increasing pHi with the Na+/H+ ionophore monensin or with NH4Cl. The thrombin-induced (0.05 U/ml) rise in {Ca2+}i was more than 3-fold enhanced when the pH was raised from 6.8 to 7.4.Our results demonstrate that pHi controls Ca2+ mobilization in human platelets and suggest that Pk-C contributes to this control by activating the Na+/H+ exchanger.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. No Sche 46/5-2.
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Bowry, S. K., and M. Tepel. "NON-REVERSIBLE BINDING OF 5'-p-FLUOROSULFONYLBENZOYL ADENOSINE TO WASHED INTACT PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643506.
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ADP is an important in vivo mediator of platelet aggregation. The identification and estimation of a finite number of receptor sites has been made difficult by the reversible nature of the action of ADP on platelets and because ADP can be degraded by enzymes on the platelet surface. Analogues of ADP have therefore been commonly used to study the ADP receptor. We investigated the validity of using 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl adenosine (FSBA), an affinity analogue of ADP that inhibits ADP-induced aggregation, for studying the ADP receptor on intact washed platelets. Binding of labelled FSBA, like for ADP, was saturable. Scatchard plot analyses of equilibrium binding data indicated, positive cooperativity; the apparent affinity (2.4 × 10−6) correlated well with the amount of ADP required to cause aggregation and with the value obtained from aggregation studies. However, the platelet bound FSBA was not displaceable with excess unlabelled FSBA indicating non-reversibility of ligand binding. As the minimal criteria for receptor identification (specificity, saturability and reversibility) are not fulfilled, the usage of FSBA to study the ADP receptor must be treated with caution. As FSBA is able to bind covalently to at least four polypeptides in isolated platelet membranes, a finite number of receptors cannot be postulated using FSBA. Furthermore, positive cooperativity, as indicated by the Scatchard plots, may be explained in terms of specific non-receptor binding. As the ADP receptor cannot be identified with any degree of certainty, the possibility therfore exists that the mechanism by which ADP initiates aggregation by rearrangement of platelet membrane proteins without binding to a single protein receptor.
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Arikawa, Keisuke. "Analyzing Internal Motion of Proteins From Viewpoint of Robot Kinematics: Formulation of Group Forced Response Method." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70591.
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An analogous relationship exists between the kinematic structures of proteins and robotic mechanisms. Hence, using this analogy, we attempt to understand the internal motions of proteins from the perspective of robot kinematics. In this study, we propose a method called group forced response (GFR) method for predicting the internal motion of proteins on the basis of their three-dimensional structural data (PDB data). In this method, we apply forces in static equilibrium to groups of atoms (e.g., secondary structures, domains, and subunits) and not to specific atoms. Furthermore, we predict the internal motion of proteins by analyzing the relative motion caused among groups by the applied forces. First, we show a method for approximately modeling protein structures as a robotic mechanism and the basic kinematic equations of the model. Next, the GFR method is formulated (e.g., Jacobian matrix for group motions, magnitude of forces applied to groups, and decomposition of motions into modes according to structural compliances). Finally, we present example applications of the proposed method in real protein structures. Despite the approximations in the model, low computational cost, and use of simple calculation parameters, the results almost agree with measured internal motions.
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Zhou, Hualu, Giang Vu, and David J. McClements. "Rubisco Proteins as Plant-based Alternatives to Egg White Proteins: Characterization of Thermal Gelation Properties." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/vamx3998.
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RuBisCO proteins can be isolated from abundant and sustainable plant sources, such as duckweed (e.g., Lemnoideae). These plant-based globular proteins are capable of irreversibly unfolding and forming gels when heated, which means they may be able to mimic some of the functional attributes exhibited by animal globular proteins. In this study, we examined the ability of RuBisCo proteins to mimic the initial rheology and thermal gelation properties of egg white, which the aim of developing plant-based egg analogs. The impact of protein concentration (10-15% w/w), pH (7 to 9), and calcium concentration (0 to 50 mM CaCl2) on the properties of the egg white analogs was examined. The appearance (colorimetry), thermal denaturation (differential scanning calorimetry), thermal gelation (dynamic shear rheology), and texture profiles (compression testing) were measured. RuBisCO-based egg white analogs could be successfully produced at 10% protein content and pH 8 in the absence of salt. These RuBisCO protein solutions had similar apparent viscosity-shear rate profiles, shear modulus-temperature profiles, gelling temperatures, and final gel strengths as egg white. However, there were some differences. RuBisCO protein gels were slightly darker than egg white, which was attributed to the presence of some phenolic impurities. RuBisCo protein exhibited a single thermal transition temperature (~ 66 ℃) whereas egg white exhibited two (~66 and ~81 ℃). RuBisCo protein gels were more brittle but less chewy and resilient than egg white gels. This study provides valuable insights into the potential of RuBisCo protein for formulating plant-based egg white analogs, which may help improve the sustainability of the modern food supply.
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Vitale, U., A. Rechichi, M. D’Alonzo, C. Cristallini, N. Barbani, G. Ciardelli, and P. Giusti. "Selective Peptide Recognition With Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Designing New Biomedical Devices." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95587.
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Molecular imprinting is a technique for the synthesis of polymers capable to bind selectively specific molecules. The imprinting of large proteins, like cell adhesion proteins or cell receptors, can lead to important and innovative biomedical applications. However such molecules show such important conformational changes in the polymerisation environment that the recognition sites are poorly specific. The “epitope approach” can overcome this limit by adopting, as template, a stable short peptide sequence representative of an accessible fragment of a larger protein. The resulting imprinted polymer can recognize both the template and the whole molecule thanks to the specific cavities for the epitope. In this work two molecularly imprinted polymer formulations (macroporous monolith and nanospheres) were obtained with the protected peptides Z-Thr-Ala-Ala-OMe, as template, and Z-Thr-Ile-Leu-OMe, as analogue for the selectivity evaluation, the methacrylic acid, as functional monomer, the trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate and pentaerythritol triacrylate, as cross-linkers. Polymers were synthesized by precipitation polymerisation in acetonitrile at 60 °C, thermally initiated with azobisisobutyronitrile. All polymers were characterized by the standard techniques SEM, FT-IR, and TGA. The supernatants from the polymerisation and the rebinding solutions were analysed by HPLC. The higher cross-linked polymers retained about the 70% of the template, against about the 20% for the lower ones. The extracted template amount and the rebinding capacity decreased with the cross-linking degree, while the selectivity showed the opposite behaviour. The pentaerythritol triacrylate cross-linked polymers showed the best recognition (MIP 2−, α = 1.71) and selectivity (MIP 2+, α′ = 5.58) capabilities.
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Varadi, Györgyi, Liliana Tóth, Akos Vendrinszky, László Galgóczy, Gyula Batta, Attila Borics, Zoltán Kele, and Gábor K. Tóth. "Chemical synthesis and investigation of the native form and an improved gamma-core analogue of Neosartorya fischeri antifungal protein 2 (NFAP2)." In 35th European Peptide Symposium. Prompt Scientific Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17952/35eps.2018.246.
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Nakashima, S., T. Tohmatsu, H. Hattori, A. Suganuma, and Y. Nozawa. "EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF GTP-BINDING PROTEIN IN ARACKIDONIC ACID RELEASE BY PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 IN PERMEABILIZED HUMAN PLATELETS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644631.
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Platelet activation is accompanied by the active metabolism of membrane phospholipids. Phosphoinositide breakdown by phospholipase C generates second messengers; inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. Recently, it is suggested that GTP-binding protein is linked to the activation of phospholipase C as is true for adenylate cyclase. Although it is known that the receptor stimulation by agonists leads to generation of arachidonic acid, its molecular mechanism has not yet been clear. However, several studies in neutrophils and mast cells using pertussis toxin, have shown the possibility that a GTP-binding protein may act as an intermediary unit component between the receptor and phospholipase A2. The present study was therefore designed to examine the effect of GTP and its analogue GTPγS on the arachidonic acid release in saponin-permeabilized human platelets. GTP or GTPγS alone caused a small but significant liberation of arachidonic acid in permeabilized cells but not in intact cells. GTP or GTPγS was found to enhance thrombin-induced [3H]arachidonic acid release in saponi n-permeabi li zed human platelets. The release of arachidonic acid has been ascribed to activity of phospholipase A2 and/or to sequential action of phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase. Inhibitors of phospholipase C (neomycin)/ diacylglycerol lipase (RHC 80267) pathway of arachidonate liberation did not reduce the level of the [3H]arachidonic acid release. The loss of [3H]arachidonate radioactivity from phosphatidylcholine was almost complementary to the increment of released [3H]arachidonic acid, suggesting thrombin-induced hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase A2. Although phospholipase A2 usually are described as having a requirement for calcium, the effect of GTPγS was more evident at lower calcium concentrations (buffer>0.1 mM>1.0 mM). These data thus indicate that release of arachidonic acid by phospholipase A2 in saponin-treated platelets is closely linked to GTP-binding protein which may decrease the calcium requirement for phospholipase A2 activation.
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Arikawa, Keisuke. "A Computational Framework for Predicting the Motions of a Protein System From a Robot Kinematics Viewpoint." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12527.
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There is an analogy between the kinematic structures of proteins and robotic mechanisms. On the basis of this analogy, we have so far developed some methods for predicting the internal motions of proteins from their three-dimensional structural data in protein data bank (PDB). However, these methods are basically applicable to a single protein molecule. In this study, we extended these methods to apply them to systems that consist of multiple molecules including proteins (protein systems), and developed a computational framework for predicting the motions of the molecules. The model used in this method is a type of elastic network model. In particular, proteins are modeled as a robot manipulator constrained by the springs (the dihedral angles on the main chains correspond to the joint angles). The interactions between molecules are also modeled as springs. The basic concept for predicting the motions is based on the analysis of structural compliance. By applying statically balanced forces to the model in various directions, we extracted those motions with larger structural compliance. To reduce the computational time, we formulated the method with the prospect of efficient computation including parallel computation. In addition, we developed a preparatory computer program implementing the proposed algorithms, and analyzed some protein systems. The results showed that the proposed computational framework can efficiently analyze large protein systems.
Reports on the topic "Protein analogue"
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Banai, Menachem, and Gary Splitter. Molecular Characterization and Function of Brucella Immunodominant Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568100.bard.
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The BARD project was a continuation of a previous BARD funded research project. It was aimed at characterization of the 12kDa immunodominant protein and subsequently the cloning and expression of the gene in E. coli. Additional immunodominant proteins were sought among genomic B. abortus expression library clones using T-lymphocyte proliferation assay as a screening method. The 12kDa protein was identified as the L7/L12 ribosomal protein demonstrating in the first time the role a structural protein may play in the development of the host's immunity against the organism. The gene was cloned from B. abortus (USA) and B. melitensis (Israel) showing identity of the oligonucleotide sequence between the two species. Further subcloning allowed expression of the protein in E. coli. While the native protein was shown to have DTH antigenicity its recombinant analog lacked this activity. In contrast the two proteins elicited lymphocyte proliferation in experimental murine brucellosis. CD4+ cells of the Th1 subset predominantly responded to this protein demonstrating the development of protective immunity (g-IFN, and IL-2) in the host. Similar results were obtained with bovine Brucella primed lymphocytes. UvrA, GroE1 and GroEs were additional Brucella immunodominant proteins that demonstrated MHC class II antigenicity. The role cytotoxic cells are playing in the clearance of brucella cells was shown using knock out mice defective either in their CD4+ or CD8+ cells. CD4+ defective mice were able to clear brucella as fast as did normal mice. In contrast mice which were defective in their CD8+ cells could not clear the organisms effectively proving the importance of this subtype cell line in development of protective immunity. The understanding of the host's immune response and the expansion of the panel of Brucella immunodominant proteins opened new avenues in vaccine design. It is now feasible to selectively use immunodominant proteins either as subunit vaccine to fortify immunity of older animals or as diagnostic reagents for the serological survaillance.
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RajBhandary, Uttam L. Site Specific Incorporation of Amino Acid Analogues into Proteins In Vivo. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532491.
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Kowal, Anne K., Caroline Kohrer, and Uttam L. RajBhandary. Site Specific Incorporation of Amino Acid Analogues into Proteins In Vivo. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada391398.
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RajBhandary, Uttam L. Site Specific Incorporation of Amino Acid Analogues into Protiens In Vivo. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada422652.
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Nilsson, Emil. Synthesis of Sulfamoyl??Aminoacyl Adenylate Analogs for use in Protein?RNA Structure Determination. Portland State University Library, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.28.
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Deming, Timothy J. High Performance Underwater Adhesives: Synthetic Analogs of Marine Mussel Cement Proteins. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada325641.
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Robinson, Donald, Michael Foster, Christopher Bennett, Austin Bhandarkar, Elliot Fuller, Vitalie Stavila, Dan Spataru, et al. Proton Tunable Analog Transistor for Low Power Computing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1889340.
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Hatch, Duane M. synthesis of selenium- and tellurium-containing tryptophan analogs for the elucidation of protein structure and function. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1209470.
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Riley, Mark, and Akis Pipidis. The Mechanical Analogue of the "Backbending" Phenomenon in Nuclear-structure Physics. Florida State University, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.33009/fsu_physics-backbending.
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This short pedagogical movie illustrates an effect in nuclear physics called backbending which was first observed in the study of the rotational behavior of rapidly rotating rare-earth nuclei in Stockholm, Sweden in 1971. The video contains a mechanical analog utilizing rare-earth magnets and rotating gyroscopes on a turntable along with some historic spectra and papers associated with this landmark discovery together with its explanation in terms of the Coriolis induced uncoupling and rotational alignment of a specific pair of particles occupying high-j intruder orbitals. Thus backbending represents a crossing in energy of the groundstate, or vacuum, rotational band by another band which has two unpaired high-j nucleons (two quasi-particles) with their individual angular momenta aligned with the rotation axis of the rapidly rotating nucleus. Backbending was a major surprise which pushed the field of nuclear structure physics forward but which is now sufficiently well understood that it can be used as a precision spectroscopic tool providing useful insight for example, into nuclear pairing correlations and changes in the latter due to blocking effects and quasi-particle seniority, nuclear deformation, the excited configurations of particular rotational structures and the placement of proton and neutron intruder orbitals at the Fermi surface.
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Citovsky, Vitaly, and Yedidya Gafni. Viral and Host Cell Determinants of Nuclear Import and Export of the Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Tomato Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585200.bard.
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Tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV) is a major pathogen of cultivated tomato, causing up to 100% crop loss in many parts of the world. In Israel, where TYLCV epidemics have been recorded since the 1960' s, this viral disease is well known and has been of economic significance ever since. In recent years, TYLCV outbreaks also occurred in the "New World" - Cuba, The Dominican Republic, and in the USA, in Florida, Georgia and Louisiana. Thus, TYLCV substantially hinders tomato growth throughout the world. Surprisingly, however, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of TYLCV interaction with the host tomato cells. The present proposal, a continuation of the project supported by BARD from 1994, expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which TYLCV enters the host cell nucleus for replication and transcription and exits it for the subsequent cell-to-cell spread. Our project sought two objectives: I. To study the roles of the viral capsid protein (CP) and host cell factors in TYLCV nuclear import. II. To study the roles of CP and host cell factors in TYLCV nuclear export. Our research toward these goals have produced the following major achievements: . Developed a one-hybrid assay for protein nuclear export and import (#3 in the List of Publications). . Identified a functional nuclear export signal (NES) in the capsid protein (CP) of TYLCV (#3 in the List of Publications). . Discovered homotypic interactions between intact TYLCV CP molecules and analyzed these interactions using deletion mutagenesis of TYLCV CP (#5 in the List of Publications). . Showed developmental and tissue-specific expression of the host factor required for nuclear import of TYLCV CP, tomato karyopherin alpha 1, in transgenic tomato plants (#14 in the List of Publications). . By analogy to nuclear import of TYLCV ,identified an Arabidopsis VIPI protein that participates in nuclear import of Agrobacterium T -complexes via the karyopherin alpha pathway (#4,6, and 8 in the List of Publications). These research findings provided significant insights into (i) the molecular pathway of TYLCV entry into the host cell nucleus, and (ii) the mechanism by which TYLCV is exported from the nucleus for the cell-to-cell spread of infection. Furthermore, the obtained knowledge will help to develop specific strategies to attenuate TYLCV infection, for example, by blocking viral entry into and/or exit out of the host cell nucleus. Also, as much of our findings is relevant to all geminiviruses, new anti- TYLCV approaches developed based on the results of our research will be useful to combat other members of the Geminivirus family. Finally, in addition to the study of TYLCV nuclear import and export, our research contributed to our understanding of general mechanisms for nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of proteins and nucleic acids in plant cells.