Academic literature on the topic 'Protectorates – Spain'
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Journal articles on the topic "Protectorates – Spain"
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Bouyahya, Driss. "Colonial vs Colonized Counter-Hegemonies: Two Vistas of Moroccan Educational Models." International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 2, no. 4 (2020): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i4.423.
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Both France and Spain used schooling as a vehicle in service of colonization during the Protectorate era in Morocco, whereas Moroccans retaliated with counter-hegemonic tools to resist and interrogate imposed educational models in order to implement their oppositional agendas. Thus, the paper is threefold: it attempts to revisit and sketch out both colonial policies in education with their ramifications, while outlining and analyzing their strengths and limitations. The study also seeks to investigate how Moroccans establish resistance movements to react to the newly-imposed colonial hegemonies, such as free schools and reformed traditional Qur’anic schools (Msids), discussing their goals, structures, success and failure. Finally, the paper explores colonial education as a site of interaction or “contact zones” between French and Spanish colonizers and elite Moroccan Muslims and Nationalists who sought to counter the processes of acculturation, marginalization and subalternization. The study covers the Moroccan schooling system from 1912 to 1956. The study dwelled on the congruity of education as an ideological apparatus to shape identity and/or dominate in a battlefield over power between the Protectorate powers and the Moroccan nationalists, who made use of different discourses as an instrument of power. This essay unravels some conclusions that both French and Spanish Protectorates utilized different vistas to establish and sustain their hegemonies through education and instruction, such as Franco-Berber schools and Spanish-Arab/Spanish-Jewish schools respectively. While, Moroccan Muslims and nationalists countered the former hegemonies through creating a free-school system and reforming traditional Qur´anic schools.
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Abdelkader, Abdelmalik El Barkani. "Algunos aspectos de la acción sanitaria durante el Protectorado de España en Marruecos." Aldaba, no. 39 (December 15, 2017): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/aldaba.39.2014.20556.
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En este artículo se realiza un pequeño repaso de la acción sanitaria de España en la zona norte de Marruecos durante el Protectorado. Se aborda el origen y la organización del Protectorado, tanto política como administrativamente, para a continuación referirse a la situación sanitaria en Marruecos antes del inicio de la acción protectora. Posteriormente se analiza la organización sanitaria que España creó en esta zona y fundamentalmente en dos secciones: Los servicios de la Dirección General y las luchas y campañas sanitarias. El artículo finaliza recordando cuáles fueron los resultados obtenidos y cuál la situación médica y sanitaria de Marruecos al independizarse este país en 1956.This article presents a brief review of what has been the sanitary action that Spain has carried out in the northern region of Morocco during the Protectorate. It deals with the origin and the Protectorate’s organization, both political and administratively, afterwards to refer to the situation in Morocco before the beginning of the protective action. Subsequently, it analyses the sanitary organisation Spain created within this area and fundamentally within these two sections: Services of general management and sanitary campaigns. In conclusion, the article records the final results and what the medically sanitary situation was when they became independent in 1956.
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Wright, Stephanie. "Glorious Brothers, Unsuitable Lovers: Moroccan Veterans, Spanish Women, and the Mechanisms of Francoist Paternalism." Journal of Contemporary History 55, no. 1 (2018): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418778777.
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Out of the 78,504 Moroccans who fought in the Francoist army during the Spanish Civil War, an estimated 55,468 sustained injuries over the course of the conflict. Within the deeply hierarchical and militaristic regime of Francisco Franco, a privileged symbolic space was reserved for troops from the Spanish Protectorate who had sacrificed their bodily integrity in the ‘Crusade’. Such veterans were presented by the regime as the ‘glorious mutilated’, and a special body was established to manage their disability pension claims. Yet this privileged position did not imply parity with veterans’ Spanish counterparts, especially when it came to romantic relationships with Spanish women. This article will explore how the Francoist regime’s paternalism towards its Moroccan veterans helped to entrench racial hierarchies in Francoist Spain while respecting military ones. Through an examination of the everyday bureaucratic interactions between representatives of the Francoist state and Moroccan men, paternalism emerges as an overlooked and undertheorized – yet highly significant – discourse in modern European politics and society. Far from being a by-product of colonial politics, paternalism in many ways defined the Francoist regime’s governing ethos more broadly, and helped to ensure its long-term survival both in the Protectorate and in Spain.
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Moreras, Jordi. "The Way to Mecca. Spanish State Sponsorship of Muslim Pilgrimage (1925-1972)." Culture & History Digital Journal 9, no. 2 (2020): e013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2020.013.
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The sponsorship of pilgrimage to Mecca by European colonial powers in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to transforming the hajj into the global phenomenon it is today. Spain also promoted Muslim pilgrimage from its zone of the Moroccan Protectorate, tentatively at first, and then more purposefully from 1937 onwards, continuing its sponsorship into the early 1970s, years after Morocco’s independence. Intensive study of administrative documentation from the Spanish Protectorate allows the reformulation of the sponsorship’s established chronology (from 1937 to 1956). It also shows the dual intent concealed behind its promotion: first, as propaganda aimed at the interior of the Moroccan territory being administered; and second, as a tool for the external promotion of a political regime in need of support to escape its international isolation. The pilgrimage’s sponsorship is seen as part of the general framework of managing Muslim rituals enacted by the Spanish government to deactivate their potential mobilising capacity.
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Rodríguez Lago, José Ramón. "From the Ruins of Empire." Journal of Religion in Africa 52, no. 3-4 (2022): 421–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340237.
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Abstract After Spain lost its overseas territories, Spanish priests increased their presence in Africa. From an analysis of the bibliography and the press of the time as well as of the different documents issued by the nunciature of Madrid, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, and the Secretariat of State of the Vatican, it is possible to draw some significant conclusions about the evolution of Spanish missions in the Protectorate of Morocco and Spanish Guinea in the four decades that separate the so-called Disaster and the propagandistic myth of the Crusade represented by Francoists – and Africanists – during the civil war.
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Rodriguez Lago, José Ramón. "From the Ruins of Empire." Journal of Religion in Africa 52, no. 1-2 (2022): 80–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700666-12340227.
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Abstract After Spain lost its overseas territories, Spanish priests increased their presence in Africa. From an analysis of the bibliography and the press of the time as well as of the different documents issued by the nunciature of Madrid, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith and the Secretariat of State of the Vatican, it is possible to draw some significant conclusions about the evolution of Spanish missions in the Protectorate of Morocco and Spanish Guinea in the four decades which separate the so-called Disaster and the propagandistic myth of the Crusade represented by Francoists – and Africanists – during the Civil War.
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HARFOUF, SOULAIMAN. "The school and the military: two precursors of physical education and sport in northern Morocco during the protectorate." International Journal of Information Technology and Applied Sciences (IJITAS) 3, no. 2 (2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52502/ijitas.v3i2.86.
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Considered rather as a protectorate, the Spanish colonization of northern Morocco allowed the establishment of a new culture among the natives: the sports culture. The socio-political context of the emergence and the social and geographical dissemination of sports activities and physical education (PE) in schools explain why they were put at the service of the patriotic and militaristic national colonial conception.
 This conception was implemented by two ideological apparatuses: the school and the army. The action of these two agents in charge of disseminating sport and PE among the Moroccan population aimed at highlighting the possibility that colonial Spain would have to prepare future men-soldiers capable of responding to the aspirations of the conquering state. Sport was instrumentalized and became an effective channel of political communication.
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Aixelà-Cabré, Yolanda. "Colonial Spain in Africa: Building a Shared History from Memories of the Spanish Protectorate and Spanish Guinea." Culture & History Digital Journal 9, no. 2 (2020): e017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2020.017.
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This article compares Spanish, Riffian and Equatorial Guinean memories to address Hispano-African history and understand their colonial experiences. Examining Africans’ voices in the 21st century from Postcolonial and Decolonial perspectives allows us to uncover Spanish colonial rhetoric about Moroccans and Equatorial Guineans and the racialised inequalities they had to face during the Spanish settlement. This approach shows the urgency of conciliating different versions and promoting a decoloniality process for Spain: the colonial past must be rebuilt for all and different sociocultural encounters must be rewritten to include expressly African voices. The final aim is to offer a contested version of Spanish colonial history in 20th century Africa, promoting a more shared social colonial history.
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Estrada Tanck, Dorothy. "Protección de las personas migrantes indocumentadas en España con arreglo al Derecho Internacional y Europeo de los derechos humanos = Protection of undocumented migrant persons in Spain under international and European human rights law." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 9, no. 2 (2017): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2017.3873.
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Resumen: Este artículo trata sobre el régimen jurídico de protección de las personas migrantes indocumentadas en España, realizando una cartografía integral de los instrumentos internacionales y europeos de derechos humanos que les resultan aplicables y contrastando dicho marco jurídico con la normatividad y la práctica en el país. El trabajo identifica de modo temático y casuístico los riesgos y vulnerabilidades que enfrentan las personas migrantes en España y en la UE, y los examina de modo crítico y a la vez propositivo a la luz de los principios de igualdad y no-discriminación, la jurisprudencia de los órganos de NU y del TEDH, así como de las herramientas protectoras del propio orden jurídico español.Palabras clave: migrantes, derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, derecho europeo de los derechos humanos, migrantes en España, vulnerabilidad.Abstract: This article addresses the legal regime of the protection of undocumented migrants in Spain, integrally mapping the international and European human rights instruments that are applicable to them and contrasting such legal framework with the normativity and practice in the country. It identifies in a thematic and casuistic way, the risks and vulnerabilities confronted by undocumented migrants in Spain and the EU, and examines them critically and at the same time constructively under the light of the principles of equality and non-discrimination, the jurisprudence of UN bodies and the ECHR, as well as the protective tools provided by the Spanish legal system itself.Keywords: migrants, international human rights law, European human rights law, migrants in Spain, vulnerability.
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Zakhir, Marouane, and Jason L. O’Brien. "Moroccan Arabic: The Battlefield of Language Ideologies." JURNAL ARBITRER 6, no. 1 (2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ar.6.1.59-76.2019.
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The debate on the use of Moroccan Arabic (also known as Moroccan darija) dates back to the medieval period when literary critics have discussed the effectiveness of writing in Moroccan Arabic lyrics of Muslim Spain, muwashshahat and zajal. This debate was later sharpened in the protectorate era (1912-1955) by the French colonial administration in its attempt to use MA in education as a tool to divide Morocco into Arabs and Amazigh, separate the country from the Arab world and pave the way for French to flourish in society. Nowadays, the use of MA in education came to the fore front of the interests of Moroccan intelligentsia. A new current of Francophone academics called for the legitimacy of using MA in education and media to fight illiteracy and maximize access to education in the country. They held many conferences for the sake of discussing the utility of MA as an alternative for SA in education and designed dictionaries and books to ease its instruction. Such attempts raised the hostility of Arabists and Amazigh activists. They regarded the defense of MA use in education as an ideology of language to eradicate Moroccan official languages in favor of French and the Francophone culture. The present empirical research examines the status of MA in education and the different ideologies backing its use by Moroccan teachers and students.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Protectorates – Spain"
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Villanova, José Luis. "La organización política, administrativa y territorial del Protectorado de España en Marruecos (1912-1956). El papel de las Intervenciones." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/108616.
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This doctoral thesis analyses the political and administrative organization that was introduced by Spanish administrators in Morocco for the establishment of the Protectorate. The first part provides an overview of the research on the relationship between geography and colonialism. The second part is devoted to contextualize historically and geographically the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco. The third part analyses the protectorate system characteristics among existing models of colonial administration in the early twentieth century and its realization in the Moroccan case. The fourth part discusses the metropolitan administrative organization that managed the Spanish colonial policy in Morocco and the administrative structures that Spain created in the area for its development. It also delves into the evolution of Interventions and Land Organization and the structure of the Sherifian Empire. The last part of the thesis deals with the analysis of the Interventions<br>En esta tesis se analiza la organización política-administrativa que implantaron los administradores españoles en el territorio de Marruecos con la intención de desarrollar el Protectorado. En la primera parte se ofrece una visión de las líneas de investigación sobre las relaciones entre la geografía y el colonialismo. La segunda parte se dedica a contextualizar histórica y geográficamente el Protectorado español en Marruecos. En la tercera parte se analizan las características del sistema de protectorado entre los modelos de administración colonial existentes a principios de siglo XX y su concreción en el caso marroquí. En la cuarta parte se analiza la organización administrativa metropolitana encargada de dirigir la política colonial española en Marruecos y las estructuras administrativas que España creó en la Zona para desarrollarla. También se profundiza en la evolución de la organización de las Intervenciones y del ordenamiento territorial, y se presenta la estructura del Imperio jerifiano en vísperas del establecimiento del Protectorado y la organización majzeniana que levantaron las autoridades españolas en la Zona. En la última parte se aborda el análisis de las Intervenciones
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MATEO, DIESTE Josep Lluis. "La "hermandad" hispano-marroquí : política y religión bajo el protectorado español en Marruecos (1912-1956)." Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5900.
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Defence date: 5 April 2002<br>Examining board: Prof. Gérard Delille (director), Instituto Universitario Europeo, Florencia ; Prof. Dale F. Eickelman, Dartmouth College, Hanover ; Prof. Eloy Martín Corrales, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona ; Profra. Verena Stolcke (directora externa), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona<br>PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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HOLENKA, Zdeněk. "Bojová cesta Bohumila Snížka. Z Protektorátu a zpět do ČSR (5. květen 1941 - 20. květen 1945)." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-44552.
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In my thesis I deal with the personality and life of Bohumil Snížek. He was one of those who did not reconcile themselves to the fascist Germany occupation of Czechoslovakia. Bohumil Snížek decided to take part actively in the restoration of his motherland. The circumstances compelled him to undertake a long journey through all Europe whose final destination was Great Britain. After a dramatic stay in Switzerland at Dr. Kopecky´s place and imprisonment in the concentration camp Miranda de Ebro he really managed to achieve his final destination via Gibraltar. It took him nearly one and half years. He joined there the newly being born Czechoslovak Foreign Army. He went to the Czechoslovak brigade which was trained for the fight with the enemy from its very establishment. Yet, the Czechoslovak brigade was not provided with the possibility of at least a little intervention in fighting for the liberation of Europe. Bohumil Snížek was detached to Europe by the end of the September 1944 together with the 2nd Armoured Regiment Czechoslovak Brigade. It was the time of the siege of a French port Dunkerque which was considered the battlefield of the second rank by the Czech soldiers. There was an attack on 28th October 1944 planned for the anniversary of the establishment of Czechoslovakia which became the greatest success of the Czech Army in combat. Bohumil Snížek also took part in this battle and was awarded the Czechoslovak Military Cross for his personal bravery. The Czechoslovaks would not mind that they did not manifest themselves in combat after this great success anymore but what they did mind was to connive helplessly at the events happening in Prag in May 1945. Along with the others, Bohumil Snížek came to the liberated Czechoslovakia in the middle of May 1945. His postwar destiny was quite similar to the destiny of the rest of "those from the West". The regime condemned him "only" to be rolled over by the waters of oblivion. Essentially, only his withdrawal from the Army and departure for the West borderland might have rescued him from even severer sanctions. Bohumil Snížek died of the sequel of injuries from Dunkerque in Aš 1959.
Books on the topic "Protectorates – Spain"
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Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War. Oxford University Press, 2002.
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Balfour, Sebastian. Abrazo mortal: De la guerra colonial a la Guerra Civil en España y Marruecos (1909-1939). Península, 2002.
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Parrilla, Gonzalo Fernández, and Laura Casielles. Spain. Edited by Waïl S. Hassan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199349791.013.43.
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This chapter traces the origins of Moroccan literature written in Spanish. Two parallel phenomena have nourished the writing of Arab authors in Spanish during the last two decades: the revival of the Spanish language in the old colonies of Morocco and the Western Sahara, and emigration (mainly Moroccan) to Spain. The use of Spanish as a literary language did not appear until the colonial era, culminating with the French-Spanish Protectorate in 1912. This chapter first considers the beginnings of Spanish-language Moroccan literature during the colonial period before discussing the rebirth of Spanish in Morocco. It then examines the early Moroccan novels published in Spanish, along with the rise of a migrant Spanish and Catalan literature written by Moroccan immigrants who arrived as children in the 1990s and by exiled Sahrawis and other Arab authors in Spain.
Book chapters on the topic "Protectorates – Spain"
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Jordan, Daniel David. "Mementos of al-Andalus in Colonial Morocco." In Coros y Danzas. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197586518.003.0004.
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Abstract After a summary of the Sección Femenina’s activities abroad, Chapter 3 turns its focus to the organization’s tours and educational programs within European-controlled Morocco. Between 1951 and 1953, the Sección Femenina’s troupes of Coros y Danzas (Choruses and Dances) performed for Muslim civilians and politicians throughout the Spanish Protectorate, French Protectorate, and the Tangier International Zone. Meanwhile, the Sección Femenina organized choirs of Muslims and Catholics in Tétouan, Tangier, Ceuta, and Melilla that juxtaposed Arabic folk songs with villancicos (religious carols). Throughout their work in Morocco, instructoras remodeled their repertoire and traditional costumes to emphasize Southern Spain’s allegedly lingering cultural ties to North Africa and the Middle East. This change in the Sección Femenina’s representation of Spanish music was accompanied by a change in the organization’s representation of Spanish history. Within Spain, the Sección Femenina associated itself with Queen Isabella “the Catholic” and the “heroes” of the Reconquista who purged the peninsula of the “impurities” of Moorish civilization; however, in the Spanish Protectorate, the ancient Moors were celebrated as a cultural bridge between Spain and Morocco, and Spaniards were portrayed as the cultural heirs of medieval al-Andalus. During a time of political unrest and movements for Moroccan independence, these activities were intended to promote narratives of a Moroccan-Spanish brotherhood based on myths of medieval Muslim Iberia.
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Smith, Paul Julian. "Postcolonial TV: El tiempo entre costuras [The Time In Between] (Antena 3, 2013–14); El Príncipe (Telecinco, 2014)." In Dramatized Societies: Quality Television in Spain and Mexico. Liverpool University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781781383247.003.0005.
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Chapter 4, the last on Spain, deals with post-colonial TV, a subject as yet little studied. Having explored the halting media relationship between the Spanish metropolis and its one time Moroccan protectorate, the chapter gives a close account of two exceptional series. The first is a lush historical romance set in the 1930s, which takes the woman’s work of sewing as a metaphor for international relations. The second is a gritty police drama exploring the drug and terror gangs in the contemporary Spanish enclave of Ceuta. Both series are shot and set in North Africa, a region that embodies a bloody heritage for Spain and which recent cinema has failed to investigate.
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Ucerler, M. Antoni J. "The Mechanics of Jesuit Obedience." In The Samurai and the Cross. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195335439.003.0010.
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Chapter 9 explores how the Jesuits reacted to Hideyoshi’s decree, as they sought to navigate the realities of Japan’s Warring States. They held several consultations between 1589 and 1592 to come up with concrete policies that all missionaries were to follow. One proposal was to send the Portuguese Jesuit Melchior de Mora to Spain to petition for military reinforcements, akin to what Sanchez had advocated for China. Valignano disagreed and sent the arms and munitions previously stockpiled by Coelho back to Macau. The problem of how to advise Christian lords in matter of war and to provide aid to local Christian communities remained a moral challenge. In Rome, the Jesuits enacted internal rules forbidding their members from becoming involved in politics, but they gave limited dispensations for Japan. Thereupon, Pedro de la Cruz proposed the establishment of a Japanese ‘Christian Republic’ or civil protectorate with the aid of Spanish troops.