Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Protectionism – Europe'
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Fink, Gerhard. "New protectionism in Central Europe. Exchange rate adjustment, customs tariffs and non-tariff measures." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/970/1/document.pdf.
Full textSeries: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
Olivar, Jimenez Marthe Lucia. "La défense commerciale contre les pratiques déloyales en droit communautaire." Université Robert Schuman (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR30013.
Full textIn the struggle for commercial supremacy in which the states are involved domestic market protective regulations and unfair practices against other commercial concurrents are often employed. Reaction instruments to face these kinds of behaviour have been considered by the european community taking the international law into account. The knowledge of these instruments is now particulaly necessary to the community firms often jeopardized by such practives. They are expected to play an important function in the application of the european instruments
Wakelin, Elyse Margaret. "Minority rights protections in contemporary Europe : the double standards between the obligations of member states and candidate countries." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/40347.
Full textAuriel, Pierre. "L’équivalence des protections des droits fondamentaux dans l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA020054.
Full textEquivalence of fundamental rights protection is a requirement formulated by national courts in order to reconcile the constitutional obligations to implement European Union law with the protection of constitutional and conventional fundamental rights. In particular, in order to meet the requirements of unity and primacy of Union law, national courts agree to suspend the review of State acts implementing European Union law in the light of fundamental constitutional and conventional rights as long as European Union law guarantees equivalent protection of fundamental rights. As a baroque and unstable device, this requirement is necessarily precarious, with occasional breaks in equivalence frequently occurring. The study of this requirement and these breaks reveals the structure of the European Union in which it is embedded and to which it responds. In particular, the international nature of the Union and the mechanisms for receiving European Union and national law appear through the interplay of equivalence. European Union law is implemented by being subject to the constraints of national legal systems and, in particular, their constitutional order
Wang, Haiting. "The European Union's Trade Liberalization in the Textile and Clothing Sector (1995-2005) : Rhetoric or Reality?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208909.
Full textHuang, He. "At the Crossroad of Free Trade and Trade Protectionism: Analyzing EU’s External Trade Policy under the Impetus of Global Trade Liberalization." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9367.
Full textDeparting from the case of textile and clothing trade dispute between the EU and China in 2005, it has been noticed that the EU’s policy in textile trade to a large extent has been situated in a position of dilemma. On the one hand, the growing global impetus of liberalization in the sector forces the EU to open up its market to cheap textile imports from the developing countries; on the other hand, the fierce protectionist pressures come from the domestic producers and slow down the paces towards liberalization, or sometimes even take setback towards more conservative performances. By placing this case in a broader context, the EU’s external trade policy is confronted with the similar dilemma, swaying between the trade liberalization and trade protection. Consequently, does the EU emerge in the current multilateral trading system of the WTO as a force for trade liberalization or a force for trade protectionism?
Bearing this question in mind, the general climate of global trade under the GATT/WTO and the EU’s external trade policy will firstly be examined. Then, the EU’s trade protectionism is about to be explained by strategic trade theory, the high political content of the EU’s external trade policy and the fragmentation in the EU’s policy networks; while the EU’s inclination towards trade liberalization will be explained by the implications from the conventional trade theory and new institutionalism, and as well as the impacts from the general climate of global trade.
The results shows that the EU’s external trade policy under the global trade liberalization is a mixture, neither pure liberalization nor pure protectionism. With regard to the trade issues concerning to the vital interests, the Union without exception inclines to conservative protectionism; whereas concerning the issues of less importance, compromises and concessions always lead the outcomes of the policy to the inspiring liberalization.
Coskun, Zeynep. "Tax Expenditures In The European Union And Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611898/index.pdf.
Full texts tax provisions in sources of the Acquis Communautaire will be described followed by the practice in the EU&rsquo
s major policy fields. The legal background and major policy implications of these tax policy measures in the framework of Turkey&rsquo
s tax laws will be explained followed by an evaluation of to what extent Turkey&rsquo
s tax expenditures are harmonized to the EU.
Hoffmann, Leif 1975. "Land of the Free, Home of the (Un)Regulated: A Look at Market-Building and Liberalization in the EU and the US." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12026.
Full textIn my dissertation I argue that because the European Union and the United States of America have been largely treated as unique or at least special cases, both the literature on American-state building and that on European market integration have missed how close comparison alters both our descriptive views and social-scientific explanations of the shape of each polity. In particular, scholars have not sufficiently recognized that the European Union has gone further than the United States in many elements of the creation of a centralized, liberalized single market, nor have they produced explanations that account well for this development. This study challenges the dominant assumption that the United States is generally more hierarchical and centralized than the European Union and more of a single free market in the sense of fewer allowable trade barriers. By analyzing the rules of market integration in services (over 70% of GDP), public procurement (15 - 20% GDP) and the regulated goods markets (goods like elevators with their own regulatory regimes), I demonstrate that in all these major cases the European Union has adopted rules that open exchange to competition more than the United States. While the actual integration of flows on the ground is still generally less across European states than American ones, the political rules are more - and more liberally - integrated in Europe. I offer an institutional and ideational argument to explain these differences, with two main parts. First, there is no American parallel to the institution of the European Commission, which is mandated to continually push liberalization forward. My research shows that Commission leadership has been critical to each of the examined cases. Second, broader norms of legitimate governance favor centralized authority - including liberalizing central authority - more in the European Union than in the United States. Despite all the criticism we hear of the European Union, the basic notion of federal governance of market integration is far more strongly accepted across Europe at both elite and mass levels than in the United States. As interview evidence in this study displays, many Americans consistently object to any role for the federal government.
Committee in charge: Dr. Craig Parsons, Chairperson; Dr. Gerald Berk, Member; Dr. Lars Skålnes, Member; Dr. Alexander B. Murphy, Outside Member
Tran, Christophe. "Les manifestations juridiques et fiscales du protectionnisme de l'Union : essai sur un mode durable de régulation du libre-échange." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1G004.
Full textEuropean Law seems quite reluctant to trigger the opposite side of liberalism under the general term of protectionism. Thus, the legal and fiscal demonstrations of this type of protectionism from the EU do exist, as various in quality as in intensity, and challenge the lawyer towards the goal achieved by the sovereign entity that implements it. Willing to protect a proper and superior interest within its boundaries or willing to dominate world trade with defence instruments supporting trade war, can protectionism be lawfully based or economically and politically valuable? Is the combination possible? In a prospective way, sustainable development requirement contained in Union law, which goes increasingly relevant with regards to ecological crisis, urges the lawyer to rethink protectionism under a sustainable way that exceeds the only economical dimension. This research is dedicated to solving these hypotheses, with assumed – but nuanced – annoyance with Union law economic freedoms of movement
Mareuge, Céline. "Avantages compétitifs des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale et coût des mesures de protection communautaires : les produits sensibles dans la transition." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002IEPP0034.
Full textBoström, Lukas. "Reconsidering the EU as a Geoeconomic Actor : A Critical Discourse Analysis of the internal debate regarding a New Industrial Strategy for the European Union." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176800.
Full textBerrios-Ayala, Mark. "Brave New World Reloaded: Advocating for Basic Constitutional Search Protections to Apply to Cell Phones from Eavesdropping and Tracking by Government and Corporate Entities." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1547.
Full textB.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
Björk, Robin. "EU:s Handelspolicy : Liberalism eller Merkantilism?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-39448.
Full textThe aim with this thesis is to find out whether the European Union (EU) trade policy for the internal and the external market comply with the liberal rhetoric that is conducted by the Union. It is a comparative case study based on ideal types to give the reader a nuanced view of EU:s trade policy. The theoretical framework that is being used to produce the ideal types is mercantilism and liberalism. Consequently, the ideal types are being applied on the two cases. The focus of the study is the time between the Lisbon Treaty and 2012, before the recent enlargement to 28 member states took place. In the analysis, one can see portions of both theories in varying degrees. Finally, the extent of how liberalism and mercantilism influences EU:s trade policy for the internal and the external market is being discussed. The result of the thesis show that liberalism influence most parts of the trade policy, but there are also some mercantilist undertones in several areas.
Mazáček, David. "Mezinárodní srovnání práv spojených s akvizicemi nemovitostí." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192638.
Full textNeumannová, Pavla. "Strategická obchodní politika v obranném a bezpečnostním průmyslu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261997.
Full textKubenková, Michaela. "Analýza hospodárskych vzťahov medzi EU a Brazíliou." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-112698.
Full textSchaz, Philipp. "The Real Effects of Banking Crises." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20389.
Full textThis thesis investigates the effect of banking crises on real economic outcomes in three independent chapters. In chapter one, I classify a large sample of banks according to the geographic diversification of their international syndicated loan portfolio. Results show that diversified banks maintain higher loan supply during banking crises in borrower countries. The positive loan supply effects lead to higher investment and employment growth for firms. Further distinguishing banks by nationality reveals a pecking order: diversified domestic banks are the most stable source of funding, while foreign banks with little diversification are the most fickle. In chapter two, I show that banks' industry specialization determines how banks transmit funding shocks during banking crises to borrowers and how they spill over to non-crisis countries. Results show that banks insulate their main industries from the banking crisis while they reduce lending most to their non-main industries. Moreover, I provide evidence on spillover effects, as banks hit by a banking crisis in one borrower country reduce lending to firms in non-crisis countries. However, this contagion effect is significantly weaker for firms in banks' main industries. In chapter three, I examine the effect of government support for European banks, such as recapitalizations on financial integration and firm outcomes. Results show that bailout banks increase their home bias in lending by a quarter more than non-bailout banks. In turn, the negative loan supply effect on discriminated foreign firms translates into lower sales and employment growth. In the home market, government support distorts credit allocation by shifting lending to larger, safer and less innovative firms. Moreover, I document that politicians gain influence over banks by transferring control rights to the government as part of the support scheme.
Reymond, Damien. "Action antidumping et droit de la concurrence dans l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020034/document.
Full textEuropean Union law addresses pricing practices of undertakings through antitrust provisions and an anti-dumping legislation. These two sets of regulations differ in many respects. They pursue different aims: protection of the interest of some European competitors versus promotion of free competition for the benefit o f consumers. However, they both hept to ensure fair competition (i.e. promotion of alevel playing field). They address different pricing practices: the markets concerned are differently defined (concerned product exported from one third country andsimilar product produced by the Union industry versus relevant product and geographic markets) and the characteristics of the undertakings concerned are also different (no sort of agreement between undertakings and no minimum market power required in anti-dumping law); price discrimination dumping in not equivalent to any anti-competitive price discrimination and below cost dumping is not equivalent to predatory pricing or to any other low anti-competitive price. Not with standing their differences, both sets of regulations have to coexist peacefully. Yet, opportunities of protectionist biases in the determination of injurious dumping are still numerous in the anti-dumping legislation and Commission’s practice. Moreover, the enforcementof the anti-dumping legislation may negatively affect competition in the internal market through the impact of the anti-dumping proceedings and measures and the anti-competitive effects of some undertakings’ behaviors within the ambit of, or surrounding the anti-dumping proceedings. Such harmful effects on competition of the anti-dumping action are already reduced by provisions such as the lesser duty rule and the public interest clause (Union interest), but could and should be further reduced
Faye, Ibra. "L'union européenne et les obtacles non tarifaires : analyse de la pratique conventionnelle européenne à l'aune du droit de l'OMC." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD014.
Full textThe generalized decline of tariffs, combined to the dazzling development of liberalism around theworld, led to an extraordinary expansion of non-tariff barriers. This trend is explained by the desire ofsovereign States to restrict the hold of free trade on their internal policies. By using non-tariff barriers,they implement protectionism which is of two kinds. On the one hand, this protectionism is economic. Itaims to protect national economic operators from foreign competition, assuring them market shares atthe expense of other international operators. This protectionism is unlawful. In another hand, theprotectionism must be licit because non-tariff barriers are erected in order to avoid the negation oflegitimate non-economic objectives. Despite the fact that it promotes liberalism, the European Union, inaccordance with constituent treaties, protects non-market values which are hardly defended in WTO.Achieving this double objective is sought through european conventional practice. The latter isdominated by the conclusion of bilateral agreements with different regions through the world. The coreobjective is to « manage globalization ». In this context, three legal orders interact in the explanation ofthe european conventional practice of non-tariff barriers : the « order of bilateral agreements », the oneof « European Union » and the last of « WTO »
DÜR, Andreas. "Protecting Exporters: discrimination and liberalization in transatlantic trade relations, 1932-2003." Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5258.
Full textExamining board: Prof. Walter Mattli (St. John's College, Oxford) ; Prof. Gerard Schneider (University Konstanz) ; Prof. Daniel Verdier (Ohio State University, supervisor) ; Prof. Colin Crouch (EUI)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
The liberalization of transatlantic trade relations since the Great Depression is one of the key developments in the global political economy of the last hundred years. This period has seen the negotiated reduction of both tariffs and nontariff barriers among developed countries, which allowed for the rapid expansion of trade flows, a driving force of economic globalization. In Protection for Exporters, Andreas Dür provides a novel explanation for this phenomenon that stresses the role of societal interests in shaping trade politics. He argues that exporters lobby more in reaction to losses of foreign market access than in pursuit of opportunities, thus providing a rationale for periods of acceleration and slowdown in the pace of liberalization. Dür also presents hypotheses about the form in which protection for exporters is provided (preferential or nonpreferential) and the balance of concessions that is exchanged in trade negotiations. Protection for Exporters includes case studies of major developments in international trade relations, such as the passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in the 1930s, the creation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in the 1940s, the Kennedy Round in the 1960s, the debate over Fortress Europe in the 1980s, and U.S.-European competition over access to emerging markets in the early 2000s. Dür's rigorous argument and systematic empirical analyses not only explain transatlantic trade relations but also allow for a better understanding of the dynamics of international economic relations.
PASTOR, DE FRUTOS Laura. "The free movement of works of art within the European Union : balancing the free movement of works of art with the protection of national treasures." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13583.
Full textHsu, Jhih-Jie, and 徐志傑. "Export-Oriented Corporation’s Strategic Choices under Global Environmental Protectionism-Responding to European Union’s Environmental Directives." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n423m4.
Full text嶺東科技大學
國際企業研究所
102
As the global economy rapidly expands, environmental issues and problems were increasingly gaining people’s attention. Market failure caused by the external environmental costs was the result of conflict between trade and the environment. The governments of every country were opting for environmental regulations to control pollution. Environmental regulations encountered in the global markets also becomes the focus of many corporations. How, under environmental regulations, realizing the goal of environmental protection while at the same time maximizing profits and increasing corporate competitiveness have become the most important lessons for us. Therefore, this study utilizes methods such as the Game theory of economic studies, from the point of view of supply chains, to inspect and analyze, under global environment regulation, the strategic choices of upstream and downstream corporations with vertically integrated market structure, and at the same time revise Hamilthon and Rerquate (2004)’s model, to connect environmental regulation, industry structure and global trade, to inspect the market competition of domestic and foreign downstream corporations in third world markets, and introduce vertical agreements amongst downstream corporations, while at the same time dividing the discussion between quantity competition and price competition. Studies found that when one single polluted product is used to produce multiple export products, vertical agreements should be used for control; for imports, the most suitable environmental regulation policy was to collect Pigouvian Taxes. Thus, the introduction of vertical agreements makes it unnecessary for governments to utilize traditional strategic trade policies, export countries also do not need to interfere with the market by adopting export policies such as subsidies, but rather completely change economic behaviors and interactions between corporations, while at the same time reducing distortions from economic operations. Key words: Environmental Regulation, Strategic Trade Policies, Supply Chain, Game Theory.
Kareem, Fatima Olanike. "Essays on the Implications of European Union Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade on African Exports." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3E62-4.
Full textCosta, Débora Andreia de Melo Fernandes Félix da. "Preferências locais na formação de contratos públicos : fundamentos e limites à luz do direito da União Europeia." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37146.
Full textThe adoption of local preferences in public procurement is a way for States and contracting authorities to use their public buying power to pursue different public interest objectives. Some of these are strictly or eminently local (e.g., promoting domestic employment and economy). Others, defined at European level, have a transnational nature (e.g., combating climate change). Apparently, the principles of the internal market would prohibit a preferential treatment to be given to local economic operators and goods, by means of legislative and administrative measures. However, European Union law does not set these principles as an absolute value. These may be limited in balance with other public interests. Based on the analysis of primary and secondary European law and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union, this study aims at identifying the conditions for the adoption of local preferences in the field of public procurement. Building on that assessment, this endeavour will also test the conformity with European Union law of the Portuguese provisions that contemplate mechanisms framing the adoption of local preferences in public procurement. Particularly, the potential breach of European Union law by the Portuguese Public Procurement Code and Law 34/2019, of May 22.