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1
Angistalis, Georgios, Georgios Dounias, Grigorios Tsokas, and Costas Zambas. "The Walls of Eupalinos Aqueduct, Samos Island, Greece. Description, Pathology and Proposed Restoration Measures." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 53, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.18710.
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The Aqueduct of Eupalinos was built in the mid-sixth century B.C, on the island of Samos that lies in the archipelago of the north Aegean Sea. Herodotus (481-425 B.C.) was the first historian to refer to the monument. He names Eupalinos, son of Naustrophus, born in the city of Megara as the engineer responsible for the design and construction of this ancient project. He also describes the method of construction that makes this monument unique: “…One is a tunnel, under a hill one hundred and fifty fathoms high, carried entirely through the base of the hill; its excavation started from two portals (αρξάμενον, αμφίστομον) …”. Egnatia Odos S.A2. in cooperation with the Prefecture of Samos and the Ministry of Culture initiated a multi-discipline design study to protect and restore the monument. The designs included surveying works, geological and geophysical investigations, as well as geotechnical, structural and architectural works. The main component of the aqueduct is the 1036 m long tunnel described by Herodotus. For a length of 165 m the tunnel is protected by dry masonry walls and vaults of remarkable quality, built in the Archaic era. For a length of 63 m it is protected by mortared masonry walls and vaults, built in the Roman-era. These walls at some locations have suffered significant deformation, due to ground pressures, and have partially failed. In order to restore the damaged sections of the wall, its structure was investigated with the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and Εlectrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). These methods indicated the thickness of the wall and to some extent the width of the excavation behind it. The space between the dry masonry of the Archaic wall and the excavation perimeter is backfilled with well stacked partially hewn stones. GPR seems to accurately determine the thickness of the massive building stones (20 to 40 cm thick) that form the wall’s sides. ET seems to accurately determine the interface between the excavation perimeter and the backfill. The thickness of the backfill and the wall was found to range from 60 cm to 200 cm. This most likely suggests that at the protected sections the tunnel excavation suffered significant and systematic ground collapses. This is because the derived tunnel excavation dimensions at that point are much larger than the ones of the unprotected tunnel. The latter combined with the high ground water inflows now present, in the area and the identified poor ground conditions, could justify the decision of Eupalinos to protect the tunnel’s excavation perimeter with the dry masonry walls. Other geophysical and geological investigations identified significant fault zones that cross the tunnel at the previously mentioned locations, where the assumed ground collapses were observed. A simplified deformation analysis that was carried out using finite element modelling shows that the deformation and the observed wall failures can be roughly explained by assuming poor ground conditions around the tunnel. The protection/restoration measures that were dimensioned for the Archaic type wall include: a) a staged, stone by stone, dismantling of the vaults and partially of the wall, b) supporting the ground behind them with stainless steel rock bolts, steel sets and a concrete mantle, and c) rebuilding the whole at its original “pre-deformed” position. These measures (steel sets, concrete mantle and rock bolts) aim in undertaking the full ground load so that the wall, when rebuilt, will be practically unloaded. Due to the different loading conditions and ground failure mode, the restoration measures designed for the Roman-era wall, aim to remove the rock (load) that fell on the roof arch, to prevent further rock falls and to strengthen the mortared masonry with neutral grouts.
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Herzog, Nicole M., and Anne T. Lawlor. "Reevaluating Diet and Technology in the Archaic Great Basin Using Starch Grain Assemblages from Hogup Cave UTAH." American Antiquity 81, no. 4 (October 2016): 664–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600101027.
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Identifying the relationships between prehistoric technologies and their role in food processing is important in understanding the timing, constraints, and motivations for dietary shifts in the past. However, direct evidence linking tools to specific plant foods is often lacking. This is especially true for archaeological assemblages dating to the early Holocene in the Great Basin. During this period, the appearance of milling stones and coiled basketry has often been assumed to represent a dietary transition marked by an increased reliance on lower-return plant foods, specifically small seeds. Here we evaluate the role of milling stones and basketry in the processing of low-return seeds by analyzing starch granules recovered from artifacts dating to the early and mid-Holocene from Hogup Cave, Utah. Results suggest that basketry and milling stones were used to process different resource types. Starch granules on milling stones primarily represent geophytes, while those from baskets are limited to small-seeded plant taxa mainly within the amaranth family. Results lead us to reevaluate the hypothesis that the appearance of these tools signals dietary broadening and prompt an array of new questions about early Holocene diets, the role and costs of processing technology, and the relative value of seed resources.
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Rani, D. Mercy Ratna. "HERO-STONES IN RAYALASEEMA - A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VAIDUMBA CHIEFS." JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY 2, no. 1 (2022): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/jhaa.2022.v02i01.03.
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The present paper deals with the hero-stones of Vaidumba chiefs in the Rayalaseema region. The hero-stones of South India datable to the third century CE are found in N?g?rjunak?nda in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, in which names of the warriors are mentioned and are carved elaborately. In Rayalaseema three hundred and forty six hero-stones are found. Of these eighty four belong to Vaidumba chiefs. In Kadapa District alone fifty seven are found. Twenty five hero-stones are in Chittoor District and the remaining two in Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh. More than five hero-stones with inscriptions, in characters of ninth-eleventh century CE in archaic Telugu are found, at Vand?di in Rayachoti Taluk of Kadapa district. Vaidumba chiefs were one of the important feudatory dynasties of the Western Ch?lukyas. They ruled from the eighth to fourteenth century CE Their original habitat was Vaidumbavr?lu in Chittoor District. When the Vaidumb?s became the masters of R?n?du-7000, the capital was shifted to Chippili in Madanapalli taluk of Chittoor District and then to Pottapi in Kadapa District.
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Turpin, Solveig A., Herbert H. Eling, and Moisés Valadez Moreno. "The Archaic Environment of Boca De Potrerillos, Nuevo León, Mexico." North American Archaeologist 15, no. 4 (April 1995): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8w5f-vej1-a5t3-jm9v.
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Nine new radiocarbon dates expand the occupational sequence at Boca de Potrerillos, a large open camp site on the fringes of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Nuevo León, Mexico, to the range between 270 and 7700 years ago. Incised stones attributable to the Archaic component provide an estimate of the age of some of the 3000 petroglyphs at this site. Cut-and-fill cycles, pollen counts, and gastropod analyses contribute to the definition of two climatic episodes. Between 980 and 1280 years ago, low energy sedimentation suggests a benign climatic interlude prevailed locally. Massive erosion at Boca de Potrerillos and other excavated sites within a 150 km range identifies a period of regional environmental stress around 4800 years ago.
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Ziyaettin, Nejdet, Kübra Ekiz Barış, and Leyla Tanaçan. "EFFECT OF ALKOXYSILANE-BASED TREATMENT ON THE DURABILITY OF NORTH CYPRUS STONES FOR CONSTRUCTION." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.1.179.
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ABSTRACT Limestones are generally vulnerable to various weathering effects, hence, protection and consolidation of them is necessary. Locally available limestones of Northern Cyprus have been used in both historical buildings dated back to the 16th century for conservation applications and new buildings mostly as a cladding material. However, certain decay patterns exist on these stones. In the current study, the service life of Cyprus stones was inspected. Alkoxysilane-based consolidation and protection treatments were applied on new quarried stones to enhance the stone properties and aged stones to conserve and protect the architectural heritage. Service life assessment was performed by applying accelerated aging tests on both new and aged stones before and after treatments. The treatments improved the physical, mechanical and durability properties of the stones in terms of unchanging the water vapor diffusion resistance factor, decreasing the porosity and the water absorption ratio, increasing the ultrasound pulse velocity, the compressive and the flexural strengths, and improving the resistance of the stones against wetting-drying, freeze-thaw, salt crystallization and SO2 vapour effects. The combination of consolidation and protection treatment (K2) was more efficient on the properties of the stones compared to only protection treatment (K1) due to the better penetration capacity, higher decreasing ratio of the porosity, and higher improvement of the physical, mechanical and durability properties. The treatments also improved the properties of the aged stones; thus, it may be inferred that treatment would benefit the conservation of historical buildings.
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Lamothe, M. "Optical dating of pottery, burnt stones, and sediments from selected Quebec archaeological sites." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-032.
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Recent developments in luminescence technologies applied to sediment dating is used to better constrain the age of archaeological events. Suitable geoarchaeological material includes sediments and fired objects, such as pottery and burnt stones. The assessment of archaeological ages illustrated here are based on single aliquot regeneration (SAR), with both infrared and blue stimulation on the same fine-grained aliquot being detected. These new approaches in optical dating were tested on polymineralic extracts of an Archaic burnt stone, a Woodland ceramic, and a soil containing Plano artefacts. The results demonstrate that whether or not these sites had yielded datable radiocarbon material, luminescence would have provided a reliable chronological framework given that the appropriate procedures to correct anomalous fading are incorporated.
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Yang, Lu, Shi Min Li, Dai Heng Chen, and Zhi Min Wu. "Rolling Stones under the Action of the Numerical Simulation Research Shed Hole." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.238.
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With a rolling stone gathers tent hole structure as the prototype, using ABAQUS finite element software to simulate the rolling stones impact process with different impact, research rolling angle and speed impact tent hole structural dynamic mechanical response for rolling stone protection design, provide necessary basis. The results show that the rolling stones in different speed and incident angle of tents hole shocks on concrete protective structure of contact force ,displacement and injuries have great influence and for the rolling stones protection engineering design to provide theoretical reference.
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Shi, Jie, Xiao Lei Zhang, and Zun Xin Huang. "Experimental Research on Preventing Root-Stones Loss with Tetrahedron-Like Concrete Penetrating Frames." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1930.
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The root-stones loss for flood control project is serious in the Lower Yellow River, and the tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frame is a new protection technology. The Experiment on preventing root-stones loss of flood diversion and regulation works in Taohuayu with tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frames in the Xingyang reach of the Yellow River. The experiment results show that: (1) the technology of tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frame is simple, and it can make root-stones very steady; (2) the tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frame can effectively reduce the depth of scour holes in front of dam and slow the direct impact of water flow on the dam body; (3) the tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frame can effectively reduce root-stones loss and save lots of stones; (4) the tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frames could be made use of for the project foundation stabilization, and they are thrown into the slope of root-stones and the riverbed outside slope toe within a certain width to increase the effect of root-stones protection better.
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Smout, T. C. "Kingsbarns: A Farmers’ Harbour." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 36, no. 1 (May 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2016.0165.
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Kingsbarns harbour was constructed in the nineteenth century primarily to facilitate the movement of agricultural goods. The first investment was made by the land-owner but gradually allowed to deteriorate. The second was made by a local farmer to facilitate the shipping of potatoes. It failed ultimately not so much because of poor engineering but because it was displaced by the completion of the railway round the coast of Fife, and was then allowed to fall into disrepair. Its mode of construction, with stones placed vertically, was not archaic as is sometimes supposed, but was common in Victorian harbour construction as an alternative to using blocks placed horizontally.
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Lettieri, Mariateresa, Maurizio Masieri, Alessandra Morelli, Mariachiara Pipoli, and Mariaenrica Frigione. "Oleo/Hydrophobic Coatings Containing Nano-Particles for the Protection of Stone Materials Having Different Porosity." Coatings 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120429.
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Conservation strategies to limit the degradation of stone materials are being constantly developed. To this aim, new materials are designed to confer hydrophobic properties and anti-graffiti protection to the treated surfaces. Hybrid nanocomposites, based on inorganic nano-particles added to an organic matrix, have been recently proposed for treatments of stone surfaces, obtaining promising and innovative properties. In the present paper, an experimental product based on fluorine resin containing SiO2 nano-particles, a commercial fluorine-based product and a silicon-based material were applied as protective coatings on two calcareous stones (compact and porous) widely employed in the Mediterranean region. All the studied products are expected to provide both water and anti-graffiti protection to both stones’ surfaces. The rheological characterization of the liquid products, changes in color of the surfaces, and variations in water vapor permeability allowed the compatibility of the protective systems applied to stones to be evaluated. Water–stone contact angle measurements and water absorption by capillarity were used to control the action against water ingress. The oleophobicity was assessed by measuring the oil–stone contact angle. The experimental nano-filled product proved to be a suitable hydrophobic coating for compact and porous stones; furthermore, it provides high oleophobicity to the treated surfaces, as required for anti-graffiti systems.
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Roveri, Marco, Sara Goidanich, and Lucia Toniolo. "Artificial Ageing of Photocatalytic Nanocomposites for the Protection of Natural Stones." Coatings 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10080729.
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During the last ten years, photocatalytic nanocomposites combining titania nanoparticles with silicon-based matrices have received increasing attention in the stone conservation research field, because they offer an effective multifunctional approach to the issue of stone protection. However, much work still has to be done in studying the behaviour of these nanocomposites in real environmental conditions and understanding to what extent they are able to retain their effectiveness and compatibility once applied on outdoor surfaces. The latter is a key information that should lie at the basis of any successful conservation and maintenance campaign. The present study provides insight into this relevant topic trough laboratory testing by assessing the artificial ageing of two silane-based photocatalytic nanocomposites, previously selected through an accurate testing on different natural stones. Three accelerated ageing procedures, based on artificial solar irradiation, heating and rain wash-out, allowed simulating about two years of outdoor exposure to some of the weathering factors to which stones are normally subjected. The results provided quite accurate information about the long-term behaviour of the products and on the role that the stone properties play therein. It was shown that, when the products are able to penetrate deeply enough inside the stone pores, they retain much of their hydrophobising and photocatalytic properties and maintain a good compatibility with the stone substrates, even after partial chemical degradation of the alkyl-silica matrices has occurred on the very stone surface.
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Pedna, Andrea, Luca Rosi, Marco Frediani, and Piero Frediani. "High glass transition temperature polyester coatings for the protection of stones." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 132, no. 30 (May 2, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.42323.
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Catling, R. W. V. "A fragment of an archaic temple model from Artemis Orthia, Sparta." Annual of the British School at Athens 89 (November 1994): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015409.
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A fragment of an archaic temple model from the British School's early excavations at the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia at Sparta is published. It is suggested here that its decoration represents a timber-framed building. Support for this argument is found in the similar construction technique used for the early 7th-cent. temple of Artemis Orthia. Its contribution to the debate concerning the evolution of the developed Doric order is considered. In further discussion of the significance of votive ‘house models’, doubts are expressed about the universal applicability of recent explanations linking them with female cults explicitly associated with protection of the household.
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Mudronja, Domagoj, Frederik Vanmeert, Stjepko Fazinic, Koen Janssens, Darko Tibljas, and Vladan Desnica. "Protection of Stone Monuments Using a Brushing Treatment with Ammonium Oxalate." Coatings 11, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040379.
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Stone monuments and buildings are susceptible to weathering. Carbonate-based stones are especially vulnerable in acidic environments, whereas magmatic acidic stones are more susceptible to chemical weathering in basic environments. To slow down surface corrosion of limestone and marble artworks/buildings, protective coatings which inhibit calcite dissolution have been proposed. In this work, samples from two stone types with different porosity were treated with ammonium oxalate (AmOx) to create a protective layer of calcium oxalate (CaOx) using the previously developed brushing method. Two different synchrotron microscopy experiments were performed to determine its protective capability. X-ray powder diffraction (SR-μ-XRPD) in transmission geometry allowed visualization of the distributions of calcium carbonate and oxalates along the sample depths. In a second step, X-ray fluorescence (SR-μ-XRF) was used to check the efficiency/integrity of the protective surface coating layer. This was done by measuring the sulfur distribution on the stone surface after exposing the protected stones to sulfuric acid. XRPD showed the formation of a protective oxalate layer with a thickness of 5–15 µm on the less porous stone, while a 20–30 µm thick layer formed on the more porous stone. The XRF study showed that the optimal treatment time depends on the stone porosity. Increasing the treatment time from 1 to 3 h resulted in a decreased efficiency of the protective layer for the low porosity stone. We assume that this is due to the formation of vertical channels (cracks) in the protective layer.
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Stanimirović, Vojislav. "Relicts of the earliest understanding of fairness, justice and law in the first states of antiquity: A legal-anthropological view." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, no. 3 (2020): 907–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-28459.
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All archaic societies were founded on the principles of equality and solidarity. Another common trait were the mechanisms for regulating social behaviour, as they were crucial for a society's survival. In such types of societies, archaic fairness existed. It manifested itself through egalitarianism, solidarity, but also through the static and conservative elements and was based on the customs which were binding on all the members of the society. When archaic societies became layered and started to expand and mix with other communities, the initial cohesion, security and archaic righteousness slowly started to disappear and instead, the concept of justice appeared. Unfortunately, that caused an irreversible damage to the balance that once existed as the ideal state in the archaic societies. The invention of the writing system and the creation of the first states eventually enabled the Cuneiform Law to develop and as the result, the first law codes of the humanity came to life. The first states and their rulers found themselves at the crossroads between "the old" and "the new". The law was heavily shaped by the nobility, so all of the privileges were created explicitly for the nobles, while the poor were yearning for the past times which were more kind to them. The new law slowly started to suppress the old customs. The ancient rulers, at least instinctively, if not consciously, recognised the need for a balance which would guarantee order and peace in the state. In Egypt, where the archaic elements survived the longest, the echoes of archaic societies and ancient beliefs could be found in the principle of Ma'at, the weighing of souls and the Book of the dead. The creators of Cuneiform Law also found their ways and strategies to present themselves as just and caring rulers. The evidence for that can be found especially in the provisions of the law. Whether they are referring to their own achievements and merits, or offering protection and care to the vulnerable members of the society, or revoking privileges of the nobles for the sake of the greater good, or turning back to the tradition, or "buddying up" with the gods, or determining measures and compensation amounts, they are, above all, trying to be exemplary rulers to their subjects by putting the rule of law first.
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Cookson, Neil. "Treasure Trove: dumb enchantment or new law?" Antiquity 66, no. 251 (June 1992): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00081527.
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Successive UK Governments have persisted in maintaining the archaic nonsense of Treasure Trove. This paper demonstrates the unsuitability of a medieval Royal Prerogative for protecting our archaeological heritage, and goes on to outline a more effective system. This rejects the principle of animus revertendi and concentrates on the protection of portable antiquities in its own right. It advocates a system of statutory reporting and certification, coupled with a policy of acquisition in the public interest.
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Roveri, Marco, Francesca Gherardi, Luigi Brambilla, Chiara Castiglioni, and Lucia Toniolo. "Stone/Coating Interaction and Durability of Si-Based Photocatalytic Nanocomposites Applied to Porous Lithotypes." Materials 11, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 2289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11112289.
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The use of hybrid nanocoatings for the protection of natural stones has received increasing attention over the last years. However, the interaction of these materials with stones and, in particular, its modification resulting from the blending of nanoparticles and matrices, are yet little explored. In this work, the interaction of two nanocomposite coatings (based on alkylalkoxysilane matrices and TiO2 nanoparticles in water and 2-propanol) with two different porous stones is examined in detail by comparing their absorption behaviour and protection performance with those of the respective TiO2-free matrices. It is shown that the protective effectiveness of both matrices is not negatively affected by the presence of TiO2, as the desired water barrier effect is retained, while a significant photocatalytic activity is achieved. The addition of titania leads to a partial aggregation of the water-based matrix and accordingly reduces the product penetration into stones. On the positive side, a chemical interaction between titania and this matrix is observed, probably resulting in a greater stability of nanoparticles inside the protective coating. Moreover, although an effect of TiO2 on the chemical stability of matrices is observed upon UV light exposure, the protective performance of coatings is substantially maintained after ageing, while the interaction between matrices and nanoparticles results in a good retention of the latter upon in-lab simulated rain wash-out.
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La Verde, Giuseppe, Adelaide Raulo, Vittoria D’Avino, Giovanni Paternoster, Vincenzo Roca, Marco La Commara, and Mariagabriella Pugliese. "Pietra Leccese and Other Natural Stones in Puglia Region: A New Category of Building Materials for Radiation Protection?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 11213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111213.
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In this paper, an in-depth and systematic study of the radiological characterization of three types of Puglia region natural limestones (Pietra Leccese, Pietra Mazzara and Carparo) was carried out. The investigation was performed by XRF spectroscopy for a chemical analysis, and gamma spectroscopy of the specific activity concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K. Although the limestone does not fall within the category included by Italian Legislative Decree 101/2020, the gamma index was calculated using the results of the gamma spectroscopy measurements. For Pietra Mazzara and Carparo stones, the gamma index was found to be less than the reference value; conversely Pietra Leccese was found to be higher. To obtain a more complete evaluation of the external exposure, radium equivalent activity and external radiation hazard were calculated for all analyzed stones. The results suggest the need to broadly consider the radiological risk for these stones, and for limestone more generally, when used as a building material.
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Verde, Giuseppe La, Valeria Artiola, Adelaide Raulo, Vittoria D’Avino, Giovanni Paternoster, Vincenzo Roca, Marco La Commara, and Mariagabriella Pugliese. "Radiological Impact of Building Material: Characterization of a Village Entirely Built out of Stone in Tuscany, Italy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1046, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1046/1/012002.
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Abstract Tuscany, with its mixed geology, offers a great variety of stones that are used to build entire villages. In this paper, two of these building materials are considered: Rosso Ammonitco and Pietra Serena. In particular, the activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K have been analysed in order to estimate the value of the gamma index. In addition to this, the X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy has been carried out to obtain a chemical characterization of the stones. Although these kind of stones are not subjected to radiological characterization, the approach used was the one reported in Radiation Protection 112, also implemented in the Italian Legislative Decree 101/2020, because of their lithographical peculiarity and their employment in construction.
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Amaral, P. G. Q., A. C. Artur, D. M. Bonotto, and T. M. B. Galembeck. "Influence of Dimension Stones on the Increase of Radon Gas Levels Indoors." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.548.
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The present work features results on the possible increase of radioactive 222Rn gas in environments of human habitation, caused by the use of dimension stones inside constructions with poor air circulation. For the study, “granitic” stones were selected from Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais states, commonly used as decorative stones and as wall covering. They were subjected to petrographic analysis, determination of physical indexes and level of U, and were monitored to quantify the amount of 222Rn gas released. The rates of 238U in the rocks stood between 2.9 ppm and 37 ppm, and the amount of 222Rn gas released ranged between extremely low for six of the stones (up to 98 Bq/m3) and moderate to considerably high (between 471 and 2483 Bq/m3) for four others. From the calculations to cumulatively evaluate the radiation levels generated by radon release, nine samples are below the limit of 4 pCi/L set by the EPA– Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.A.) and one is above that limit, demonstrating the role of these stones in increasing radon levels in ill-ventilated environments.
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Essa, Ashraf M. M., and Mohamed K. Khallaf. "Biological nanosilver particles for the protection of archaeological stones against microbial colonization." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 94 (October 2014): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.06.015.
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Barkhatova, Ekaterina, and Nikita Belomestnov. "Amber – Natural Wealth out of Criminal Protection." Legal Concept, no. 4 (December 2019): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2019.4.24.
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Introduction: amber, not being, in fact, a precious stone, is of great strategic importance, having a significant impact on the formation of the state economic policy in the field of regulating the circulation of natural resources. That is why amber is included in the list of strategic resources for the purposes of art. 2261 of the Criminal Code, and often is the subject of smuggling. Unique amber formations in cases stipulated by federal law are equated to precious stones. At the same time, the criminal law protection of amber from illicit trafficking is imperfect, which determined the purpose of the work – to develop recommendations for strengthening the criminal law protection of amber and unique amber formations as a strategically important resource. Methods: the methodological basis of the study is a systematic approach, as well as a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which should be distinguished methods of analysis and synthesis, dialectical, logical, specific sociological methods of knowledge. Conclusion: the authors have identified contradictions in federal legislation that impede the full-fledged criminal law protection of amber as a strategically important resource and in some cases a stone equivalent to a precious one. In addition, revealed contradictions concerning the subject of regulation of art. 191 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as a whole. On the basis of criminological analysis, the economic importance of amber and unique amber formations, as well as the need to protect it from unlawful encroachment, is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the provisions of criminal law, as well as the Federal Law “On Precious Metals and Precious Stones”, the authors formulated proposals for improving the criminal law, which provides for liability for illegal trafficking in precious metals, natural gems or pearls.
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LUNDBERG, JOHAN. "Under State Protection Aeschylus’ the Suppliants and the Shift from Clan to State." Advances in Social Science and Culture 3, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/assc.v3n2p1.
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Aeschylos’ tragedy The Suppliantsis in this article related to an opposition between clan and state—and more specifically with the development in ancient Greece from barbarism to civilization, from a lawless, uncultivated and disorganised world, to a clan-based social order and from there to a state-based organisation, which in many ways would set the pattern for the development in Europe for centuries to come.In the play, fifty sisters are fleeing from Egypt to Argos, persecuted by their fifty male cousins. The women seek protection and therefore refer to their shared origins with the population of Argos.The fact that Danaus has fifty daughters but no son, implies that if the daughters marry their cousins the legacy will stay within the clan. What the daughters’ uncle Aegyptus and his sons demand is that Danaus and his daughters should act in accordance with the regulatory framework of the clan system. This stipulates that in cases where fathers in patrilineal systems only have daughters, these daughters must marry endogamically (that is inwards) instead of exogamic ally (outwardly, and in the corresponding way for sons in matrilineal systems).The article shows how Argos, governed by King Pelasgus, is depicted in the play in contrast to the claustrophobic catatonia of incestuous relations, the latter illustrated by an imagery that stems from archaic Greek mythology. The claustrophobic feeling that links the family and kin in The Suppliants, through events such as incestuous marriages and family-related cannibalism, gives a picture of the individual’s room for manoeuvre being strictly regulated—in fact almost non-existent—in the extended family. It is such a claustrophobic world that the women in The Suppliants (like Orestes in Oresteia) are fleeing from.Instead they seek out a city state based on fundamentally different ideas than the family, kinship and clan-related organisation principles of the Egyptians. The Greek city state thereby appears to aim to liberate the archaic human from a claustrophobic captivity.
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Matthes, Erich Hatala. "“SAVING LIVES OR SAVING STONES?” THE ETHICS OF CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION IN WAR." Public Affairs Quarterly 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26897023.
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Abstract In discussion surrounding the destruction of cultural heritage in armed conflict, one often hears two important claims in support of intervention to safeguard heritage. The first is that the protection of people and the protection of heritage are two sides of the same coin. The second is that the cultural heritage of any people is part of the common heritage of all humankind. In this article, I examine both of these claims, and consider the extent to which they align with the current practices that they are intended to justify.
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Fornasier, Jochen, Alla Buiskykh, and Olexandr Kuzmishchev. "Urban Planning with Divine Protection? On the Location of (Sub-)Urban Sanctuaries in Olbia Pontica in the Archaic-Classical Period." Arheologia, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 67–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.02.067.
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The present contribution introduces the most recent results of the research by a Ukrainian-German collaborative project which has been working in Olbia Pontica since 2014. It discusses an updated reconstruction of the urban planning developments in the 6th/5th centuries BC, which accounts for the new archaeological state of knowledge. Thereby, the academic focus is on the sacral topography of Olbia, which impressively indicates a comprehensive planning concept in the urbanisation process of the Milesian colony in the Late Archaic period.
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Abelian, Natalia. "The Stone Novel of Éire." Studia Celto-Slavica 5 (2010): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/pwwb9182.
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In this paper, we shall attempt to define the place of the megalithic stone structures in the outlook of the early Irish culture. We shall include some archaic Irish linguistic elements and look at relevant myths that have survived in various early Irish sources, and, in particular, in the compilation known as The Metrical Dindshenchas (hereinafter MD). In our contribution, we shall confine ourselves to defining such notions as ‘water’, ‘fertility’, ‘the Otherworld’ that are commonly associated with the megalithic stone structures in early Irish mythology and in Irish folklore beliefs and customs. We come to the conclusion that the megalithic stones became connected with two positive sources in the pre-literate culture of early Ireland: the dark and wet source of fertility in the Otherworld situated under the ground; and the light and sunny source of the conception of the new life and of the new year in the celestial Otherworld.
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Bulba, Mustafa. "Bothroi in the Sacred Sanctuary of Demeter at Caunus." Belleten 74, no. 271 (December 1, 2010): 649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2010.649.
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At Caunos, in the sacred precinct of Demeter, a great number of deposits have been found during the earlier and ongoing excavations. These deposits have been found in two different locations; one being on the sacred terrace and the other one outside the sacred precinct. While one of the deposits outside the sacred precinct excavated to the north of terrace in the early 1970's was built in the shape of a small and deep structure with roughly shaped stones, the deposit to the west and adjacent to the terrace was completely formed by stuffing the rock cavities, without any type of architectural arrangement. Likewise, on the terrace of church and in the area the earliest church of Kaunos is situated, different deposits were found. Among these, two are smaller in size and adjacent to the wall of church. While one of them is sloppily formed in the shape of a grave by roughly cutting the cavities in the rocky area, the other one is formed cutting the upper part of the bedrock in an approximately square shape. However the foundation of the church was completely formed by filling the cavities of the bedrock. It still hasn't been determined where and how these finds were deposited in these areas. But as far as it's known, these areas were used from Late Archaic Period to the midst of the Early Hellenistic Period. lnterestingly, these finds were uncovered in a mixed manner. For example a larger size terracotta head which is, so far, one of the rare archaic finds, has been found immediately in the upper section. In the same way, the finds which are dated to the Early Hellenistic Period can be unearthed in the lower sections. As a result, it is hard to determine the date and the pattern of these deposits. While the finds which are dated back to the Archaic Period and to the Early Hellenistic Period are few, especially the finds from the Late Classic Period, and finds from the 4th century B.C. are more common. The finds from the Middle and the Late Hellenistic Periods and the Roman Period have not been recovered yet. Likewise the finds which can be dated back to Byzantine Period consist of only a few and small glazed sherds. It is concluded that this area occupied by the earliest church of Kaunos was never used during the Christian Era and the construction of the church itself was never finished. However, this area must have remained as a sacred precinct in varying densities of use from the archaic period to the mid-Christian Era.
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Senchenko, V. A., T. T. Kaverzneva, S. V. Kitaev, and N. Kh Abdrakhmanov. "TRANSFORMATION OF THE FORMAT OF LABOR PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH CONSUMER HABITS OF INFORMATION PERCEPTION." Economics Profession Business, no. 4 (December 10, 2021): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202156.
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Instructions on labor protection in today’s form have existed since the last century. During this time, mobile phones and the Internet appeared, people landed on the moon. The occupational safety instructions remained unchanged.
Generation Z is increasingly beginning to enter the workforce. It’s representatives are distinguished from the previous generation by the fact that they were actually “born with tablets, mobile phones and smartphones.” From birth, they are surrounded by a “digital web”, since Internet technologies are an integral part of their parents’ lives. This is the first generation deeply involved in digital technologies, so the archaic format of reporting labor protection requirements in form and content for new generations becomes ineffective.
This article provides a historical digression of the legislative framework regulating the legal status of labor protection instructions. The calculation of the economic officiency of paper and digital virsions of their placement has been carried out. The transition to the digital format of labor protection instructions based on changes in consumer habits of information perception is justified. For the convenience of using the instructions, it is proposed to use a QR-code with a link to the location of the place of their placement.
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Svatovskaya, Larisa, Maxim Sychov, Vladislav Britov, and Ivan Drobychev. "Lithosynthesis in transport construction for geosphere protection." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823901005.
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Geoecological problems of lithosphere protection in transport construction are of great importance nowadays. The article deals with the research of the new lithosynthesis technology which can be used for geosphere protection in transport construction. Lithosynthesis is a new method of geosphere purification by means of engineering structures and building materials. The main aim of the paper is to show a possibility to restore lithosphere using mineral artificial stones of different nature, e.g. foam concrete or phosphates. Both theoretical, namely thermodynamic, method and experimental one are used in the study. Two techniques of lithosynthesis are demonstrated in the paper. The first technique is to apply so-called the “stone sponge” to absorb pollutions and detoxicate them. The second technique is formation of the artificial phosphate stone to detoxicate pollutions during hardening. The level of concentration of heavy metal ions to be detoxicated by means of foam concrete lithoreactions is determined. The study suggests creation of a new lock surface, e.g. through sols’ use, after detoxication of pollutions.
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Bottomley, Sean. "Patents, Invention and Democracy in Britain and the United States to 1852." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 60, no. 1 (May 27, 2019): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2019-0002.
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Abstract This paper surveys the American and British patent systems in the period prior to the latter’s reform in 1852 and coinciding with the period of the first industrial revolution. It has been suggested that the British system’s archaic application procedure, extortionately high fees and hostile courts were indicative of an oligarchic socio-political system that purposively sought to restrict access to patent protection, as was apparently typical across Europe. Conversely, the American system was an open and democratic one, intended to provide patent protection to as many sections of society as possible. This paper argues for a less stylized comparison. British courts were not so hostile to patents (and patentees) as has been commonly supposed. Neither was it so difficult to obtain patent protection: for all its faults, the evidence that the British patent system was designed to restrict access to its provisions is nugatory. Consequently, explanations for America’s technological catch-up and eventual supplantation of Britain and Europe as global technological leader cannot invoke ‘superior’ patent institutions as a contributory factor.
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Roveri, Marco, Simona Raneri, Sabrina Bianchi, Francesca Gherardi, Valter Castelvetro, and Lucia Toniolo. "Electrokinetic Characterization of Natural Stones Coated with Nanocomposites for the Protection of Cultural Heritage." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (September 19, 2018): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091694.
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Protective coatings, in recent years also from nanocomposite formulations, are commonly applied onto architectural stone and stone artefacts, mainly to prevent absorption of condensed water and dissolved atmospheric pollutants into the porous stone structure. While standard protocols to assess a coating’s performance are available, understanding the response of the coating-stone system is a complex task, due to the interplay of various factors determining the overall behaviour. Characterization techniques allowing one to correlate the extent and nature of surface modification upon treatment with the most relevant physical properties (i.e., water absorption and surface wettability) are thus of great interest. Electrokinetic analysis based on streaming current measurements, thanks to its sensitivity towards even minor changes in the surface chemical composition, may fulfil such requirement. Indeed, by involving the interaction with a testing aqueous electrolyte solution, this technique allows one to probe not only the outer surface, but also the outermost layer of the pore network, which plays a crucial role in the interaction of the stone with condensed atmospheric water. In this work, a correlation was found between the extent of surface modification, as determined by streaming current measurements, surface wettability and capillary water absorption, for three lithotypes with different mineralogical and microstructural properties treated with two nanocomposite formulations (one water based and one in alcoholic solvent) containing organosilica precursors and titania nanoparticles.
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Esposito Corcione, C., R. Striani, and M. Frigione. "Hydrophobic photopolymerizable nanostructured hybrid materials: An effective solution for the protection of porous stones." Polymer Composites 36, no. 6 (January 23, 2015): 1039–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.23367.
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Marchenko, E. E., V. G. Oreshkin, and O. V. Plebanek. "Who Needs Traditional Values? The Problem of Integrating Traditional Cultures into Modern Society." Discourse 8, no. 2 (April 26, 2022): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32603/2412-8562-2022-8-2-78-87.
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Introduction. The article analyzes the basic concepts of ethno-cultural discourse, and raises the problem of the uncertainty of the conceptual apparatus, on the basis of which the theory of intercultural interactions is built, which makes it difficult to introduce the results of research into practice. The authors propose to clarify the categories that are relevant specifically for Russia at the present time, in the context of the formation of the foundations of the state's cultural policy and the adoption of relevant legislative acts. The subject of the research is the system of categories underlying the theories of modernization and theories of cultural interactions.Methodology and sources. The analysis of the categorical apparatus of modern ethno-cultural policy is based on methodological principles that have developed in science in the process of a cultural-centric turn, which was laid down by the works of T. Parsons and P. Sorokin.Results and discussion. The paradigmatic nature and indefinite use of such categories as “traditional values” and “traditional cultures” creates conditions for speculation and does not allow building a balanced cultural policy. And the unreasonable desire to the conservation of archaic cultural patterns leads to serious contradictions in the goals and results of the implementation of cultural policy. It is concluded that in order to make effective political decisions, it is necessary to take into account the difference in the use of concepts in the social sciences and the humanities and in the political sphere. It is necessary to separate the so-called “traditional values” and archaic societies, understanding by the former the values traditional for a particular cultural system, regardless of the concept of progress. And under the second – archaic cultures (and societies, carriers of these cultures), one should understand cultures that were formed on the basis of primitive technology to ensure the viability of the population.Conclusion. In such a paradigm of cultural observation of observations of archaic cultures, one should build not only from the study of the intrinsic value of culture, but also from the disclosure of equal accessibility of humanitarian benefits (health protection, choice of occupation, accessibility of cultural achievements and education, etc.).
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Karyasa, I. Wayan, I. Gede Putu Astawa, and I. Made Ardwi Pradnyana. "Mengembalikan Kejayaan Industri Kerajinan Cadas Silakarang di Kabupaten Gianyar melalui Penerapan Teknologi Cadas Termokromik Buatan." JPM (Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat) 6, no. 1 (May 4, 2021): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21067/jpm.v6i1.5095.
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Covid-19 pandemi affects most of craft industries, including the formerly fabulous Silakarang stone’s arts and crafts located in the Gianyar Regency, Bali Province. Environmental issues regarding to river basin ecological protection along Ubud and Sukawati Districts, the mining of basaltic stones from the river banks was restricted strictly by the government. Thus, the natural stones resources for the Silakarang crafts became more difficult to afford. Hence, todays the Silakarang stone craftsmen are more and more dependent on the so-called white stone of Yogya from Java Island. Artificial stone, composing of volcanic ashes, rice husk ash silica-carbon nanocomposite, Portland cement could be the solution the problem. The addition of thermochromic natural inorganic pigment to the mixture could improve their color and performance of the artificial stones. The implementation of the thermochromic artificial stones technology to solve the stone crafts problem was conducted through community service using the participatory action and learning system approuch. As results, the artificial thermochromic stone crafts and arts products could be well accepted by costumers and it impacted to better selling of the stone crafts. The craftsmen gained better income and the Silakarang stone arts and crafts enterprises could better survive among the pandemic time.
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Akkurt, İskender, and Kadir Günoğlu. "Radioactivity Levels of Some Natural Stones in Burdur, Turkey." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1060–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2019.2458.
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Radionuclides such as uranium, thorium and potassium have existed in the environment since the world's existence. It is important to know the distribution of these radionuclides in terms of human health and environmental protection. For this reason, the measurements of these natural radionuclides were made for the 6 stone samples extracted in the province of Burdur. To measure the natural activity concentrations of potassium-40, radium-226 and thorium-232 radionuclides, a gamma spectrometry method was used with a NaI (T1) detector which is a multichannel analytical detector in the gamma spectrometer laboratory of Suleyman Demirel University. The average activity concentrations of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th were 290.53 Bq/kg, 35.49 Bq/kg and 42.88 Bq/kg, respectively. To evaluate the radiological hazard of natural radioactivity to humans and the environment, radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose ratio, annual effective dose ratio, internal and external hazard indices were calculated. These calculated values were found to be suitable with the standard limit values.
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Muhammad Ridwan, Teuku, and Abdul Jalil. "A Study Coastal Protection Using Stones Crushed and Tetrapod (Case study at Ujong Blang Beach)." Proceedings of Malikussaleh International Conference on Multidisciplinary Studies (MICoMS) 3 (January 26, 2023): 00045. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/micoms.v3i.209.
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Ujong Blang Beach and Jagu Beach are in Lhokseumawe City. The purpose of this study was to plan a breakwater along the coast of Ujong Blang as an alternative for coastal protection. This includes specifying the details of the breakwater layers and calculating the dimensions of the breakwater. Applying the Hudson method to obtain the diameter and weight of stones grains. The protective layer material uses crushed stones and tetrapods. The results of the analysis obtained breakwater dimensions obtained based on a slope of 1: 2. The results of the analysis that have been obtained are made in the drawing 2D as a result of designing rock mounds with a slope of 1: 2. Breakwaters are planned in a position to protect the coast from waves. The planned breakwater height is 6.32 meters so it has the same elevation and crest dimensions, but the material volume will change less due to the lower contour differences in the sea.This type of breakwater is suitable for Ujong Blang beach, because it will have a good effect on the tourism business. The number of protected layer grains on a slope of 1:2 has a material use of 0.23 tons of tetrapods and a peak width of 3.5 meters.
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Duan, Zhuoqi, Zaixin Xie, Bao Zhou, Xiaobo Yang, Heng-Yong Nie, and Yongmao Hu. "Natural Stones with a Self-Cleaning Surface via Self-Assembled Monolayers." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 4771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094771.
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Heritage buildings and monuments are mostly made from natural stone, which undergoes irreversible decay under outdoor conditions. The main reason for the contamination, degradation, and cracking of natural stones is water and oil permeation. Hence, modifications on stones rendering their surface self-cleaning are effective for stone protection. Reported in this paper is the development of a bionic approach to enabling self-cleaning stone surface via growing self-assembled polydopamine (PDA) as the adhesive layer on the stone surface, followed by depositing Al2O3 nanoparticles derivatized by self-assembled monolayers of a fluorophosphonic acid (FPA). This approach ensured a robust surface modification that realized superhydrophobicity, as demonstrated on natural marbles, Hedishi, and Qingshi. The surface modification was thermally stable up to 400 °C.
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Steiner, Deborah T. "Stoning and Sight: A Structural Equivalence in Greek Mythology." Classical Antiquity 14, no. 1 (April 1, 1995): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25000146.
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This article examines a series of Greek myths which establish a structural equivalence between two motifs, stoning and blinding; the two penalties either substitute for one another in alternative versions of a single story, or appear in sequence as repayments in kind. After reviewing other theories concerning the motives behind blinding and lapidation, I argue that both punishments-together with petrifaction and live imprisonment, which frequently figure alongside the other motifs-are directed against individuals whose crimes generate pollution. This miasma affects not only the perpetrator of the deed, but risks spreading to the community at large, and prompts measures aimed at containing the source of the disease. Both blinding and lapidation are designed to cordon off the contaminant by removing him from all visual and tactile contact with other men. But it is not only the nature of the crimes that explains the kinship between the two penalties. I further argue that the attributes Greek thinking assigned to stones, repeatedly characterized as unseeing, mute, immobile, and dry, and symbolic of the condition of the dead, elucidate the connections and clarify the antagonism that myth suggests between lapidation and sight. Stoning, blinding, imprisonment, and petrifaction all consign the criminal to an existence exactly parallel to that of the stone, stripping him of the properties that distinguish the living from the dead, and making him both unseeing and unseen. Three examples drawn from archaic and classical literature provide examples of these interactions between stones, blindness, invisibility, and death: the snake portent sent by Zeus in Book 2 of the Iliad, the Perseus myth, and Hermes' activity in both the Homeric Hymn to Hermes and Aeschylus' Choephoroe.
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Lam, Magdalene. "The "Limited" Assistance of Foreign Jurisprudence: Lessons from India and the United States on Sexuality and Governance." Columbia Journal of Gender and Law 42, no. 2 (June 23, 2022): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52214/cjgl.v42i2.9045.
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The most recent Singapore Supreme Court decision of Ong Ming Johnson v Public Prosecutor [2020] SGHC 63 follows a slew of unsuccessful constitutional challenges to Singapore’s anti-sodomy legislation, s377A of the Penal Code. Despite growing domestic activism, there is little hope that the provision will be repealed by a conservative Parliament. The onus is therefore on the Singaporean judiciary to abolish this archaic feature of Singapore’s colonial past, and this Note proposes new strategies for challenging s377A. The failure of past s377A challenges does not foreclose the possibility of future success, and Singaporeans may take cues from the successes of United States and Indian litigants in challenging their domestic anti-sodomy laws. This Note adopts a cross-jurisdictional analysis of anti-sodomy challenges and argues for enhanced constitutional protection of the LGBTQ+ community under Art. 9 (right to life and liberty) and Art. 12 (equal protection) of the Singaporean Constitution.
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Van den Bos, Jeroen, Henk Jan Verhagen, and Jelle Olthof. "LOW-MOBILITY TRANSPORT OF COARSE-GRAINED BED MATERIAL." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 30, 2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.sediment.13.
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The Paintal (1967) formula can be used to estimate transport rates of coarse-grained bed material (such as stones from a bed protection) under low hydraulic loads just above the threshold of motion; the application however is limited to steady currents. This paper presents research aimed at extending the range of application to a combination of regular non-breaking waves and a steady current.
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SUZUKI, Koichi, Hironori YAMAMOTO, and Takashi KURIHARA. "Conditions for Effective Protection Works by Stones or Gravel against Local Scour of Sand Bed." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 39 (1995): 695–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.39.695.
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Hwang, Taegeon, Gyeong-Seon Yeom, Minjang Seo, Changmin Lee, and Woo-Dong Lee. "Impact of the Thruster Jet Flow of Ultra-large Container Ships on the Stability of Quay Walls." Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology 35, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26748/ksoe.2021.067.
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As the size of ships increases, the size and output power of their thrusters also increase. When a large ship berths or unberths, the jet flow produced from its thruster has an adverse effect on the stability of quay walls. In this study, we conducted a numerical analysis to examine the impact of the thruster jet flow of a 30,000 TEU container ship, which is expected to be built in the near future, on the stability of a quay wall. In the numerical simulation, we used the fluid–structure interaction analysis technique of LS-DYNA, which is calculated by the overlapping capability using an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation and Euler–Lagrange coupling algorithm with an explicit finite element method. As the ship approached the quay wall and the vertical position of the thruster approached the mound of the quay wall, the jet flow directly affected the foot-protection blocks and armor stones. The movement and separation of the foot-protection blocks and armor stones were confirmed in the area affected directly by the thruster jet flow of the container ship. Therefore, the thruster jet flows of ultra-large ships must be considered when planning and designing ports. In addition, the stability of existing port structures must be evaluated.
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Nijman, Vincent. "Decline of the endemic Hose's langur Presbytis hosei in Kayan Mentarang National Park, East Borneo." Oryx 39, no. 2 (April 2005): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000475.
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I present data on the decline of Hose's langur Presbytis hosei over a 7-year period in the Kayan Mentarang National Park in the remote northern part of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In 1996 Hose's langurs were among the most common primates in the Nggeng Bio valley, occurring at densities of over two groups km−2, and could be observed almost daily. A repeat census of the same area in 2003 indicated that these densities had dropped by 50–80%, and observation of the species in the valley had become a rare occurrence. During the 7-year period the forest remained in a relatively pristine condition but, despite being part of a National Park, active protection of the valley was lacking and hunting was common. From interviews with local hunters and Park staff it appeared that hunting for bezoar stones (visceral excretions found in langurs and used in traditional medicine) was the primary reason for the observed decline in Hose's langur. In 1998 a merchant calling at a nearby village had expressed an interest in the stones and guaranteed to purchase them, and this sparked excessive hunting of Hose's langur in the area, to such an extent that 3 years later this hunting was no longer economically viable. This study demonstrates that, with increasing access to markets, hunting large vertebrates for medicinal purposes, even for short periods only, can have a dramatic impact on population numbers. In such cases, habitat protection alone does not guarantee preservation, and more active protection of wildlife is required.
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Lambert, S., A. Heymann, P. Gotteland, and F. Nicot. "Real-scale investigation of the kinematic response of a rockfall protection embankment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 5 (May 23, 2014): 1269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1269-2014.
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Abstract. This paper addresses the response of rockfall protection embankments when exposed to a rock impact. For this purpose, real-scale impact experiments were conducted with impact energies ranging from 200 to 2200 kJ. The structure was composed of a 4 m high cellular wall leaned against a levee. The wall was a double-layer sandwich made from gabion cages filled with either stones or a sand–schredded-tyre mixture. For the first time, sensors were placed in different locations within the structure to measure real-time accelerations and displacements. The test conditions, measurement methods and results are presented in detail. The structure's response is discussed in a descriptive and phenomenological approach and compared with previous real-scale experiments on other types of embankments.
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Lambert, S., A. Heymann, P. Gotteland, and F. Nicot. "Real-scale investigation of the kinematic response of a rockfall protection embankment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 1 (January 21, 2014): 491–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-491-2014.
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Abstract. This paper addresses the response of rockfall protection embankments when exposed to a rock impact. For this purpose, real-scale impact experiments were conducted with impact energies ranging from 200 to 2200 kJ. The structure was composed of a 4 m-high cellular wall leaned against a levee. The wall was a double-layer sandwich made from gabion cages filled with either stones or a sand–scrapped tyre mixture. For the first time, sensors were placed in different locations within the structure to measure real-time accelerations and displacements. The test conditions, measurement methods and results are presented in detail. The structure's response is discussed in a descriptive and phenomenological approach and compared with previous real-scale experiments on other types of embankments.
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Zhou, Hong. "Severe gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to cholecystitis: a case report and our handling experience." Cardiology Research and Reports 3, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9759/013.
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The patient was male, 57 years old, who was treated for "upper abdominal pain and discomfort for 4 hours". The pain was severe, with back radiation, without cold fever, nausea, vomiting, chest tightness, shortness of breath, skin or yellow eyes, also without hematemesis or black stool. Physical examination: without yellow skin and sclera, with right upper abdomen tenderness and positive Murphy sign. There were no other obvious positive signs. Abdominal CT：cholecystitis with possible occupancy, and multiple common bile duct stones. Laboratory tests: White blood cells was 10.88×109/ L, neutrophilic granulocyte was 84%, Glutamic transaminase was 666 IU/L. Past medical history: hypertension and diabetes. Preliminary diagnosis: Acute cholecystitis, Common bile duct stones, Abnormal liver function, High blood pressure, Diabetes, Admitted to hospital. Handling measures: fasting, pain relief, anti-infection, liver protection, fluid replacement treatment, and monitor blood sugar, blood pressure, and further improve the inspection.
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Bender, Herman E. "The Star-Beings and stones: Petroforms and the reflection of Native American cosmology, myth and stellar traditions." Journal of Lithic Studies 4, no. 3 (November 15, 2017): 79–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/jls.v0i0.1918.
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Native American myths, legends and oral traditions are rich with stories of giant beings existing in ancient times. They all talk of giant Thunderers or Thunder-beings, giant snakes and great Thunderbirds. Even the first humans were said to be giants, some half man, half animal. The Tsistsistas (Cheyenne) have a name for the giant beings that their ancestors encountered during the early migration to the grasslands of the Great Plains. They called them haztova hotoxceo or “two-faced star people”. Other Plains tribes such as the Black Feet, Gros Ventres and Lakota have similar stories.These old stories may have real world counterparts. Discovered in a prehistoric effigy-mound group (the Kolterman Mounds) in south-eastern Wisconsin (U.S.A.) is a human-like petroform or lithic effigy with a serpentine body and wing-like arms known as the ‘Star-being’. Configured in stone, it is approximately 20 metres in length with a red coloured, bison-shaped headstone aligned to face the summer solstice sunrise. However, it is not a lone or singular occurrence. The ‘Star-being’ is but one of two human-like petroform effigies discovered in south-eastern Wisconsin. There is another of almost the same size called the Starman which also has a red coloured, bison-shaped headstone aligned to face the summer solstice sunrise. Both the Starman and Star-Being lithic complexes are codified by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin as archaeological sites of Archaic age.Each giant lithic effigy appears to be a reflection of certain constellations and stars. The ‘Star-being’ is a mirror-image of the (western) constellations of Scorpius and Libra (with Sagittarius); the Starman is an almost exact representation of Taurus and the Pleiades. Both giant effigies are estimated to be 3500-6000 years old, embodiments of ancient legends and traditions writ large in stone and connected to ‘The People’ through ceremony and acts of cosmic renewal.
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Colella, Abner, Ilaria Capasso, and Fabio Iucolano. "Comparison of Latest and Innovative Silica-Based Consolidants for Volcanic Stones." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102513.
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This research explores the new perspectives in conservation and protection of two macroporous tuff stones, widely employed in the architectural heritage of Campania region, characterized by highly heterogeneous rock fabric and texture and a variable mineralogical composition that represent crucial factors responsible for their weak durability. The consolidation treatments were performed with a recently and widely used suspension of nano-silica crystals in water and with a lithium silicate solution that has received up to now scarce attention as a consolidant agent. Physical investigations (open porosity, Hg porosimetry, water absorption), morphological observations (SEM analyses) and visual appearance test (colorimetric measurements), along with assessments of performance indicators such as ultrasonic pulse velocity, surface cohesion test (peeling test) and durability test (salt crystallization), were carried out to investigate the consolidation effectiveness. Overall, lithium silicate consolidant showed a better behavior in terms of superficial cohesion, a most successful strengthening action and a considerable enhancement of salt resistance.
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Arcifa, L., D. Cali, A. Patanè, F. Stanco, D. Tanasi, and L. Truppia. "Laserscanning e 3D Modelling nell’archeologia urbana: lo scavo della chiesa di Sant’Agata al Carcere a Catania (Italia)." Virtual Archaeology Review 1, no. 2 (May 25, 2010): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/var.2010.4686.
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<p>Urban archaeology undoubtedly represents the most problematic branch of archaeological research, due to the many problems of conservation and promotion of the evidence. A significant example is presented by the excavations carried out by the Superintendency for Cultural Goods of Catania in the church of “Sant’Agata al Carcere”, located in the heart of down town Catania. The most important discovery of the archaeological campaign was part of a ruined archaic wall in polygonal technique, located in the western side of the sacristy of the “Sant’Agata al Carcere” church. Furthermore, a late hellenistic votive deposit located within a pit, contained two small jars and a lidded stamnos, was discovered between the stones of the fallen wall. The excavations were performed during the restoration of the church. After the restoration, due to the special function of the building, it was necessary to quickly re-open the churches, thereby hiding the archaeological monuments from public view. In this perspective, a virtual museum project was implemented by an equipe of archaeologists and information technologists of the Archeomatica Project of Catania University, in order to display the important discoveries from the sacristy, which were covered up by the re-location of the floor in situ, applying both laser-scanner and 3D modelling techniques.</p>
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Esteban, M. Dolores, José-Santos López-Gutiérrez, Vicente Negro, and Luciano Sanz. "Riprap Scour Protection for Monopiles in Offshore Wind Farms." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 7, no. 12 (December 2, 2019): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse7120440.
Full textAbstract:
The scour phenomenon is critical for monopile structures in offshore wind farms. There are two possible strategies: allowing the development of scour holes around the monopile or avoiding it by placing scour protection. The last one is the most used up to now. This paper is focused on the determination of the weight of the stones forming the scour protection. There are some formulas for the design of these parameters, having a lot of uncertainties around them. Some of them were created for fluvial environment, with a different flow to the marine one. Other formulas were elaborated specifically for coastal structures, closer to the coast than offshore wind farms, and with dimensions completely different. This paper presents the analysis of three formulas: Isbash, corresponding to fluvial environment, and Soulsby, and De Vos, corresponding to marine environment. The results of the application of those formulas are compared with real data of scour protection systems showing good results in five offshore wind facilities in operation (Arklow Bank phase 1, Egmond aan Zee, Horns Rev phase 1, Princess Amalia, and Scroby Sands), giving conclusion about the uncertainties of the use of these formulas and recommendations for using them in offshore wind.