Journal articles: 'Proteaceae – Western Australia – Southwestern'

1

Lamont, Byron B., Tianhua He, and Sim Lin Lim. "Hakea, the world’s most sclerophyllous genus, arose in southwestern Australian heathland and diversified throughout Australia over the past 12 million years." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 1 (2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt15134.

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Hakea (Proteaceae) currently comprises over 150 species, with two-thirds confined to south-western Australia (SWA) and the remainder spread throughout Australia, especially along the eastern coast. We constructed a time-based molecular phylogeny for the genus and used area-assignment techniques to trace its biogeographic history. According to our area-cladogram analysis, there is a 95% probability that Hakea arose 18 million years ago (Ma) in the sandplains of SWA. From 12 Ma, the genus speciated and migrated into forest and onto granite outcrops within SWA, into the drier centre and then continued to the maritime forests of eastern Australia (EA) 3000 km away, and north-east to savanna grasslands. The Nullarbor Plain was an obstacle but it did not prevent eastward migration. Twelve west➔east, apparently allopatric, speciation events are identified that coincided with glacial maxima, but more likely represent sympatric speciation in SWA or central Australia, followed by further migration and speciation➔extinction➔speciation events across central to EA. During the period from 8 to 1 Ma, net speciation has been linear and strong in the sclerophyll shrublands of SWA and, to a lesser extent, the sclerophyll forests of EA. Four lines of evidence (historical distribution of sclerophyllous Proteaceae, historical subjection to aridity, species diversification patterns, relative allocation of drought-adapted traits) support our area-cladogram results that Hakea originated in SWA and gradually spread to all parts of Australia as suitable nutrient-impoverished, and open drought- and fire-prone habitats became available.

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Groom, PK, and BB Lamont. "Ecogeographical Analysis of Hakea (Proteaceae) in South-Western Australia, With Special Reference to Leaf Morphology and Life Form." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 5 (1996): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960527.

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The genus Hakea Schrader (Proteaceae) has its world centre of diversity in south-western Australia; the majority (c. 70%) of species are endemic to this region. To examine the distribution of Hakea within south-western Australia, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used on species presence and bioclimatic parameters in 0.5° x0.5° latitude-longitude grid cells. Of the 12 bioclimatic attributes initially applied, annual temperature and rainfall data, and indices of their variation, were best related to species distribution. Clustering of the species (on the CCA ordination) produced five distinct groups (not including species near the origin of the ordination) roughly representing floristic regions of southwestern Australia (Avon, Irwin, Eyre-Roe, southern Darling, northern-central Darling). Species distribution was then related to four morphological groups based on their leaf type (broad, terete) and post-fire life form (non-sprouter, resprouter). The highest percentage of terete-leaved non-sprouters occurred in areas of low-moderate rainfall and large annual temperature ranges (Avon and Eyre-Roe clusters), whereas terete-leaved resprouters displayed a very patchy distribution, accounting for less than 20% of the hakeas present in most of the grid cells. Broad-leaved resprouters dominated areas of strongly seasonal rainfall (Irwin and northern-central Darling clusters), with few species occurring in the drier Avon and Eyre-Roe districts. Broad-leaved non-sprouters were best represented in areas of low annual temperature (southern Darling and Eyre-Roe clusters). The distribution of non-sprouters and resprouters may be due to climatic factors affecting seedling recruitment and/or fire frequencies. Leaf morphology appears to be more directly related to species distribution, as broad leaves are favoured in regions of medium-high, seasonal rainfall (less stressful habitats) while terete leaves are better adapted to tolerate hot, dry environments.

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3

Halling, Roy E., and Alex S. George. "An Introduction to the Proteaceae of Western Australia." Brittonia 38, no. 4 (October 1986): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807081.

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4

Itzstein-Davey, Freea. "The representation of Proteaceae in modern pollen rain in species-rich vegetation communities in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 2 (2003): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02048.

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The Proteaceae family is a large Gondwanan plant family with a major centre of richness in south-western Australia. Modern pollen–vegetation relationships in the two areas of species richness in the northern and southern sandplains of south-western Australia were investigated to calibrate fossil-pollen studies concurrently conducted on Eocene, Pliocene and Quaternary sediment. Results indicated that the Proteaceae component in modern pollen rain can be quite high, contributing up to 50% of the count. Some sites showed a dominant type (such as Banksia–Dryandra), whilst others had up to six different genera represented. Exactly how and when the biodiversity of Proteaceae in south-western Australia developed is unknown. This work provides a benchmark for comparisons with studied fossil material to unravel patterns of diversity of this family in south-western Australia.

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Hayes, Patrick E., Peta L. Clode, Caio Guilherme Pereira, and Hans Lambers. "Calcium modulates leaf cell-specific phosphorus allocation in Proteaceae from south-western Australia." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 15 (April 9, 2019): 3995–4009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz156.

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Abstract Over 650 Proteaceae occur in south-western Australia, contributing to the region’s exceptionally high biodiversity. Most Proteaceae occur exclusively on severely nutrient-impoverished, acidic soils (calcifuge), whilst only few also occur on young, calcareous soils (soil-indifferent), higher in calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The calcifuge habit of Proteaceae is explained by Ca-enhanced P toxicity, putatively linked to the leaf cell-specific allocation of Ca and P. Separation of these elements is essential to avoid the deleterious precipitation of Ca-phosphate. We used quantitative X-ray microanalysis to determine leaf cell-specific nutrient concentrations of two calcifuge and two soil-indifferent Proteaceae grown in hydroponics at a range of Ca and P concentrations. Calcium enhanced the preferential allocation of P to palisade mesophyll (PM) cells under high P conditions, without a significant change in whole leaf [P]. Calcifuges showed a greater PM [P] compared with soil-indifferent species, corresponding to their greater sensitivity. This study advances our mechanistic understanding of Ca-enhanced P toxicity, supporting the proposed model, and demonstrating its role in the calcifuge distribution of Proteaceae. This furthers our understanding of nutrient interactions at the cellular level and highlights its importance to plant functioning.

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Carpenter, RJ, and M. Pole. "Eocene plant fossils from the Lefroy and Cowan paleodrainages, Western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 8, no. 6 (1995): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9951107.

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Forty-two dispersed cuticle taxa are described from late Middle Eocene drill core samples in the Lefroy and Cowan paleodrainages (Kambalda–Norseman region), Western Australia. They are preserved in fluvial-marginal marine sediments of the Pidinga and Werillup Formations. Thirty-four distinct cuticle taxa occur in the richest sample including Cupressaceae, Araucariaceae (Agathis), Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Acmopyle, Dacrydium), Cunoniaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Casuarinaceae (Gymnostoma), Nothofagus subgenus Lophozonia and tribes Embothrieae, Macadamieae and Banksieae of the Proteaceae. The presence of at least 12 taxa of Proteaceae provides further support for palynological evidence of a rich proteaceous component in Eocene Western Australian assemblages.

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7

Taylor, Gary S., and Melinda L. Moir. "Further evidence of the coextinction threat for jumping plant-lice: three new Acizzia (Psyllidae) and Trioza (Triozidae) from Western Australia." Insect Systematics & Evolution 45, no. 3 (July 24, 2014): 283–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876312x-00002107.

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Three new species of jumping plant-lice (Psylloidea) are described from Western Australia. Acizzia hughesae sp.n. occurs on Acacia veronica Maslin (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), A. mccarthyi sp.n. on an undescribed species of Grevillea (Proteaceae) identified by the Western Australian State Government as in need of conservation action (Grevillea sp. ‘Stirling Range’) and Trioza barrettae sp.n. from the critically endangered Banksia brownii (Proteaceae). These new species of jumping plant-lice are considered rare, and at risk of extinction, or coextinction, as they are recorded from plant species with highly restricted distributions in the south-west of Western Australia. Indeed, the Western Australian State Government recently classified two of the three new jumping plant-lice species as threatened.

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8

Bell, David T., Julie A. Plummer, and Susan K. Taylor. "Seed germination ecology in southwestern Western Australia." Botanical Review 59, no. 1 (January 1993): 24–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02856612.

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9

Pole, Mike. "The Proteaceae record in New Zealand." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97019.

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Proteaceae pollen appeared in New Zealand during the Late Cretaceous and increased in diversity until the Early–mid Eocene. Diversity then decreased, reducing to the present two species in the Early Pleistocene. Proteaceae macrofossils extend back to the Early Paleocene. Twelve parataxa of Proteaceae dispersed cuticle are documented. These include two new parataxa of unknown affinity from the Paleocene, and nine new parataxa from the Miocene and one previously recorded from Western Australia. Three of these are identified as species of Helicia, Macadamia and Musgravea, one has affinities with Gevuininae–Hicksbeachia, and one with Tribe Embothrieae.

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10

Makinson, Robert, and Peter Olde. "A new species of Grevillea (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) from south-west Western Australia." Telopea 4, no. 2 (March 1, 1991): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea19914933.

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11

Bunn, Eric, and Kingsley W. Dixon. "Micropropagation of Stirlingia latifolia (Proteaceae), an Important Cut Flower from Western Australia." HortScience 27, no. 4 (April 1992): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.4.368.

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12

Cowling, Richard M., and Byron B. Lamont. "On the Nature of Gondwanan Species Flocks: Diversity of Proteaceae in Mediterranean South-western Australia and South Africa." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 4 (1998): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97040.

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The Proteaceae, a Gondwanan family, are richly represented in South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region (CFR) (331 species, 14 genera) and Australia’s South West Botanical Province (SWBP) (682 species, 16 genera). Both of these regions have mediterranean-type climates, infertile soils, similar geomorphic and climatic histories, and show strong convergences in plant form and function. There are many similarities in the patterns and ecological correlates of diversity in the CFR and SWBP Proteaceae. First, both floras are overwhelmingly endemic, with many large genera and correspondingly high species to genus ratios, indicating massive in situ diversification (species flocks). Second, on both continents, high habitat (mainly edaphic) specialisation leads to similar levels of beta diversity. Third, most species are non-sprouters (i.e. killed by fire) and of intermediate size. There are, however, several divergences in these patterns and correlates. First, in the SWBP, Proteaceae invariably emerge as one of the largest families in florulas, whereas they occupy a much lower rank in the CFR. Second, species numbers in the SWBP peak in landscapes having intermediate levels of annual rainfall, whereas CFR Proteaceae diversity peaks in the wettest areas. Third, local diversity is higher in the SWBP where Proteaceae have exploited a wider array of temporal and spatial habitats than in the CFR. Fourth, despite lower environmental heterogeneity in the SWBP, gamma (geographical) diversity is higher there. Fifth, as a result of higher local and gamma diversity, regional richness in the SWBP is more than double that of the CFR. Finally, sprouting, serotiny, bird-pollination and tall stature are proportionally more important traits in the SWBP than the CFR where most species are low, non-sprouting, myrmecochorous, insect-pollinated shrubs. Subtle differences in the historical and contemporary climates of the two regions have resulted in different processes leading to the origin of these species flocks. In the CFR, milder conditions have favoured non-sprouters (short generation times): species have accumulated largely as a result of lineage turnover. Harsher conditions in the SWBP have favoured sprouters: here species have accumulated as a result of both persistence and turnover.

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13

JORDAN, GREGORY J. "Early-Middle Pleistocene leaves of extinct and extant Proteaceae from western Tasmania, Australia." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 118, no. 1 (May 1995): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1995.tb00458.x.

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14

HUTCHINSON, PAUL M., and PETER G. ALLSOPP. "Cavonus Sharp, 1875 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini: Pseudoryctina) in Western Australia with description of a new species and the female of Cavonus sculpturatus Blackburn, 1888." Zootaxa 4852, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4852.4.3.

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The species of Cavonus Sharp, 1875 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini: Pseudoryctina) from Western Australia, Australia are revised and Cavonus fovealacus new species is described from southwestern Western Australia. The female attributed to Epironastes nigrisetosus Carne, 1957 is redescribed as the female of Cavonus sculpturatus Blackburn, 1888, as is the male of C. sculpturatus. Cavonus latecavatus Dupuis, 2017, from near Menzies in southwestern Western Australia, is transferred to Carneoryctes Özdikmen, 2009 as Carneoryctes latecavatus (Dupuis), new combination. Habitat descriptions, a distributional map, and revised keys to accommodate the new species are presented.

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15

Vaghefi, Parshin, and Bofu Yu. "Validation of CLIGEN Parameter Adjustment Methods for Southeastern Australia and Southwestern Western Australia." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 7 (July 1, 2017): 2011–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0237.1.

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Abstract Global climate models (GCMs) are usually used for future climate projections. Model output from GCMs needs to be downscaled and stochastic weather generators such as Climate Generator (CLIGEN) are tools to downscale GCM output and to produce synthetic weather sequences that are statistically similar to the observed weather data. Two methods of adjusting CLIGEN parameters were developed to reproduce precipitation sequences for southeastern Australia (SEA), where significant changes in annual precipitation had occurred, and for southwestern Western Australia (SWWA), where the precipitation has shown a significant decreasing trend since the 1920s. The adjustment methods have been validated using observed precipitation data for these regions. However, CLIGEN outputs ultimately will be used as input to other simulation models. The objective of this research was to further validate the methods of CLIGEN parameter adjustment using conceptual hydrological models to simulate streamflow and to compare the streamflow using observed and CLIGEN-generated precipitation data. Six precipitation sites from SEA and SWWA were selected and synthetic time series of daily precipitation were generated for these sites. Conceptual hydrological models, namely, the Australian Water Balance Model and SimHyd, were used for flow simulation and were calibrated using recorded daily streamflow data from six gauging stations in SEA and SWWA. Both monthly and annual streamflow show statistically similar patterns using observed and CLIGEN-generated precipitation data. The adjustment methods for CLIGEN parameters are further validated and can be used to reproduce the significant changes, both abrupt and gradually decreasing, in streamflow for these two climatically contrasting regions of Australia.

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Holmes, Gareth D., Peter H. Weston, Daniel J. Murphy, Carolyn Connelly, and David J. Cantrill. "The genealogy of geebungs: phylogenetic analysis of Persoonia (Proteaceae) and related genera in subfamily Persoonioideae." Australian Systematic Botany 31, no. 2 (2018): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16052.

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Proteaceae subfamily Persoonioideae, as presently circumscribed, consists of the monogeneric tribe Placospermeae (Placospermum) and the tribe Persoonieae. The latter comprises the diverse genus Persoonia and monospecific genera found in New Zealand (Toronia), New Caledonia (Garnieria) and south-western Western Australia (Acidonia). Persoonia has 101 species distributed across Australia and has been classified into 11 informal groups. Using data derived from plastid DNA (trnL–trnF region), nuclear rDNA (ITS) and morphological characters, we constructed a phylogeny of Persoonioideae and compared the results to the existing classification. Bayesian and parsimony analyses indicated that Persoonia, as currently defined, is non-monophyletic. The molecular data and combined molecular and morphological data place Toronia in a moderately well supported clade with the monophyletic Rufiflora group of Persoonia from Western Australia. This clade is sister to Acidonia, Garnieria and the remaining Persoonia species. Of the other informal groups in Persoonia, the Teretifolia, Quinquenervis, Laurina, Arborea, Graminea and Chapmaniana groups are supported as monophyletic. The Lanceolata group can be re-circumscribed to be monophyletic by the addition of P. elliptica R.Br. (Longifolia group) and the Dillwynioides group. Relationships within this large, geographically widespread clade are largely unresolved and low DNA-sequence variation within it suggests a recent radiation followed by isolation in south-western and eastern Australia. All endemic Tasmanian Persoonia (Gunnii group taxa) are unresolved at the second-most basal node of the Persoonieae. Our results suggest that the Rufiflora group should be treated as a new genus and that the infrageneric taxonomy of Persoonia requires minor amendment.

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17

Shearer, BL, and M. Dillon. "Susceptibility of Plant Species in Banksia Woodlands on the Swan Coastal Plain, Western Australia, to Infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 4 (1996): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960433.

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Estimates of the susceptibility of plant species in Banksia woodland to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands were obtained by determining the incidence of plant death and frequency of isolation of the pathogen, among species occurring in 46 disease centres on the Swan Coastal Plain south of Perth, Western Australia. In the disease centres, dicotyledons outnumbered monocotyledons. About half of all species occurring in the disease centres were from four families of dicotyledons, with the largest number of species from the Myrtaceae, Proteaceae and Papilionaceae. The greatest number of species of monocotyledons were from the Anthericaceae and Cyperaceae. No deaths were recorded for 47% of species found in three or more disease centres. These species were mainly from the Cyperaceae, Haemodoraceae, Myrtaceae and Papilionaceae. The species that tended to die frequently in disease centres were mainly from the Papilionaceae, Proteaceae, Epacridaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae and the Zamiaceae. Phytophthora cinnamomi was isolated from 26 of the 95 species occurring in three or more disease centres. For most species, the frequency of isolation of P. cinnamomi from recently dead plants was much less than the frequency of dead plants sampled. Isolation from plants was less frequent than from adjacent soil. The pathogen was isolated from recently dead plants or soil mainly for species of the Proteaceae, Myrtaceae, Papilionaceae, Dasypogonaceae, Iridaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae. Cross-tabulation of species by incidence of plant death and isolation of P. cinnamomi from plant and soil, provided the opportunity to classify the response of plant species to infection by P. cinnamomi.

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18

Dentith, M. C., V. F. Dent, and B. J. Drummond. "Deep crustal structure in the southwestern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia." Tectonophysics 325, no. 3-4 (October 2000): 227–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00119-0.

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19

Whitau, Rose, India Ella Dilkes-Hall, Dorcas Vannieuwenhuyse, Sue O’Connor, and Jane Balme. "The curious case of Proteaceae: macrobotanical investigations at Mount Behn rockshelter, Bunuba country, Western Australia." Australian Archaeology 84, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.2018.1454656.

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20

Allen, T. I. "Empirical Attenuation of Ground-Motion Spectral Amplitudes in Southwestern Western Australia." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 96, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 572–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120040238.

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21

Lilley, Ian. "Recent Research In Southwestern Western Australia: A Summary Of Initial Findings." Australian Archaeology 36, no. 1 (November 1993): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03122417.1993.11681480.

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22

Pidgeon, R. T., and A. A. Nemchin. "1.2 Ga Mafic dyke near York, southwestern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 5 (October 2001): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00895.x.

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23

Pidgeon, R. T., and A. A. Nemchin. "1.2 Ga Mafic dyke near York, southwestern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, no. 5 (October 2001): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.485895.x.

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24

Gavin, Lisa J., Thomas Hoskin, Ben Witten, James Deeks, Rie Kamei, Jelena Markov, and Jeffrey Shragge. "Geophysical remote sensing of historical Aboriginal gravesites in southwestern Western Australia." Leading Edge 33, no. 12 (December 2014): 1348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle33121348.1.

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25

Carpenter, Raymond J., Myall Tarran, and Robert S. Hill. "Leaf fossils of Proteaceae subfamily Persoonioideae, tribe Persoonieae: tracing the past of an important Australasian sclerophyll lineage." Australian Systematic Botany 30, no. 2 (2017): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16045.

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Fossils from the Eocene of South Australia and Western Australia and the Oligo–Miocene of Victoria represent the first known Australian leaf fossils of subfamily Persoonioideae, tribe Persoonieae. Persoonieaephyllum blackburnii sp. nov. is described from Middle Eocene Nelly Creek sediments near Lake Eyre, South Australia. Persoonieae are an important clade for understanding vegetation transitions in Australasia. The Nelly Creek leaf fossils are small (~6mm wide) and belong to an assemblage that has some characteristics of open vegetation, which is also inferred for the Oligo–Miocene of the Latrobe Valley, Victoria. In contrast, the Western Australian Late Eocene Persoonieae occur with diverse Lauraceae and other elements now typical of closed rainforests, and may, therefore, have been derived from communities that are unlike those in which most Persoonieae now occur. All fossil Persoonieae leaves so far known are hypostomatic (or virtually so), a state of stomatal distribution now only found in species of reasonably mesic habitats in New Zealand, New Caledonia and eastern Australian eucalypt forests. The ancestral state of stomatal distribution in Persoonieae leaves is unclear, but evidence suggests ancient associations of amphistomaty with open habitats, evolutionary loss of adaxial stomata in more closed vegetation, and the evolution of pronounced xerophylly within south-western Australian heathlands.

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Thiele, K., and PY Ladiges. "A cladistic analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 5 (1996): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960661.

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Banksia is a genus of more than 90 taxa, many of which are common and characteristic in sclerophyll communities in eastern and south-western Australia. Cladistic analyses based on morphological and anatomical characters were used to resolve relationships in the genus. An initial analysis of 35 terminal taxa, including 9 infrageneric taxa assumed to be monophyletic on the basis of one or more synapomorphies, allowed resolution of basal nodes. Subsequent analyses of the putatively monophyletic infrageneric taxa allowed resolution of distal nodes. Some of these lower-level analyses used a mixture of qualitative characters and coded morphometric characters. Together, the analyses afforded a high degree of resolution within the genus, although relationships of some taxa were not well supported. A new infrageneric classification, in which Banksia is divided into 2 subgenera, 12 series and 11 subseries, is proposed. The classification is broadly similar to previously published classifications of the genus, but discards a number of taxa shown to be para- or poly-phyletic. The following new names are published: Banksia series Lindleyanae K.Thiele, series Ochraceae K.Thiele, subseries Leptophyllae K.Thiele, subseries Longistyles K.Thiele, subseries Nutantes K.Thiele, subseries Sphaerocarpae K.Thiele, subseries Cratistyles K.Thiele, subseries Acclives K.Thiele, subseries Integrifoliae K.Thiele, subseries Ericifoliae K.Thiele, subseries Occidentales K.Thiele and subseries Spinulosae K.Thiele. New combinations are provided for Banksia penicillata (A.S.George) K.Thiele, B. brevidentata (A.S.George) K.Thiele, B. hiemalis (A.S.George) K.Thiele and B. dolichostyla (A.S.George) K.Thiele.

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Itzstein-Davey, Freea. "A spatial and temporal Eocene palaeoenvironmental study, focusing on the Proteaceae family, from Kambalda, Western Australia." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 131, no. 3-4 (September 2004): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.03.008.

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Hayes, Patrick E., Peta L. Clode, Caio Guilherme Pereira, and Hans Lambers. "Analysing Cell Level Allocation of Calcium and Phosphorus in Leaves of Proteaceae from South-Western Australia." Microscopy and Microanalysis 25, S2 (August 2019): 1080–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619006135.

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Touchell, DH, KW Dixon, and B. Tan. "Cryopreservation of Shoot-Tips of Grevillea scapigera (Proteaceae): a Rare and Endangered Plant From Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 3 (1992): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920305.

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Cryopreservation of leaf, petiole, stem pieces and shoot-tips was investigated as a means for long-term maintenance of germplasm of the rare and endangered species, Grevillea scapigera A.S. George. Crypreservation was only achieved using shoot-tips or axillary buds and a slow-cooling regime with the aid of an improvised freezing device. The highest survival of thawed explants (20%) was obtained with 4-week-old in vitro shoot-tips cultured for 48 h in a prefreezing liquid culture medium supplemented with 5% dimethylsulfoxide. The pretreated shoot-tips were frozen in a liquid medium containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide cooled at a rate of 0.5°C/min to -40°C and held at this temperature for 30 min before being plunged into liquid nitrogen. Shoot-tips that survived the freeze-thaw cycle produced callus followed by shoot production 22 weeks after thawing. All shoots regenerated from thawed tissues and transferred to soil appeared phenotypically identical to untreated control shoots and plants. Rapid methods for assessing post-thaw tissue viability and explant recovery using triphenyltetrazolium chloride were tried but these methods were inadequate for determining the capacity of thawed tissues to recover from freeze damage.

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Merritt, D. J., D. H. Touchell, K. W. Dixon, J. A. Plummer, and D. W. Turner. "Moisture content influences survival of cryostored seed of Banksia ashbyi (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 5 (2000): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99033.

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Seed survival of cryostorage (–196˚C) was examined for Banksia ashbyi (E.G.Baker), a tree species endemic to Western Australia. Seeds were cryostored over a moisture content range of 3–30%. Moisture contents of 18–20% significantly depressed survival for seed of all ages tested (1 month to 13 years old). Cryostorage at seed moisture contents below 18% did not affect seed germination or vigour (radicle growth). Seed age influenced survival with freshly harvested seeds showing a greater tolerance to cryostorage at high moisture contents than older seeds. Exotherms, indicating ice formation within seed tissues, were detected by thermal analysis at seed moisture contents above the critical. However, there was no increase in electrolyte efflux from seeds frozen at lethal moisture contents, suggesting the plasma membrane of cells remained intact. This study shows that seed storage physiology of a Western Australian species is similar to that of other orthodox species and that cryostorage may be successfully applied for conservation of native species without detrimental effects on germination and growth.

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Downing, Trisha L., Marco F. Duretto, and Pauline Y. Ladiges. "Morphological analysis of the Grevillea ilicifolia complex (Proteaceae) and recognition of taxa." Australian Systematic Botany 17, no. 3 (2004): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb03026.

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A morphological study of herbarium and field-collected specimens, using phenetic techniques of agglomerative classification, ordination and minimum spanning trees, and covering the geographic range of the Holly Grevillea, G.�ilicifolia (R.Br.) R.Br. sensu lato, has resulted in the recognition of three species and four subspecies. The taxa are based on leaf form, noted by previous authors to be highly variable between populations. The taxa recognised here are G.�ilicifolia, G.�ilicifolia subsp. ilicifolia (typical, kite-shaped leaf form), G.�ilicifolia subsp. lobata (F.Muell.) T.L.Downing comb. et stat. nov. (oak-shaped leaf form), G.�dilatata (R.Br.) T.L.Downing comb. et stat. nov. (fan-shaped leaf form), G.�angustiloba (F.Muell.) T.L.Downing comb. et stat. nov., G.�angustiloba subsp. angustiloba (narrow-lobed leaf form) and G.�angustiloba subsp. wirregaensis T.L.Downing subsp. nov. (very narrow-lobed leaf form). The rank of subspecies is used where there are some intermediate plants between forms. Grevillea ilicifolia subsp. ilicifolia is the most widespread taxon and occurs in South Australia, western Victoria and in two localities in New South Wales. Grevillea angustiloba subsp. wirregaensis has the most restricted range, occurring in semi-arid regions near Wirrega in South Australia. Grevillea dilatata is largely endemic to Kangaroo Island, South Australia.

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Franklin, Donald C., and Richard A. Noske. "Nectar sources used by birds in monsoonal north-western Australia: a regional survey." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 4 (2000): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98089.

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We document the flora that provides nectar for birds in monsoonal north-western Australia, and examine the relationship between floral morphology and bird morphology in the region. Twenty-four regular nectarivores (21 honeyeaters, two lorikeets, one white-eye) and 29 opportunist species have been observed probing the flowers of 116 species of plants from 28 families. Amongst the nectar sources, the Myrtaceae is dominant in both the number of species and frequency of use, followed distantly by the Proteaceae and Loranthaceae. Variation between bird species in patterns of use of different floral structures primarily reflected the habitats occupied rather than shared or co-evolved morphology. Woodland birds made particular use of staminiferous cups, mangal specialists particular use of open sepaliferous and petaliferous flowers, and forest specialists and habitat generalists intermediate use of these flower types. Bird–flower relationships in monsoonal Australia may be generalised because of a combination of the dominance of mass-flowering myrtaceous trees, aridity during past glacials that may have eliminated specialists from the system, and perhaps also because many nectar sources are shared with bats.

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Jordan, C. C., M. H. Brims, E. J. Speijers, and E. M. Davison. "Myxomycetes on the bark of Banksia attenuata and B. menziesii (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 4 (2006): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05079.

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Myxomycetes on the bark of dead Banksia attenuata and B. menziesii from the Perth metropolitan area of Western Australia were surveyed by the moist chamber technique, to determine whether the flora was similar on both hosts and what were the most important variables that determined the distribution of the most common species. Twenty-seven species of myxomycetes were recovered, including six new records for Australia (Comatricha rigidireta, Echinostelium elachiston, Paradiacheopsis cf. cribrata, P. rigida, Stemonitopsis amoena and S. cf. hyperopta). Members of the order Stemonitales comprised the largest number of species, whereas members of the Liceales occurred on the most bark pieces. The most common species were Licea kleistobolus, Echinostelium minutum, Comatricha elegans, Cribraria minutissima and Paradiacheopsis fimbriata. Overall, B. menziesii and B. attenuata had very similar myxomycete productivity, diversity and species assemblage, as did the tops and bottoms of the logs. It was concluded that they provided very similar microhabitats for myxomycetes. Both pH and the relative moisture content of the bark had an effect on myxomycete productivity. Bark decomposition level, pH and bark surface (top or bottom) were the most important variables determining the distribution of the most common myxomycete species.

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Mack, Charlotte L., and Lynne A. Milne. "New Banksieaeidites species and pollen morphology in Banksia." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 5 (2016): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb15049.

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Cookson (1950) erected the fossil pollen genus Banksieaeidites to accommodate palynomorphs with characters resembling those of the extant Proteaceae genus Banksia. One of the most commonly reported species, Banksieaeidites arcuatus Stover & A.D.Partr., is now known to more closely resemble pollen of the Proteaceae subtribe Musgraveinae, than that of subtribe Banksiinae. The late Eocene Mulga Rock deposits in the southern Officer Basin of Western Australia have yielded palynofloras that contain up to 7% of two new species that can confidently be aligned with pollen of modern Banksia. Banksieaeidites davidsonii sp. nov. and B. rugulus sp. nov. are formally described, and pollen from eight extant Banksia are described and compared with the two fossil species. The variation in extant Banksia L.f. pollen morphology, and that between the two Banksia subgenera (B. subgenus Banksia and B. subgenus Spathulatae A.R.Mast & K.R.Thiele) are discussed, and the changes in the morphology of Banksia pollen grains as they mature are reported.

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Holmes, Gareth D., Trisha L. Downing, Elizabeth A. James, Mark J. Blacket, Ary A. Hoffmann, and Michael J. Bayly. "Phylogeny of the holly grevilleas (Proteaceae) based on nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA." Australian Systematic Botany 27, no. 1 (2014): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb13045.

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The holly grevilleas are an informal grouping of 15 species (19 taxa) of woody shrubs from south-eastern Australia, with a centre of distribution in central to western Victoria. Many of the species are narrowly endemic. The present study is the first molecular-phylogenetic analysis of the group, with the aim of providing an evolutionary framework for assessing species-level taxonomy and conservation priorities. Analyses using the nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were complicated by the presence of divergent paralogues, including inferred pseudogenes; analyses restricted to presumed orthologous, functional ITS sequences were uninformative. Combined analyses of three chloroplast intergenic spacers (trnQ–5′rps16, trnL–trnF and rpoB–trnC) strongly support the monophyly of a core group of 16 taxa (the ‘southern holly grevilleas’) from Victoria and South Australia. However, nodes outside this group are poorly resolved and poorly supported, and the relationships of taxa from New South Wales and eastern Victoria (the ‘northern holly grevilleas’) are unclear. Among the southern holly grevilleas, the following four distinct and partly sympatric cpDNA clades are identified: the ‘Grevillea ilicifolia’, ‘G. aquifolium’, ‘G. dryophylla’ and ‘G. repens’ clades, among which the earliest and most strongly supported divergence is that of the western-most ‘G. ilicifolia’ clade. Variation in cpDNA is incongruent with current species-level taxonomy, especially for G. aquifolium (polyphyletic), G. montis-cole (polyphyletic, but the two subspecies each monophyletic) and G. microstegia (nested in G. aquifolium). The effects of incomplete chloroplast lineage sorting, gene flow through hybridisation or introgression, and inappropriate taxonomy are possible explanations for this incongruence. The formal conservation listing for some species within the holly grevillea group requires re-evaluation.

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Bradbury, Donna, Rachel M. Binks, David J. Coates, and Margaret Byrne. "Conservation genomics of range disjunction in a global biodiversity hotspot: a case study of Banksia biterax (Proteaceae) in southwestern Australia." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 127, no. 2 (April 27, 2019): 390–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blz050.

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Heliyanto, Bambang, Erik J. Veneklaas, Hans Lambers, and Siegfried L. Krauss. "Preferential outcrossing in Banksia ilicifolia (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 2 (2005): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04011.

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The breeding system of Banksia ilicifolia was assessed by performing controlled hand-pollination manipulations on flowers in a natural population in Perth, Western Australia. The percentage of 2000 flowers per treatment converted to fruits and seeds was assessed across 24 recipient plants following (1) self-pollination, (2) local outcross pollination (same population), (3) non-local outcross pollination (pollen sourced from another population 30 km away), (4) unpollinated but bagged flowers and (5) unpollinated, unbagged flowers (natural pollination). The relative performance of the resulting seeds was assessed by seed weight, germination rates and, in an unplanned component of the study, resistance to a fungal pathogen. The percentage of flowers converted to fruits following self-pollination was low (0.9%), but demonstrated self-compatibility. Fruit set following cross-pollinations (3.6 and 3.3% for non-local and local crosses, respectively) was significantly greater than that following self-pollination, open-pollination (0.4%) and autogamous (0.04%) treatments. Low fruit set for open-pollinated flowers, compared with self- and outcross-pollination treatments, suggests pollen limitation. Pollen tubes were observed in 15 and 20% of upper styles of flowers hand-pollinated with self and local outcross pollen, respectively. Seed germination was dependent on the source of pollen, where fewer selfed seeds germinated (37%) than did both non-local and local outcrossed seeds (83 and 91%, respectively). Selfed seedlings showed poorer survival (33.3%) following fungal attack than both non-local and local outcrossed seeds (69.2 and 68.5%, respectively). Only 13% of selfed seeds survived to be 2-month-old seedlings, compared with 63% for non-local and 57% for local outcrossed seeds. Ultimately, for 2000 flowers hand-pollinated with self pollen, only three seedlings survived to an age of 16 weeks, compared with 37 and 45 seedlings for local-cross and non-local cross treatments on 2000 hand-pollinated flowers, respectively. These results indicate that in this population, B. ilicifolia is self-compatible, but preferentially outcrossing, with strong early acting inbreeding depression. Consequently, the breeding system of B. ilicifolia promotes the maintenance of genetic variation and a high genetic load.

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Pidgeon, R. T., and T. J. F. Cook. "1214 +- 5 Ma dyke from the Darling Range, southwestern Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 50, no. 5 (October 2003): 769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-0952.2003.01024.x.

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39

Hill, Robert S. "Fossil evidence for the onset of xeromorphy and scleromorphy in Australian Proteaceae." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 4 (1998): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97016.

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The morphological response of leaves to low nutrient levels and low phosphorus (scleromorphy) in particular, has become confused in the literature with the response to low water levels (xeromorphy). However, the two can be reconciled to some degree, particularly when it becomes clear that the earliest Proteaceae in the fossil record are scleromorphic, but occurred in very wet climates, where excessive water on the leaf surface was probably a major problem. Unequivocal xeromorphic characters are interpreted as those that increase the boundary layer and thus reduce water loss per unit of leaf surface area without improving water repellancy from the surface. The clearest characters in this regard are the presence of stomata in pits, stomata individually enclosed by raised structures or revolute leaf margins. None of these characters appears prior to the Late Eocene in south-western Australia and the Oligocene in south-eastern Australia, suggesting that xeromorphy arose relatively late, at least in the areas wherefossil deposits occur. A dense covering of trichomes, often interpreted as a xeromorphic response, is here considered to have had the primary function of keeping water off the leaf surface, although it may have been exapted to a xeromorphic function when dry conditions arose. Thus scleromorphy and xeromorphy appear to have arisen at distinctly different times in Australian Proteaceae, with the latter not being a convincingly pre–Late Eocene phenomenon.

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Davison, E. M., and F. C. S. Tay. "Management of tar spot disease caused by Phyllachora grevilleae subsp. grevilleae on Hakea myrtoides (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 5 (2010): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10008.

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Hakea myrtoides Meisn. is an attractive shrub that has a restricted distribution in the south-west of Western Australia. It is not killed by fire but re-sprouts from basal lignotubers. Its leaves are often severely affected by tar spot disease, caused by the biotrophic, stromatic ascomycete Phyllachora grevilleae (Lév.) Sacc. subsp. grevilleae (Lév) Sacc. This disease is spread by ascospores that are produced during the wettest months of the year: late autumn, winter and spring. Badly infected populations of H. myrtoides were burnt, either in a controlled burn in November 2007, or in a wildfire in January 2008. The incidence of tar spot disease on leaves of burnt plants in 2008 and 2009 was 4.4%, while its incidence on unburnt plants was significantly higher (25.1%). The incidence of flowering in 2009 was similar in both burnt and unburnt populations. Tar spot disease is common on H. myrtoides; it is present on 77% of collections of this host in the Western Australian Herbarium (PERTH).

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Cochrane, J. Anne, Gemma L. Hoyle, Colin J. Yates, Jeff Wood, and Adrienne B. Nicotra. "Evidence of population variation in drought tolerance during seed germination in four Banksia (Proteaceae) species from Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 62, no. 6 (2014): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14132.

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Given the predicted changes in rainfall patterns for many Mediterranean climate regions, identifying seed tolerance to moisture stress in the earliest phase of plant development is an important consideration for species conservation, management and restoration. Here, we used polyethylene glycol (PEG 8000) to induce plant water deficit similar to drought stress in a field situation. Seeds of four Western Australia Banksia R.Br. (Proteaceae) species were incubated at seven levels of moisture potential (0 to −1.5 MPa) and three constant temperatures (10°C, 15°C and 20°C). In the absence of moisture stress, germination was uniformly high, but increasing drought stress led to reduced and delayed germination in all species. Overall, the threshold moisture potential value for a significant decline, and delay, in germination was –0.25 MPa. Results suggested that one species (B. coccinea) is likely to be most vulnerable to germination failure under predicted changes in rainfall patterns, whereas another (B. media) is likely to be less vulnerable. There was significant variation in population response to drought stress. However, this variation could not be explained by rainfall across species distributions. We discuss the PEG approach for assessing seed sensitivity to moisture stress, particularly in the context of shifting rainfall under climate change.

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Carpenter, Raymond J., and Lynne A. Milne. "New species of xeromorphic Banksia (Proteaceae) foliage and Banksia-like pollen from the late Eocene of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 3 (2020): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt19110.

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Banksia microphylla leaf fossils and Banksieaeidites zanthus pollen are newly described from late Eocene lignite of the Zanthus-11 borehole, drilled east of Norseman in Western Australia. The leaf fossils are the first known in Banksia to show extreme narrowness (<1.5 mm wide) combined with the xeromorphic trait of margins rolled onto the lower surface so that the diffusely placed stomata are exposed to the outside environment only via grooves on each side of a thick, abaxial midrib. Both this Banksia leaf type and another with encrypted stomata evolved before the widespread initiation of severe climatic aridity in the late Neogene, likely in regions of edaphic infertility and periodic water stress. New interpretations of leaf morphology and foliar evolutionary pathways in Banksia are proposed. Banksia microphylla probably belongs to subgenus Spathulatae, where it strongly resembles many species in the large, wholly Western Australian clade that includes most species in section Oncostylis, series Abietinae. Banksieaeidites zanthus is morphologically consistent with Banksia pollen, and its extremely small size also suggests placement in Spathulatae. The new fossils and other evidence from Zanthus-11 indicate the local presence of quite open, sclerophyll vegetation with conifers, which was unlikely to have been frequently burnt.

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FITZPATRICK, MATTHEW C., AARON D. GOVE, NATHAN J. SANDERS, and ROBERT R. DUNN. "Climate change, plant migration, and range collapse in a global biodiversity hotspot: the Banksia (Proteaceae) of Western Australia." Global Change Biology 14, no. 6 (February 7, 2008): 1337–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01559.x.

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Collins, Brian G., Michelle Walsh, and James Grey. "Floral development and breeding systems of Dryandra sessilis and Grevillea wilsonii (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 2 (2008): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07147.

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Dryandra sessilis (Knight) Domin. and Grevillea wilsonii A.Cunn. co-occur on lateritic soils in the jarrah forest of Western Australia, with their flowering seasons overlapping for several months during winter and spring. Both species are protandrous, with pollen presentation occurring 1–2 days before the stigmas of individual flowers become receptive. Peak receptivity, as indicated by maximum peroxidase secretion, coincides with the maximum opening of stigmatic grooves for D. sessilis or maximum elevation of the stigmatic papillae in G. wilsonii. Pollinators such as western wattlebirds, New Holland honeyeaters and western spinebills almost exclusively visit flowers or inflorescences at times when large amounts of nectar are present, and when self-pollen is available for transfer or stigmas are receptive to the deposition of pollen. By foraging in this manner, yet still moving frequently between plants and inflorescences, honeyeaters that visit D. sessilis should guarantee an effective spread of pollen. The overall level of fruiting success achieved by this species is considerably higher than that for G. wilsonii, a species whose flowers are visited much less often than those of D. sessilis. Allozyme analysis, artificial pollination experiments and the calculation of pollen : ovule ratios indicate that D. sessilis is essentially an obligate outcrosser, at least in locations where plant densities are high, whereas G. wilsonii has a mixed mating system that allows it to set fruits as a consequence of either selfing or outcrossing. Potential fruit-set is low for both species, with post-zygotic incompatibility mechanisms mediated by the availability of nutritional resources thought to be at least partly responsible for the even lower levels of final fruit-set. Total fruit and seed production by individual plants is much greater for D. sessilis than for G. wilsonii, and possibly a reflection of differences in the regeneration requirements of the two species after environmental disturbance such as fire.

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THONGPHAK, DUANGRAT, and QIAO WANG. "Phylogeny and distribution of the Australian longicorn beetle genus Uracanthus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)." Zootaxa 1958, no. 1 (December 8, 2008): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1958.1.1.

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The Australia genus Uracanthus consists of 39 species and its larvae are known to be borers of at least 31 genera of trees and parasitic plants in 15 families (Asteraceae, Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, Cupressaceae, Fabaceae, Loranthaceae, Myrtaceae, Pittosporaceae, Proteaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Xanthorrhoeaceae), including some economically important crops such as citrus, litchi, peach, plum, and apricot. The phylogeny and biogeographic distribution of the genus were investigated in this paper. Here, the monophylies of the genus and seven species groups are inferred based on morphological characters of 39 ingroup and four outgroup species. However, several species groups still need additional steps to become monophyletic and are currently considered paraphyletic. The Uracanthus fauna occur in five biogeographic subregions: the Kosciuskan, Western and Eyrean in southern and central Australia, and the Torresian and Timorian in northern Australia. The fauna are richest with highest endemism in the Kosciuskan and Western. The Kosciuskan and Western are similar in faunal composition and closely related; the Eyrean has probably acted as a faunal exchange transit area between the Kosciuskan and Western, and the two northern Australian subregions have no endemic species. When the areas of endemism of each species are attached to the proposed phylogenetic tree, a clear picture of the distribution patterns of species groups in relation to phylogeny is obtained. It is suggested that the speciation and species radiation of Uracanthus may have occurred first in the Kosciuskan, then in the Western, and finally in the Eyrean, Torresian, and Timorian.

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Dortch, Charles. "Prehistory Down Under: archaeological investigations of submerged Aboriginal sites at Lake Jasper, Western Australia." Antiquity 71, no. 271 (March 1997): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008460x.

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Much of Australian prehistory lies under water. Although confined to the continent's extreme southwestern corner, field studies described in this report show that this submerged prehistoric component is very real, with numerous archaeological sites and former land surfaces awaiting investigation on the floors of Australia's lakes, rivers and estuaries, and on its submerged continental margins.

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melvin, Dean. ""Paradise" and "Cloverdowns": following natural systems." Pacific Conservation Biology 9, no. 1 (2003): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc030049.

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Two properties, "Paradise" and "Cloverdowns", are farmed by the Melvin family near Dowerin in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia (see Fig. 1, Hobbs 2003). The annual average rainfall is 350 mm and, before Europeans settled the area, it was well vegetated with perennial vegetation. The sandplain soils were dominated by mallees Eucalyptus spp., Kwongan or heath (predominantly Myrtaceae, Proteaceae and Leguminosae), and patches of York Gum E. loxophleba woodland. The heavier soils such as the brown sandy loams and red brown loams were clothed in woodland of Salmon Gum E. salmonophloia and York gum. The gravelly sands were covered by Tamma scrub which was dominated by sheoak Allocasuarina spp.

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Wooller, R. D., and S. J. Wooller. "Consistent Individuality in the Timing and Magnitude of Flowering by Adenanthos obovatus (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 6 (1998): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97050.

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The patterns of flowering of 58 individually marked Adenanthos obovatus Labill. plants were recorded from 1983 to 1990 near Perth, Western Australia. Individuals started to flower asynchronously but most then continued to flower until the end of the nine-month flowering season each year. Individuals were highly consistent between years both in the numbers of flowers they produced and in their onset and peak of flowering relative to other members of the population. This consistency was retained after rapid regeneration by 24 plants cut back to ground level during one summer. The number of flowers borne by an individual was not related to its above-ground biomass but to its duration of flowering, and plants bearing more flowers set more seed. These traits may be related to the pollination of this modally outcrossing species by a resident small nectarivorous bird.

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Pate, J. S., W. H. Verboom, and P. D. Galloway. "Co-occurrence of Proteaceae, laterite and related oligotrophic soils: coincidental associations or causative inter-relationships?" Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 5 (2001): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt00086.

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This communication presents the hypothesis that certain Australian lateritic and related oligotrophic soils may have been partly derived biotically from soluble iron-rich complexes generated following secretion of low-molecular weight organic acids by phosphate-absorbing specialised proteoid (cluster) roots of proteaceous plants. Subsequent precipitation of the iron is then pictured as occurring onto the oxide rinds of developing laterite after consumption of the organic components of the complexes by soil bacteria. The hypothesis is f irst examined in relation to current theories of origins of laterites and the extent of the coincidences worldwide in past and present times between Proteaceae and oligotrophic soil types of lateritic character. The paper then provides more definitive lines of evidence supporting the hypothesis, based largely on recent studies by the authors in south-western Western Australia. This relates to (a) cases of definitive association in habitats rich in Proteaceae between zones of root proliferation and ferricrete layers in lateritic soils, (b) proximity in soil profiles between ferric deposits and current and ancestral root channels, (c) the recovery of citrate-consuming bacteria from soil profiles and specifically from ferricrete rinds and horizons accumulating sesquioxide organic matter and (d) distribution of iron and phosphorus within plant and soil profile components consistent with ferricrete rinds being generated by rhizosphere-mediated interactions of plants and microbes under conditions of severely limited availability of phosphorus. The mode of functioning of proteoid root clusters is then discussed, especially in relation to exudation of organic acid anions, uptake of phosphorus and the subsequent fate of organic anions and their metal ion complexes in the system. An empirically based scheme is presented indicating flow profiles for phosphorus and iron between soil, ferricrete rinds and bacterial and plant components. We then discuss possible carbon costs to proteaceous plant partners when accessing phosphorus under the nutrient-impoverished conditions typical of heathlands and open woodlands of Mediterranean-type ecosystems of Western Australia. The paper concludes with a critical overview of the hypothesis, particularly its implications regarding possible higher plant: microbial influences shaping soil and landscape evolution in the regions involved.

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Bell, David T. "Ecological response syndromes in the flora of southwestern Western Australia: Fire resprouters versus reseeders." Botanical Review 67, no. 4 (October 2001): 417–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02857891.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Proteaceae – Western Australia – Southwestern'

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