Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Protected area planning'
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Mann, Geoff. "Conceptions of wilderness in North American protected area planning and management." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0010/MM16697.pdf.
Full textAhmed, Salma. "An evaluation of protected area management planning and policy in Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2014. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/21537/.
Full textFew, Roger. "Conservation, participation and power : community involvement in protected area planning in Belize." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30387.
Full textSmith, Robert J. "Designing an integrated protected area network for Maputaland, South Africa." Thesis, University of Kent, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369671.
Full textMirkarimi, Hamed, and hamed mirkarimi@student rmit edu au. "Landscape ecological planning for protected areas using spatial and temporal metrics." RMIT University. Mathematical and Geospatial Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080507.122506.
Full textTaylor, Kevin. "Data requirements for the establishment of protected area networks." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0031/MQ64464.pdf.
Full textParker, Kashiefa. "Livelihoods of small-scale fishers of Struisbaai : implications for Marine Protected Area planning." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4792.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references.
South Africa’s coastal environment is characterized by an increasing network of Marine Protected Areas (MPA), with the purpose of conserving fisheries resources and marine biodiversity. The coast is also home to over a hundred rural small-scale fisher communities, such as the community at Struisbaai Noord, which are considered to be marginalised communities heavily dependent on marine resources for their food security and income needs. The small-scale fisher community at Struisbaai Noord is one of several fisheries operating in the waters off the coast of Struisbaai. The others are: a migratory commercial line fishery, boat and shore-based recreational fishery, chokka squid commercial fishery, and commercial trawlers. The overall aim of this study is to understand the human (social, economic, cultural and institutional) dimensions of the small-scale fisheries sector in Struisbaai, with a particular focus on the livelihood strategies that fishers in this community employ, in order to inform future marine protected area planning in the Agulhas region.
Yates, Katherine Lucy. "Improving marine protected area planning processes through the transparent incorporation of fisher-derived data." Thesis, Ulster University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.650316.
Full textWengerd, Nicole M. "Protected Area Planning and Management: Supporting Local Stakeholder Participation with an Asset-Based, Biocultural Approach." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1527354940207694.
Full textKaya, Ozdemirel Banu. "Protected Area Site Selection Based On Abiotic Data: How Reliable Is It?" Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613060/index.pdf.
Full textunfortunately, no such example exists for Turkey, where biodiversity is high but our knowledge about it is unsatisfactory. Hence, this study was carried out to investigate the efficiency of environmental surrogates and the utility of different biological taxa in conservation planning. The objective was to find out the most efficient surrogates, either environmental or biological, for conservation planning, so that limited resources can be used more efficiently to establish an effective protected areas network. The study was carried out in northeastern Turkey, within the Lesser Caucasus ecoregion. The taxonomic groups considered include large mammals, breeding birds, globally threatened reptiles and amphibians, butterflies, highly threatened plants, and ecological communities. The distribution data was taken from a previous study, while climate and topographical data were obtained from various sources and produced through spatio-statistical techniques. Complementarity-based site selection was carried out with Marxan software, where the planning unit was the 100 sq.km. UTM grid square. Various statistical methods, including geographically weighted regression, principal components analysis, and p-median algorithm, were used to determine ED across the units. Performance of different approaches and different sets of surrogates were tested by comparing them to a random null model as well as representation success. Results indicate that endemic or non-endemic highly threatened plant species, butterfly species and ecological communities represent biodiversity better than other taxa in the study area. As such, they can be used on their own as efficient biodiversity surrogates in conservation area planning. Another finding is that highly threatened plant species are required to be used in the site selection process if they need to be represented well
in other words, they are their own surrogates. It was demonstrated that while ED alone can be used as a surrogate to represent biodiversity of an area, they are not as good as biodiversity surrogates themselves. It is also suggested that using species taxa with smaller distributional ranges or taxa that complement each other due to ecological differences as surrogates provide better results. On the other hand, ED might be a more suitable surrogate if resources are very limited or field work is impossible. In such cases, using ED in conjunction with one of the better biodiversity surrogates is probably the best solution.
Keane, Eugene. "Protected area system planning and the conservation of archaeological sites : a critique and case study of Ireland." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2008. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8398/.
Full textZAPATA, PAULA ANDREA. "The use of remote sensing techniques to support marine protected areas management and marine spatial planning decisions." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/243073.
Full textThe present doctoral degree thesis is based on the implementation of remote sensing (RS) methods habitat mapping and distribution modelling (DMs) techniques as management tools to assess the status of benthic habitats and to support Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) decisions. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to model the spatial boundaries of the physical and biological datasets, as well to assess the proximity of anthropogenic pressures. Through spatial examination, image analysis and underwater video, the biological patterns of habitats/species were related to the variation in geomorphology based on geophysical substrate properties gathered through RS techniques in combination with optical data, collected during the ground truthing sampling. In addition, DMs and classification approaches were applied and their accuracy tested. Finally, a methodological framework was suggested as guideline to inform and provide recommendations to managers and policymakers about how to accurately locate and best protect benthic habitats and its resources, how to evidence possible different sensitivities between habitats in relation to geomorphology, create or redefine different zones or levels of protections at Marine Protected Areas and how to forecast future changes due to global warming and/or anthropogenic activities. General results demonstrate that the produced maps provide information about where the habitats/species could be present and how they are related to the geomorphological context and/or the anthropogenic pressures. Results emphasize the role of critical expert evaluation of spatial predictions before they are used to guide policy. We conclude that RS and DMs could be very useful tools for understanding the distribution of species–habitat associations and to help resources managers make informed and ecologically relevant decisions.
Martino, Robin M. "Matrix and Edge Effects on the Maintenance of Ecological Function in an Afromontane Protected Area." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1430913293.
Full textEvans, Yara. "The power dimensions of community participation in protected area planning and management : the case of the Serra do Mar state park Brazil." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535958.
Full textCallwood, Karlisa A. "Use of Larval Connectivity Modeling to Determine Settlement Habitats of Panulirus argus in The Bahamas as a Pre-cursor to Marine Protected Area Network Planning." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/59.
Full textFleury, Spencer. "Land Use Policy and Practices in Karst Terrains." Scholar Commons, 2007. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/708.
Full textRuzow, Holland Ann Hope. "Participatory Planning for a Promised Land: Citizen-Led, Comprehensive Land Use Planning in New York’s Adirondack Park." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1292545997.
Full textZainol, Noor Yazan. "Integrated planning and management for protected areas in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Salford, 2009. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26984/.
Full textBergsten, Arvid. "Spatial complexity and fit between ecology and management : Making sense of patterns in fragmented landscapes." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-97618.
Full textAt the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript.
Mogren, Thomas. "Planering och zonering av friluftsliv och ekoturism: Kristianstad Vattenrike." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-23101.
Full textPérez, Michaël. "Aires naturelles protégées et droit de l'urbanisme." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30009.
Full textThe concept of protected natural area, including national parks and nature reserves, encompasses a variety of legal regimes. Among them, the most classical ones originate from a combination of legal statuses and police regulations. These protections are rooted in both environmental and planning laws, which tend to overlap, making it harder to clearly identify the regimes and principles that inspired them in the first place, and to appreciate their legal significance.On the one hand, the present work aims at defining the legal regime applicable to each of these protected natural areas, by explaining its specific normative organisation; on the other hand, its goal is to identify the contribution of planning law to the protection of natural areas, through its rules and procedures. The legal framework of the protection of natural areas thus clarified, it faces a double set of challenges. The first ones lay in the prioritisation and the articulation of regulations and procedures that derive from diverse laws applicable to the space. It also implies to remove certain obstacles linked to the competition of police regulations. The second set of challenges emanates from an emerging global law of sustainable development that has been granted constitutional status by the Chart for the Environnement. This global law irriguates the whole regulations and is now binding on all public policies, including city planning.constitutional level through the Environmental Charter
Fielding, Lindsay Callyn. "The use of GIS in tourism planning strategies for Mongolia : the case of Khovsgol National Park." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285730.
Full textWood, Louisa Jane. "The global network of marine protected areas: developing baselines and identifying priorities." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/228.
Full textBusch, Miriam Leah 1961. "Relationships between protected natural areas and local human populations: Application for sustainable land use planning." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277029.
Full textPeckett, Frances. "Using Marxan and Marxan with Zones to support marine planning." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3284.
Full textStone, Michael J. "Ecotourism and Community Development: Case Studies From Hainan, China." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/994.
Full textAlagador, Diogo André Alves Salgado Rodrigues. "Quantitative methods in spatial conservation planning integrating climate change and uncertainties." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UTL, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3877.
Full textSpatial Conservation Planning is a scientific-driven procedure to identify cost effective networks of areas capable of representing biodiversity through time. This conceptually simple task accommodates sufficient complexity to justify the existence of an active research line with more than 20 years already. But costefficiency and representation of biodiversity is only part of the whole challenge of Spatial Conservation Planning.The recognition that Nature operates dynamically has stimulated researchers to embrace the additional challenges of developing methods to make conventional (static) conservation approaches more dynamic and therefore increase the chances that biodiversity are preserved in the longer term. In this thesis, I present a set of tools to assist spatial conservation decision-making and address issues such as uncertainty and spatial dynamics of species ranges. These two topics are particularly relevant in the context of ongoing climate changes. I start by investigating two connectivity paradigms for the identification of conservation areas. In the first, a distance-based approach is applied for the identification of areas representing a set of species. In the second, I present a conceptual framework based on the analysis of environmental similarity between protected areas. The framework seeks to identify effective spatial linkages between protected areas while ensuring that these linkages are as efficient as possible. Then, I introduce a methodology to refine the matching of species distributions and protected area data in gap analysis. Forth, I present a comprehensive assessment for the expected impacts of climate change among European conservation areas. Finally, I address a framework for cost-efficient identification of the best areas that, in each time period, assist species’ range adjustments induced by severe climate changes. There exists a wealth of theoretical insight and algorithmic power available to ecologists. This thesis took advantage of it and (I hope) it offers useful guidance for genuine biodiversity protection.
Guzman-Aranda, Juan Carlos. "Evaluation of Conservation Planning in Mexico: A Stakeholder Analysis Approach." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28119.
Full textPh. D.
Oliveira, José Antônio Puppim de 1966. "Implementing environmental policies in Developing Countries : responding environmental impacts of tourism development by creating environmentally protected areas in Bahia, Brazil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28231.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 137-155).
Governments have two apparently conflicting roles to play: promoter of economic development and protector of environmental quality. Economic development interests tend to have priority on most government agenda in developing countries, creating obstacles to the implementation of environmental protection policies. This trend can be reversed by introducing environmental protection concerns into the mainstream development agenda by decentralizing environmental policy implementation to development-oriented agencies. Government agencies often fail to implement environmental policies mainly because they lack political support, they have insufficient financial resources, they have not developed adequate institutional capacity, and they tend to overlook the importance of cooperation at the local level. However, the Bahia State government in Northeast Brazil was able to overcome all four of these obstacles in establishing environmentally protected areas (APAs) by introducing them into the mainstream development agenda, which was chiefly oriented toward tourism development. At the state level, a large number of APAs were created, primarily as the result of the decentralization of administrative authority among several state agencies, including development-oriented agencies linked to tourism development. This decentralization generated an apparently unintentional system of incentives for state agencies to implement APAs. The increased inter-agency competition for political control of protected areas improved the institutional capacity of each agency, and generated funds and political support at the state and local levels for APA implementation, overcoming the four obstacles. State agencies' actions were supervised by an independent oversight body, the state environmental council (CEPRAM), which had the power to interfere in the establishment of APAs and block development projects related to them. At the local level, seven case studies show that the involvement of state development agencies, and the local expectation of economic benefits from tourism, were important factors in preventing the usual local resistance to the establishment of APAs. In this context, three points determined the intensity of local political, financial, and institutional support for enforcing APA guidelines. First, APAs created as means of curbing already existent environmental problems caused by tourism or urban development mustered more local support than APAs created as environmental safeguards for public infrastructure projects. Second, APAs contained within a single municipality received more local support than APAs involving multiple municipalities. Third, the involvement of local actors at the early stages of the APA creation fostered local support for enforcement. From the lessons at the story at the state level, additional incentives to local institutions by a central authority linked to a politically independent system of checks-and-balances might improve implementation at the local level. The decentralization of environmental policy implementation to a range of development agencies can be an alternative to mainstreaming environmental concerns in the development agenda and achieving environmental protection goals. However, to make decentralization work, as my study in Bahia showed, central authorities should offer institutional incentives to decentralized agencies to ensure increased attention to environmental protection objectives in the development process; and at the same time, an independent body with oversight authority for both developmental and environmental actions should be in place to prevent development agencies from neglecting environmental concerns.
by José Antônio Puppim de Oliveira.
Ph.D.
Holmlund, Eric Richard. "Caretakers of the Garden of Delight and Discontent: Adirondack Narrative, Conflict, and Environmental Virtue." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1282137895.
Full textAl-Taisan, Abdulbaqui Mohammed. "Landscape planning for protected areas in Saudi Arabia : with special reference to the use of the geographic information system." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262894.
Full textLee, Kuang-Chung. "Towards collaborative planning and management of natural protected areas : a case study in the Formosan Landlocked Salmon Wildlife Refuge, Taiwan." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249746.
Full textFeitosa, Rodrigus Oliveira. "Atlas digital como ferramenta para o planejamento ambiental de unidades de conservação de proteção integral de Sergipe." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2015. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4161.
Full textA criação, gestão e implementação de Unidades de Conservação é uma estratégia fundamental para o planejamento territorial. Entretanto, a implantação de territórios legalmente protegidos gera conflitos socioeconômicos, que muitas vezes são maiores ou mais difíceis de serem solucionados que os próprios problemas ambientais. Para auxiliar a transpor os entraves que se apresentam nesse processo, pode-se empregar as ferramentas da moderna Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação, como os Sistemas de Informações Geográficas, que, a partir de produtos de sensoriamento remoto e técnicas de geoprocessamento, possibilitam subsidiar as ações de planejamento, gestão e monitoramento de Áreas Protegidas de forma mais prática, ágil e dinâmica. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a aplicabilidade do uso do geoprocessamento como subsídio ao planejamento e gestão ambiental em Unidades de Conservação de Proteção Integral. Para tanto, foram empregadas a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado e pesquisa de campo. Na elaboração e organização dos mapas digitais foram empregados os softwares QuantumGIS e Global Mapper. Com os resultados obtidos, se verificou que Sergipe possui uma boa base de dados georreferenciados, todavia carece de correções dos dados e constante atualização. Além do que, a escassez de profissionais empregados nas ações diretas de gestão e monitoramento das unidades de conservação no Estado, enfraquece os objetivos de proteção ambiental, em função de pressões antrópicas. Concluiu-se que o emprego de um atlas digital fornece uma importante fonte de informações para a elaboração do planejamento e monitoramento ambiental, além de racionalizar recursos humanos, porém a falta de profissionais capacitados, os custos de aquisição de produtos de sensoriamento remoto e informações biofísicas pouco confiáveis tornam-se obstáculos a serem transpostos.
Gnieser, Christoph H. "Ecological consequences of recreation on subarctic-alpine tundra, experimental assessment and predictive modeling as planning tools for sustainable visitor management in protected areas." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0015/NQ54779.pdf.
Full textMARKANTONATOU, VASILIKI. "Ecosystem-based management approaches applied to Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): a holistic strategy of governance, ecological assessments and conservation planning in order to inform sound management of marine resources." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242985.
Full textFerreira, Mariana Napolitano e. "Planejamento sistemático das unidades de conservação no Estado do Tocantins." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-21092011-094809/.
Full textThe growth of protected areas (PAs) in the last decades is considered one of the humanity\'s best efforts to refrain the current crisis of biodiversity. However, the global PA coverage is a simplified indicator; it is necessary to go further and assess whether PA systems represent the different components of biodiversity and ecological processes and are being managed effectively to ensure the maintenance of their values in the long term. The main goal of this study was to analyze the management effectiveness and representation of PA system in Tocantins State, assessing how the different levels of PA management may impact the systematic conservation planning process. Results indicated the existence of significant gaps in the implementation of Tocantins PAs, despite the relatively good performance found in some elements. The four most important threats to the PAs evaluated were: infrastructure, uncontrolled fires, hunting and cattle ranching. Analysis of the distribution of 109 vertebrates and plants indicated that selected species represent biogeographical patterns of Tocantins biota and that there are significant gaps in the protection of the species and biotic elements in the current PA system. In order to test for the effects of detected low management effectiveness and high levels of threat, we reduced the conservation status of protected areas by 25% and 50%. This resulted in an increase in the conservation area network needed to achieve targets of around 250,000 ha and 590,000 ha, respectively. Our results strongly indicate that the representation of PA systems depends on the persistency of biodiversity inside PAs, which are known to be impacted by high levels of threat associated to poor management effectiveness. Therefore, we advocate that biodiversity status within PAs should be incorporated in systematic conservation planning exercises. The definition of priority areas for the establishment of new reserves should be part of an integrated planning process that addresses both the consolidation of existing protected areas and broader strategies to mitigate the effects of major drivers of biodiversity loss outside reserves.
McClure, Alice. "Opportunity and connectivity : selecting land managers for involvement in a conservation corridor linking two protected areas in the Langkloof Valley, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007590.
Full textO'Hearn, Connor E. "Sustainable Coffee Farming in Hawai'i: Gathering GIS Data to Inform Development and Planning in the Rainforest and Protect Natural and Historic Features." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami161890711019104.
Full textGonçalves, Kívia Amadei. "A percepção de diferentes atores sociais sobre a qualidade ambiental em trilhas = estudo de caso : Parque Estadual de Itinguçu." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258664.
Full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: A divergência de opiniões dos vários setores da sociedade sobre os usos e as estratégias de conservação de um território costuma ser a responsável pelos conflitos insolúveis em tomadas de decisão em planos de manejo. Ela é normalmente conseqüente da percepção que os indivíduos têm sobre o território que está sendo planejado. São poucos os estudos que fazem avaliações que podem, efetivamente, conduzir a compreensão mútua e a conciliação dos diversos interesses, seja em direção ao uso, seja em direção à conservação. Sob essa perspectiva, este estudo objetiva identificar e comparar as diferenças de percepção sobre impactos ambientais em trilha entre moradores, visitantes e pesquisadores a partir de uma realidade existente em uma unidade de conservação. A área estudada foi a trilha Cachoeira do Paraíso, localizada no antigo Parque Estadual do Itinguçu, em São Paulo. Foram feitos tabelamentos e mapeamentos de indicadores de impactos antes e depois de picos de visitação, e a realidade diagnosticada foi comparada com os resultados obtidos por simulações fotográficas e entrevistas aplicadas aos grupos sociais. O cruzamento de dados das simulações foi realizado pelo desenho de curvas de aceitabilidade da situação diagnosticada. Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes da percepção sobre os impactos ambientais entre os três grupos sociais. Os moradores mostraram-se quase tão permissivos quanto os visitantes e bastante distante das perspectivas dos pesquisadores. Foram diagnosticadas diferenças em relação ao reconhecimento do impacto em tempo real, do grau de permissividade em relação aos impactos, da dispersão de opiniões e da capacidade de aceitabilidade dos impactos
Abstract: The divergences in opinion among the society groups about the uses and strategies for the territory conservation are usually the responsible for the conflicts in management planning decision. It is generally consequence of perception the individuals have over the territory that is being planned. The measure of this perception is hard because of diversity of variables involved. There are few studies that can, effectively, lead to mutual comprehension and conciliation of all the interests, directed to use or conservation. Under this perspective, this study aims to point a methodological way to identify the differences in perception about environmental impacts in trails among residents, visitants and researchers from a real situation in a conservation unit. The study area was de Paraiso Falls trail, in old Itinguçu State Park, São Paulo. Maps and tables of impact indicators were done before and after visit, and the observed reality was compared to results obtained by written and visual interviewing. The data analysis included qui-square and 1 proportion tests and acceptability graphs. It was expected that the comparison would permit to observe the differences within and among groups over the impacts in the Conservation Area
Mestrado
Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
Rees, Sian Elizabeth. "The value of marine conservation." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1005.
Full textKinouchi, Marcelo Rodrigues. "Da proximidade à vizinhança = desenho e gestão das zonas de amortecimento em unidades de conservação." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281017.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
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Resumo: Esta tese examina a conceituação, delineamento espacial e gestão das zonas de amortecimento (ZA) das unidades de conservação (UC) brasileiras. Inicialmente, são analisados os principais documentos técnicos e legais utilizados para orientar o planejamento e a gestão ambiental na proximidade das UCs. O estudo revelou que a definição formal da ZA é dúbia, e a do Entorno da unidade, inadequada. O primeiro problema pode ser reduzido se considerarmos o zoneamento como produto de uma dupla territorialidade, baseada na identificação de sítios ambientais específicos e suscetíveis a pressões particulares, conjugados sob a abrangência de um sistema socioecológico mais amplo, no qual se definem os instrumentos reguladores das atividades humanas impactantes. Considerando as recomendações técnicas governamentais para o desenho e manejo das UCs, estimei a extensão territorial total para as ZAs e para o entorno das unidades no Brasil. De acordo com tais estimativas, somente as zonas de amortecimento podem vir a representar 6,6% do território nacional. Analisei também esses dois tipos de áreas especiais quanto à ocorrência de focos de calor e desflorestamentos na Região Amazônica, identificados por sensoriamento remoto orbital nos anos de 2004 a 2006 (focos de calor) e de 1997 a 2006 (desflorestamentos). Em relação a estes dois indicadores de distúrbio antropogênico, nas UCs amazônicas localizadas em áreas sob intensa ocupação humana, as ZAs exibiram uma incidência relativamente menor de pressões que as outras áreas mais afastadas da UC, sugerindo a existência de um possível caráter protetor diferenciado nesse zoneamento. Analisando os Planos de Manejo de doze UCs federais (seis Parques Nacionais e seis Reservas Biológicas), procurei categorizar para esse conjunto de unidades: (1) o modo como comumente é estabelecido o desenho espacial de suas ZAs, (2) quais são as atividades e práticas humanas consideradas como mais ameaçadoras para as áreas protegidas e (3) que estratégias de intervenção são sugeridas para reduzir os impactos dessas ações humanas. Em geral, o delineamento das zonas de amortecimento permaneceu vinculado à largura padrão de 10 km, sugerida como dimensão referencial, e mesmo nas situações em que ocorreu algum refinamento no traçado desse zoneamento, não se notou um procedimento padrão para estabelecer tais ajustes territoriais. Entre as pressões observadas na proximidade dessas UCs, a poluição e a contaminação dos corpos hídricos circunvizinhos; a exploração excessiva dos recursos da fauna e flora; a ocorrência de queimadas sem controle, e o assoreamento dos corpos d'água foram as que mais concentraram a atenção dos gestores das unidades. A preocupação com tais pressões parece refletir o receio de que uma intensificação desses fenômenos resulte em ameaças diretas a área protegida, através da degradação de seus ambientes aquáticos, do comprometimento de sua conectividade regional, do incremento da extração clandestina de recursos e da propagação de incêndios para o seu interior, entre outros. Considerando as medidas propostas nos planejamento das UCs avaliadas, a ação governamental na proximidade das unidades foi delineada sob uma perspectiva ampla o bastante para abrigar tanto iniciativas protetoras da biodiversidade e dos processos ecológicos essenciais para a UC, como para promover condições potencialmente benéficas para as comunidades locais, por meio, especialmente, do estímulo ao desenvolvimento de atividades socioeconômicas de baixo impacto ambiental. Esse perfil da intervenção variou entre as unidades, mas, em geral, as ações sugeridas nos Planos de Manejo para reduzir as pressões externas ressaltam a intensificação do controle e da fiscalização ao redor das áreas protegidas. Por sua vez, a formulação de normas regulando ou restringindo as atividades humanas ameaçadoras nas ZAs não foi um procedimento comumente observado, apesar de ser o principal objetivo legal do zoneamento. Como estudo de caso, investiguei detalhadamente as pressões ambientais geradas pelas atividades humanas na proximidade da Estação Ecológica de Maracá (Estado de Roraima, Brasil), por meio de um modelo heurístico onde são representadas as principais conexões observadas entre os agentes locais, suas demandas, o modo específico como usam os recursos, os processos ecológicos associados a cada pressão e seus prováveis impactos no ecossistema regional. O modelo incorporou informações sobre a formação histórica e social dos diferentes grupos locais, visando identificar com maior precisão onde as intervenções são mais necessárias e em que condições elas são mais efetivas. As pressões da ocupação humana na proximidade da área protegida, e suas possíveis medidas mitigadoras, foram também identificadas pelos agentes locais, numa reunião participativa do Plano de Manejo da UC. Os dois diagnósticos se mostraram complementares, apontando a importância do uso de estratégias e instrumentos diversificados na identificação das medidas mais apropriadas para a ZA dessa unidade. Ao final, os resultados do trabalho são consolidados como recomendações para o desenho e gestão das zonas de amortecimento, tendo por princípio o reconhecimento da ZA como um território em que se desenvolvem dinâmicas sociais e ambientais particulares, que deve ser entendido como um espaço de ação e compromisso conjunto entre os gestores das UCs e os residentes da região, um lugar de vizinhança, de mútua identificação, de interdependência e de futuro comum
Abstract: The thesis examines the conceptualization, design and management of buffer zones (BZ) of Protected Areas (PA) in Brazil. Initially, I analyze the key technical and legal documents that guide the design and environmental management of buffer zones of protected areas. The formal definition of buffer zones is dubious and therefore inappropriate to guide their design. This problem can be reduced by considering BZs as a dual territoriality: the ensemble of localities susceptible to social pressures that engender risks to the enclosed PAs, combined with an socio-ecological territory in which threatening human activities are to be regulated. According to current guidelines, I estimate buffer zones alone to represent up to 6.6% of the Brazilian national territory. The occurrence of hot spots and deforestation in BZs in the Amazon region was analysed from 2004 to 2006 (fires) and 1997 to 2006 (deforestation), based on satellite images. The BZs in Amazon areas under higher human pressure showed a smaller incidence of those two kinds of events compared to areas more distant from their PAs, suggesting a protective effect of these zones. Next, in analysing the approved management plans of twelve Brazilian federal protected areas (six National Parks and six Biological Reserves), we examine: (1) the criteria for establishing the boundaries of their BZs, (2) which human activities and practices are identified as more threatening to the Pas, (3) which main intervention strategies are proposed to reduce the impacts of human actions. In general, the boundaries of BZs follow the general reference width of 10 km recommended for the buffer belt, and even in situations in which the area of the BZ was then refined, no standard procedure for these territorial adjustments. Human pressures highlighted in management plans as problems in the proximity of these twelve PAs included pollution and contamination of surrounding water bodies, overexploitation of natural resources, bush fires and siltation of water bodies. There is a manifest concern that an intensification of these phenomena can directly threaten the Protected Areas through the degradation of their environment, reduction of their ecological connectivity, increase in illegal extraction of resources and the spread of fires into the PAs. Proposed actions for BZs encompassed actions to protect biodiversity and ecological processes essential for reserves, as well as other actions meant to benefit local communities, through encouraging socioeconomic activities of low environmental impact. Intervention strategies varied among management plans but, in general, they proposed to reduce external pressures mainly through the intensification of control and surveillance around the reserve. The formulation of rules regulating or restricting human activities was not common to most management plans, though, according to law, this is the main goal of the establishment of the BZs themselves. As a case study, I examined in detail the human pressures in the proximity of Maraca Ecological Station (ESEC Maracá, State of Roraima, Brazil), through a heuristic model representing the connections between local actors, their demands, their modes of acquiring and employing resources, the ecological processes associated with those pressures and their likely impacts on the regional ecosystem. The model sought to incorporate information about the social and historical origins of various local groups, to identify more precisely where interventions are most needed and under what conditions they are expected to be most effective. I then describe the pressures of human occupation in the vicinity of the reserve and possible mitigation measures as identified by local actors that participated in a planning meeting held to assist the development of the Management Plan of the reserve. Both diagnoses proved to be complementary, showing the importance of using diverse strategies and instruments to identify the most appropriate proposals for the Buffer Zone of this reserve. In conclusion, results are presented with recommendations for planning and management of buffer zones, based on the recognition of the BZ as a territory in which both social and environmental dynamics unfold, and that therefore should be understood as an area of action and joint commitment of PA managers and local residents, a place of neighborliness, mutual identification and interdependence for a common future
Doutorado
Ambiente e Sociedade
Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade
Labruna, Márcio Bahia. "Governança regional em áreas protegidas: ecofronteiras e turismo no planejamento territorial do Mosaico Bocaina SP/RJ." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-05082015-140656/.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the processes of ecological conquest over a set of protected areas and their surrounding areas, involving urban and rural areas and traditional communities, as constituting \"ecofrontiers\" and its relation to tourism development in order to subsidize prospects for territorial planning in Mosaics of Protected Areas in Brazil. We reflected about how political territorial organization, conditioned to the environmental protection policies of environmental networks constitute geopolitical strategies of nature territorialization, unable to comprehend the scope of planning in the region, producing protected areas which do not enable economic, social and environmentally . Our methodological approach started from the analysis of ecofrontier as a category to study the spatial forms and territorial dynamics, involving areas with strong aesthetic and ecological value, where coexist different times, resulting in different inserts of place in the global network system, as well as different coexistences in places. As empirical research we chose the Bocaina Mosaic situated on the border between the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, with the territorial analysis focused on municipalities of São José do Barreiro, Cunha, Paraty and Ubatuba. The conflicts arising from the expansion of the ecofrontiers of Bocaina Mosaic and their integration in spatial planning in relation to other parallel processes of territorial development, such as tourism, remain to this day unresolved. The results not achieved in the implementation of Bocaina Mosaic, since its constitution, make us believe that its effectiveness undergoes changes involving broader governance processes working zonal and reticular logical of the network-territories and their development processes. These findings confirm our hypothesis that a proposal for integrated management of protected areas that transcend the limits of a municipality needs democratic and inclusive governance mechanisms that go beyond the sphere of the field of mosaics designed by National System of Conservation Units (SNUC). The background of socioenvironmental conflicts in the Bocaina Mosaic as a representative example of a national problem of territorial conflicts in a number of protected areas makes us believe that the territorial planning should seek to rebuild the city boundaries in which form the central core of preservation that give rise to ecofrontiers. Thus become necessary new governance mechanisms covering the network-territories of ecofrontiers in mosaics, valuing the social participation from the articulation of its actors at different scales, in order to establish territorial development projects less exclusionary and unequal.
Van, Vleet Eric. "From Passive to Active Community Conservation: A Study of Forest Governance in a Region of the Sierra Norte of Oaxaca, Mexico." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/823.
Full textPirró, Mariana Soares de Almeida. "Práticas de pesquisa de campo com comunidades tradicionais: contribuições para a gestão participativa do Arquipélago de Ilhabela - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-16112010-132607/.
Full textThe present dissertation contributes with the academic approaches to participative processes fostering the involvement of traditional populations in planning and managing insular protected areas, working with the local inhabitants of the islands and offering reflections based on experience with research, popular education and participative management in the archipelago of Ilhabela. Theoretical references in the field of geography and maritime anthropology will be presented along with an approach to territorial organization and spatial planning, followed by issues related to protected areas and policies of social inclusion. We aimed at building a concept of participativeaction- research based on popular education, presenting possible ways of working with traditional communities and of approaching them, using research and participative diagnosis techniques to study these communities and to conduct a population survey. Finally, we will present data and information about the Traditional Local Communities of the Ilhabela Archipelago based on our knowledge on the surveyed subjects and on the use of the techniques mentioned above, demonstrating that the information that is necessary to discuss the relation of the communities with the areas of protection can be collected while carrying out fieldwork activities. Furthermore, we will provide elements to support the reflection about the management of Ilhabela State Park and its planning, stressing the importance of recognizing the presence of the traditional populations in its interior and surroundings and focusing on the inclusion of these communities in the organization and participative management of protected areas. In conclusion, we will demonstrate that this type of approach enables the collection of data that is essential for reflecting about environmental and territory planning, besides, it configures itself as way of getting involved, bringing one another together and exchanging information. However, the process of appropriation and control of the management of the place where they live by local populations still has to face a long journey, with the aid of complimentary initiatives that foster participation.
Sabatino, Veronica 1973. "Comunidades tradicionais e sua implicação na conservação da Mata Atlântica : estudo de caso Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins (São Paulo)." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257916.
Full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Cada vez mais valorizamos a cultura tradicional e buscamos reconhecer seus elos com a sua paisagem. Todavia precisamos aumentar o nosso conhecimento, consolidar conceitos e desenvolver metodos para integrar os vários aspectos de intereses humanos e ecológicos. Sob essa abordagem, muitos estudos buscam reconhecer vínculos territoriais e históricos para atestar desempenhos pró-ambientais. Este trabalho defende a tese de que os atributos desses vínculos apresentam uma variabilidade espacial e temporal que, por sua vez, afeta o sucesso da conservação florestal. A área de estudo foi a Juréia-Itatins, uma Estação Ecológica, localizada em uma das áreas mais importantes da Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo. Foi proposto um procedimento metodológico para reconhecer os elos entre processos naturais e culturais baseado em fundamentos da ecologia da paisagem. Para tanto, a história de mais de quatro séculos de ocupação foi mapeada e qualificada, por meio de SIG (ArcGis 9.2). Esses dados foram interpretados em literatura, de forma a definir as naturezas da identidade tradicional da Juréia. O passo seguinte foi localizar as áreas que apresentaram maiores mudanças, em função dos impactos ambientais e movimento da populacao. Quatro atributos da identidade tradicional foram utilizados para avaliar a perda de características históricas.Para expressar as diferenças e semelhanças das ocupacoes foi construída uma matriz de representatividade histórica que permitiu delinear a identidade tradicional em fases de evolução. Finalmente, foram aplicadas duas métrica da paisagem para identificar os grupos mais ligados a conservação ambiental e aqueles com menor possibilidade de contato com o meio natural.Os resultados mostraram que as características da identidade tradicional foram continuamente modificadas ao longo do tempo. Porém, essas mudanças não foram igualmente distribuídas na paisagem; elas apresentaram um eixo do interior para as fronteiras da Unidade de Conservação, resultando em diferentes maneiras de relacionamento com a natureza.As avaliações permitiram inferir que o processo de planejamento deve considerar o eixo espaço/tempo. Essa informação revela interesses e caminhos de convívio com a natureza, por sua vez, determinam diferentes caminhos de conservação e manejo da paisagem
Abstract: We increasingly recognize the value of traditional culture and its relationship to landscape. However, we need to increase our knowledge, consolidate concepts and develop methods to integrate various aspects of ecological and human interest. Under this approach, many studies seek to recognize territorial and historical links to attest pro-environmental performances. This study considers that the attributes of these links have a spatial and temporal variability which, in turn, affects the success of forest conservation. The study area was Juréia-Itatins ¿ an Ecological Station located in one of the most important areas of the Atlantic Forest in São Paulo State. We proposed a methodological procedure to recognize the links between natural e cultural processes based on landscape ecology. So, the history occupation for over four centuries in the Juréia Forest were mapped and classified using GIS (ArcGIS 9.2). These data were interpreted in the literature in order to define the nature of the traditional Juréia identity. The next step was to locate the areas with highest change, according to the environmental impacts and population movement. Four attributes of traditional identity were used to assess the historical loss. To express the differences and similarities of occupations was built a matrix of historical representation allowing establishing the traditional identity evolution phases. Finally, we applied two landscape metrics to identify groups linked to environmental conservation and those with less ability to connect with the natural environment. The results showed that the traditional identity features were continuously changed over time. But this change is unequally distributed on the landscape; they showed a axis from inside to the boundaries of the conservation area, resulting in different ways of relationship with nature. The evaluation led to infer that the planning process should consider the axis space / time. This information may reveal interests and ways of living with nature which, in turn, determine different ways of conservation and landscape management
Doutorado
Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade
Doutora em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade
Lutgens, Helena Dutra. "Metodologia participativa aplicada ao manejo da zona de amortecimento das Estações Ecológica e Experimental de Itirapina, SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1702.
Full textProtected Areas represent a fundamental strategy for biodiversity conservation, yet it is essential to consider the inclusion of each in its regional context. The support and participation of society are very important to the conservation of these areas, especially with regard to their buffer zones. The aim of the present study was to develop a proposal for limits and management for the buffer zone of Itirapina protected areas, according to technical parameters and with the participation and integration of various groups of social actors, to support its effective implementation and maintenance of social and environmental functions provided by it. The research was based on the methodological principles of action research and was conducted in three stages:in the first of them was performed a dynamic analysis of the use and occupation of land in the study area and identification of groups of social actors from around the Itirapina protected areas; the second stage examined through semistructured qualitative interviews, the meaning of Itirapina protected areas and the role of the buffer zone from the perspective of groups of social actors from around these areas. The third stage brought together the people interviewed in the second step, in a planning workshop for a proposed definition of boundaries and zoning for the buffer zone of Itirapina protected areas.The surrounding population identified the goods and services provided by natural ecosystems, related them to the maintenance of environmental functions with the presence of protected areas in the region, reported changes in environmental functions due to human activities in the surrounding, and also are able to participate in decision-making processes that involve the protected areas and its buffer zone.
Unidades de conservação representam uma estratégia fundamental para a conservação da biodiversidade, entretanto é essencial considerar a inserção de cada uma delas em seu contexto regional, pois o apoio e a participação da sociedade são indispensáveis para a conservação dessas áreas, especialmente no que se refere às suaszonas de amortecimento. Tendo como objetivo elaborar uma proposta de limites e manejo para a zona de amortecimento das Estações Ecológica e Experimental de Itirapina, de acordo com parâmetros técnicos e com a participação dos diversos grupos de atores sociais interatuantes, visando subsidiar sua efetiva implantação bem como a manutenção das funções ambientais e sociais proporcionadas pelas mesmas, seguindo a orientação metodológica dos princípios da pesquisa-ação, o presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em três etapas: na primeira etapa foi realizada uma analise da dinâmica do uso e ocupação da terra na área de estudo e identificação dos grupos de atores sociais do entorno das áreas protegidas;a segunda etapa analisou, por meio de entrevistas qualitativas semiestruturadas, o significado das Estações Ecológica e Experimental de Itirapina e o papel da zona de amortecimento, na perspectiva dos grupos de atores sociais de seu entorno; a terceira etapa reuniu as pessoas, entrevistadas na segunda etapa, em uma oficina de planejamento para definição de uma proposta de limites e zoneamento para a zona de amortecimento das áreas protegidas de Itirapina. A população do entorno dessas áreas protegidas, identifica os bens e serviços proporcionados pelos ecossistemas naturais, relaciona a manutenção das funções ambientais com a presença das áreas protegidas na região, percebe alterações nas funções ambientais e as relaciona com as atividades humanas no entorno e está apta a participar de processos decisórios que envolvem as Estações Ecológica e Experimental e sua zona de amortecimento.
Veselin, Luburić. "Uvođenje novih upravljačkih mjera u zaštićenim područjima sa ciljem unapređenja modela zaštite prirode u Crnoj Gori." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=101047&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Full textThe need for an organized protection and management of protected natural areas emerged in the late XIX century. it coincides with the establishment of the first national park in the world, Yellowstone, USA. Areas of Durmitor, Lovcen and Biogradska Gora were formally declared national parks in 1952.Skadar Lake became protected area in1983, while the youngest national park Prokletije was declared in 2009. The youngest protected area in Montenegro is the Regional Park Piva.The fact that according to theConstitution Montenegro was declared the world's first ecological state, obliges all parties at local, regional and state level to actively engage in a process of organized management and protection of natural areas, as well as to work on improvementand sustainable usage of their resources. Primary function in all those processes should be the protection of natural elements, species and habitats.
Castro, Pozo Xennia Forno, and Palacios Miguel Ángel Soto. "¿Buscando Revertir la Desaceleración de la Economía a Través de la Reducción de los Estándares Regulatorios?: Un Análisis de los Aspectos Ambientales del Paquete de Reactivación Económica." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118207.
Full textLa economía mundial viene atravesando una fase de transición donde la inversión en proyectos de industrias extractivas se ha desacelerado drásticamente, lo cual conlleva a que muchos gobiernos compitan por generar incentivos regulatorios que vuelvan más atractivas sus jurisdicciones. En ese contexto, el Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas creó un Equipo Especializado de Seguimiento de la Inversión, cuyo propósito es identificar todos aquellos problemas y trabas que afectan la ejecución de las inversiones, a fin de proponer la adecuación de los marcos normativos. Es así que, a propuesta del referido equipo, recientemente fue aprobada por el Congreso la Ley No. 30230, conocida como el Paquete de Reactivación Económica, que contempla una serie de medidas vinculadas con la regulación ambiental y la inversión privada.Partiendo del análisis de las referidas medidas, los autores proponen que la Ley no busca reducir los estándares o exigencias ambientales, sino mas bien alcanzar aquella seguridad jurídica que permita otorgar certeza y predictibilidad a los inversionistas respecto del marcoregulatorio.
Jones, Esther Lane. "Spatial ecology of marine top predators." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12278.
Full textDOBROVOLSKI, Ricardo. "Biogeografia da conservação frente à expansão agrícola: conflitos e prioridades." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2640.
Full textAgriculture is the human activity with the greatest impact on the environment. Specifically, it represents the greatest threat to biodiversity. In the future, this activity should expand due to population growth, increased consumption and production of biofuels from food. To understand the possible impacts of this expansion on biodiversity, we used scenarios of land use change between 1970 and 2100 from IMAGE (Integrated Model to Access Global Environment) to test the following hypotheses: (i) areas considered as global priorities for conservation by international NGOs will be preferentially impacted by agricultural expansion in the XXI century, (ii) there is a conflict between the priority areas for carnivores conservation and agricultural expansion, and this conflict can be reduced by incorporating information on agricultural expansion in the prioritization process, (iii) the integration among countries for conservation planning may benefit both biodiversity and agricultural productivity, (iv) Brazilian protected areas will be impacted by agricultural expansion in the future and this impact will differ between protected areas of integral protection and those of sustainable use. We found that: (i) the impact on priority areas for conservation depends on the criteria by which they were set, so that areas defined by its high vulnerability are currently most affected than those of low vulnerability. Throughout the XXI century this impact is expected to increase, although the difference between the two types of priorities remains, except for High Biodiversity Wilderness Areas, defined by their low vulnerability in current time, but for which most pessimistic scenarios forecast an impact similar to priority areas of high vulnerability, (ii) there is a high spatial congruence between areas with high agricultural use in the future and priority areas for conservation of carnivores. This conflict can be reduced if the prioritization process include information on agricultural expansion; this incorporation, however, causes a profound change in the distribution of priority areas and reduces the number of protected carnivore populations, (iii) the integration of countries to create a set of priority areas for conservation that represents 17% of the land surface can protect 19% more mammal populations without reducing food production, compared to a strategy in which each country seeks to protect its territory independently, and (iv) the impact of agriculture in Brazil is expected to increase until the end of the century, threatening even the protected areas and their surroundings. This impact, however, should not be different between areas of sustainable use and those of integral protection. We conclude that agricultural expansion should remain a major threat to biodiversity in the future, even in areas of special interest for conservation. Conservation actions should be planned taking into account this threat in order to reduce their potential impacts. For this, countries like Brazil should strengthen its surveillance on agricultural expansion and on how this activity is developed. Furthermore, the integration of international conservation efforts should be pursued, given its benefits for biodiversity and food production. Finally, humanity must choose methods of agricultural production that reduce its impacts, including avoiding its future expansion, so as to meet the increasing needs of a human population globally.
A agricultura é a atividade humana com maior impacto sobre o ambiente. Particularmente, ela representa a maior ameaça à biodiversidade. No futuro, essa atividade deve expandir-se com o aumento populacional humano, o aumento do consumo e a produção de biocombustíveis a partir dos alimentos. Para entender os possíveis impactos dessa expansão sobre a biodiversidade, nós utilizamos cenários de mudança de uso do solo entre 2000 e 2100 do IMAGE (Integrated Model to Access Global Environment) para testar as seguintes hipóteses: (i) as áreas consideradas como prioridades globais de conservação pelas ONGs internacionais serão preferencialmente impactadas pela expansão agrícola no século XXI; (ii) há um conflito entre áreas prioritárias para a conservação de carnívoros e a expansão agrícola e esse conflito pode ser reduzido com a incorporação da informação sobre expansão agrícola no processo de priorização; (iii) a integração entre os países para o planejamento da conservação pode ser favorável à proteção da biodiversidade e à produção agrícola; (iv) no Brasil, as áreas protegidas serão impactadas pela expansão agrícola no futuro e esse impacto será diferente entre áreas de proteção integral e áreas de uso sustentável. Nós encontramos os seguintes resultados: (i) o impacto sobre as áreas prioritárias para a conservação depende dos critérios pelos quais elas foram definidas, assim, as áreas definidas por sua alta vulnerabilidade estão atualmente mais impactadas do que áreas de baixa vulnerabilidade. Ao longo do século XXI, o impacto geral da agricultura deve aumentar, mas a diferença entre os dois tipos de prioridades se mantém, exceto para as High Biodiversity Wilderness Areas, definidas por sua baixa vulnerabilidade, mas que nos cenários mais pessimistas podem ter um impacto agrícola semelhante ao das áreas de alta vulnerabilidade; (ii) há uma alta congruência espacial entre áreas com elevado uso agrícola no futuro e áreas prioritárias para a conservação de carnívoros; esse conflito pode ser reduzido se o processo de priorização incluir as informações sobre a expansão agrícola; a incorporação dessa informação, entretanto, provoca uma profunda alteração na distribuição das áreas prioritárias e reduz o número de populações de carnívoros protegidas; (iii) a integração entre os países para a criação de um conjunto de áreas prioritárias para conservação que represente 17% da superfície terrestre pode proteger 19% mais populações de mamíferos sem reduzir a produção de alimentos, se comparada a uma estratégia em que cada país busque proteger seu território independentemente; (iv) o impacto da agricultura no Brasil deve aumentar até o fim do século XXI, ameaçando inclusive as áreas protegidas e o seu entorno. Esse impacto, porém, não deve ser diferente entre as áreas de uso sustentável e aquelas de proteção integral. Assim, a expansão agrícola deve continuar a ser uma importante ameaça à biodiversidade no futuro, atingindo inclusive áreas de especial interesse para a conservação. As ações de conservação devem ser planejadas levando em consideração essa ameaça, a fim de reduzir seus impactos potenciais. Para isso, países como o Brasil devem reforçar sua vigilância sobre a expansão agrícola e a maneira como essa atividade é desenvolvida. Além disso, a integração internacional dos esforços de conservação deve ser buscada, dados seus benefícios para a biodiversidade e para a produção de alimentos. E por fim, a humanidade deve optar por formas de produção agrícola que reduzam seus impactos, inclusive evitando sua expansão futura, mas que possam satisfazer as necessidades da população humana globalmente.