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Academic literature on the topic 'Protection of Archaic stones'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Protection of Archaic stones"

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Angistalis, Georgios, Georgios Dounias, Grigorios Tsokas, and Costas Zambas. "The Walls of Eupalinos Aqueduct, Samos Island, Greece. Description, Pathology and Proposed Restoration Measures." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 53, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.18710.

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The Aqueduct of Eupalinos was built in the mid-sixth century B.C, on the island of Samos that lies in the archipelago of the north Aegean Sea. Herodotus (481-425 B.C.) was the first historian to refer to the monument. He names Eupalinos, son of Naustrophus, born in the city of Megara as the engineer responsible for the design and construction of this ancient project. He also describes the method of construction that makes this monument unique: “…One is a tunnel, under a hill one hundred and fifty fathoms high, carried entirely through the base of the hill; its excavation started from two portals (αρξάμενον, αμφίστομον) …”. Egnatia Odos S.A2. in cooperation with the Prefecture of Samos and the Ministry of Culture initiated a multi-discipline design study to protect and restore the monument. The designs included surveying works, geological and geophysical investigations, as well as geotechnical, structural and architectural works. The main component of the aqueduct is the 1036 m long tunnel described by Herodotus. For a length of 165 m the tunnel is protected by dry masonry walls and vaults of remarkable quality, built in the Archaic era. For a length of 63 m it is protected by mortared masonry walls and vaults, built in the Roman-era. These walls at some locations have suffered significant deformation, due to ground pressures, and have partially failed. In order to restore the damaged sections of the wall, its structure was investigated with the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and Εlectrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). These methods indicated the thickness of the wall and to some extent the width of the excavation behind it. The space between the dry masonry of the Archaic wall and the excavation perimeter is backfilled with well stacked partially hewn stones. GPR seems to accurately determine the thickness of the massive building stones (20 to 40 cm thick) that form the wall’s sides. ET seems to accurately determine the interface between the excavation perimeter and the backfill. The thickness of the backfill and the wall was found to range from 60 cm to 200 cm. This most likely suggests that at the protected sections the tunnel excavation suffered significant and systematic ground collapses. This is because the derived tunnel excavation dimensions at that point are much larger than the ones of the unprotected tunnel. The latter combined with the high ground water inflows now present, in the area and the identified poor ground conditions, could justify the decision of Eupalinos to protect the tunnel’s excavation perimeter with the dry masonry walls. Other geophysical and geological investigations identified significant fault zones that cross the tunnel at the previously mentioned locations, where the assumed ground collapses were observed. A simplified deformation analysis that was carried out using finite element modelling shows that the deformation and the observed wall failures can be roughly explained by assuming poor ground conditions around the tunnel. The protection/restoration measures that were dimensioned for the Archaic type wall include: a) a staged, stone by stone, dismantling of the vaults and partially of the wall, b) supporting the ground behind them with stainless steel rock bolts, steel sets and a concrete mantle, and c) rebuilding the whole at its original “pre-deformed” position. These measures (steel sets, concrete mantle and rock bolts) aim in undertaking the full ground load so that the wall, when rebuilt, will be practically unloaded. Due to the different loading conditions and ground failure mode, the restoration measures designed for the Roman-era wall, aim to remove the rock (load) that fell on the roof arch, to prevent further rock falls and to strengthen the mortared masonry with neutral grouts.
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Herzog, Nicole M., and Anne T. Lawlor. "Reevaluating Diet and Technology in the Archaic Great Basin Using Starch Grain Assemblages from Hogup Cave UTAH." American Antiquity 81, no. 4 (October 2016): 664–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002731600101027.

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Identifying the relationships between prehistoric technologies and their role in food processing is important in understanding the timing, constraints, and motivations for dietary shifts in the past. However, direct evidence linking tools to specific plant foods is often lacking. This is especially true for archaeological assemblages dating to the early Holocene in the Great Basin. During this period, the appearance of milling stones and coiled basketry has often been assumed to represent a dietary transition marked by an increased reliance on lower-return plant foods, specifically small seeds. Here we evaluate the role of milling stones and basketry in the processing of low-return seeds by analyzing starch granules recovered from artifacts dating to the early and mid-Holocene from Hogup Cave, Utah. Results suggest that basketry and milling stones were used to process different resource types. Starch granules on milling stones primarily represent geophytes, while those from baskets are limited to small-seeded plant taxa mainly within the amaranth family. Results lead us to reevaluate the hypothesis that the appearance of these tools signals dietary broadening and prompt an array of new questions about early Holocene diets, the role and costs of processing technology, and the relative value of seed resources.
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Rani, D. Mercy Ratna. "HERO-STONES IN RAYALASEEMA - A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VAIDUMBA CHIEFS." JOURNAL OF HISTORY, ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY 2, no. 1 (2022): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47509/jhaa.2022.v02i01.03.

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The present paper deals with the hero-stones of Vaidumba chiefs in the Rayalaseema region. The hero-stones of South India datable to the third century CE are found in N?g?rjunak?nda in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, in which names of the warriors are mentioned and are carved elaborately. In Rayalaseema three hundred and forty six hero-stones are found. Of these eighty four belong to Vaidumba chiefs. In Kadapa District alone fifty seven are found. Twenty five hero-stones are in Chittoor District and the remaining two in Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh. More than five hero-stones with inscriptions, in characters of ninth-eleventh century CE in archaic Telugu are found, at Vand?di in Rayachoti Taluk of Kadapa district. Vaidumba chiefs were one of the important feudatory dynasties of the Western Ch?lukyas. They ruled from the eighth to fourteenth century CE Their original habitat was Vaidumbavr?lu in Chittoor District. When the Vaidumb?s became the masters of R?n?du-7000, the capital was shifted to Chippili in Madanapalli taluk of Chittoor District and then to Pottapi in Kadapa District.
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Turpin, Solveig A., Herbert H. Eling, and Moisés Valadez Moreno. "The Archaic Environment of Boca De Potrerillos, Nuevo León, Mexico." North American Archaeologist 15, no. 4 (April 1995): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/8w5f-vej1-a5t3-jm9v.

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Nine new radiocarbon dates expand the occupational sequence at Boca de Potrerillos, a large open camp site on the fringes of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Nuevo León, Mexico, to the range between 270 and 7700 years ago. Incised stones attributable to the Archaic component provide an estimate of the age of some of the 3000 petroglyphs at this site. Cut-and-fill cycles, pollen counts, and gastropod analyses contribute to the definition of two climatic episodes. Between 980 and 1280 years ago, low energy sedimentation suggests a benign climatic interlude prevailed locally. Massive erosion at Boca de Potrerillos and other excavated sites within a 150 km range identifies a period of regional environmental stress around 4800 years ago.
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Ziyaettin, Nejdet, Kübra Ekiz Barış, and Leyla Tanaçan. "EFFECT OF ALKOXYSILANE-BASED TREATMENT ON THE DURABILITY OF NORTH CYPRUS STONES FOR CONSTRUCTION." Journal of Green Building 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 179–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.16.1.179.

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ABSTRACT Limestones are generally vulnerable to various weathering effects, hence, protection and consolidation of them is necessary. Locally available limestones of Northern Cyprus have been used in both historical buildings dated back to the 16th century for conservation applications and new buildings mostly as a cladding material. However, certain decay patterns exist on these stones. In the current study, the service life of Cyprus stones was inspected. Alkoxysilane-based consolidation and protection treatments were applied on new quarried stones to enhance the stone properties and aged stones to conserve and protect the architectural heritage. Service life assessment was performed by applying accelerated aging tests on both new and aged stones before and after treatments. The treatments improved the physical, mechanical and durability properties of the stones in terms of unchanging the water vapor diffusion resistance factor, decreasing the porosity and the water absorption ratio, increasing the ultrasound pulse velocity, the compressive and the flexural strengths, and improving the resistance of the stones against wetting-drying, freeze-thaw, salt crystallization and SO2 vapour effects. The combination of consolidation and protection treatment (K2) was more efficient on the properties of the stones compared to only protection treatment (K1) due to the better penetration capacity, higher decreasing ratio of the porosity, and higher improvement of the physical, mechanical and durability properties. The treatments also improved the properties of the aged stones; thus, it may be inferred that treatment would benefit the conservation of historical buildings.
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Lamothe, M. "Optical dating of pottery, burnt stones, and sediments from selected Quebec archaeological sites." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-032.

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Recent developments in luminescence technologies applied to sediment dating is used to better constrain the age of archaeological events. Suitable geoarchaeological material includes sediments and fired objects, such as pottery and burnt stones. The assessment of archaeological ages illustrated here are based on single aliquot regeneration (SAR), with both infrared and blue stimulation on the same fine-grained aliquot being detected. These new approaches in optical dating were tested on polymineralic extracts of an Archaic burnt stone, a Woodland ceramic, and a soil containing Plano artefacts. The results demonstrate that whether or not these sites had yielded datable radiocarbon material, luminescence would have provided a reliable chronological framework given that the appropriate procedures to correct anomalous fading are incorporated.
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Yang, Lu, Shi Min Li, Dai Heng Chen, and Zhi Min Wu. "Rolling Stones under the Action of the Numerical Simulation Research Shed Hole." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.238.

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With a rolling stone gathers tent hole structure as the prototype, using ABAQUS finite element software to simulate the rolling stones impact process with different impact, research rolling angle and speed impact tent hole structural dynamic mechanical response for rolling stone protection design, provide necessary basis. The results show that the rolling stones in different speed and incident angle of tents hole shocks on concrete protective structure of contact force ,displacement and injuries have great influence and for the rolling stones protection engineering design to provide theoretical reference.
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Shi, Jie, Xiao Lei Zhang, and Zun Xin Huang. "Experimental Research on Preventing Root-Stones Loss with Tetrahedron-Like Concrete Penetrating Frames." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1930.

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The root-stones loss for flood control project is serious in the Lower Yellow River, and the tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frame is a new protection technology. The Experiment on preventing root-stones loss of flood diversion and regulation works in Taohuayu with tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frames in the Xingyang reach of the Yellow River. The experiment results show that: (1) the technology of tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frame is simple, and it can make root-stones very steady; (2) the tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frame can effectively reduce the depth of scour holes in front of dam and slow the direct impact of water flow on the dam body; (3) the tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frame can effectively reduce root-stones loss and save lots of stones; (4) the tetrahedron-like concrete penetrating frames could be made use of for the project foundation stabilization, and they are thrown into the slope of root-stones and the riverbed outside slope toe within a certain width to increase the effect of root-stones protection better.
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Smout, T. C. "Kingsbarns: A Farmers’ Harbour." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 36, no. 1 (May 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2016.0165.

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Kingsbarns harbour was constructed in the nineteenth century primarily to facilitate the movement of agricultural goods. The first investment was made by the land-owner but gradually allowed to deteriorate. The second was made by a local farmer to facilitate the shipping of potatoes. It failed ultimately not so much because of poor engineering but because it was displaced by the completion of the railway round the coast of Fife, and was then allowed to fall into disrepair. Its mode of construction, with stones placed vertically, was not archaic as is sometimes supposed, but was common in Victorian harbour construction as an alternative to using blocks placed horizontally.
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Lettieri, Mariateresa, Maurizio Masieri, Alessandra Morelli, Mariachiara Pipoli, and Mariaenrica Frigione. "Oleo/Hydrophobic Coatings Containing Nano-Particles for the Protection of Stone Materials Having Different Porosity." Coatings 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8120429.

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Conservation strategies to limit the degradation of stone materials are being constantly developed. To this aim, new materials are designed to confer hydrophobic properties and anti-graffiti protection to the treated surfaces. Hybrid nanocomposites, based on inorganic nano-particles added to an organic matrix, have been recently proposed for treatments of stone surfaces, obtaining promising and innovative properties. In the present paper, an experimental product based on fluorine resin containing SiO2 nano-particles, a commercial fluorine-based product and a silicon-based material were applied as protective coatings on two calcareous stones (compact and porous) widely employed in the Mediterranean region. All the studied products are expected to provide both water and anti-graffiti protection to both stones’ surfaces. The rheological characterization of the liquid products, changes in color of the surfaces, and variations in water vapor permeability allowed the compatibility of the protective systems applied to stones to be evaluated. Water–stone contact angle measurements and water absorption by capillarity were used to control the action against water ingress. The oleophobicity was assessed by measuring the oil–stone contact angle. The experimental nano-filled product proved to be a suitable hydrophobic coating for compact and porous stones; furthermore, it provides high oleophobicity to the treated surfaces, as required for anti-graffiti systems.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Protection of Archaic stones"

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CANOL, SITKI HALIT. "CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF ARCHAIC STONES OF ANCIENT CITIES OF EUROMOS AND IASOS – DEVELOPMENT OF NEW POLYMERS FOR THE PROTECTION OF ARCHAIC STONES." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1131019.

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In particular, innovative hydrophobic compounds to be used as protective agents have been designed, synthesized, tested on Turkish quarry marble samples, and compared with some commercial products. In situ tests with the same compounds used for the laboratory experiments have also been carried out. The innovative compounds belong to the partially fluorinated polymers (oligoamides with pendant perfluoropolyether segments). Tests for the evaluation of the efficacy and durability of conservative treatments, in relation to the environmental conditions which the stones are submitted, have been properly identified and realized. These compounds have been studied and tested on laboratory, also as well as in situ. Several organic/inorganic treatments have been performed in the laboratory and in situ to select the more suitable compounds and application methodologies for consolidation and protection of these ancient stones.
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Books on the topic "Protection of Archaic stones"

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Soloukhin, Vladimir Alekseevich. A time to gather stones: Essays. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press, 1993.

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United States. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development. Office of Policy Development and Research, National Institute of Building Sciences (Washington, D.C.), and Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing, eds. Guideline on fire ratings of archaic materials and assemblies. [Rockville, MD]: U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, 2000.

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Scotland, Historic. The carved stones of Scotland: A guide to helping in their protection. [Edinburgh]: Historic Scotland, 1996.

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Wiss, Janney Elstner and Associates. Stones River National Battlefield: Cultural landscape report. Atlanta, Ga: National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office, 2007.

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Manuel, Alcalde Moreno, ed. Diagnosis y tratamiento de la piedra. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1990.

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Salviati, Filippo. Radiant stones: Archaic Chinese jades = Pierres radieuses : jades archaïques chinois : Chinese jades from the neolithic period through the Han dynasty. Paris: Myrna Myers, 2000.

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Stones standing: Archaeology, colonialism, and ecotourism in northern Laos. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, Inc., 2015.

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Stone Weathering and Atmospheric Pollution Network Conference (2000). Stone decay: Its causes and controls. Shaftesbury: Donhead, 2004.

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Destruction of Cultural Heritage in 19th-century France: Old Stones Versus Modern Identities. Leiden: Brill, 2015.

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1952-, Fidler John, ed. Stone building materials, construction and associated component systems: Their decay and treatment. Sterling: Earthscan, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Protection of Archaic stones"

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Gu, Ji-Dong, and Yoko Katayama. "Microbiota and Biochemical Processes Involved in Biodeterioration of Cultural Heritage and Protection." In Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage, 37–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69411-1_2.

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AbstractThe world cultural heritage sites face new challenges for an effective protection and management because of destruction and damage initiated by both natural and anthropogenic causes. Fresh rock and sandstone surfaces of buildings are quickly colonized and covered by a layer of microorganisms, including phototrophs, lithotrophs, and heterotrophs to form a biofilm that alters the local conditions of the stone surfaces, especially under the favorable tropical climate conditions for autotrophic microorganisms and plants. Biofilms had been studied with indigenous or pure cultures of isolated microorganisms, but the selective ones that contribute to deterioration of the cultural heritage cannot be confirmed easily. Currently, high-throughput sequencing and metegenomics analyses are capable of obtaining microbial community and composition in great depth, but they also suffer from similar weakness unable to identify the culprits in the community. With these as background, this article presents a different approach by focusing on the biochemical processes and the responsible microorganisms involved to reveal the destruction processes for management and protection. Among these different functional groups of microorganisms, lichens are known as pioneering rock-decomposing microorganisms, and both sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and fungi participate in the decomposition of sandstone via sulfur cycling and initiation of salt attack of the stone afterward, resulting in defoliation and cracking of stone. Other microorganisms including ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea, especially the latter, have been recently detected on sandstone monuments providing evidence on the new organisms involved in the deterioration of cultural heritage and buildings. In addition, fungi can colonize the surfaces of the matured biofilms and play a new role in the removal of them, which has a potential biotechnological application in conservation of cultural heritage. The new proposed approach by focusing the microorganisms with identified biochemical function is more productive than a description of the community composition and assembly when assessing cultural heritage biodeterioration, and this provides basic and useful information for effective protection strategies and management.
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Badreddine, Dalal, Kévin Beck, Xavier Brunetaud, Ali Chaaba, and Muzahim Al-Mukhtar. "Study of Effectiveness of Treatment by Nanolime of the Altered Calcarenite Stones of the Archeological Site of Volubilis Site (Morocco)." In Digital Heritage. Progress in Cultural Heritage: Documentation, Preservation, and Protection, 248–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01762-0_21.

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Aruz, Joan. "Power and Protection:." In Leaving No Stones Unturned, 1–14. Penn State University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/j.ctv1bxh4bc.5.

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"Health Promotion and Protection." In Stepping Stones to Caring for Our Children, 29–55. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581109290-ch03.

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Aruz, Joan. "Power and Protection: A Little Proto-Elamite Silver Bull Pendant." In Leaving No Stones Unturned, 1–14. Penn State University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781575065281-003.

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Deshpande, Priya, and Shuchita Sharma. "Obstructive Uropathies." In Kidney Protection, edited by Vijay Lapsia, Bernard G. Jaar, and A. Ahsan Ejaz, 175–82. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190611620.003.0017.

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Obstructive Uropathy remains an important cause of acute kidney injury. The etiology of obstructive uropathy can be very variable ranging from extrinsic compression of the urinary tract by tumors or surrounding structures to intraluminal obstruction by crystals and stones. Patients with obstructive uropathy manifest symptoms based on the area of obstruction within the urinary tract. Flank pain, hematuria, and suprapubic discomfort are some of the associated symptoms. The diagnosis of obstructive uropathy requires a high index of suspicion and, depending on its nature, can be confirmed clinically and/or with an imaging modality. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with effective relief of obstruction is important in preventing long-term and permanent damage to the kidneys.
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Kassem, Hania, and Bernard G. Jaar. "Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease." In Kidney Protection, edited by Vijay Lapsia, Bernard G. Jaar, and A. Ahsan Ejaz, 29–38. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190611620.003.0004.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant public health burden worldwide and several risk factors have been identified over the years; these have been well-described in the medical literature. Common risk factors such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension will be described in other chapters. While this chapter will focus mainly on CKD risk factors observed in developed countries, several of these are also observed in developing countries. It is now well-established that some risk factors are modifiable while others are non-modifiable. In this chapter, we will explore several of these non-modifiable risk factors in more detail, such as age, gender, race, family history, and low birth weight. But we will also discuss some of the modifiable risk factors such as kidney stones, obstructive sleep apnea, smoking, drugs (excluding NSAIDs), diet, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hyperuricemia. We will provide a balanced and up to date review of the evidence linking these risk factors with CKD.
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Neer, Richard. "Statues, Stelai, and Turning Posts in Greece, c.565–c.465 BCE." In Landscape and Space, 59–98. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845955.003.0003.

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This essay is about Greek sculpture of the Archaic and Classical periods but addresses larger issues of method. It argues that iconography, while indispensable, is a limited way to study sculpture. As an alternative, it addresses some of the ways in which Greek sculptural monuments could intervene in landscapes. It examines the connections between statues, stelai, turning posts and boundary stones in the Greek imagination. A secondary goal is to advocate an approach to Greek epigraphy that goes beyond semantics to include the connotative aspects of visual features such as mise en page and the difference between epigraphic and metrical line breaks. Examples include the class of “Man-and-Dog” stelai, the “Mourning Athena” from the Athenian Acropolis, and inscriptions from Athens, Eleusis, Troezen, and elsewhere.
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Subhashini, L., S. Maheswari, and S. Prabhu. "A Privacy Protection Method for Deepfake Hybrid Cloud Computing." In Advances in Multimedia and Interactive Technologies, 120–32. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6060-3.ch010.

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Cloud computing developed the world rapidly, so in our lifetimes, other cloud services are entered, and the security protection in our cloud services, particularly the protection against data sequestration, is gaining importance. Still, the protection separation implementation causes a huge drain. Therefore, it is difficult to implement the most appropriate product to reduce consumption power while protecting separation. The proposal proposes a full-scale sequestration scheme (PPPS) to provide usable sequestration protection that satisfies stone sequestration requirements while system performance can be maintained. First, the separation is unidentified by the drugs they carry, and they quantify the degree of security and perform the TripleDES standard and AES standard encrypts algorithms. The safety formulation is also derived from analysis results and professional data. Finally, similar results display that PPPS also meets the request sequestration from stones and maintains the performance in various cloud environments.
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Rosén, Frederik. "Mission Impossible." In The Preservation of Art and Culture in Times of War, 70–96. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197610565.003.0004.

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Abstract May the protection of cultural property be reasonably weighed against the protection of human lives? Could it be considered morally acceptable to impose risk upon or even sacrifice human lives to save cultural property? Such questions arise repeatedly when discussing the military challenges posed by protection of cultural property in armed conflict. Thus, there is an emerging, yet still embryonic debate about “saving lives or saving stones.” This chapter contributes to this debate by scrutinizing the conceptual framework for casting this apparent ethical dilemma, which remains surprisingly underexamined in the academic literature. It does so by charting a series of preliminary problems one must consider before setting out a moral framework around harm to cultural property in armed conflict. As the decision to accept and apply the dilemma of “saving lives or saving stones” remains a moral one, also from the perspective of the Law of Armed Conflict, the chapter will draw its framework from the just war theory literature. The chapter argues that the more we speculate on the constitution of value and moral quality of cultural property in the context of the ethics of war discussions, the clearer it becomes that formulating general ethical principles to guide our view on this dilemma appears to be a mission impossible.
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Conference papers on the topic "Protection of Archaic stones"

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de Schoesitter, Philippe, Sarah Audenaert, Leen Baelus, Annelies Bolle, Andrew Brown, Luciana Das Neves, Tiago Ferradosa, et al. "Feasibility of a Dynamically Stable Rock Armour Layer Scour Protection for Offshore Wind Farms." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24426.

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Armour layer scour protections around offshore wind turbine foundations are commonly designed to provide a static protection in storm conditions, which means no or limited movement of rock is allowed (Den Boon et al., 2004, De Vos et al., 2011). This approach often results in large stone sizes and high scour protection costs. Therefore, a dynamic approach can be an interesting alternative. Such a dynamic design can be achieved by decreasing the armour stone size allowing movement of the stones and increasing the armour layer thickness to prevent filter layer exposure. A physical test program was conducted to investigate the feasibility and behaviour of such a dynamically stable scour protection. In this model, a monopile foundation exposed to typical North Sea combinations of unidirectional currents and waves was reproduced in a wave flume. The program included a number of test series each with different water depths. In each test series, the armour layer stone size and the armour layer thickness were varied, in order to obtain a reshaping scour protection, without filter material exposure. Damage and failure were assessed both visually and using a 3D-laser profiler. Because previous works on damage numbers of rock armour layer scour protections mainly focus on static design, a new damage number was introduced and compared to the visual observation. This allowed the definition of a ‘dynamic area’ between static design and failure. Scour pit development in time and equilibrium profiling were also analyzed. The results of the tests showed that the concept of a dynamically stable scour protection is feasible.
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LaMalva, Kevin J. "ASCE/SEI Advancements in Structural Fire Engineering." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0719.

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<p>Advancements put forth by the Structural Engineering Institute (SEI) of ASCE are paving the way for a regulated engineered alternative to the long‐standing archaic requirements for structural fire design. For the past century, project stakeholders have tolerated a strikingly inefficient and amorphous system for protecting structures from uncontrolled fire. Traditionally, fire protection is prescribed for structures after they have been optimized for ambient design loads (i.e., gravity, wind, seismic, and others), with no explicit consideration of structural fire performance. Accordingly, the vulnerability of buildings to structural failure from uncontrolled fire is presumably variable across different jurisdictions, which have varying structural design requirements for ambient loads. Also, structural engineers are often absent from the structural fire protection design process entirely.</p><p>In conjunction with new provisions in Appendix E of Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criterial for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7‐16), a first‐of‐its‐kind ASCE/SEI Manual of Practice 138: Structural Fire Engineering, has been developed to provide structural engineers a baseline level of guidance to practice structural fire engineering. Also, ASCE/SEI has partnered with the Charles Pankow Foundation to conduct an ambitious project meant to showcase this new technology to the industry. Advancing the adoption of performance‐based structural fire engineering within the AEC industry will benefit public safety while delivering more efficient and economic building designs.</p>
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3

Grisoni, Michela Marisa. "The struggle for Stone-dry walling: the ambition to protect both processes and products." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15264.

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Quoting from the inscription into the Intangible Cultural Heritage List (2018), the art of dry-stone walling concerns “the know-how” related to making stone constructions that explains the interest towards the product process as well as the product itself. The protection of the ability in stones selection and their placement, without mortar or dry soil at most, has moved the attention from walls to walling too. As a result, the idea of authenticity should be rediscussed to preserve not only some existing monuments and amazing landscape, but a living heritage and a sustainable land use. A risk occurs in some coastal areas, both maritime or front lake, and in the valleys, of the Alps or the Apennines. These places are the most sensitive to residential and receptive exploitation; as a result, an aesthetic landscape perception is taking advantage against its structural conception and the authentic art construction for dwelling (buildings), farming (terraced arrangements) or husbandry (cow-walls). The awareness of the role of dry building for the consolidation of the slopes, the protection of the mountain and the harmonious relationship between environments and species the inscription would preserve, is misunderstood. In Italy some evident ambiguities are occurring into practice and local behaviours. Although the inscription has invited preservation program, the governance of the art of terraced arrangement seems often reduced to a picturesque disposal; misunderstood if not betrayed in its authenticity both as a product and as a process. Some case studies are proposed to point out this slipped issue, considering the Lake of Como as an elective observation area. By the presentation of some real examples, both virtuous and critical, a discussion and comparison with other contexts, both national and international, should eventually be favoured.
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Reports on the topic "Protection of Archaic stones"

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Crystal, Victoria, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Yucca House National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293617.

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Yucca House National Monument (YUHO) in southwestern Colorado protects unexcavated archeological structures that were constructed by the Ancestral Puebloan people between 1050 and 1300 CE. It was established by Woodrow Wilson by presidential proclamation in 1919 and named “Yucca House” by archeologist Jesse Fewkes as a reference to the names used for this area by the local Ute, Tewa Pueblo, and other Native groups. It was originally only 3.9 ha (9.6 ac) of land, but in 1990, an additional 9.7 ha (24 ac) of land was donated by Hallie Ismay, allowing for the protection of additional archeological resources. Another acquisition of new land is currently underway, which will allow for the protection of even more archeological sites. The archeological resources at YUHO remain unexcavated to preserve the integrity of the structures and provide opportunities for future generations of scientists. One of the factors that contributed to the Ancestral Puebloans settling in the area was the presence of natural springs. These springs likely provided enough water to sustain the population, and the Ancestral Puebloans built structures around one of the larger springs, Aztec Spring. Yet, geologic features and processes were shaping the area of southwest Colorado long before the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings. The geologic history of YUHO spans millions of years. The oldest geologic unit exposed in the monument is the Late Cretaceous Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale. During the deposition of the Mancos Shale, southwestern Colorado was at the bottom of an inland seaway. Beginning about 100 million years ago, sea level rose and flooded the interior of North America, creating the Western Interior Seaway, which hosted a thriving marine ecosystem. The fossiliferous Juana Lopez Member preserves this marine environment, including the organisms that inhabited it. The Juana Lopez Member has yielded a variety of marine fossils, including clams, oysters, ammonites, and vertebrates from within YUHO and the surrounding area. There are four species of fossil bivalves (the group including clams and oysters) found within YUHO: Cameleolopha lugubris, Inoceramus dimidius, Inoceramus perplexus, and Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. There are six species of ammonites in three genera found within YUHO: Baculites undulatus, Baculites yokoyamai, Prionocyclus novimexicanus, Prionocyclus wyomingensis, Scaphites warreni, and Scaphites whitfieldi. There is one unidentifiable vertebrate bone that has been found in YUHO. Fossils within YUHO were first noticed in 1875–1876 by W. H. Holmes, who observed fossils within the building stones of the Ancestral Puebloans’ structures. Nearly half of the building stones in the archeological structures at YUHO are fossiliferous slabs of the Juana Lopez Member. There are outcrops of the Juana Lopez 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to the west of the structures, and it is hypothesized that the Ancestral Puebloans collected the building stones from these or other nearby outcrops. Following the initial observation of fossils, very little paleontology work has been done in the monument. There has only been one study focused on the paleontology and geology of YUHO, which was prepared by paleontologist Mary Griffitts in 2001. As such, this paleontological resource inventory report serves to provide information to YUHO staff for use in formulating management activities and procedures associated with the paleontological resources. In 2021, a paleontological survey of YUHO was conducted to revisit previously known fossiliferous sites, document new fossil localities, and assess collections of YUHO fossils housed at the Mesa Verde National Park Visitor and Research Center. Notable discoveries made during this survey include: several fossils of Cameleolopha lugubris, which had not previously been found within YUHO; and a fossil of Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. that was previously unknown from within YUHO.
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