Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Protection of the rights of judges'
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Verde, Rui Alexandre de Almeida dos Santos. "The harmonious constitution : judges and the protection of liberty." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323452.
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Ковалюмнус, Е. Л., and E. L. Kovalyumnus. "Правовий механізм захисту трудових та соціальних прав суддів в Україні." Thesis, КНУ ім. Т. Г. Шевченка, 2021. https://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/15694.
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Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню правового механізму захисту трудових та соціальних прав суддів в Україні. У роботі розкривається поняття та зміст трудових і соціальних прав суддів, а також сутність, соціально-правове значення та структура правового механізму захисту цих прав суддів. У рамках розкриття змісту досліджуваного правового механізму особлива увага приділяється нормативній основі цього механізму, системі суб’єктів захисту прав суддів, а також формам (враховуючи способи і засоби) і методам захисту правового механізму захисту трудових та соціальних прав суддів. Узагальнено основні актуальні проблеми захисту трудових і соціальних прав суддів в Україні, а також сформульовано конкретні пропозиції й рекомендації щодо удосконалення правового регулювання захисту трудових і соціальних прав суддів, зокрема: ратифікація Конвенції Міжнародної організації праці № 151 1978 року та прийняття Закону України «Про захист права на організацію державних службовців», що передбачатиме внесення змін до законодавства про поширення на суддів права на створення профспілки, вступу до неї та виходу з неї; внесення змін до Закону України «Про судоустрій і статус суддів» у частині окреслення переліку трудових і соціальних прав суддів, особливостей, форм і суб’єктів захисту цих прав. В диссертации впервые комплексно раскрыта сущность правового механизма защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей в Украине, а также проблематика его функционирования, в результате чего сформулированы конкретные предложения по его оптимизации, которые предложено учесть в рамках предстоящей судебно-правовой реформы. Обосновывается, что правовой механизм защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей в Украине представляет собой нормативно определённый, основанный на идее социального государства целостный юридический конструкт, охватывающий правовые средства и способы, посредством которых прямо или косвенно реализовывается защитная функция государства относительно защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей. В соответствующем контексте указывается, что данный механизм имеет особое социально-правовое значение, формируя условия надлежащего обеспечения социальной безопасности судей и в обществе в целом, а также способствуя развитию государства в качестве правового и демократического, делая возможной реализацию евроинтеграционных стремлений Украины.
Доказывается, что исследуемый правовой механизм своей структурой охватывает: нормы национального законодательства и международно-правовых актов по защите трудовых и социальных прав человека в целом и судей в частности; общеправовые и специальные правовые принципы защиты прав судей; субъектов защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей, условно разделённых на соответствующих субъектов международного и национального уровня; формы и методы защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей. При этом обращается внимание на то, что структуру системы субъектов защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей можно условно разделить на такие две группы: субъекты международно-правового уровня защиты (международный судебный орган, международные неправительственные организации, осуществляющие защиту трудовых и социальных прав судей); субъекты национального правового уровня защиты (административные суды, органы судейского самоуправления, органы судейского управления, ассоциации судей). На основе критического анализа правозащитного потенциала соответствующих субъектов защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей, особенностей форм (способов и средств) защиты утверждается, что наиболее эффективным образом судья может защитить права в судебном порядке, который непосредственно зависит от уровня обеспечения государством достойного труда и социальной безопасности судей.
Обосновывается позиция, в соответствии с которой на сегодняшний день основными проблемами защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей являются следующие: общее снижение уровня социальной безопасности в государстве; десоциализация сферы труда профессиональных публичных служащих в целом и судей в частности; недостаточное качество правового регулирования функционирования правового механизма защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей; недостаточная эффективность защитного влияния субъектов защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей; частое осуществление в Украине судебно-правовых реформ, не учитывающих потребностей комплексной оптимизации защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей. Для решения вышеизложенных проблем предложено: создать и утвердить концепцию по совершенствованию правового механизма защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей, которая должна быть учтена при проведении очередной судебно-правовой реформы в Украине; привести национальное законодательство в соответствие с международно-правовыми актами, касающимися защиты трудовых и социальных прав работников, в частности госслужащих; принять Закон Украины «О внесении изменений в Закон Украины «О судоустройстве и статусе судей» относительно защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей»; устранить институциональные барьеры, препятствующие эффективной защите трудовых и социальных прав судей в Украине; усилить правозащитные возможности отдельных субъектов защиты трудовых и социальных прав судей, а именно Совета судей Украины и ассоциаций судей.
The dissertation is devoted to the research of the legal mechanism of protection of labor and social rights of judges in Ukraine. The paper reveals the concept and content of labor and social rights of judges, as well as the essence, socio-legal significance and structure of the legal mechanism for the protection of these rights of judges. As part of the disclosure of the content of the studied legal mechanism, special attention is paid to the normative basis of this mechanism, the system of subjects of protection of judges' rights, as well as forms (including methods) and methods of protection of legal mechanism of labor and social rights of judges. The main current issues of protection of labor and social rights of judges in Ukraine are summarized, as well as specific proposals and recommendations for improving the legal regulation of protection of labor and social rights of judges, in particular: ratification of the ILO Convention 1978 151 and development and adoption of the draft Law " On protection of the right to organize civil servants ”, which will provide for amendments to the legislation on extending to judges the right to form, join and leave a trade union; amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On the Judiciary and the Status of Judges" in terms of outlining the list of labor and social rights of judges, features, forms and subjects of protection of these rights.
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Paiusco, Sara. "Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and the Role of Foreseeability in the European Human Rights Protection System. A European approach to the problem of judge-made law in Criminal Law." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/253554.
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The aim of this research is investigating nullum crimen sine lege as European principle. Therefore, the analysis focuses on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) interpretation of this principle. The approach of this work is top-down. Since the research question is the role of foreseeability assessment in ‘Europeanised’ Criminal Law and its possible relevance at the European and national level, when and if necessary, the chosen approach is to look first at the European perspective, in order to analyse it in depth in its own specificities and then try to link it to the national perspective.
With regards to ECHR law, the autonomous definition of law and the application of foreseeability (one of the ‘qualities’ of the law) as main parameter to assess legality, both in light of retroactivity and legal certainty, are investigated. In particular, special attention is given to the role of judge-made law in the interpretation of Art. 7 ECHR. Hence, the research focuses on the role of foreseeability, milestone of European legality, as a means to find a solution to the legality issues raising from judge-made law in criminal law. The origin, rationale and application of the concept of foreseeability in ECtHR case-law are scrutinised, trying to extract its main development paths. Subsequently, the current solutions that civil law States adopt to try solving the problem of case-law in criminal law are analysed, with reference to Italy and Germany, also with regards to the traditional rationales of nullum crimen and its theoretical foundations. Moreover, the role of foreseeability and legality in the European Union legal order is considered, as an example of an effectiveness-oriented and de-formalised legal order. In the end, future perspectives for the implementation of the principle of foreseeability are analysed, with particular regard to the Italian legal order.
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Bokolombe, Bompondo Godefroid. "Le juge constitutionnel et l'application des normes internationales et régionales de protection des droits fondamentaux : étude comparative des droits français, allemand et sud-africain." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1004.
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La réception des normes internationales et régionales en droit interne s’opère selon des modalités que les États ont définies. La doctrine en a dégagé deux principes : moniste et dualiste, qui reposent sur une vision statique de la société et du droit dans la mesure où ils s’opposent au principe pacta sunt servanda qui fait peser sur l'État l’obligation d'exécuter de bonne foi les engagements qu'il souscrit. Les normes internationales et régionales ne se contentent plus de régler les relations entre États ou d’organiser des relations commerciales, financières, économiques entre agents producteurs et consommateurs ; il s’intéresse progressivement au pouvoir politique de chacun des États et à la manière dont les droits fondamentaux sont prévus et respectés. Ces droits dont la protection sur le plan interne revient au juge constitutionnel facilitent en conséquence l’agencement et l’harmonisation de différents systèmes. Ce rôle charnière des droits fondamentaux dans l’articulation des normes d’origines diverses résulte en grande partie de l’universalisme de ces droits. Les rapports entre le droit international et régional, d’une part, et le droit interne, d’autre part, dépassent désormais l’approche binaire monisme – dualisme et s’ouvre sur un pluralisme constructif. La protection des droits fondamentaux s’opère sur le mode du réseau et non plus sur celui de la pyramide. Reste à organiser ce pluralisme. Il s’observe l’émergence du « trans-constitutionnalisme » qui peut être défini comme un ordre des ordres juridiques fondé sur l'harmonisation spontanée. Chaque ordre aspire à devenir un modèle pour les autres et chaque modèle s'inspire de celui des autresThe integration of international regional norms in national law is based on methods defined by the State. Doctrine has shaped two principles, monism and dualism, that rely on an essentially static vision of both society and law, as they are contrary to the pacta sunt servanda principle that binds the State. The State is obliged to execute in good faith all obligations it binds itself to. International and regional norms are no longer limited to inter-state relations or regulating, through extremely technical treaties; they are more and more dealing with the political power of each state and the manner in which fundamental rights are provided for and respected. On a national level, it is up to the constitutional judge to ensure respect of these rights that facilitate, therefore, the organising and harmonising of different systems. This role of “connector” that fundamental rights have in the context of interaction between norms of various origins results, to a great extent, in the universality of these aforementioned rights. The link between international and regional rights, on the one hand, and national law, on the other, surpasses the binary approach of monism – dualism and opens the door to a constructive pluralism, both from the point of view of the content of the rights, and from the point of view of the institutions that are entrusted with their protection. Therefore, the protection of fundamental rights functions through a system of a network, and no longer based on the pyramid model. Remains for this pluralism to be organised. The emergence of « transconstitutionalism » can be observed, as an order of legal orders, based on spontaneous harmonisation
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Achouri, Faraj. "Les garanties des droits dans les constitutions des pays arabes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0214.
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Les événements intervenus dans certains pays arabes depuis la fin de l’année 2011 ont montré le manque juridique dans ces pays à l’égard des textes juridiques régissant les droits et leurs garanties constitutionnelles et judiciaires. Ces événements ont montré également la nécessité de renforcer les garanties des droits énoncés dans les textes constitutionnels et le besoin de mettre en place des mécanismes capables d’assurer leur respect par tous. Ceci a poussé plusieurs pays à effectuer des réformes constitutionnelles ou de réécriture de nouvelles constitutions afin de répondre aux revendications populaires. Pour comprendre la situation des droits et leurs garanties dans les constitutions arabes, il convient d’étudier, dans un premier temps, les garanties normatives des droits. L’objectif est d’examiner l’existence constitutionnelle des droits dans les Etats car avant même de s'interroger sur leur contenu et leur garantie effective, il faut déjà s'assurer qu'il s'agit bien de normes juridiques. Le principe de la séparation des pouvoirs, qui est un des piliers de l’Etat de droit, mérite d’être examiné dans les pays arabe comme un élément inséparable des garanties des droits dans la Constitution. Dans un second temps, il convient de mettre en exergue le rôle du juge arabe en matière de protection des droits car la proclamation des droits à elle seule ne saurait suffire à assurer la garantie des droits contre les menaces pesant sur eux, mais, Il faut qu'on lui enjoigne la protection. C'est le juge donc qui a le pouvoir de constater les violations de la règle de droit et le cas échéant, de les sanctionner afin d'assurer le respect du droit. Dans ce cadre, on peut envisager deux types de sanctions juridictionnels, par le juge constitutionnel et par le juge judiciaireThe events that took place recently in some Arab countries since the end of 2011 showed the legal shortcomings in these countries with regard to the legal texts governing the rights and their constitutional and judicial guarantees. These events also showed the need to strengthen the guarantees of the rights set forth in the constitutional texts, the need to develop mechanisms to ensure respect by all. This has prompted several countries to make constitutional reforms or rewrite new constitutions in order to respond to popular demands. To understand the situation of rights and their guarantees in Arab constitutions, it is necessary to study, as a first step, the normative guarantees of rights. The objective is to examine the constitutional existence of the rights in the States because even before questioning their contents and their effective guarantee, one must already make sure that they are indeed legal norms. The principle of the separation of powers, which is one of the pillars of the rule of law, deserves to be examined in the Arab countries as an inseparable element of the guarantees of rights in the Constitution. In a second step, the role of the Arab judge in the protection of rights should be highlighted because the proclamation of rights alone is not enough to guarantee the rights against the threats against them, but let him be protected. It is therefore the judge who has the power to find violations of the rule of law and, if necessary, to punish them in order to ensure respect for the law. In this context, two types of judicial sanctions can be envisaged, by the constitutional judge and the judicial judge
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El, Gadhafi Hamida. "La protection constitutionnelle des droits de l'Homme dans le monde arabe : étude comparée (Maroc, Algérie, Tunisie, Égypte)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100048.
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La protection constitutionnelle des droits de l’homme dans le monde arabe repose sur un processus complexe de démocratisation qui s’est accéléré après le Printemps arabe de 2011. L’émergence des droits de l’Homme s’impose comme un projet politique fort dans tous les pays qui sont l’objet de notre étude (Tunisie, Égypte, Algérie, Maroc) et nous démontre que le concept démocratique, dans son acception universaliste, n’est pas incompatible avec l’Islam. La constitutionnalisation des droits de l’Homme reste un apport majeur des mouvements constitutionnalistes qui ont érigé la constitution au rang de norme suprême de l’État de droit. Malgré l’instrumentalisation des constitutions par les dirigeants arabes et l’utilisation abusive de l’état d’urgence, nous assistons au rôle croissant du juge constitutionnel dans la protection des libertés fondamentales (contrôle constitutionnel) sous l’œil vigilent de la société civile et de la communauté internationaleThe constitutional protection of human rights in the Arab world is based on a complex process of democratization that has accelerated after the Arab Spring of 2011. The emergence of human rights is a strong political project in all the countries that are the subject of our study (Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco) and shows us that the democratic concept, in its universalist sense, is not incompatible with Islam. The constitutionalization of human rights remains a major contribution of the constitutionalist movements that have made the constitution a supreme norm of the rule of law. Despite the instrumentalization of constitutions by Arab leaders and the misuse of the state of emergency, we are witnessing the growing role of the constitutional judge in the protection of fundamental freedoms (constitutional control) under the watchful eye of civil society and international community
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Amit, Roni. "Judges without borders : international human rights law in domestic courts /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10732.
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Dedry, Kossi. "Le courage de juger au regard de l’indépendance et de l’impartialité du tribunal dans les mécanismes régionaux de protection des Droits de l’Homme." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2020.
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La réalisation du procès équitable passe par le courage de juger du juge et du tribunal. Face aux pressions externes ou internes, aux menaces, aux interférences des pouvoirs politiques, à la corruption, aux intimidations de toutes sortes, le juge doit faire preuve de courage, celui de juger en toute indépendance et impartialité. Les exigences d’indépendance et d’impartialité du tribunal, consacrées dans tous les mécanismes régionaux de protection des droits de l’homme, constituent les socles du procès équitable et de la bonne justice. En effet, dans chaque système régional de protection des droits de l’homme, on retrouve des dispositions se rapportant aux exigences d’indépendance et d’impartialité du tribunal. Dans le système européen de protection des droits de l’homme, on peut citer l’article 6, § 1 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Dans le système interaméricain, l’article 8, § 1 de la Convention américaine relative aux droits de l’homme est une illustration. Dans le système africain de protection des droits de l’homme, ces exigences du procès équitable sont consacrées par les articles 26 et 7 §1 (d) de la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples. Le bon juge est donc celui qui s’érige en tiers indépendant et impartial. Mais, les exigences d’indépendance et d’impartialité du tribunal sont-elles appréhendées ou appréciées de manière identique d’un système régional de protection des droits de l’homme à un autre ? Existe-t-il une circularité, une interaction, des emprunts normatifs entre les systèmes régionaux de protection des droits de l’homme ? Y-a-t-il un système qui prend l’ascendant sur les autres ? Existe-il un dialogue des juges régionaux en matière d’interprétation et de garantie des exigences d’indépendance et d’impartialité ? Voilà quelques interrogations auxquelles cette thèse tente de répondreThe achievement of a fair trial requires the courage to judge of the judge and the court. Faced with external or internal pressures, threats, political interference, corruption, intimidation of all kinds, the judge must show courage, courage of judging with complete independence and impartiality. The requirements of independence and impartiality of the court, enshrined in all regional human rights protection mechanisms, constitute the foundations of a fair trial and good justice. Indeed, in each regional human rights protection system, there are provisions relating to the requirements of independence and impartiality of the court. In the European system for the protection of human rights, we can cite Article 6, § 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights. In the inter-American system, Article 8, § 1 of the American Convention on Human Rights is an illustration. In the African system for the protection of human rights, these requirements of a fair trial are enshrined in Articles 26 and 7 §1 (d) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. The good judge is therefore the one who sets himself/herself up as an independent and impartial third party. However, are the requirements of independence and impartiality of the court apprehended or appreciated in the same way from one regional system of protection of human rights to another? Is there circularity, interaction, normative borrowings between regional human rights protection systems? Is there a system that takes precedence over the others? Is there a dialogue of regional judges on the interpretation and guarantee of the requirements of independence and impartiality? These are some questions that this thesis attempts to answer
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Caumes, Clémentine. "L'interprétation du contrat au regard des droits fondamentaux." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00543319.
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Le droit des contrats subit depuis quelques années des mutations importantes, au premier rang desquelles figure l'émergence de sources nouvelles, à l'instar des droits fondamentaux issus de la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales (Convention EDH). Leur application classique dans les relations verticales unissant l'État à l'individu a connu un prolongement évident par la reconnaissance de l'effet horizontal du texte en droit interne, impliquant leur respect jusque dans les relations privées.L'interprétation du contrat, consistant à en révéler le sens et les obligations qui en découlent, constitue l'objet de l'étude menée. La lecture de l'acte contractuel doit se faire en conformité avec l'interprétation opérée par le juge européen de la Convention EDH. De ce constat émerge tout l'intérêt de la recherche, consistant à mettre en avant la confrontation évidente pouvant naître entre d'une part le contrat - porteur de principes forts (particulièrement l'autonomie de la volonté, et ses corollaires telles la liberté contractuelle et la force obligatoire du contrat) - et d'autre part le respect des droits fondamentaux. Dans quelles mesures ces derniers peuvent-ils influer sur l'interprétation d'un contrat privé ?Le travail de recherches entrepris révèle un rôle sensible des droits fondamentaux sur l'interprétation du contrat - le respect des droits fondamentaux prime de manière générale la force obligatoire - et constate que cette influence est le fruit d'une démarche complémentaire du juge européen, lequel dicte, et du juge interne, lequel réceptionne les droits fondamentaux dans l'interprétation.Cette étude - bien que certains de ses aspects paraissent encore empiriques - témoigne d'une influence perfectible des droits fondamentaux sur l'interprétation du contrat. En ce sens, des pistes d'améliorations, tant au niveau européen qu'interne, ont pu être envisagées
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Yeremenko, A. "Human rights protection institute of jury." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/44926.
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Development and formation of legal state, consolidation of democratic principles of governance is impossible without recognizing of human rights and freedoms in Ukraine. Today in our country an acute problem of protection of human rights exists as a result of low level of economic development, instability in the socio-political and legal areas, lack of effective approaches to legal education of the individual. Citizens do not know their rights, do not have basic skills to use their rights and make demands to the state or other institutions for the restoration or protection of their rights.
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C¸oban, Ali Riza. "Protection of property rights within the European Convention on Human Rights." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.680368.
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Pils, Eva Maria. "Rights protection and justice in contemporary China." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444669/.
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This thesis examines practices of dispute resolution and conceptions of justice internal to China, in order to understand the potential role of rights in the Chinese legal system. While rights assertion, defence and protection can only occur alongside dispute resolution practices already entrenched in China, they could also transform these Chinese practices, by encouraging a more tolerant attitude to public disagreement in dispute resolution. A tradition of authoritarian supervision and control of officials is currently weakening the ability of Chinese courts to protect rights and to conduct principled argument about justice. Chinese culture has partly accommodated this supervisionist tradition by the practices of remonstration with government, and mediation of civil and other disputes. But these latter practices also support attitudes opposing injustice and unjustified rule. It is argued that rights-assertive and empathetic attitudes are consistent and fundamentally connected. It may be right not to insist on what is due to oneself, and to seek conciliation. Yet when rights are asserted, they must be taken seriously. To take them seriously, sustained public disagreement about law and justice must be allowed. As Chinese people are now increasingly rights-assertive, courts more often oppose the supervisionist tradition, by engaging in controversial legal argument and occasionally by adjudicating on the basis of constitutional rights and principles. This could help to correct some of the injustices done to the large and growing Chinese underclass, especially as remonstration mechanisms are failing. The Chinese example supports the conclusion that legal systems in transition are not best served by a 'thin' version of rule of law, but instead need a strong constitutional legal practice. This illustrates that law should not be defined by its claim to authority but by its function to serve justice.
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Kariyawasam, Kanchana. "Moral rights protection in a copyright system /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16318.pdf.
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Nwagu, Chinedu Yves. "Counter-Terrorism and human rights protection in Uganda : preventing wrongs without violating rights." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/12573.
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Critically analyzes the existing legal framework for counter terrorism
in Uganda and draws from relevant regional and international instruments related to the
topic. In conducting this analysis, the author assesses the conformity of the antiterrorism
legislation in Uganda in comparison with relevant African states. Uses regional and international counter terrorism frameworks. Also examines the human
rights implications of practically enforcing these legislations. Lastly, the author compares international and regional human rights standards and best practices in combating terrorism in other
parts of the world.A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr Henry Onoria, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
LLM Dissertation (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa -- University of Pretoria, 2009.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Balasubramaniam, Usha. "Passengers' protection and rights in international civil aviation." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112598.
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Air transport is of critical importance to move passengers and cargo from one place to another on a global scale. Subsistence, sustenance, growth and profitability of the air transport industry are dependent on the demand for transport from passengers and cargo as the main sources of revenue of the airline industry. The forces of globalization and liberalization, coupled with the very rapid development of low-cost operators, have tempered the growth and profitability of the aviation industry whilst, at the same time, greatly increasing the consumer (passenger and air freight user) advantages in terms of expanding the gamut of their choices, better quality and lower prices. The ever-expanding markets in the Asia and Pacific region hold great promise for a rapid growth of the aviation industry in years to come.Currently, the international civil aviation community is faced with many challenges evolving from globalization, liberalization of economic regulations, privatization of airlines and airports, commercialization of government services providers, increasing environmental controls, and the emerge of new technologies. To deal effectively with these challenges and issues will require a high level of cooperation among civil aviation authorities, airlines, airports, and providers of air services and products. Airlines under the new free trade regimes have been exposed to many changes and although GATS has an important role to play in this important field, the convergence of economic, safety, security and environmental issues makes a strong case for keeping regulation in these critical issues under the ICAO aviation umbrella.
As air transport experiences structural, policy and regulatory environment changes, in the era of free trade it would be interesting to critically examine the impact of the aforementioned changes on the rights and protection of passengers. In this relation, it becomes very important to review the international, regional, and national efforts which have been made to enhance consumer protection and also have an important bearing on the rights of airline passengers. The thesis also addresses some emerging, non-traditional consumer protection issues, such as health, racial discrimination and the rights of disabled passengers.
In view of the above, the well-developed consumer protection regimes in the United States and the European Union (EU) would be examined in depth and the results of its analysis would be used to develop a suitable model airline passenger protection in the rapidly expending economies of the Asia and Pacific Region.
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Hwacha-Chitanda, Virginia Shingairai. "International protection of refugees, a human rights perspective." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ35064.pdf.
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West, Thomas Ernest Riversdale Barker. "Human and nonhuman rights approaches to environmental protection." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43241/.
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This thesis is concerned with the legal theory behind environmental rights. There are a number of different approaches that deploy rights as a mechanism to bring about environmental protection within international law, all of which can be termed ‘environmental rights’. These include a human right to a healthy environment and procedural environmental rights. But there are also theories that support a more innovative or extensive use of legal rights for protecting the natural world. Notably, many of these theories concern the introduction of nonhuman rights (animal rights or rights of nature). This thesis investigates the theory behind and the practical structure of these various approaches, as well as analysing the very concept of ‘rights’. The original contribution to knowledge is threefold. I present a case for a human right to a healthy environment to be defined broadly: measured according to human and ecosystem health, and conceived as a right of both individuals and peoples; I rigorously apply both Interest Theory and Hohfeld’s analysis of rights to human rights and thus construct a clear model for the structure of the sort of rights found in human rights (termed ‘vital rights’); and I extend the philosophical theory behind human rights (and in particular the concept of dignity) towards the growing field of rights of nature. Considered holistically, the thesis presents and suggests modes of thinking that seek to soften the divide between humanity and nature. This is done through a consideration of lived experience as always already ecologically embedded. As a result, the subject of vital rights (human rights included) should be understood as ecologically embedded living beings, opening the door to both nonhuman rights and new fields for human rights.
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Xu, Xiaofei. "International protection of civil rights versus state sovereignty." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6603.
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Ménard, Arnaud. "L'office des juges constitutionnels français des droits fondamentaux." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR023.
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Les droits fondamentaux sont des objets juridiques singuliers qu’il est difficile d’observer, de comprendre et d’expliquer, surtout parce que la Constitution de la Ve République ne les reconnaît pas explicitement. Cela n’empêche pas d’en proposer une définition originale à l’aune d’une analyse normativiste du contentieux : les droits fondamentaux sont des normes juridiques utilisées comme normes de référence au contrôle de constitutionnalité, sélectionnées par les juges de manière prévalente en cas de conflit et auxquelles est appliqué un régime de protection renforcé et spécifique. En associant l’application des droits fondamentaux à l’office des juges, cette thèse a été l'occasion d’identifier un trait saillant et paradoxal de l’office des juges : pour mieux protéger les droits fondamentaux, les juges réinventent leur officeThis thesis presents an original definition of fundamental rights. It relates to a study of the competences of French constitutional judges. These judges apply and classify fundamental rights. The identification and classification of fundamental rights are based on a criterion of priority of application, or "prevalence"
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Davidov, Guy. "Judicial deference and the constitutional protection of human rights." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ40986.pdf.
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Bexell, Magdalena. "Exploring responsibility : public and private in human rights protection /." Lund : Dep. of Political Science, Lund Univ, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sub-hamburg/50338710X.pdf.
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Niwa, Sumiko. "Essays on Intellectual Property Rights Protection and Economic Growth." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232210.
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Foquiço, Cláudio Castigo. "Trade liberalisation and human rights protection under the SADC." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/12575.
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Investigates how the SADC achieves trade
liberalisation and ensure human rights protection in SADC at the same time. Discusses how the right–based approach on trade can successfully be used as a tool for
the advancement of human rights in the SADC context.A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof Fredrick Jjuuko, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
LLM Dissertation (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa -- University of Pretoria, 2009.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Stehlík, V. "EU human rights protection under the Treaty of Lisbon." Thesis, Ukrainian Academy of Banking of the National Bank of Ukraine, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60647.
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The aim of my paper is to show the recent proposed changes of human rights protection in the EU based on the Treaty of Lisbon (further referred as “TL”). The TL is the last reform of the EU primary law and its ratification process in all EU Member States has been finalised in November 2009. The paper will focus both on the outline of the present state of human rights protection in the EU from the historical perspective and changes brought by the TL.
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Dube, Angelo Buhle. "Protection of the rights of persons living with disabilities under the African human rights system." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5441.
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The purpose of this work is to examine the nature or form of disability rights, and whether the African regional human rights system adequately protects them. In other words, the study tries to understand whether the current appalling status of people living with disabilities can be blamed on normative paucity of the African human rights system. The author will therefore comb the African human rights instruments to determine this, and based on the findings, will assess the propriety or
otherwise of adopting a disability specific instrument for the continent and recommend accordingly.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007.
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Christine Dowuona-Hammond Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon Accra.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Swart, Sarah Jean. "Unaccompanied minor refugees and the protection of their socio-economic rights under human rights law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8093.
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The main objective of this study is to investigate the practical treatment of Unaccompanied Minor Refugees (UMR) in Ghana and South Africa, and to explore whether such treatment is in accordance with existing international norms and standards for the protection of refugee children.
The study will focus on the realisation of children’s socio-economic rights in order to measure treatment. This study also seeks to address the obstacles which prevent the full and proper treatment of UMR, and to make recommendations as to how the international community can better regulate the treatment of UMR. In essence, this paper aims to investigate whether there is a discrepancy between the rights of child refugees acknowledged in international law and the situation of UMR in practice, and, if so, how this can be remedied. This paper seeks to show, through the case studies of Ghana and South Africa, that UMR are, to a certain extent, lost in the systemA Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Mr E.Y. Benneh of the Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Sargeant, Malcolm. "Implementation of the Acquired Rights Directive." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.337841.
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Munro, Lyle 1944. "Beasts abstract not : a sociology of animal protection." Monash University, School of Political and Social Inquiry, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7967.
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Batchelar, Timothy. "The protection of innovation and musical instrument industry." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4127.
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Louw, Danielle. "Investigating South Africa's protection of refugee womxn: Refugee womxn's access to housing, inclusion into the labour market and protection from gender-based violence." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32774.
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This paper investigates the integration experience of refugee womxn in South Africa. It focuses on the areas of access to housing, employment and protection from gender-based violence. Through a human rights approach, influenced by intersectional feminist theory, it analyses the international normative and South African domestic framework and discusses its gaps and challenges. Thereafter, an overview of the experience of refugee womxn's access to housing, employment and protection from gender-based violence internationally and in South Africa is presented. Lastly, recommendations are made to the South African state suggesting reform in law, policy and practice.
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Leepuengtham, Tosaporn. "The protection of intellectual property rights in outer space activities." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685428.
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Masabo, Juliana. "The protection of the rights of migrant workers in Tanzania." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4665.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This study examines the protection of migrant workers in Tanzania, a country which, in terms of current migration discourse, plays a threefold role, since it is a sending country, a transit country, and a receiving country. The study examines the adequacy of the laws that protect the rights of workers who leave their countries to take up employment in Tanzania. The national regulatory framework on labour migration is evaluated by using international, regional and sub-regional legal instruments that provide the standards for the protection of migrant workers. Comparative best practices from various countries are also described in order to examine and identify the gaps in the current legal and institutional framework. The study examines four key areas, namely, the admission of migrant workers and their access to the labour market, conditions of employment, freedom of association, and social security rights. These areas are examined by means of a thorough contextual, legal and policy analysis and an empirically based validation from which various observations and conclusions are made.
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Straub, Karsta. ""Public health vs. human rights? : a human rights approach to non-smoker protection in Hong Kong" /." Thesis, View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38852093.
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Fourie, Melanie. "Prosecuting sexual abuse of children : enhancement of victims rights vs protection of constitutional fair trial rights." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50431.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In 2002 the South African Law Commission published a report in which amendments to the existing rules of criminal procedure and evidence were proposed. A number of these recommendations have since been included in a Bill that was tabled before Parliament in 2003. The proposed amendments largely reflect values which underlie the "Victims' Rights" movement. The aim of this thesis is to consider the possible influence of these amendments on the constitutionally guaranteed fair trial rights of the accused. The study focuses on those amendments that play a role in the prosecution of alleged sexual offences against children, and shows that although the recognition of victims' rights is important, it should not be done at the expense of a fair trial. Dangers inherent to the proposed amendments are therefore highlighted. The rights of the accused are used to test the desirability or not of the proposed amendments. Foreign authority is used to support the argument made in the thesis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 2002 het die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie 'n verslag gepubliseer waann veranderings aan die huidige strafprosesreg- en bewysregreëls voorgestel word. 'n Aantal van hierdie voorgestelde wysigings is intussen opgeneem in 'n Wetsontwerp wat in Augustus 2003 voor die Parlement gedien het. Die voorgestelde wysigings reflekteer tot 'n groot mate waardes wat die "Victims' rights" beweging onderlê. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om die moontlike invloed van hierdie wysigings op die grondwetlik verskanste billike verhoor regte van die beskuldigde te ondersoek. Die ondersoek fokus op daardie veranderinge wat 'n rol speel in die vervolging van beweerde geslagsmisdade teen kinders. Daar word aangetoon dat alhoewel die erkenning van regte vir slagoffers belangrik is, dit nie ten koste van 'n regverdige verhoor gedoen kan word nie. Gevare verbonde aan die voorgestelde wysigings word dus uitgewys. Die regte van die beskuldigde word deurgaans gebruik om die wenslikheid al dan nie van die voorgestelde wysigings aan te toon. Buitelandse gesag word aangewend om die betoog te ondersteun.
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Torres, Zúñiga Natalia. "Review (laws) for compliance and human rights multi-level protection in Inter-American Human Rights System." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/115501.
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This article addresses diverse perspectives concerning relationship between reviewing (laws) for compliance and the process of putting international law of human rights on a constitutional footing. Therefore, a parallel is established between reviewing (laws) for compliance and constitutional review (laws) in order to outline features and application impact of this research. The design of a multi-level protection system for fundamental rights in Latin America is also discussed in this article.El presente artículo aborda aspectos relativos a la relación entre el control de convencionalidad y el proceso de constitucionalización del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Así, se establece un paralelo entre el control de convencionalidad y el control de constitucionalidad, a fin de determinar las características y el impacto de la aplicación del examen mencionado. El documento da cuenta de la configuración de un sistema de protección multinivel de los derechos fundamentales en Latinoamérica.
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Komenda, Ryszard D. "The failure of the international system of protection of human rights: Ethnic and national minority rights." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10303.
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The primary objective of this work is to examine how effective international mechanisms for the protection of minorities are in resolving ethnic conflicts. Often violent, these conflicts threaten the territorial integrity and stability of states; yet in most cases, states oppose implementation of measures to protect minorities. The denial of minority rights is probably the single most important factor in the escalation of ethnic conflicts. This work surveys existing international mechanisms for minority protection and explores the reasons why an effective system for protection of minority rights has yet to be established. It will attempt to answer the following question: Why has the United Nations system failed to deliver effective protection of minorities? The thesis explores changing attitudes towards minorities in the light of theory of international human rights law. Special attention will be paid to the emerging international phenomenon of non-governmental organizations.
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Grigalashvili, Mariam. "Taxpayers’ rights protection during exchange of information : Whether taxpayers’ rights (right to privacy, participation rights) aresufficiently protected during exchange of information." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-409537.
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Srinivasan, C. S. "International experience of plant variety protection : lessons from India." Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369090.
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Hong, Sung Soo. "Regulatory dilemmas in human rights protection : an analysis of a national human rights institution as a solution." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519789.
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The purpose of this thesis is to address a regulatory dilemma in human rights and to put forward a solution to this dilemma by examining a National Human Rights Institution (NHRI). First, the regulatory dilemma is addressed from the viewpoint of the systems theory of Luhmann and the discourse theory of Habermas. In particular, the welfare state adopted juridification in order to pursue social justice but this state regulation leads to an unintended result, that is, a functional disorder (systems theory) and the colonization of the life world (discourse theory). However, we cannot go back to the liberal paradigm which is simply oriented towards protecting the autonomy of individuals but is therefore indifferent to the consequential social problems of inequalities and injustice. This creates a dilemma between the liberal paradigm and the social-welfare paradigm. The second aim is to examine how the regulatory dilemma can be resolved through a new paradigm of regulation which is influenced by systems theory, discourse theory and regulatory scholarship. Third, we will examine the question whether an NHRI, as an alternative institution with a different status and regulatory mechanism from other national institutions, could play a role in avoiding the regulatory dilemma in human rights. The last section is dedicated to discussing sexual harassment as an example to investigate whether an NHRI could be an alternative institution which could overcome the regulatory failure of other institutions and provide a useful solution to tackling sexual harassment. All in all, it is anticipated that this thesis will illustrate the actual application of systems theory, discourse theory and regulatory scholarship to the regulation of human rights, and that it will shed a theoretical light on the idea of an NHRI, which has not yet been actively researched from the theoretical viewpoint.
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Schmidt, Erwin Walter. "How should the protection of privacy, threatened by new technologies like radio frequency identification (RFID), be seen from a Judeo-Christian perspective?" Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8609.
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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a new technology which allows people to identify objects automatically but there is a suspicion that, if people are tracked, their privacy may be infringed. This raises questions about how far this technology is acceptable and how privacy should be protected. It is also initiated a discussion involving a wide range of technical, philosophical, political, social, cultural, and economical aspects. There is also a need to consider the ethical and theological perspectives. This dissertation takes all its relevant directions from a Judeo-Christian theological perspective. On one side the use of technology is considered, and on the other side the value of privacy, its infringements and protection are investigated. According to Jewish and Christian understanding human dignity has to be respected including the right to privacy. As a consequence of this RFID may only used for applications that do not infringe this right. This conclusion, however, is not limited to RFID; it will be relevant for other, future surveillance technologies as well.Philosophy & Systematic Theology
M. Th. (Theological ethics)
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Ferreira, Carlos Wagner Dias. "DIÁLOGO TRANSJUDICIAL DE DIREITOS HUMANOS FUNDAMENTAIS: Sistema Único de Proteção Judicial dos Direitos Humanos Fundamentais." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/95203.
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Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Direito, Ramo de Direito Público, apresentada à Faculdade de Direito da
Universidade de Coimbra.A presente dissertação de doutoramento trata do fenômeno do diálogo transjudicial que se realiza entre juízes e tribunais nacionais, regionais, supranacionais e internacionais no âmbito da proteção dos direitos humanos e dos direitos fundamentais. A investigação parte, em princípio, de uma análise da mudança do papel pelo qual vem passando o Estado e, por conseguinte, o Poder Judiciário, no cenário de uma comunidade global, cada vez mais dialógico, rompendo com antigos paradigmas que concebem o direito como estrutura exclusivamente normativa, calcada em sua unidade e no perfil hierárquico, e, em seu lugar, busca construir uma concepção de direito produzido por juízes e tribunais que procura harmonizar o atual pluralismo de fontes e de narrativas normativas, oriundas de constituições e tratados e convenções internacionais de direitos humanos, e que possua uma feição heterárquica, à luz de um constitucionalismo global. Este trabalho utiliza como uma das matrizes filosófico-sociológicas o pensamento sistêmico de Niklas Luhmann, especialmente para explicar a relação entre decisões judiciais que sucedem no tempo no processo de incorporação de sentidos e de elementos de interpretação. Uma das preocupações do estudo consiste em edificar uma teoria geral do diálogo transjudicial de direitos humanos e de direitos fundamentais que demarque o que significa esse processo dialógico e de que forma ocorre, diferenciando-o de outras figuras afins, como o direito comparado e várias outras teorias de compatibilização entre o direito interno e o direito internacional. A teoria propugnada colima permitir o livre trânsito de sentidos e interpretações entre juízes e tribunais num único sistema de proteção, sem que seja necessário procedimentos formais de internalização de tratados e convenções internacionais ou mesmo de reconhecimento de status normativo de textos estrangeiros. O processo por meio do qual se desencadeia o diálogo transjudicial torna praticamente estéril a distinção entre direitos humanos e direitos fundamentais e entre sistemas nacionais, regionais, supranacionais e internacionais dos direitos do homem, podendo-se falar na existência de um verdadeiro sistema único e aberto de proteção de direitos humanos fundamentais. Esse diálogo transjudicial operacionaliza-se mediante processos de adoção do precedente dialogando como pressuposto argumentativo sintético (premissa decisória) que se incorpora à decisão dialogada, de análise argumentativa de fatos e aspectos jurídicos que diferencie (distinguishing) o caso dialogado submetido à apreciação do precedente apontado como paradigma decisório (diferenciação) ou do alargamento do âmbito aplicativo-normativo do precedente dialogando a incidir em um caso concreto, com base no raciocínio analógico (analogia). Os liames que se estabelecem entre os juízes e tribunais nacionais e internacionais, sobretudo entre as cortes regionais de proteção de direitos humanos, vêm conduzindo a formação de uma rede sistêmica que produz a incorporação circular de sentidos, de modo que as interpretações formam novos sentidos em um típico movimento circular entre as cortes dialogandas em um contínuo processo de enriquecimento e aprendizado na proteção dos direitos humanos fundamentais. Esse processo de diálogo transjudicial, ainda que obrigatório, não leva necessariamente à uniformização e homogeneização de entendimentos entre todos os tribunais dialogandos, porém acaba, nessa busca constante de aprimoramento interpretativo, fortalecendo a proteção dos direitos humanos fundamentais no plano dos tribunais nacionais.
The doctoral dissertation herein deals with the transjudicial dialogue phenomenon that takes place among national, regional, supranational and international judges and courts regarding the protection of human rights and fundamental rights. The investigation starts, in principle, from an analysis of the undergoing changing in the State role and, therefore, the Judiciary role, in the context of an increasingly dialogical global community, breaking old paradigms that conceive the law as exclusively normative structure, based on its unity and hierarchical profile, and instead seeks to build a conception of law produced by judges and courts that seeks to harmonize the current pluralism of normative sources and narratives, derived from constitutions and treaties and international human rights conventions, and has a heterarchic feature in the light of a global constitutionalism. This work uses as one of the philosophical-sociological matrices Niklas Luhmann's systemic thinking, especially to explain the relationship between judicial decisions that succeed in time in the process of meanings incorporation and elements of interpretation. One of the study's concerns is to build a general theory of transjudicial dialogue on human rights and fundamental rights that outlines what this dialogical process means and how it takes place, differentiating it from other similar figures, such as comparative law and several others compatibility theories between domestic and international law. The proposed theory collimates to allow the free movement of meanings and interpretations among judges and courts in a single system of protection, without the need for formal procedures of internalization of international treaties and conventions or even recognition of the normative status of foreign texts. The process whereby transjudicial dialogue is triggered makes the distinction between human rights and fundamental rights and among national, regional, supranational and international human rights systems practically sterile, and one can speak of the existence of a truly open and single protection system of fundamental human rights. This transjudicial dialogue is operationalized by adoption processes of the precedent dialoguing as a synthetic argumentative assumption (decision premise) that incorporates into the dialogued decision, argumentative analysis of facts and legal aspects that differentiates (distinguishing) the dialogued case submitted to the appreciation of the precedent pointed out as a decision-making paradigm (differentiation) or the widening of the applicative-normative scope of the precedent dialoguing to focus on a concrete case, based on analogical reasoning (analogy). The links among national and international judges and courts, especially regional human rights protection courts, have led to the formation of a systemic network that produces circular incorporation of meanings, so that interpretations form new meanings in a typical circular movement among the dialogical courts in a continuous enrichment and learning process in the protection of fundamental human rights. This process of transjudicial dialogue, although mandatory, does not necessarily lead to the standardization and homogenization of understandings among all dialoguing courts, but culminates in this constant search for interpretative improvement, strengthening the protection of fundamental human rights at the national courts level.
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Pan, Yahui, and 潘雅惠. "The needs and connotation of judges’ continuing professional education–taking judges who trial civil protection-order for example." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8cnbnh.
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博士國立中正大學
成人及繼續教育研究所
101
ABSTRACT Because of the judges learned less the issue about domestic violence from cultivating education, it is necessary to enhanced the talent of judges who trial civil protection-order by their continuing professional education. The purpose of this study is combine the law and adult education , try to find the needs and connotation of continuing professional education for judges who trial protection-order. The researcher collect and analyze the literature about domestic violence and continuing professional education theory at first, then by means of interview,focus group, questionnaire, to get the opinions of judges and experts. The conclusions of the research as follows: 1. The attitude and roles of judges who trial protection-order is important to stop domestic violence, and the needs and connotation of their professional education . 2. The professional education of judges who trial protection-order is not enough, so their knowledge and ability should be promoted through continuing professional education. 3. The continuing professional education system of the judges have not established. 4. This study is based on the theory of domestic violence and continuing education , by appropriate research methods, find the needs and connotation of professional continuing education for the judges ,so this study can be implement. 5. The continuing professional education program planning for the judges can base on the needs assessment and connotation in this study. 6. Law and adult education profession should be combined to developing the continuing professional education of judges who trial protection-order systematically . On the basis of the results mentioned above, the researcher also addresses some suggestions for the attitude ,planning, course contents, promotion , application, and follow-up researches of continuing profession education for the judges who trial protection-order in the future.
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Wang, Mei-shu, and 王美書. "A Study on Court Experiences of Protection Order: from Judges’ and Battered Women’s Perspective." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44944963413050361709.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
社會工作學研究所
95
The main purposes of this research are oriented to explore the experiences of battered women in processing application of civil protection order (CPO), and to examine judges’ behaviors in the courtroom from an empowerment theory perspective. This is an exploratory study by using qualitative method to collect data through in-depth interviews of 5 judges and 9 battered women. The major finings are as followings. First, all judges interviewed tend to have empowerment practices when they review CPO applied by battered women. Traditionally, the judges are verdict-centered in terms of court behaviors; however, in the cases of CPO, they seem to utilize solution-based approach to empower the clients-from battered women to abusers. Their court practices have focused not only on evidences provided by parties but on reconfirming the CPO’s application of battered women, on explaining the function and limitation of CPO to both parties, on dealing with the anger occurred from abusers in the court. The roles they have played include educating, counseling and resources referral to achieve better solutions for the cases of marital violence. Second, battered women come to the court with four kinds of needs such as “safety”, “avoiding fear and isolation”, “good interaction with judges” and “enabling personal power”. They are always full of nervousness and fear in the beginning. They may be ease when they attend court more times, or accompanied by social workers, or treated well by judges. Third, the study finds out empowering elements including both the context and particular behaviors to empower battered women. It is clear that any service provider or system should respond to particular needs of battered women responsively. As to empowering context which contains “maintaining safe environment”, “alliance with battered women”, “good interaction between judges and women”, “growth groups for battered women” and “therapeutic relationship between women and counselors”. Also, several particular behaviors with potential to empower battered women include “judges’ exercising their power towards battered women friendly”, social workers’ accompany and preparing women to the court through discussion with women for safety plans and legal issues concerning CPO. Finally, the suggestions concluded from the findings are as follows: i) Make domestic violence court social workers one kind of formal mechanism to respond to the need of battered women. ii) Prepare family court judges to practice for the purpose of empowering women. iii) Conduct systematic studies about the courting experiences of battered women. iv) Develop court watching programs to supervise court workers, especially judges. v) Make court social workers offering legal services more precisely and professionally. vi) Court social workers may empower women through group work. vii) Develop assessment tool in the view of empowerment to evaluate process and outcome of services for battered women.
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Lin, Ruei-Feng, and 林瑞豐. "A Study on the Taxpayer Protection under the Aspects of the TAIWAN’S Grand Judges." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41418133225606656223.
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江宥萱. "The study of temporary worker's rights protection." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53453058188494295697.
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yeh, steve, and 葉一忠. "Technology Transfer and Intellectual Property Rights Protection." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/60483008312232821306.
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Chang，Yi-ming and 張益銘. "The Protection of Rights for University Professor." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01445159001543386119.
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TSENG, YI-KAI, and 曾翊凱. "Third Party Payment and Consumer Rights Protection." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29882b.
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Hsu, Tsung-Hsien, and 徐宗賢. "Tax Re-Examination and Taxpayers' Rights Protection." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38404974479823078664.
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碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
101
Tax re-examination procedure is a mandatory procedure preceding the administrative appeal or litigation when one disagrees with the decision made in a tax assessment. Due to the paucity of Tax Collection Act, which has only three clauses, there are disputes between Administrative Procedure Theory and Administrative Remedy Theory in the properties of the Tax re-examination procedure between practice and theory. This influences the effectiveness of tax re-examination decision that is made afterward, and causes the dispute that whether to levy the interests which comes in the period. Besides, the judicial judgments mostly adopt Theory of Ruling and Theory of Dispute Point, and also adopt the principle of disadvantage prohibition, which have developed into an injury of the right of the taxpayers. What is more, the regulation of re-examined in Article 58 of Administration Appeal Act apparently overlap the functions and objectives of tax re-examination regime. Therefore, the requests of the abolition of tax re-examination regime have emerged. This thesis, with a view focusing on prevalent law and theory, discusses the theory and practice of taxpayer’s right protection in the aspect of right relief (the right of litigation). Also, in the viewpoint of comparative law, this thesis compares the functions and objectives of regime in German and Japanese translation documents with that of our nation. In addition, in reference of German and Japanese law, this thesis discusses the dispute of tax re-examination procedure as mentioned above, in order to find the solution and to discuss whether to abolish the regime or not. This thesis holds the view that tax re-examination regime still has its objectives and is necessary. It is improper to annul it abruptly. The controversy it causes can be avoided by legislation. Yet considering the administrative litigation regime has just altered into the three-level-two-hearing system, tax re-examination procedure should be changed into Optional Institution, in order to poise the right that taxpayers to access the court directly, the fulfillment of right that taxpayers seek right remedy, and the state that taxpayers don’t highly trust in the decisions that the administrative system made, before the professional court and judge system is not fully established in our nation. Taxpayers can voluntarily choose the ways either to petition for re- examination→administrative appeal→administrative litigation, or petition for administrative appeal→administrative litigation, as the transitional phase before the abolition of tax re-examination procedure regime.
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Chen, Jin-yi, and 陳瑾怡. "Intellectual Property Rights Protection for Generic Drugs." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36904967335143254632.
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碩士逢甲大學
財經法律研究所
102
Because research and development of new drugs have to spend considerable money and time, patent law allow manufacturer of new drugs have marketing exclusivity for a period of twenty years and it can be able to sell new drugs for a good price. As a patent owner, beside twenty years of patent terms, if the requirement is fulfilled, manufacturer of new drugs also can file extension of patent term. They can also seek protection through patent linkage or data exclusivity system. In other words, patent protection attracts and encourages more manufacturers of new drugs to go to research and development new drugs. In recent years, every country had tremendously increased their healthcare expenditure, in Taiwan, aging population increase sharply makes medical budget rise up every year. High-price brand drugs had already cause every country of the world into economic crisis in times of financial stringency. Out of Humanitarian concern, and in order to mitigate their financial burden, many countries have started to amend their laws to bring generic drugs going to market earlier. Some of those efforts to impose restrictions on drug patent, are to list essential medicines, which are prohibited to obtain patent protection, section 2 of TRIPs Agreement clear states:”Members may exclude from patentability inventions, the prevention within their territory of the commercial exploitation of which is necessary to protect ordre public or morality, including to protect human, animal or plant life or health or to avoid serious prejudice to the environment”. The current step adopted by Taiwanese government is to attack brand drugs price by reducing NHI drugs price when the drug patent terms is due. However, only price preponderance is not enough, the three-same policy must follow: the same ingredients, the same quality and to adjust to the same price. In part of the same quality, it needs more time to prove that the quality of generic drugs are no less than the brand drugs.