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Journal articles on the topic 'Protectorates – Spain'
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1
Bouyahya, Driss. "Colonial vs Colonized Counter-Hegemonies: Two Vistas of Moroccan Educational Models." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 2, no. 4 (December 26, 2020): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i4.423.
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Both France and Spain used schooling as a vehicle in service of colonization during the Protectorate era in Morocco, whereas Moroccans retaliated with counter-hegemonic tools to resist and interrogate imposed educational models in order to implement their oppositional agendas. Thus, the paper is threefold: it attempts to revisit and sketch out both colonial policies in education with their ramifications, while outlining and analyzing their strengths and limitations. The study also seeks to investigate how Moroccans establish resistance movements to react to the newly-imposed colonial hegemonies, such as free schools and reformed traditional Qur’anic schools (Msids), discussing their goals, structures, success and failure. Finally, the paper explores colonial education as a site of interaction or “contact zones” between French and Spanish colonizers and elite Moroccan Muslims and Nationalists who sought to counter the processes of acculturation, marginalization and subalternization. The study covers the Moroccan schooling system from 1912 to 1956. The study dwelled on the congruity of education as an ideological apparatus to shape identity and/or dominate in a battlefield over power between the Protectorate powers and the Moroccan nationalists, who made use of different discourses as an instrument of power. This essay unravels some conclusions that both French and Spanish Protectorates utilized different vistas to establish and sustain their hegemonies through education and instruction, such as Franco-Berber schools and Spanish-Arab/Spanish-Jewish schools respectively. While, Moroccan Muslims and nationalists countered the former hegemonies through creating a free-school system and reforming traditional Qur´anic schools.
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Abdelkader, Abdelmalik El Barkani. "Algunos aspectos de la acción sanitaria durante el Protectorado de España en Marruecos." Aldaba, no. 39 (December 15, 2017): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/aldaba.39.2014.20556.
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En este artículo se realiza un pequeño repaso de la acción sanitaria de España en la zona norte de Marruecos durante el Protectorado. Se aborda el origen y la organización del Protectorado, tanto política como administrativamente, para a continuación referirse a la situación sanitaria en Marruecos antes del inicio de la acción protectora. Posteriormente se analiza la organización sanitaria que España creó en esta zona y fundamentalmente en dos secciones: Los servicios de la Dirección General y las luchas y campañas sanitarias. El artículo finaliza recordando cuáles fueron los resultados obtenidos y cuál la situación médica y sanitaria de Marruecos al independizarse este país en 1956.This article presents a brief review of what has been the sanitary action that Spain has carried out in the northern region of Morocco during the Protectorate. It deals with the origin and the Protectorate’s organization, both political and administratively, afterwards to refer to the situation in Morocco before the beginning of the protective action. Subsequently, it analyses the sanitary organisation Spain created within this area and fundamentally within these two sections: Services of general management and sanitary campaigns. In conclusion, the article records the final results and what the medically sanitary situation was when they became independent in 1956.
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Wright, Stephanie. "Glorious Brothers, Unsuitable Lovers: Moroccan Veterans, Spanish Women, and the Mechanisms of Francoist Paternalism." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 1 (August 13, 2018): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418778777.
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Out of the 78,504 Moroccans who fought in the Francoist army during the Spanish Civil War, an estimated 55,468 sustained injuries over the course of the conflict. Within the deeply hierarchical and militaristic regime of Francisco Franco, a privileged symbolic space was reserved for troops from the Spanish Protectorate who had sacrificed their bodily integrity in the ‘Crusade’. Such veterans were presented by the regime as the ‘glorious mutilated’, and a special body was established to manage their disability pension claims. Yet this privileged position did not imply parity with veterans’ Spanish counterparts, especially when it came to romantic relationships with Spanish women. This article will explore how the Francoist regime’s paternalism towards its Moroccan veterans helped to entrench racial hierarchies in Francoist Spain while respecting military ones. Through an examination of the everyday bureaucratic interactions between representatives of the Francoist state and Moroccan men, paternalism emerges as an overlooked and undertheorized – yet highly significant – discourse in modern European politics and society. Far from being a by-product of colonial politics, paternalism in many ways defined the Francoist regime’s governing ethos more broadly, and helped to ensure its long-term survival both in the Protectorate and in Spain.
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Moreras, Jordi. "The Way to Mecca. Spanish State Sponsorship of Muslim Pilgrimage (1925-1972)." Culture & History Digital Journal 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): e013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2020.013.
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The sponsorship of pilgrimage to Mecca by European colonial powers in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to transforming the hajj into the global phenomenon it is today. Spain also promoted Muslim pilgrimage from its zone of the Moroccan Protectorate, tentatively at first, and then more purposefully from 1937 onwards, continuing its sponsorship into the early 1970s, years after Morocco’s independence. Intensive study of administrative documentation from the Spanish Protectorate allows the reformulation of the sponsorship’s established chronology (from 1937 to 1956). It also shows the dual intent concealed behind its promotion: first, as propaganda aimed at the interior of the Moroccan territory being administered; and second, as a tool for the external promotion of a political regime in need of support to escape its international isolation. The pilgrimage’s sponsorship is seen as part of the general framework of managing Muslim rituals enacted by the Spanish government to deactivate their potential mobilising capacity.
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Rodríguez Lago, José Ramón. "From the Ruins of Empire." Journal of Religion in Africa 52, no. 3-4 (September 7, 2022): 421–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340237.
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Abstract After Spain lost its overseas territories, Spanish priests increased their presence in Africa. From an analysis of the bibliography and the press of the time as well as of the different documents issued by the nunciature of Madrid, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, and the Secretariat of State of the Vatican, it is possible to draw some significant conclusions about the evolution of Spanish missions in the Protectorate of Morocco and Spanish Guinea in the four decades that separate the so-called Disaster and the propagandistic myth of the Crusade represented by Francoists – and Africanists – during the civil war.
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Rodriguez Lago, José Ramón. "From the Ruins of Empire." Journal of Religion in Africa 52, no. 1-2 (June 3, 2022): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340227.
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Abstract After Spain lost its overseas territories, Spanish priests increased their presence in Africa. From an analysis of the bibliography and the press of the time as well as of the different documents issued by the nunciature of Madrid, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and the Secretariat of State of the Vatican, it is possible to draw some significant conclusions about the evolution of Spanish missions in the Protectorate of Morocco and Spanish Guinea in the four decades which separate the so-called Disaster and the propagandistic myth of the Crusade represented by Francoists – and Africanists – during the Civil War.
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HARFOUF, SOULAIMAN. "The school and the military: two precursors of physical education and sport in northern Morocco during the protectorate." International Journal of Information Technology and Applied Sciences (IJITAS) 3, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52502/ijitas.v3i2.86.
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Considered rather as a protectorate, the Spanish colonization of northern Morocco allowed the establishment of a new culture among the natives: the sports culture. The socio-political context of the emergence and the social and geographical dissemination of sports activities and physical education (PE) in schools explain why they were put at the service of the patriotic and militaristic national colonial conception.
This conception was implemented by two ideological apparatuses: the school and the army. The action of these two agents in charge of disseminating sport and PE among the Moroccan population aimed at highlighting the possibility that colonial Spain would have to prepare future men-soldiers capable of responding to the aspirations of the conquering state. Sport was instrumentalized and became an effective channel of political communication.
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Aixelà-Cabré, Yolanda. "Colonial Spain in Africa: Building a Shared History from Memories of the Spanish Protectorate and Spanish Guinea." Culture & History Digital Journal 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): e017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2020.017.
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This article compares Spanish, Riffian and Equatorial Guinean memories to address Hispano-African history and understand their colonial experiences. Examining Africans’ voices in the 21st century from Postcolonial and Decolonial perspectives allows us to uncover Spanish colonial rhetoric about Moroccans and Equatorial Guineans and the racialised inequalities they had to face during the Spanish settlement. This approach shows the urgency of conciliating different versions and promoting a decoloniality process for Spain: the colonial past must be rebuilt for all and different sociocultural encounters must be rewritten to include expressly African voices. The final aim is to offer a contested version of Spanish colonial history in 20th century Africa, promoting a more shared social colonial history.
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Estrada Tanck, Dorothy. "Protección de las personas migrantes indocumentadas en España con arreglo al Derecho Internacional y Europeo de los derechos humanos = Protection of undocumented migrant persons in Spain under international and European human rights law." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 9, no. 2 (October 5, 2017): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2017.3873.
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Resumen: Este artículo trata sobre el régimen jurídico de protección de las personas migrantes indocumentadas en España, realizando una cartografía integral de los instrumentos internacionales y europeos de derechos humanos que les resultan aplicables y contrastando dicho marco jurídico con la normatividad y la práctica en el país. El trabajo identifica de modo temático y casuístico los riesgos y vulnerabilidades que enfrentan las personas migrantes en España y en la UE, y los examina de modo crítico y a la vez propositivo a la luz de los principios de igualdad y no-discriminación, la jurisprudencia de los órganos de NU y del TEDH, así como de las herramientas protectoras del propio orden jurídico español.Palabras clave: migrantes, derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, derecho europeo de los derechos humanos, migrantes en España, vulnerabilidad.Abstract: This article addresses the legal regime of the protection of undocumented migrants in Spain, integrally mapping the international and European human rights instruments that are applicable to them and contrasting such legal framework with the normativity and practice in the country. It identifies in a thematic and casuistic way, the risks and vulnerabilities confronted by undocumented migrants in Spain and the EU, and examines them critically and at the same time constructively under the light of the principles of equality and non-discrimination, the jurisprudence of UN bodies and the ECHR, as well as the protective tools provided by the Spanish legal system itself.Keywords: migrants, international human rights law, European human rights law, migrants in Spain, vulnerability.
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Zakhir, Marouane, and Jason L. O’Brien. "Moroccan Arabic: The Battlefield of Language Ideologies." JURNAL ARBITRER 6, no. 1 (May 25, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ar.6.1.59-76.2019.
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The debate on the use of Moroccan Arabic (also known as Moroccan darija) dates back to the medieval period when literary critics have discussed the effectiveness of writing in Moroccan Arabic lyrics of Muslim Spain, muwashshahat and zajal. This debate was later sharpened in the protectorate era (1912-1955) by the French colonial administration in its attempt to use MA in education as a tool to divide Morocco into Arabs and Amazigh, separate the country from the Arab world and pave the way for French to flourish in society. Nowadays, the use of MA in education came to the fore front of the interests of Moroccan intelligentsia. A new current of Francophone academics called for the legitimacy of using MA in education and media to fight illiteracy and maximize access to education in the country. They held many conferences for the sake of discussing the utility of MA as an alternative for SA in education and designed dictionaries and books to ease its instruction. Such attempts raised the hostility of Arabists and Amazigh activists. They regarded the defense of MA use in education as an ideology of language to eradicate Moroccan official languages in favor of French and the Francophone culture. The present empirical research examines the status of MA in education and the different ideologies backing its use by Moroccan teachers and students.
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Gordienko, Dmitry O. "«Ultimum ratio of the Great century»: the development of the English Royal regular army in the XVII century." Samara Journal of Science 9, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv202093204.
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The paper analyses the processes of a modern state development on the example of a regular army development as a basis of the national military system. The author considers the relationship between the development of foreign and domestic policy issues under the Late Tudors. The author analyzes the role of force-based decision-making of the most important issues in decision-making by the Crown under the First Stuarts. The author also analyzes the heavy legacy of the Protectorate regime in terms of the populations acceptance of the idea of a regular army existence. The difficulties encountered by the Stuart dynasty in solving this problem are shown. The problems of financing the Royal army were the main reasons why the active part of the population didnt support the existence of a regular army. The process of creating the Royal regular army is shown on the background of broad European practices of the Great century. The main vectors of British foreign policy development are shown from the continental confrontation with the United Provinces and France to the colonial coexistence with Spain and France. In addition, a conclusion is drawn about the continuity of military construction by the ruling regimes in England of the XVII century. Practices undertaken by the Tudors, James I, Charles I, Lord Protector Cromwell and the age of Restoration sovereigns are shown.
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Martínez Antonio, Francisco Javier. "Vísperas de menos: la producción científica de los médicos españoles en Marruecos antes del Protectorado (1884-1906)." Aldaba, no. 39 (December 15, 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/aldaba.39.2014.20555.
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El periodo previo al establecimiento del Protectorado español en Marruecos en 1912 no fue el más prolífico en términos de producción científica médica. No obstante, en nuestra opinión, se trató del más importante históricamente en lo que respecta al alcance y al potencial de dicha producción. El impulso político a las iniciativas españolas en Marruecos desde mediados de la década de 1880 se tradujo en un aumento del número de médicos españoles, cuya actividad se enmarcó en un triple esquema: médicos consulares, médicos en la corte del Sultán y médicos de la Comisión del Cuerpo de Estado Mayor. El resultado de sus actividades fue un corpus de informes, manuscritos y publicaciones, generalmente olvidado, pero que constituyó el intento mas ambicioso de España de elaborar una imagen de la salud y la enfermedad en el conjunto de Marruecos. Además de identificar qué médicos ejercieron durante este periodo y enumerar sus trabajos científicos, analizaremos dos obras especialmente relevantes: El cólera en Tánger de Felipe Óvilo y Topografía médica del Fahs de Tánger y las cábilas de Anyera de Ramón Fiol.The years predating the establishment of the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco in 1912 were not the most prolific interms of the scientific output of Spanish physicians residing in that country. In our opinion, however, they were the most important in the history of Spanish intervention in Marocco in research scope and potential. Political backing to initiatives in Morocco from the mid-1880s resulted in higher numbers of Spanish physicians, working in: consulates, the Sultan’s court and the Spanish Topographic Commision. The result of their activities was a corpus of reports, manuscripts and publications which, though hitherto forgotten, stood as the most serious attempt ever made by Spain of drawing a comprehensive picture of health and disease in Morocco. Besides identifying individual physicians and enumerating their scientific writings, we will analyze two especially relevant works: El cólera en Tánger, by Felipe Óvilo and Topografía médica del Fahs de Tánger y las cábilas de Anyera, by Ramón Fiol.
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Jordan, Daniel. "Sección Femenina: Documenting and Performing Spanish Musical Folklore During the Early Franco Regime (1939–1953)." Music and Letters, November 22, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ml/gcz099.
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Abstract The Franco regime (1939–75) used Spanish musical traditions as a form of propaganda and cultural diplomacy during the first two decades of the dictatorship––a period that saw Spain transform itself from a supporter of Nazi Germany to a staunch ally of the Western Bloc. Based on archival work conducted in eight archives throughout Andalusia and Madrid, the rather monolithic view of how the Franco regime portrayed Spanish identity within the nation, the Protectorates in Morocco, and the United Kingdom is challenged. The Sección Femenina, the women’s section of the fascist Falange party, represented an official view of folk music and women’s role in society. Thus far unexplored musical transcriptions, correspondence, and newspaper reviews give us a better understanding of how the 30,000-plus members of the Sección Femenina collected, taught, and performed musical folklore while promoting the regime’s differing concepts of history, gender roles, and the ‘Spanish race’ according to different geopolitical circumstances.
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Summers, Carol. "Slander, Buzz and Spin: Telegrams, politics and global communications in the Uganda Protectorate, 1945–55." Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 16, no. 3 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cch.2015.0034.
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"LOS COMIENZOS DE LA PROTECCIÓN DE LAS AVES EN ESPAÑA (1879-1936): GRAELLS, EL MARQUÉS DE CUSANO Y LAS SOCIEDADES PROTECTORAS DE ANIMALES." Llull, Revista de la Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas, September 30, 2020, 151–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47101/llull.2020.43.87.07ferrero.
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Resumen La historia de la protección legal de la aves en España durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX es muy conocida, destacando como hechos relevantes la fundación de la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (1954), la contribución de reputados científicos (sobre todo José Antonio Valverde y Francisco Bernis), y el impacto mediático de un carismático personaje, Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente. En cambio, existían pocos trabajos que abordaran esta cuestión en épocas más antiguas. Sin embargo, recientes estudios, que aquí se sintetizan, han desvelado que anteriores esfuerzos por proteger a una parte de la avifauna, considerada útil a la agricultura, fueron más intensos y complejos de lo que se creía previamente. Se desarrollaron durante el último cuarto del siglo XIX y primer tercio del XX, en consonancia con similares iniciativas internacionales. Participaron activamente políticos y cazadores como Felipe Juez-Sarmiento (marqués de Cusano), técnicos y científicos, entre los que sobresalió el prestigioso zoólogo Mariano de la Paz Graells (1809-1898), y sociedades protectoras de animales. Pero no se actuó de forma coordinada ni se crearon estructuras institucionales específicas. Y aunque se consiguieron algunos resultados memorables que favorecieron la conservación de determinadas especies de aves, el impulso protector acabó desdibujándose bajo la presión de una poderosa facción del sector cinegético. Abstract The history of the legal protection of birds in Spain during the second half of the twentieth century is well known, highlighting as relevant facts the foundation of the Spanish Ornithological Society (1954), the contribution of renowned scientists (especially José Antonio Valverde and Francisco Bernis), and the media impact of a charismatic character, Félix Rodríguez de la Fuente. But there were few works that addressed this issue in older times. However, recent studies, which are synthesized here, have revea- led that previous efforts to protect an array of birds, considered useful to agriculture, were more intense and complex than previously believed. They were developed during the last quarter of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th, in line with similar international initiatives. Politicians and hunters such as Felipe Juez-Sarmiento (Marquis of Cusano), technicians and scientists, especially the prestigious zoologist Mariano de la Paz Graells (1809-1898), and animal protection societies participated in this process. Nevertheless, there was no coordinated action and no specific institutional structures were created. Finally, although some memorable results were achieved favouring the conservation of certain species, the protective impulse ended up blurred under the pressure of a powerful faction of the hunting sector. Palabras claves: Agricultura, Archivos, Ciencia y sociedad, España, Fauna útil, Mariano de la Paz Graells, Ornitología, Protección de especies, Siglos XIX-XX. Key words: Agriculture, Archives, Mariano de la Paz Graells, Ornithology, Protection of species, Science and society, Spain, Useful fauna, XIX-XX centuries.