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Journal articles on the topic 'Protection of athletes'
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Shafikova, G., N. Datsko, and M. Sagandykov. "PROTECTION OF ATHLETES AS AN ELEMENT OF THE SPORTS INDUSTRY: LEGAL ASPECTS." Human Sport Medicine 19, S2 (March 20, 2020): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm19s216.
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Aim. The purpose of the article is to determine the legislative and organizational decisions aimed at improving the mechanism of labor protection of athletes on the basis of analysis of scientific and applied research. Materials and methods. Scientific data in the field of athletes' labor protection, judicial practice, labor, administrative, sports legislation of Russia and foreign countries are analyzed. The article uses general scientific (dialectics, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization) and private-scientific methods of research (formal-legal, technical-legal). Results. The result of the research performed proves the necessity of introducing changes in the current labor legislation in the field of labor protection, in particular, in the rules of exclusion of an athlete from the training process and competitions in case of not passing the training on labor protection and safety rules and not using personal protective equipment. There is a need for changes in the legislation on the protection of citizens’ health in terms of determining the competence of people with non-medical education, especially when giving them a right to provide first aid. Conclusion. The problem of athletes' labor protection should be solved by working in five directions: legislation improvement, organizing coaches' and other sports managers’ activity, preserving psychological and emotional condition of athletes, anti-doping, information and analytical activity.
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Tsai, Feng-Hua, I.-Hua Chu, Chun-Hao Huang, Jing-Min Liang, Jia-Hroung Wu, and Wen-Lan Wu. "Effects of Taping on Achilles Tendon Protection and Kendo Performance." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 27, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0108.
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Context:It has been reported that there is a high rate of Achilles tendon injury among kendo athletes. For protection and to support the area, kendo athletes habitually use taping during practice or games.Objective:To investigate the effect of various taping techniques on injury prevention and functional performance in kendo athletes.Design:Case-control study.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:15 University Kendo Team athletes with at least 2 y kendo experience.Main Outcome Measures:Athletes completed 5 stepping backwards and striking cycles under 4 taping conditions: no taping, athletic taping of ankle joint (AT-Ankle), athletic taping of Achilles tendon (AT-Achilles), and Kinesio-Tex taping of Achilles tendon (KT-Achilles). Jump distance, lower limb angular motion, left foot-ground contact time, Achilles tendon force (ATF), and soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscle activities were measured.Results:Lowest peak ATF was found in AT-Achilles during heel-down phase, with statistically significant difference from KT-Achilles peak force. Significant decline of soleus muscle electromyography amplitude was also found when compared to no taping during heel-down phase and other conditions during pushing phase. Conversely, KT-Achilles showed significant decrease in foot-ground contact time compared with no taping and greater ankle range of motion than in AT-Ankle.Conclusion:To protect the Achilles tendon, AT-Achilles taping is recommended since it tends to decrease ATF. Conversely, to enhance athlete performance, we recommend KT-Achilles taping to speed up kendo striking motion. However, the Achilles tendon must withstand greatest forces concurrently. This finding implies that AT-Achilles taping can protect the injured Achilles tendon and KT-Achilles taping can enhance performance on the kendo striking motion.
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Ghoseiri, Kamiar, Galavij Ghoseiri, Ahlam Bavi, and Rojin Ghoseiri. "Face-protective orthosis in sport-related injuries." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 37, no. 4 (November 9, 2012): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364612463929.
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Background and aim: Sport is associated with risk of injury and re-injury. A rehabilitative sport-related orthosis could protect the injured site and help in the earlier return of athlete to the match. This technical note aims to describe a potential high-prescribed face orthosis to protect/prevent a sport-related injury. Technique: Face-protective orthosis should be custom molded from negative impression of the injured athlete’s face. It is lightweight and structured as a one-piece rigid plastic shell that is secured in place with three elastic straps. Due to the diverse patterns of craniomaxillofacial injuries, the shape, length, trimline, and characteristics of face-protective orthoses could be different. Discussion: Face-protective orthoses could have prophylactic or rehabilitative roles according to task and prescription reason. Although the main action of the facial orthoses should be protection, the design of the face-protective orthosis should be improved both functionality and aesthetically to promote its use by athletes. Clinical relevance The craniomaxillofacial injuries have potential to be treated by custom-molded face-protective orthoses. These orthoses could have prophylactic or rehabilitative roles based on their prescription purpose. These orthoses could cause earlier return of athletes to sports matches.
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Rush, Chelsea, and Barbara Osborne. "Benefits and Concerns Abound, Regulations Lack in Collegiate Athlete Biometric Data Collection." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 32, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 62–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/25479.
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Statistical analysis has long been a staple in sports, helping teams, athletes, physicians, fans, and others understand and predict athlete performance and develop training programs. The rise of connected, wearable devices, however, has enabled the collection and analysis of unprecedented types and amounts of athlete data. Various benefits accompany this augmented data collection ability, such as the creation of robust, individualized training and recovery programs. Conversely, such substantial data collection also leads to significant concerns related to athlete privacy, misuse of data, and exploitation. While data collection is prevalent in both professional and amateur sports, this article focuses on data collection in the nuanced landscape of intercollegiate athletics. The discussion begins with an overview of the ways athlete data is collected and used, then delineates the concerns specific to intercollegiate athletics. The various existing regulatory frameworks that apply to this space are then explored to determine how, if at all, the frameworks may provide protections against the various concerns. To conclude, numerous recommendations for curing the shortcomings of these regulatory frameworks and ensuring protection of athlete interests are provided.
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Mann, Robert H., Bryan C. Clift, Jules Boykoff, and Sheree Bekker. "Athletes as community; athletes in community: covid-19, sporting mega-events and athlete health protection." British Journal of Sports Medicine 54, no. 18 (April 17, 2020): 1071–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102433.
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Malikova, Lyubov, and Natalia Yakovleva. "Attitude to health among athletes with extremities injuries." BIO Web of Conferences 26 (2020): 00024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202600024.
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Attitude to health presents the inner mechanism of activity and behavior self-regulation. For a professional athlete positive attitude to health is the base for a successful career. However, the system of a personality’s attitudes is a dynamic construct. It is influenced by many factors, including sports injuries. During the research we tried to describe the peculiarities of health-protecting behavior, including the attitude to health of professional athletes with extremities injuries. In order to define the specific influence of sport as a professional activity we chose athletesamateurs with extremities injuries as the group of comparison. The results of the held research prove that the attitude to health is the main determinant of professional athletes health-protecting behavior and at the same time, it is not included into the model of health –protection of athletesamateurs. It reflects the influence of professional specificity in the system of personality’s attitudes formation.
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Tuakli-Wosornu, YA, EC Moses, M. Amick, and K. Grimm. "Cherry-Picking and Lemon-Dropping Lessons from Anti-Doping to Boost Abuse Prevention in Sport." Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin/German Journal of Sports Medicine 72, no. 4 (June 20, 2021): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2021.479.
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Unethical behaviors in sport are a matter of global concern. The current surge in reports on abuse of athletes across Sports and all over the world is reminiscent of the doping scandals in the 1980s and 1990s that made many believe that doping was endemic in sport. This realization eventually led to a concerted effort of sport stakeholders and the founding of the World Anti-Doping Agency, which has since established itself as the world’s governing body in anti-doping with substantial influence and power. Framing the history and trajectory of anti-doping as a precedent of what has worked and what has not in righting sports’ wrongs, this review asks: what can the two-decades-long anti-doping ‘fight’ teach us about protecting athletes from abuse? Exploring various aspects from the effectiveness of external Regulation and the challenges of a centralized legalistic approach to athlete health protection and accountability, several lessons that have implications for safeguarding athletes can be identified. Behavior change is a long and demanding process for individuals and organizations. Centering athletes’ voices and lived experiences in practical research approaches while integrating multi-sector stakeholders can help ensure that methods and findings are fit-for-purpose and inform effective, sustainable athlete-safeguarding practices, programs, and policies.
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Gleaves, Thomas, and Melanie Lang. "Kicking “No-Touch” Discourses Into Touch: Athletes’ Parents’ Constructions of Appropriate Coach–Child Athlete Physical Contact." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 41, no. 3 (April 28, 2017): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723517705543.
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It has been suggested that sport is increasingly becoming a “no-touch zone” as some coaches, driven by a desire for self-protection, restrict their use of physical contact with (child) athletes in the belief that this reduces their risk of being accused of abuse. Research on coach–athlete physical contact is limited, however, and no studies have yet explored how athletes’ parents understand such behaviors. This article reports on a study that investigates athletes’ parents’ perspectives of appropriate coach–child athlete physical contact within youth swimming. Parents constructed physical contact as necessary and legitimate in three specific contexts and drew on children’s rights principles to rationalize this. This article discusses the significance of this and explores the benefits of adopting child-centered coaching practices.
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Li, Lingli. "Study on Chinese Retired Athletes Job Placement Countermeasure Based on Bayes Discriminant Analysis Classification Method." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2017.6136.
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As Chinese Olympic Games, National Games these large-scale sports meetings are now behind us; retirement situation of a group of senior athletes also becomes prevalent. Therefore, the paper carries out specific research on employment situation of Chinese retired athletes. The paper investigates retired athletes’ current situations, and makes comparative analysis, finds that though Chinese retired athletes has acquired some subsidies materially, their life demands cannot be fully satisfied; evaluate on Chinese retired athletes comprehensive quality by discriminant analysis and comprehensive evaluation approach, think that Chinese athletes professional levels are very high but social skills and learning capacity in comprehensive quality are still to be improved, therefore suggest to arrange athletes of rather excellent techniques to participate in cultivation of teenager athlete; present relative opinions on Chinese future retired athletes’ allocation, which is the protection of Chinese vulnerable groups in the background of harmonious development of Chinese socialism so that Chinese society can balanced, coordinated and sustainable move forward.
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Hobbs, Courtney, Vinayak K. Nahar, M. Allison Ford, Martha A. Bass, and Robert T. Brodell. "Skin Cancer Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors in Collegiate Athletes." Journal of Skin Cancer 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/248198.
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Outdoor athletes represent an important group at risk for skin cancer because they are routinely exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation. The purpose of this study was to assess current skin cancer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among collegiate athletes. A modified version of the Melanoma Risk Behavior Survey was completed by 343 athletes attending a Southern University in the USA, generating an 87% response rate. Survey results demonstrated that the majority of the athletes do not limit their sun exposure and reported low levels of sun protective behaviors. In addition, athletes lacked knowledge about skin cancer and sun protection. Eighty-three percent of the athletes stated that tanning beds improve one’s overall health. Race was significantly associated with skin cancer knowledge, whereas, gender was found to be significantly associated with knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards skin cancer. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between knowledge and behavior, but not between attitude and behavior. This study highlights the need to educate athletes about the hazards of tanning to minimize UV exposure and promote sun protection habits. Moreover, athletes should be educated on the dangers of indoor tanning facilities and encouraged to avoid these facilities.
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Papadopoulou, Sousana K. "Rehabilitation Nutrition for Injury Recovery of Athletes: The Role of Macronutrient Intake." Nutrients 12, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082449.
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An adequate and balanced diet is of utmost importance in recovery and rehabilitation. “Rehabilitation nutrition” for injury recovery of athletes is similar to sports nutrition, except for the differences that concern the prevention of the risk or presence of sarcopenia, malnutrition, or dysphagia. Rehabilitation nutrition also aims, combined with training, to an adequate long-term nutritional status of the athlete and also in physical condition improvement, in terms of endurance and resistance. The aim of this paper is to define the proper nutrition for athletes in order to hasten their return to the sports after surgery or injury. Energy intake should be higher than the energy target in order to fight sarcopenia—that is 25–30 kcal/kg of body weight. Macro- and micro-nutrients play an important role in metabolism, energy production, hemoglobin synthesis, lean mass and bone mass maintenance, immunity, health, and protection against oxidative damage. Nutritional strategies, such as supplementation of suboptimal protein intake with leucine are feasible and effective in offsetting anabolic resistance. Thus, maintaining muscle mass, without gaining fat, becomes challenging for the injured athlete. A dietary strategy should be tailored to the athlete’s needs, considering amounts, frequency, type and, most of all, protein quality. During rehabilitation, simultaneous carbohydrates and protein intake can inhibit muscle breakdown and muscle atrophy. The long-term intake of omega-3 fatty acids enhances anabolic sensitivity to amino acids; thus, it may be beneficial to the injured athlete. Adequate intakes of macronutrients can play a major role supporting athletes’ anabolism.
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Luczak, Tony, Reuben F. Burch V, Brian Smith, John Lamberth, Daniel Carruth, Collin Crane, Marci Hoppa, and Bill Burgos. "Perception of Comfort, Fit, and Jumping Performance of Elite NCAA Division 1 Student-athletes: The Effect of Basketball Shoe Design – Part II." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 8, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.8n.3p.45.
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Background: Assessing basketball shoe comfort and fit as personal protection equipment (PPE) at the collegiate level is unique. Objective: The purpose of Part II in this pilot study was to examine the effect of shoe design on the perception of comfort and fit after performing an acute series of jumps in elite male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 basketball student-athletes. Method: A total of sixteen basketball student-athletes (six males, ten females) performed two rounds of acute series of four styled basketball jumps on two ForceDecksTM Force Platforms while trying to maximize jump height by tapping VertecTM Jump Vanes. The male student-athletes selected the AdidasTM Harden Vol. 3 and the AdidasTM SM Pro basketball shoes. The female student-athletes selected the Adidas Harden Vol. 3 and the Adidas Captain Marvel basketball shoes. Upon completion of each round of jumps, the student-athlete recorded their perception of comfort on a 110mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and fit on a seven-point Likert rating scale based against their most comfortable basketball shoes ever worn. Results: Results of this pilot study reported, on average, the male student-athletes preferred comfort and fit of the Adidas SM Pro basketball shoes and the female student-athletes preferred the Adidas Harden Vol. 3 basketball shoe, though differences were non-significant at p > 0.05. Conclusion: The use of a human factors assessment tool to evaluate basketball shoe comfort and fit and the influence of rated comfort and fit parameters on basketball jumping performance proved viable.
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Kahanov, Leamor, Young Kyun Kim, Lindsey Eberman, Kathleen Dannelly, Haninder Kaur, and A. Ramalinga. "Staphylococcus aureus and Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) in and Around Therapeutic Whirlpools in College Athletic Training Rooms." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.96.
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Context Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has become a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infection in the nonhospitalized community. Care of the athletes in athletic training rooms is specifically designed with equipment tailored to the health care needs of the athletes, yet recent studies indicate that CA-MRSA is still prevalent in athletic facilities and that cleaning methods may not be optimal. Objective To investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and CA-MRSA in and around whirlpools in the athletic training room. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university. Patients or Other Participants Student-athletes (n = 109) consisting of 46 men (42%) and 63 women (58%) representing 6 sports. Main Outcome Measure(s) Presence of MRSA and Staphylococcus aureus in and around the whirlpool structures relative to sport and number of athletes using the whirlpools. Results We identified Staphylococcus aureus in 22% (n = 52/240) of the samples and MRSA in 0.8% (n = 2/240). A statistically significant difference existed between the number of athletes using the whirlpool and the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in and around the whirlpools (F2,238 = 2.445, P = .007). However, Staphylococcus aureus was identified regardless of whether multiple athletes used a whirlpool or no athletes used a whirlpool. We did not identify a relationship between the number of athletes who used a whirlpool and Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA density (P = .134). Conclusions Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA were identified in and around the whirlpools. Transmission of the bacteria can be reduced by following the cleaning and disinfecting protocols recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Athletic trainers should use disinfectants registered by the Environmental Protection Agency to sanitize all whirlpools between uses.
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Imai, Kazuhiro, and Naoshi Fukui. "The role of sports medicine for athletes -protection of the athletes’ lifetime healthcare-." Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 66, no. 5 (2017): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jspfsm.66.323.
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Hayes, Michelle, Kevin Filo, Caroline Riot, and Andrea N. Geurin. "Using Communication Boundaries to Minimize Athlete Social Media Distractions During Events." Event Management 25, no. 6 (December 3, 2021): 683–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/152599521x16106577965215.
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Sport organizations regulate athletes' use of social media for many reasons including the protection of the organization's reputation. Several strategies have been introduced to minimize issues related to the negative consequences athlete social media use may present, yet whether these strategies also work to address social media distractions experienced by athletes during major sport events is not well known. Utilizing communication privacy management (CPM) theory, the purpose of the current research was to examine the aspects of social media that sport administrators perceive to be distracting to athletes and what support and management mechanisms are utilized to address such concerns during major sport events. Semistructured interviews ( N = 7) with Australian national sport organization (NSO) administrators were conducted. Sport administrators reported several aspects of social media that are perceived to distract athletes including personal and performance criticism and a fixation with social media profiles. Social media could also be used to manage athlete temperament. As a result, organizations highlighted both proactive and reactive communication boundaries and mechanisms that could be used to address concerns including content restrictions, best practice case studies, engaging in conversations, and monitoring. Opportunities for sport practitioners are described including conducting consultation sessions with athletes to better understand their needs regarding their social media use.
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Kim, Jongsoo, Sunjang Lee, and Jusik Park. "Differences in PROTECTION for Sports Imagery Ability of High School Taekwondo Breaking Athletes." J-Institute 5, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/protective.2020.5.2.50.
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Maughan, Ronald J., Louise M. Burke, Jiri Dvorak, D. Enette Larson-Meyer, Peter Peeling, Stuart M. Phillips, Eric S. Rawson, et al. "IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 7 (March 14, 2018): 439–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027.
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Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this nutrition programme. Nonetheless, supplement use is widespread at all levels of sport. Products described as supplements target different issues, including (1) the management of micronutrient deficiencies, (2) supply of convenient forms of energy and macronutrients, and (3) provision of direct benefits to performance or (4) indirect benefits such as supporting intense training regimens. The appropriate use of some supplements can benefit the athlete, but others may harm the athlete’s health, performance, and/or livelihood and reputation (if an antidoping rule violation results). A complete nutritional assessment should be undertaken before decisions regarding supplement use are made. Supplements claiming to directly or indirectly enhance performance are typically the largest group of products marketed to athletes, but only a few (including caffeine, creatine, specific buffering agents and nitrate) have good evidence of benefits. However, responses are affected by the scenario of use and may vary widely between individuals because of factors that include genetics, the microbiome and habitual diet. Supplements intended to enhance performance should be thoroughly trialled in training or simulated competition before being used in competition. Inadvertent ingestion of substances prohibited under the antidoping codes that govern elite sport is a known risk of taking some supplements. Protection of the athlete’s health and awareness of the potential for harm must be paramount; expert professional opinion and assistance is strongly advised before an athlete embarks on supplement use.
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Akgül, Beyza Merve, Cenk Birinci, Şenol Göral, and Suat Karaküçük. "An investigation of ecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes and antipathy towards environment in athletes." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 4 (November 3, 2017): 3405. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i4.4680.
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The aim of this study is to examine the ecocentric, anthropocentric and antipathetic attitudes towards the environment regarding with different variables. Study group is composed of 413 athletes randomly selected from directly nature sports and also sports that is not related to nature. To collect data, ecocentric, anthropocentric and antipathetic attitudes towards the protection of the environment scale is used. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics of the athletes’ attitudes towards environment were calculated. For other variables’ comparison, independent t-test and ANOVA were applied. As a result; amongst athletes’ the ecocentric attitudes’ mean was found the highest. Athletes’ ecocentric attitude values vary only. According to their educational level; anthropocentric attitude values vary according to their sport type and educational level; antipathetic attitudes towards the protection of the environment vary according to sex, sports type, educational level, perceived income level and also the living environment. s conclusion; athletes with university and higher educational levels have higher ecocentric scores than athletes with high school and lower education levels; athletes from nature sports and athletes with high school and lower educational levels have higher anthropocentric scores than athletes from indoor sports and athletes with university and higher educational levels; finally, men participants than women participant, athletes from nature sports than athletes from indoor sports, athletes with high school and lower educational levels than athletes with university and higher educational levels, participants with high and low perceived income levels than participants with average perceived income levels, participants living in country side than participants living in cities have higher antipathetic attitude scores towards the protection of the environment.
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Elikov, A. V., and M. M. Korosteleva. "Role of antioxidant protection system in development of detachment in athletes." Sports medicine: research and practice 11, no. 4 (May 6, 2022): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47529/2223-2524.2021.4.9.
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Objective: to study the main indicators of free radical oxidation and antioxidant protection in the blood plasma of former athletes, depending on the period of cessation of sports.Materials and methods: 24 former male athletes aged 19‒29 years were examined, who were divided into 2 groups of 12 people each (1st group — former athletes who stopped training for up to 2 years; 2nd — over 2 years). The control group consisted of 15 practically healthy untrained student volunteers of the same age. To study the state of free radical oxidation, we used the determination of the content of active products of thiobarbituric acid by reaction with thiobarbituric acid, spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 535 nm. Determination of diene conjugates was carried out in the heptane phase after preliminary extraction with a heptane-isopropanol mixture at a wavelength of 233 nm.Results: the direction of the shifts in the state of the oxidative balance was established depending on the period of detraining. The concentration of malondialdehyde in former athletes of the 1st group increased by 38.6 %. In the study of the content of diene conjugates, the staging of changes in the studied indicator was established with the maximum values in the former athletes of the 1st group and lower in the 2nd, exceeding the value of this indicator in the control group by 8.0 %.Conclusions: the obtained data can be recommended for monitoring the state of athletes who stopped playing sports and taken into account when prescribing rehabilitation measures for the corresponding contingent.
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Kakita, Mari, Yukio Mikami, Tatsuru Ibusuki, Takashi Shimoe, Yoshi-ichiro Kamijo, Sven P. Hoekstra, and Fumihiro Tajima. "The prevalence of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow and ulnar nerve dislocation in recreational wheelchair marathon athletes." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): e0243324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243324.
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Background Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow is an entrapment neuropathy, while ulnar nerve dislocation might also be involved in its incidence and severity. Wheelchair marathon athletes may be at an increased risk for Ulnar Neuropathy. However, there is a paucity of research into the prevalence of Ulnar Neuropathy and ulnar nerve dislocation in this population. Objective To investigate the prevalence of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow and ulnar nerve dislocation in wheelchair marathon athletes. Participants Wheelchair marathon athletes (N = 38) who participated in the 2017, 2018, and 2019 Oita International Wheelchair Marathon. 2 athletes participated only one time, 36 athletes repeatedly. Data from athletes`latest assessment were used. Methods The day before the race, questionnaires, physical examinations, and ultrasonography were conducted to screen for Ulnar Neuropathy in both upper limbs. Ulnar nerve dislocation was confirmed by physical examination and ultrasonography. Results 11 (29%) athletes were diagnosed with Ulnar Neuropathy. There were no significant differences in age, height, weight, Body Mass Index, or history of primary illness between athletes with and without Ulnar Neuropathy. In the group without Ulnar Neuropathy, 44% of athletes reported to have been engaging in other wheelchair sports, compared to 9% in the group with Ulnar Neuropathy (p = 0.037). Ulnar nerve dislocation was diagnosed in 15 (39%) athletes by ultrasonography. Out of the 14 elbows of 11 athletes diagnosed with Ulnar Neuropathy, 9 (64%) elbows had ulnar nerve dislocation. Conclusion The prevalence of Ulnar Neuropathy in wheelchair marathon athletes was higher than previously reported in able-bodied, non-athlete individuals and lower than in non-athletes with lower limb dysfunction. Therefore, while wheelchair sports may provide some protection against Ulnar Neuropathy, this study further supports the importance of screening for Ulnar Neuropathy, as well as for ulnar nerve dislocation as a potential risk factor for the development of Ulnar Neuropathy.
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Kurashova, N., A. Yureva, M. Dolgikh, I. Gutnik, and L. Kolesnikovа. "ETHNIC FEATURES OF LIPID PROFILE AND LIPID PEROXIDATION IN FREESTYLE WRESTLERS." Human Sport Medicine 19, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/hsm190205.
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Aim. The article deals with the assessment of the lipid profile, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant protection in freestyle wrestlers belonging to different ethnic groups. Materials and methods. The study involved freestyle male wrestlers aged 18–22 with the rank of the Candidate for Master of Sport and Master of Sport regularly practicing freestyle wrestling. We studied a serum consisting of blood plasma and erythrocyte hemolysate. Lipid exchange was studied with the help of the BTS-350 analyzer (Spain) and BioSystems (Spain) reagents. To establish aminotransferase in blood serum, we used Vital (Russia) reagents. The components of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection were established with the help of spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods. Results. Freestyle athletes of the Russian ethnic group are characterized by a significantly lower TG concentrations compared to Buryat athletes. In the system of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection, in athletes of the Russian ethnic group, we revealed a significant AOA, reduced glutathione and retinol compared to Buryat athletes. Conclusion. The data obtained prove a different degree of metabolic activity in athletes from various ethnic groups. The balance between lipid oxidation and antioxidant protection mostly determines metabolic intensity as well as adaptation capacities of the body. The study of metabolic changes in highly-skilled athletes from different ethnic groups can contribute to the deepening of knowledge about the physiological basis and pathogenetic effects of stress on the human body. This will be one of the factors for optimizing training and providing the search for the ways of increasing physical activity as a mean of preserving the nation and sports development.
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Redkina, A. I., O. A. Shevchenko, and D. I. Vorontsov. "Protection of Human Rights in the Context of Fight against Gene Doping." Administrative Consulting, no. 8 (September 30, 2020): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2020-8-67-77.
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This article examines issues related to the protection of human rights in the context of the fight against the use of gene doping. The fact of using gene therapy in relation to a person already includes a significant range of potential ethical problems, including probable health risks, the degree of awareness of the patient’s consent to perform certain manipulations, as well as the long-term consequences for a person’s life, and, which is equally important, for future generations. At the same time, the problems of the use of gene doping in relation to athletes significantly aggravates and complicates the process of building regulatory approaches. The article notes the particular susceptibility of the athlete's right to health care in the context of the problem of gene doping. The paper studies the features of the implementation and protection of the human right to protect health and the right to privacy, including legislation aspect of biomedicine and bioethics, as well as taking into account the difficulties associated with the identification of the use of gene doping. Conclusions regarding possible areas for improving legal regulation in this area, among which, strengthening or detailing the legal regulation of the provision of high-tech medical care, properly informing athletes, coaches and other sports professionals about the possible risks of applying genetic engineering methods to humans, proper regulation of testing procedures, toughening criminal liability and expansion of the subject matter of such crimes are formulated.
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Blinova, T. V., L. A. Strakhova, and S. A. Kolesov. "The effect of intense physical exertion on the biochemical parameters of antioxidant protection systems and nitric oxide in swimming athletes." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology 1, no. 10 (November 13, 2019): 860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-10-860-865.
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Introduction. Intense physical activity leads to a violation of homeostasis, which is supported by a balanced work of the body’s defense systems against oxidative stress, in particular, antioxidant, thiol disulfide and nitric oxide system. The study of these indicators will improve the mechanisms of adaptation of the human body to physical activity.The aim of the study was to identify the features of changes in antioxidant protection systems and nitric oxide during intense physical activity in athletes-swimmers.Materials and methods. Blood of athletes-swimmers (n=30, age 23,0±2,5 years) in the conditions of intensive physical loadings is investigated. Oxidative stress, total serum antioxidant capacity, glutathione levels and nitric oxide metabolites were studied by photometric biochemical methods.Results. In 73.3% of athletes after intense physical activity remained elevated levels of oxidized glutathione, 30% had a high level of oxidative stress, 26.7% of the level of antioxidant capacity of serum is low, 73.3% was reduced relative to the initial level of the concentration of nitric oxide metabolites.Conclusion. Intense physical activity leads to oxidative stress and disturbances in the antioxidant system of the athlete’s body. With increasing load, the degree of violations increases. The level of oxidative stress increases, the total antioxidant capacity of serum decreases, the functioning of glutathione is disrupted. Integral indicators of oxidative stress, as well as glutathione fractions can be recommended for monitoring the state of oxidative stress.
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Ramagole, Dimakatso, Dina Christa Janse van Rensburg, Lervason Pillay, Pierre Viviers, Phathokuhle Zondi, and Jon Patricios. "Implications of COVID-19 for resumption of sport in South Africa: A South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA) position statement." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 32, no. 1 (June 24, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a8454.
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The significant impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic has extended to sport with the cessation of nearly all professional and non-professional events globally. Recreational parks and fitness centres have also closed. A challenge remains to get athletes back to participation in the safest way, balancing the protection of their health while curbing the societal transmission of the virus.
With this Position Statement, the South African Sports Medicine Association (SASMA) aims to guide return-to-sport as safely as possible, in an evidence-based manner, given that COVID-19 is a new illness and new information from experts in various fields continues to emerge. Clinical considerations are briefly described, focusing on a return-to-sport strategy, including education, preparation of the environment, risk stratification of sports and participants, and the practical implementation of these guidelines. The management of the potentially exposed or infected athlete is further highlighted.
It is important that persons charged with managing athletes’ return-to-sport in any environment must be up-to-date with local and international trends, transmission rates, regulations and sport-specific rule changes that might develop as sport resumes. Additionally, such information should be applied in a sports-specific manner, considering individual athlete’s and team needs and be consistent with national legislation.
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Mountjoy, Margo, A. Costa, R. Budgett, J. Dvorak, L. Engebretsen, S. Miller, J. Moran, J. Foster, and J. Carr. "Health promotion through sport: international sport federations’ priorities, actions and opportunities." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 1 (July 12, 2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097900.
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ObjectiveTo identify areas of priority and activity for international sportsfederations (IFs) with respect to athlete health and safety, and global health. Results serve to direct the work of the Association of Summer Olympic IF Medical and Scientific Consultative Group, the International Olympic Committee and to influence IFs’ planning and priorities.MethodsThe 28 IFs participating in the Summer Olympic Games (2016) were asked to rank the relative importance of 11 health-related topics and to report their activities or research initiatives on 27 identified topics using an electronic survey. A comparison with a similar survey (2012) was made.ResultsThe response rate was 100%. In general, the ‘fight against doping’ had the highest priority followed by ‘image as a safe sport’. The topics with the lowest importance ratings were ‘increasing the number of elite athletes’, and ‘health of the general population’. Despite ranking ‘health of your athletes,’ as a top priority, IFs are not addressing all aspects of athlete health. In comparison with 2012, there was a significant decrease in priority for IFs is ‘health of the general population’.ConclusionDespite the widespread knowledge of the importance of the promotion of physical activity (sport) on global health, the decreasing priority and programming of the IFs on physical activity promotion is concerning. Although IFs have prioritised the protection of the health of elite athletes, there are gaps in programming demonstrating that IFs are missing important areas of athlete health. Improving recreational athlete health programming could also benefit population health as well as improve IF fan base and sport participation.
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Wen, Zhendi. "INJURIES BY FATIGUE FROM AEROBIC TRAINING IN JUMPING ATHLETES." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 28, no. 6 (December 2022): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1517-8692202228062022_0021.
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ABSTRACT Introduction The increasingly tense and aggressive competition in the competitive sports field has led to a continuous increase in the athletes’ exercise load. Sports injuries resulting from this increased load are also increasing. Research in this area helps prevent jumping sports injuries and guides protocols for treatment. Currently, research on sports injuries in athletics jumping events is relatively rare. Objective This paper examines sports injuries in sport jumping athletes. Methods This article investigates injuries in 16 vault athletes with 5 to 10 years of training. Results Distance jumping is a significant risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injuries. The risk of injury when landing on one foot is more significant than when landing on both feet. Especially when the body is in a state of neuromuscular fatigue, this will significantly increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Conclusion Excessive local exercise load, incorrect technical movements, and physical fatigue are the leading causes of sports injuries. Coaches should organize training and competitions reasonably. Athletes need to reinforce the protection of the knees, ankles, and other frequently injured parts. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.
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Ki-Yeon Nam. "Study on the Protection of College Athletes’ Right of Publicity." Dankook Law Riview 37, no. 4 (December 2013): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17252/dlr.2013.37.4.004.
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Williams, Claire. "Sexual Orientation Harassment and Discrimination: Legal Protection for Student-Athletes." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 17, no. 2 (August 2007): 253–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jlas.17.2.253.
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Budgett, Richard, and Lars Engebretsen. "The protection of clean athletes through the IOC research fund." British Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 1 (November 18, 2014): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094385.
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Boyes, Simon. "Legal protection of athletes’ image rights in the United Kingdom." International Sports Law Journal 15, no. 1-2 (March 11, 2015): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40318-015-0067-7.
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Kyrychenko, Taras. "Features of psychological training of athletes for competitive activity in strength sports." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(128) (December 28, 2020): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.8(128).20.
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The article emphasizes that the psychological preparation of athletes to participate in competitive activities is a complex process of sports improvement. Emphasis is placed on the athlete's ability to overcome unexpected obstacles, to control himself, to quickly assess the situation, make decisions and implement them. The main measures of general and special psychological training and mechanisms of psychological protection against negative actions during competitions of athletes specializing in power sports are analyzed.
It is noted that in power sports the conditions in which competitions take place differ from the conditions of training sessions. Coaches and psychologists should train athletes not only physically and tactically, but also develop their ability to withstand many pre-competitive and competitive factors that have a disorganizing effect and cause a mismatch of functions, ie reduce reliability in competitive activities. It is determined that the main components of achieving results in strength sports are: physical shape, technical and psychological training.
Preparation for the start can be carried out at low energy consumption or, conversely, at high power consumption in a state of strong excitation. These differences in intensity can be assessed as follows: from a purely subjective point of view - then talk about the degree of immersion in preparation for the activity; from an objective point of view - then it is necessary to determine the level of nervous and somatic functioning, which underlies the state of readiness of the athlete. In this context, we should consider the concept of activation, which simultaneously means a rapid increase in the activity of the central nervous system, and the resulting intensification of peripheral processes. It is indisputable that the more extreme the competition, the more intense the athlete's mechanisms of activation of mental and physiological functions, which directly affect the effectiveness of performance. Moreover, this happens in an arbitrary (or even involuntary) mode.
Before the responsible start the installation connected with expectation of the most probable result of competitions is formed. Often the installation is formed on an unconscious level, but the more complex in its structure is the future activit y, the more in the formed formation is dominated by conscious, volitional components.
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Fedunina, Natalia Yu. "COMPETITIVE ANXIETY IN SPORTS. THE VIEW OF AN ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGIST." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Psychology. Pedagogics. Education, no. 4 (2021): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6398-2021-4-82-95.
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The success of sports activity in a competitive situation is largely determined by psychological readiness, how the athlete’s mental apparatus is configured, how much the athlete is able to cope with the challenges of a competitive situation, the mental mechanisms that the athlete uses to cope with anxiety. In the article, the situations of competitive difficulties are considered from the point of view of the theory of object relations, microdynamic shifts in the intrapsychic reality of an athlete. In a situation of increased anxiety and the difficulties of its processing, primitive mental defenses can be involved: splitting, idealization, projection, denial of external and internal reality, projective identification. Their most typical consequences are feelings of self-doubt, a decrease in the accuracy of understanding and anticipation of the opponent’s actions, a feeling of muscle stiffness, underestimation/ overestimation of the opponent, a decrease in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sports action. The article presents two cases of athletes of different sports qualifications, on the basis of which the manifestations and consequences of these primitive forms of protection are discussed. It also describes the specifics of the position of a psychologist in sports, the importance of understanding the mental reality of an athlete, the needs behind anxiety, as well as the need for help in integrating the “I”, despite the prevailing target orientation for a quick result.
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Mecías-Calvo, Marcos, Carlos Lago-Fuentes, Iker Muñoz-Pérez, Jon Mikel Picabea-Arburu, Álvaro Velarde-Sotres, Silvia Aparicio-Obregón, and Rubén Navarro-Patón. "Motives for the Use or Not of Protective Equipment for the Recreational Practice of Skiing and Snowboarding in Spanish Winter Stations." Healthcare 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9121767.
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The objective of this research was to analyze the motives for using or not using protections by recreational ski and snowboard athletes, specifically regarding gender and age in the winter resorts of Sierra Nevada and Alto Campoo (Spain). A total of 520 users participated in Sierra Nevada (n = 306 (58,8%)) and Alto Campoo (n = 214 (42.2%)); 257 of them were men (49.4%) and 263 (50.6%) were women; from 6 to 50 years old; classified by 4 stages of development (Childhood (n = 106 (20.4%); Teenagers (n = 110 (21.2%); Young adults (n = 101 (19.4%); Adults (n = 203 (39.0%)). For the data collection an ad hoc questionnaire was used (socio-demographic data, use/no use of protection, motives for the use). The data revealed that 76.5% used protections equipment, with the women being more likely to use protective equipment than men. Regarding age, young adults and adults were the ones using less protection. In relation to the motives of using protective equipment, security was the main motive for using it, while the reason to avoid using it was, most of the time, discomfort. Additionally, the childhood and teenager groups were the ones who reported, as motivation, family obligation, showing the importance of the influence of the parents.
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Higgins, Madalyn Riley, Azimeh Izadi, and Mojtaba Kaviani. "Antioxidants and Exercise Performance: With a Focus on Vitamin E and C Supplementation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 15, 2020): 8452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228452.
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Antioxidant supplementation, including vitamin E and C supplementation, has recently received recognition among athletes as a possible method for enhancing athletic performance. Increased oxidative stress during exercise results in the production of free radicals, which leads to muscle damage, fatigue, and impaired performance. Despite their negative effects on performance, free radicals may act as signaling molecules enhancing protection against greater physical stress. Current evidence suggests that antioxidant supplementation may impair these adaptations. Apart from athletes training at altitude and those looking for an immediate, short-term performance enhancement, supplementation with vitamin E does not appear to be beneficial. Moreover, the effectiveness of vitamin E and C alone and/or combined on muscle mass and strength have been inconsistent. Given that antioxidant supplements (e.g., vitamin E and C) tend to block anabolic signaling pathways, and thus, impair adaptations to resistance training, special caution should be taken with these supplements. It is recommended that athletes consume a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, which provides vitamins, minerals phytochemicals, and other bioactive compounds to meet the recommended intakes of vitamin E and C.
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Yarmolyuk, N. S., E. A. Biryukova, E. R. Dzheldubaeva, E. I. Nagaeva, Yu O. Diagileva, D. R. Husainov, E. С. Tkach, and D. N. Zakharov. "COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE EXTERNAL BREATHING PARAMETERS OF YOUNG ATHLETES IN CYCLIC SPORTS." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Biology. Chemistry 6(72), no. 2 (2020): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1725-2020-6-2-281-290.
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At present, one of the main tasks of the state is to develop and improve the system of health protection and quality of life of the younger generation. In this regard, the search for simple non-invasive methods of monitoring the health of children, and especially young athletes at various stages of their competitive activity, is of great importance. It is known that the leading place among the factors influencing sports performance is occupied by a number of authors with the peculiarities of metabolic processes of sportsmen [1, 2], hemodynamics [3, 4], neuromuscular activation [5, 6], activity of the central nervous system [7, 8]. It has been shown that systematic repetition of dosed muscle load increases not only physical endurance in sportsmen but also their body resistance to hypoxia [4]. However, to date, the literature practically lacks data from complex controlled studies on the assessment of the functional state of the body in young athletes. At the same time, it should be noted that changes in the parameters of external respiration are one of the most important markers of medical and biological control of training, both for beginners and highly qualified sportsmen [9, 10]. In our opinion, studying the features of external respiration in athletes of cyclic sports of different orientation can be useful in building schemes, choosing modes and methods of their training process. In this connection, the purpose of the present research was the comparative characteristic of the external breathing system of young sportsmen of cyclic sports of orienteers and track-and-field athletes who are at the stage of a basic training mesocycle. The study was carried out with the participation of 20 young male and female athletes engaged in athletics and sports orientation. The 1st group (10 people) included athletes engaged in track and field athletics, athletes stewards (runners for 800–3000 meters, the average distance during training from 1500 to 4000 meters, pace – about 5 minutes per 1 km.), the 2nd group (10 people) – athletes engaged in orienteering (the average distance of running from 3000 to 6000 meters, pace – about 6–7 minutes per 1 km.). The age of athletes was within 13–15 years. The external breathing apparatus is most developed for orienteering athletes who have elements of staying load in the training process, with predominance of aerobic type of energy exchange, while for athletes-athletes the most characteristic was high power of forced exhalation and values of maximum ventilation of the lungs, which is due to a high degree of adaptation of these athletes to anaerobic load of high intensity. Young orienteering athletes recorded higher values in the «tranquil breathing» test as compared to track and field athletes. Thus, YEL on the average is 11.97 % (p<0.05) higher than in the group of track and field athletes, and the indicators of ROV – by 20.30 % (p<0.05) higher than the values obtained from volunteers involved in athletics. The probable mechanism of such differences may be that the efficiency of the training process of athletics athletes, in contrast to orienteers, is equally related to both anaerobic and aerobic types of energy exchange, and less dependent on the functioning of the external respiratory apparatus, which is reflected in the lower values of GEL and RO in these athletes, compared to young orienteering athletes, characterized by a greater contribution of aerobic type of energy exchange. In the tests «forced exhalation» and «maximum ventilation of the lungs» the orienteers registered lower values of the studied indices (FSEL in – by 17,08 % (p<0,05), OFV1 – by 24,84 % (p<0,05), ratio OFV1/FSEL – by 2,67 % (p<0,05), MVL – by 29,21 % (p<0,05) lower than in the group of athletes), which is due to a higher degree of formation of adaptation mechanisms of oxygen debt compensation at high intensity physical activity in comparison with orienteering sportsmen, whose training process is mostly connected with long medium intensity loads.
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Luczak, Tony, Reuben F. Burch, Brian Smith, John Lamberth, and Daniel Carruth. "Jumping Performance of Elite NCAA Division 1 Student-athletes: The Effect of Basketball Shoe Design – Part I." International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575//aiac.ijkss.v.8n.2p.17.
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Background: Assessment of basketball shoes as personal protection equipment (PPE) at the collegiate level is unique. Objective: The purpose of Part I in this pilot study was to examine the effect of shoe design on jump height in elite male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 basketball student-athletes. Method: Each team selected two pairs of AdidasTM branded shoes. The male student-athletes selected the AdidasTM Harden Vol. 3 and the AdidasTM SM Pro basketball shoes. The female student-athletes selected the AdidasTM Harden Vol. 3 and the AdidasTM Captain Marvel basketball shoes. A total of sixteen basketball student-athletes (six males, ten females) performed an acute series of four styled basketball jumps on two ForceDecksTM Force Platforms while trying to maximize jump height by tapping VertecTM Jump Vanes. Two trials were performed in each shoe and for each type of jump which included a countermovement jump, drop jump from 30cm, step and jump, and a series of plyometric jumps. Results: The results of this pilot study indicated a non-significant effect of basketball shoe design on jump height while performing an acute series of basketball style jumps for either the male or female basketball student-athletes. However, there were significant differences in jump height and peak power between the male and female basketball student-athletes (p = 0.001). Conclusion: In addition to the results, the use of quantitative performance testing on the effectiveness of basketball shoe designs as PPE may assist in the mitigation of non-contact ankle and lower limb injuries.
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CHEBOTAREV, A. V. "PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF ATHLETES IN DOPING CASES: PROCEDURAL ASPECT." Herald of Civil Procedure 9, no. 6 (December 30, 2019): 208–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24031/2226-0781-2019-9-6-208-227.
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Wolf, S. Tony, Lauren E. Kenney, and W. Larry Kenney. "Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure, Risk, and Protection in Military and Outdoor Athletes." Current Sports Medicine Reports 19, no. 4 (April 2020): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000702.
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Petrenko, E. G., E. A. Ivashchenko, M. S. Grigoryevskaya, A. S. Christenko, and E. F. Moroz. "Protection of the rights of Russian athletes in the international jurisdiction." Аграрное и земельное право, no. 10 (2020): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47643/1815-1329_2020_10_69.
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Koury, Josely C., Astrogildo V. de Oliveira, Emílson S. Portella, Cyntia F. de Oliveira, Gustavo C. Lopes, and Carmen M. Donangelo. "Zinc and Copper Biochemical Indices of Antioxidant Status in Elite Athletes of Different Modalities." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 14, no. 3 (June 2004): 358–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.14.3.358.
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The purpose of this study was lo compare zinc and copper biochemical indices of antioxidant status and their relationship in elite athletes of different modalities: aerobic with high-impact (triathletes, n = 10 and long-distance runners, n = 12), anaerobic with high-impact (short-distance runners, n = 9), and anaerobic with low-impact (short-distance swimmers, n = 13). The influence of recent dietary intake and body composition was also evaluated. A venous blood sample was drawn 16-20 hr after competition for the following measurements: packed-cell volume and hemoglobin in blood; copper and zinc in plasma and erythrocytes; ceruloplasmin in plasma; superoxide dismutase activity and metal-lothionein in erythrocyles; and erythrocyte osmotic fragility. Zinc and copper intakes were not different in the athlete groups and did not affect the biochemical indices measured. Athletes of the long-distance high-impact aerobic modalities had higher indices of antioxidant protection (erythrocyte zinc, superoxide dismutase activity, and metallothionein) than those of the short-distance low-impact modalities, suggesting that there is adaptation of the antioxidant capacity to the specific training. Significant correlations were observed in all athletes between erythrocyte zinc, superoxide dismutase activity, and metallothionein consistent with the importance of an adequate zinc status in the response of antioxidant mechanisms to intense exercise.
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De Castro-Maqueda, Guillermo, Jose V. Gutierrez-Manzanedo, Carolina Lagares-Franco, and Magdalena de Troya-Martin. "Sun Exposure during Water Sports: Do Elite Athletes Adequately Protect Their Skin against Skin Cancer?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020800.
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Excessive sun exposure is the main avoidable cause of skin cancer. Outdoor sports performed without adequate photoprotection are risky practices in this respect. This study examines whether elite athletes in water sports (specifically surfing, windsurfing, and sailing) take appropriate measures to protect their skin from the sun, and whether there are differences in this respect according to age, gender, or sports discipline. This study is based on a questionnaire-based health survey. World championship competitors completed a self-administered questionnaire on their sun protection and exposure habits, as well as sunburns during the last sports season. In total, 246 participants, with an age range of 16–30 years, completed the questionnaire. Of these, 49.6% used inadequate sun protection. Those who protected their skin appropriately tended to be older than those who did not (average age = 23.28 and 20.69 years, respectively; p = 0.000). There were no significant differences in sun protection habits between male and female athletes. The rate of sunburn was very high (76.7%). A high proportion (22.5%) of participants never used sunscreen. Elite athletes in water sports are at real risk of skin lesions from overexposure to the sun, associated with inadequate photoprotection practices. Campaigns to raise awareness and to promote the early detection of skin cancer should target these risk groups.
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Bringer, Joy D., Celia H. Brackenridge, and Lynne H. Johnston. "Swimming Coaches’ Perceptions of Sexual Exploitation in Sport: A Preliminary Model of Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity." Sport Psychologist 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.20.4.465.
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Bringer, Brackenridge, and Johnston (2002) identified role conflict and ambiguity as an emerging theme for some swimming coaches who felt under increased scrutiny because of wider concerns about sexual exploitation in sport (Boocock, 2002). To further understand this emerging theme, 3 coaches who had engaged in sexual relations with athletes, or had allegations of abuse brought against them, took part in in-depth interviews. Grounded theory method (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) was adopted to explore how these coaches responded differently to increased public scrutiny. The findings are discussed in relation to how sport psychologists can help to shape perceptions of coaching effectiveness that are congruent with child protection measures. Reflective practice is proposed as one method by which coaches may embed child and athlete protection in their definition of effective coaching, rather than seeing it as an external force to which they must accommodate.
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Donnellan, Dr Laura. "The Fédération Equestre Internationale Speaks for the Horse Who Has No Voice and the Court of Arbitration for Sport Listened: Equine Welfare and Anti-Doping in Equestrianism." Denning Law Journal 31, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 41–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v31i1.1792.
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The strict liability standard employed by the Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) in equine doping cases has been a source of contention among academics, riders and trainers. The FEI Disciplinary Tribunal and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) have consistently upheld the standard and no alternative has been considered. At the core of the application of the strict liability standard has been the protection of the equine athlete. With the dual aims of the protection of equine athletes and equality between competitors, the FEI imposes a provisional equine suspension when a horse’s sample records an adverse analytical finding. The standard of strict liability and the imposition of provisional suspensions together put the welfare of the horse to the fore. While the intentions of the FEI have been based on this noble premise, ambiguities and inconsistencies have undermined the effectiveness of the Equine Anti-Doping and Controlled Medication Regulations (EADCMRs).
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KG, Korotkov, Gavrilova EA, Churganov OA, and Machado JJ. "Influence of electromagnetic protection technology on human psychophysiological condition." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 9, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2022.09.00279.
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Objectives: This study aimed to demonstrate the beneficial effect of Noxtak electromagnetic protection technology on human psychophysiology. Design: An open, randomized, placebo-controlled trials for 30 days. Participants were measured initially, randomly divided into two groups (experimental and control), and measured 30 days later after using Noxtak technology in the experimental group and placebo in the control group. Subjects: 50 healthy athletes, age 14-25 years, men and women, randomly divided into two groups of 25 people. Randomization was based on the principle of random numbers. The ethics committee of the Federal State Budget Institution "Saint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Institute for Physical Culture," St. Petersburg, Russia, approved the study protocol. All participants signed an informed consent form, where a written and oral explanation of the research protocol was provided. Outcome measures: psychological testing, rhythmocardiography, biofield parameters analysis. Results: Participants using Noxtak electromagnetic protection for 30 days demonstrated positive changes in psychophysiology parameters, experienced growth in aerobic capacity, physical performance, energy potential, and their bodies' adaptive reserves, while physiological parameters of athletes using placebo did not change or worsened. Conclusions: Participants using Noxtak technology for 30 days demonstrated improvement of psychophysiological parameters and sleep quality, which may be related with the protection effect from electromagnetic radiation
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Antrobus, Mark R., Jon Brazier, Peter C. Callus, Adam J. Herbert, Georgina K. Stebbings, Praval Khanal, Stephen H. Day, et al. "Concussion-Associated Polygenic Profiles of Elite Male Rugby Athletes." Genes 13, no. 5 (May 4, 2022): 820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13050820.
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Due to the high-velocity collision-based nature of elite rugby league and union, the risk of sustaining a concussion is high. Occurrence of and outcomes following a concussion are probably affected by the interaction of multiple genes in a polygenic manner. This study investigated whether suspected concussion-associated polygenic profiles of elite rugby athletes differed from non-athletes and between rugby union forwards and backs. We hypothesised that a total genotype score (TGS) using eight concussion-associated polymorphisms would be higher in elite rugby athletes than non-athletes, indicating selection for protection against incurring or suffering prolonged effects of, concussion in the relatively high-risk environment of competitive rugby. In addition, multifactor dimensionality reduction was used to identify genetic interactions. Contrary to our hypothesis, TGS did not differ between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes (p ≥ 0.065), nor between rugby union forwards and backs (p = 0.668). Accordingly, the TGS could not discriminate between elite rugby athletes and non-athletes (AUC ~0.5), suggesting that, for the eight polymorphisms investigated, elite rugby athletes do not have a more ‘preferable’ concussion-associated polygenic profile than non-athletes. However, the COMT (rs4680) and MAPT (rs10445337) GC allele combination was more common in rugby athletes (31.7%; p < 0.001) and rugby union athletes (31.8%; p < 0.001) than non-athletes (24.5%). Our results thus suggest a genetic interaction between COMT (rs4680) and MAPT (rs10445337) assists rugby athletes in achieving elite status. These findings need exploration vis-à-vis sport-related concussion injury data and could have implications for the management of inter-individual differences in concussion risk.
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Kobelkova, I. V., M. M. Korosteleva, D. B. Nikityuk, and M. S. Kobelkova. "Glycation end products and technological aspects of reducing immunogenicity of specialized food products for nutrition of athletes." Food systems 4, no. 4 (January 5, 2022): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/2618-9771-2021-4-4-278-285.
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Food allergy, which affects about 8% of children and 5% of adults in the world, is one of the major global health problems, and allergen control is an important aspect of food safety. According to the FALCPA (Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 FDA), more than 160 foods can cause allergic reactions, with eight of them responsible for 90% of all food allergies in the United States, including milk, eggs, wheat, peanuts, soybeans, tree nuts, crustaceans and fish, also known as the Big 8. Most foods that are sources of obligate allergens are heat treated before consumption, which can trigger the Maillard reaction, which produces glycation end products. Symptoms of food sensitization are known to significantly affect the quality of life, gut microbial diversity and adaptation potential. In particular, in athletes, this can be expressed in a decrease in the effectiveness of the training process, which leads to poor endurance and athletic performance. In this regard, it seems relevant to study the effect of the Maillard reaction and AGEs on the immunogenicity of proteins and the possible relationship between these compounds and food allergy, as well as to develop measures to prevent the adverse effect of allergens on the body of a professional athlete and any other consumer.
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Margute, Túlio Garcia, Kassia Justo Coelho Margute, Igor Fonseca Dos Santos, Thiago Quirino Mota da Silva, Andrei Rabenschlag Rosato, João Paulo Ramos Santos, and Tiago Garcia Margute. "Doping in Sport Dental Care Protocol." International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention 8, no. 09 (September 23, 2021): 5645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v8i09.011.
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Every year new formulas and substances are created to circumvent doping protection system created by WADA, companies that benefit itself working in the dark side of sport acting together with technical, nations sports committee’s, etc. With this constant situation, where renewal formulas aimed at improving the performance of athletes, it´s important that health professionals, including the dentists who treat athletes, have knowledge of doping and are up to date in this context. The objective of this study was to create an aid protocol related to doping that help dentists that work in service with amateur and professional athletes. We know the need that a dentist who cares professionals athletes must have about the medicines that causes doping and what to do when he needs to prescribe any from WADA´s list with no harm.
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Isaev, A. P., V. V. Erlikh, V. I. Zalyapin, A. S. Bakhareva, A. V. Nenasheva, Yu N. Romanov, S. L. Sashenkov, A. V. Shevtsov, D. O. Maleev, and Yu B. Korableva. "The immune system of athletes of different sports." Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 22, no. 6 (December 20, 2018): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2018.0601.
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Purpose : the comparative study of the immunity features of elite athletes of different sports. Material : study involved athletes of the highest mastery level of cyclic and acyclic sports (n = 147, age 18-23 years). Athletes were divided into groups by kinds of sport. Skiers (n = 54), swimmers (n = 23), wrestlers (n = 49), boxers (n = 21). Results : It was determined that athletes of acyclic sports (wrestlers and boxers) had a significant double increase in the level of secretory immunoglobulin IgA. In parallel, the level of immunoglobulins IgG is reduced. The highest indicators of lysosomal activity were recorded in skiers. Boxers, wrestlers, and swimmers had a decrease in the lysosomal activity level. The maximum phagocytic number is determined in wrestlers, and the minimum - in boxers. Conclusions : Comparative study of the immunity features of elite athletes in various sports suggests that there is a strain on the immune status. This condition is especially expressed in acyclic sports athletes (wrestling, boxing). This is due to the loads in the preparation process. The data received allow to confirm the significance of immune protection indicators in monitoring the athletes functional status.
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Sang-Kyum Kim. "A Study on Protection of the Right of Athletes in the Constitution." Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law 10, no. 4 (November 2007): 143–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19051/kasel.2007.10.4.143.
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Ross, Stephen F., and Robert B. Lucke. "Why Highly Paid Athletes Deserve More Antitrust Protection Than Ordinary Unionized Workers." Antitrust Bulletin 42, no. 3 (September 1997): 641–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x9704200306.
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