Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Prostitution Government policy Indonesia'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Prostitution Government policy Indonesia.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Prostitution Government policy Indonesia.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Chan, Siu-fun Cynthia, and 陳笑芬. "Asian crisis: Indonesia and Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31951855.
Full text
2
Jones, Tod. "Indonesian cultural policy, 1950-2003: culture, institutions, government." Thesis, Curtin University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/403.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines official cultural policy in Indonesia, focussing on the cultural policy of the national governments from 1950 until 2003. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s writings about government and debates about cultural policy in Cultural Studies, the study proposes that the features of cultural policy in Indonesia are primarily determined by the changing ways that the state has put culture to work in its versions of modern governance. Part I of the thesis provides a history of official cultural policy, including a background chapter on the late colonial era and the Japanese occupation. Although contemporary cultural policy was first articulated within Western liberal democracies to shape self-governing national citizens, the Dutch colonial cultural policy differed in that it assumed indigenous subjects had reduced capacities and focussed on managing ethnic populations. The cultural policies of subsequent governments maintained the twin imperatives of ‘improving’ individuals and managing populations, but with different understandings of both imperatives. While a more autonomous subject was assumed during Constitutional Democracy, Guided Democracy exercised greater state guidance as part of Sukarno’s mobilisation of the population behind his political program. Cultural policy during the New Order era rejected Sukarno’s ‘politicisation’ of culture, replaced ‘improvement’ with ‘development’ and further strengthened the role of the state in providing cultural guidance, a move justified by designating Indonesians backward by modern standards.The Japanese administration was the first government to address a national population. Relations among indigenous ethnic populations and between ethnicity and the nation were addressed in cultural policy from 1956 and were central to cultural policy throughout the New Order era. Part II of the thesis consists of two case studies of cultural programs in the New Order and Reform eras: (1) the arts councils and cultural parks and (2) a cultural research project. It explores New Order centralism, demonstrating the heterogeneity between different levels of the state and how governmental goals imbued particular practices and objects with special significance and meaning by constructing them as culture. Cultural policy in the post-Suharto period is addressed in both Parts I and II. While the practices of the New Order era are generally continuing, decentralisation created the possibility of a plurality of cultural policies across Indonesia, as lower levels of government are responsible for administering cultural policy. Decentralisation could result in a more participatory cultural policy as more cultural practices are addressed or a narrowing of cultural policy if conservative ethnic identity politics drives changes.
3
Jones, Tod. "Indonesian Cultural policy, 1950-2003 : culture, institutions, government /." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Media and Information, 2005. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16663.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines official cultural policy in Indonesia, focussing on the cultural policy of the national governments from 1950 until 2003. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s writings about government and debates about cultural policy in Cultural Studies, the study proposes that the features of cultural policy in Indonesia are primarily determined by the changing ways that the state has put culture to work in its versions of modern governance. Part I of the thesis provides a history of official cultural policy, including a background chapter on the late colonial era and the Japanese occupation. Although contemporary cultural policy was first articulated within Western liberal democracies to shape self-governing national citizens, the Dutch colonial cultural policy differed in that it assumed indigenous subjects had reduced capacities and focussed on managing ethnic populations. The cultural policies of subsequent governments maintained the twin imperatives of ‘improving’ individuals and managing populations, but with different understandings of both imperatives. While a more autonomous subject was assumed during Constitutional Democracy, Guided Democracy exercised greater state guidance as part of Sukarno’s mobilisation of the population behind his political program. Cultural policy during the New Order era rejected Sukarno’s ‘politicisation’ of culture, replaced ‘improvement’ with ‘development’ and further strengthened the role of the state in providing cultural guidance, a move justified by designating Indonesians backward by modern standards.The Japanese administration was the first government to address a national population. Relations among indigenous ethnic populations and between ethnicity and the nation were addressed in cultural policy from 1956 and were central to cultural policy throughout the New Order era. Part II of the thesis consists of two case studies of cultural programs in the New Order and Reform eras: (1) the arts councils and cultural parks and (2) a cultural research project. It explores New Order centralism, demonstrating the heterogeneity between different levels of the state and how governmental goals imbued particular practices and objects with special significance and meaning by constructing them as culture. Cultural policy in the post-Suharto period is addressed in both Parts I and II. While the practices of the New Order era are generally continuing, decentralisation created the possibility of a plurality of cultural policies across Indonesia, as lower levels of government are responsible for administering cultural policy. Decentralisation could result in a more participatory cultural policy as more cultural practices are addressed or a narrowing of cultural policy if conservative ethnic identity politics drives changes.
4
Prasetyia, Ferry [Verfasser]. "Government Policy and Education Performance: Insight from Indonesia / Ferry Prasetyia." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1188347349/34.
Full text
5
Djamhari, Choirul. "Privatization of state controlled enterprises in Indonesia (1983-1993) : policy and practice." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42015.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the Indonesian experience in managing the privatization of State Controlled Enterprises (SCEs) during the period from 1983 to 1993. The main objective of this study is to assess and explore the following research question: Why has there been little ownership transfer from state to the private sector in Indonesia even though official policy objectives and strategies for proving SCEs have been articulated and firms have been selected for potential privatization? Realizing complex combination of challenges and obstacles faced by Indonesia, attempts to answer the research question are directed at three main issues: (1) the role of SCEs in the overall national economy; (2) factors that led the Indonesian government to undertake privatization policy, and (3) the preferred models of privatization along with the rationale for such preferences.Five types of data were collected during three separate field work stages from July 1991 to October 1995: State policy analysis, direct observation, analysis of the statistical data, analysis of mass media and personal interviews with key individuals. This triangulation method is employed to ensure a greater presentation of the key elements that deserve to be explored.
The principal argument developed throughout this study is that despite the apparent needs for privatization due to the fiscal difficulties and inefficiencies of the SCEs operations, the Indonesian state seems to be reluctant to transfer ownership to the private sector. In the case at hand, the pursuit of privatization is largely a political decision. Transferring ownership would require an overhaul of the present development policy, a huge step that Indonesian state is not ready to take. Instead, the priority has been given to reform the state sector by improving the efficiency and productivity of SCEs operations, and by isolating SCEs from the rent seeking behaviours of government bureaucrats. This tendency, as this study demonstrates, is explained by a deepening direct state involvement in the economy. This study shows that the Indonesian state has expanded its roles in the economy to include not only regulator, facilitator and stabilizer, but also that direct participant as a competitor to the private sector. Consequently, being kept under tight state control, has caused Indonesian SCEs to operate in a highly regulated environment. This environment has resulted in SCEs tendency to become instrument of development and, therefore has prevented them from becoming efficient and productive business entities.
6
Levy, Jacob Lewis Nigel. "Second class citizens of Sweden : sex work and drug use in the people's home." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607911.
Full text
7
Prawiradinata, Muhamad Salmun. "Stability, elites and development policy in the new order Indonesia 1966-1983." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/111321.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most striking characteristics of Third World countries is
political instability. Although not all Third World states are politically unstable,
witness for example Saudi Arabia and Nepal, many nations of both
democratic and authoritarian leanings have experienced strong political
challenges in maintaining established political order and national unity. These
political challenges can take the forms of mass demonstration, riots or even
coups.
8
Suwartini, Endang. "Welfare implications of policy-induced structural changes on the Indonesian poultry industry." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26156.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the producer and consumer welfare associated with structural change of supply attributed to the effect of a government policy restricting the size of the production unit. The performance of the poultry industry in Indonesia is analyzed in terms of producer and consumer welfare using supply and demand elasticities. The elasticity of supply and demand were estimated using the Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) method. The hypothesized policy-induced structural change is estimated through a dummy variable accounting for shift in supply associated with implementation of the policy.It is found that structural change induced by the restructuring policy shows a negative impact on the output supplied and welfare of society. Welfare losses are estimated for different levels in the marketing system namely producer, wholesaler and retail levels. Eighty percent of the losses are shared approximately equally by producers and consumers with the remaining twenty percent borne by the marketing sector.
9
Wahyudi, Bambang Slamet. "An analysis of selected government programs to increase rice production in Indonesia." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9886.
Full text
10
Niessen, Nicole. "Municipal government in Indonesia : policy, law and practice of decentralization and urban spatial planning /." Leiden : Research School CNWS, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37683501g.
Full text
11
MacCuish, Derek. "Ethics and the formation of foreign policy : a case study of Canadian government policy toward Indonesia, 1970-1990." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39999.pdf.
Full text
12
Wibisono, Makarim. "The political economy of the Indonesian textile industry under the New Order government." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/20920285.html.
Full text
13
Elk, Robert E. "A study of the effects of the Southeast Asian intrusive power system on the foreign policy of Indonesia /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64076.
Full text
14
Sitanggang, Luciana. "Ecotourism management plan for Riung." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envs623.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 102-105. Presents an ecological management plan for Riung to ensure that the unique environment and traditional culture are protected while ecotourism thrives. Provides strategies and actions; and designed as a model for an Indonesian ecotourism management plan.
15
ANDARI, WIPSAR ASWI DINA TRI, and n/a. "CRISIS MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT TOURISM PUBLIC POLICY AFTER THE FIRST AND SECOND BALI BOMBINGS." University of Canberra. Business & Government, 2007. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20081107.104034.
Full textAbstract:
This research discusses the tourism crisis management approach used in handling the recovery of
Bali as a tourism destination after the first Bali bombings in 2002 and second Bali bombings in
2005. It acknowledges the importance of a crisis management especially in a situation where the
crisis repeatedly occurs in the same place and targeted the similar target. This research examines
the crisis management approach through the tourism public policy formulated and implemented
by the government of Indonesia. An external perspective from the industry private sector is also
investigated as many scholars note that other observations and opinion from senior executives
following every episode are necessary because they have different perceptions of the crises.
Finally, an investigation of any existence of organisational learning the first and second Bali
bombings is also presented. This research concludes in three new findings. First, the Indonesian
government did not present any crisis management framework after the first and second Bali
Bombings; rather they established a National Recovery Program that lacks few main aspects of
crisis management. Second, although the Indonesian government initiated the recovery program
after the first Bali Bombings it was the private sector (Bali Tourism Board) who initially
instigated the recovery program after the second Bali Bombings. Third, the absence of an
organisational learning was also discovered after the first and second Bali Bombings incidents
16
Yuniarto, Yusuf. "The impact of government housing policy on the spatial distribution of new formal housing areas : the case of Jabotabek metropolitan fringe areas, Indonesia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357066.
Full text
17
Love, Kaleen E. "The politics of gender in a time of change : gender discourses, institutions, and identities in contemporary Indonesia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e7aea965-c1aa-43b0-bc76-3bc743e90879.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation fundamentally explores the nature of change, and the development interventions that aim to bring this change into a particular society. What emerges is the notion of a ‘spiral’: imagining the dynamic relationship between paradigms and discourses, the institutions and programmes operating in a place, and the way individual identities are constructed in intricate and contradictory ways. Within this spiral, discourse has power – ‘words matter’ – but equally significant is how these words interact dialogically with concrete social structures and institutions – ‘it takes more than changing words to change the world’. Furthermore, these changes are reacted to, and expressed in, the physical, sexed body. In essence, change is ideational, institutional, and embodied. To investigate the politics of change, this dissertation analyses the spiral relationships between gender discourses, institutions, and identities in contemporary Indonesia, focusing on their transmission across Java. It does so by exploring the Indonesian state’s gender policies in the context of globalisation, democratisation, and decentralisation. In this way, the lens of gender allows us to analyse the dynamic interactions between state and society, between ideas and institutions, which impact on everything from cultural structures to physical bodies. Research focuses on the gender policies of the Indonesian Ministry of Women’s Empowerment, substantiated with case study material from United Nations Population Fund reproductive health programmes in West Java. Employing a multi-level, multi-vocal theoretical framework, the thesis analyses gender discourses and relational structures (how discourses circulate to construct the Indonesian woman), gender institutions and social structures (how discourses are translated into programmes), and gender identities and embodied structures (how discourses enter the home and the body). Critically, studying gender requires analysing the human body as the site of both structural and symbolic power. This dissertation thus argues for renewed emphasis on a ‘politics of the body’, recognising that bodies are the material foundations from which gender discourses derive their naturalising power and hence ability to structure social relations. The danger of forgetting this politics of the body is that it allows for slippage between ‘gender’ and ‘women’; policy objectives cannot be disentangled from the reality of physical bodies and their social construction. This thesis therefore argues that there are distinct and even inverse impacts of gender policies in Indonesia. As the ‘liberal’ and ‘modern’ assumptions of gender equality are overlaid onto the patriarchal culture of a society undergoing transformation, women’s bodies and women’s sexuality are always and ever the focus of the social gaze. The gender policies and interventions affecting change on discursive and institutional levels may thus provoke reaction at the level of individual identities that are contrary to explicit intentions. In effect, projects that purport to work on ‘gender’ are often so deeply rooted in underlying gender normativity that their net effect is to reinscribe these gender hierarchies. By exposing the contradictions in these underlying paradigms we gain insight into the politics of a transforming society. Furthermore, engaging with the politics of the body allows us to analyse the spiral processes between discourse and practice, the question of power, and the way men and women embody social structures and experience social transformation.
18
Rifai, Amzulian. "Socio-legal aspects of land disputes in relation to oil palm plantation activities : the case of South Sumatra." Monash University, Faculty of Law, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7638.
Full text
19
Purba, Rasita Ekawati. "Rural women, poverty and social welfare programs in Indonesia." University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0056.
Full textAbstract:
[Truncated abstract] As a developing country, Indonesia has been struggling with complex and contentious development issues since Independence in 1945. Despite remarkable economic achievement during the New Order period (1966-1998), poverty has persisted and the benefits of development have been unequally distributed. Social welfare — the system of social security to protect the well-being of the weaker members of society has received little attention in Indonesia, both from the state and from the scholarly community. The historical neglect of social welfare in Indonesia has begun to be addressed recently, with the Social Safety Net (SSN) initiative. SSN is a social welfare program that was launched by the government of Indonesia to mitigate the deleterious impacts of the economic crisis that hit the nation in 1997. This thesis aims to assess how the SSN accommodated the needs and aspirations of poor women, particularly those who live in rural areas. The rural poor deserve attention because poverty in rural areas is widespread and often intractable, and because poverty in rural areas tends to be more invisible than in urban areas. The urban poor are more visible, because they are “in the face” of the powerful every day, and they are more likely to be able to access agencies of power than the rural poor.
20
Mardiasmo, Diaswati. "Good governance implementation and international allignment : the case of regional governments in Indonesia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16508/1/Diaswati_Mardiasmo_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to analyse the level of good governance understanding implementation in Indonesia regional governments, identify impeding variables to good governance implementation, and evaluate the extent of international good governance standards alignment. The influence of economic and political transition, decentralisation and regional autonomy regime, bureaucracy culture, and political history is analysed to reflect the degree of good governance implementation and level of convergence to international good governance standards. The methodological approach involves a triangulation of in-depth interview, document analysis, and International Good Governance Standard comparison. Findings from the study reflect disparities in good governance understanding and implementation between Indonesia regional governments, nine main impeding variables to good governance implementation including bureaucratic culture and political history, and a positive response to convergence towards international good governance standard alignment. Findings also act as an in depth study and analysis of current Indonesia regional government situation, resulting in inputs and recommendations geared towards public policy development and good governance implementation guidelines.
21
Mardiasmo, Diaswati. "Good governance implementation and international allignment : the case of regional governments in Indonesia." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16508/.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to analyse the level of good governance understanding implementation in Indonesia regional governments, identify impeding variables to good governance implementation, and evaluate the extent of international good governance standards alignment. The influence of economic and political transition, decentralisation and regional autonomy regime, bureaucracy culture, and political history is analysed to reflect the degree of good governance implementation and level of convergence to international good governance standards. The methodological approach involves a triangulation of in-depth interview, document analysis, and International Good Governance Standard comparison. Findings from the study reflect disparities in good governance understanding and implementation between Indonesia regional governments, nine main impeding variables to good governance implementation including bureaucratic culture and political history, and a positive response to convergence towards international good governance standard alignment. Findings also act as an in depth study and analysis of current Indonesia regional government situation, resulting in inputs and recommendations geared towards public policy development and good governance implementation guidelines.
22
MacIntyre, Andrew James. "Politics, policy and participation: business-government relations in Indonesia." Phd thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/119271.
Full textAbstract:
Questions about state-society relations currently attract great interest in
political science. In the case of Indonesia, much emphasis has been given to the strength
of the state and its relative autonomy from societal forces in recent years. This study
deals with the nature of the links between business, as one segment of society, and the
state in contemporary Indonesia. It is an enquiry about the extent to which societal actors
are involved in the shaping of public policy.
Dissatisfaction with existing scholarly accounts of the nature of the
Indonesian polity was an important stimulus for this research. Insufficient attention has
hitherto been paid to questions about societal constraints upon state actors in the formation
of policy. What is the scope for various types of societal groups to influence policy
outcomes in areas of special concern to them? To the extent that it does take place, how is
communication between policy-makers and relevant sections of society organised?
Three case studies are used to pursue these themes. Their purpose is to
illuminate the processes by which policy is formed in situations where the interests of the
relevant sections of the state appaaratus diverge from those of industry groups. The
cases used are from the textile, pharmaceutical and insurance industries.
There are two main strands to the thesis; one empirical and the other
theoretical. The first strand involves an argument about political and economic change in
Indonesia, and the increasing complexity of the relations between state and society there.
The second is an argument that existing theoretical frameworks for the interpretation of
Indonesian politics are excessively state-centred. In this context Indonesian politics and
the attaching academic debates take on a wider significance; for one of the main currents
in political science today is the proposition that insufficient attention has been accorded to
the state. Far from scholarship on Indonesia being insufficiently attentive to the state,
precisely the opposite has been the case.
23
Santoso, Amir. "Public policy implementation : rice policy at the regional level in Indonesia 1970-1984." Phd thesis, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/131970.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an attempt to examine the implementation of Indonesian rice policy at the regional level during the period 1970-1984. Two programs have been analysed: the rice intensification (Bimas) and the village unit cooperatives (KUD) programs. The results of the programs and their impacts on the farmers are analysed. Also, the responses of farmers to the two programs are described.
However, this thesis is particularly aimed at analysing the work of the local government officials and the machinery at the kabupaten down to village levels. Since the local government is the main agency of the central government in implementing its rice policies, as well as other development programs, the role of this local apparatus is crucial in the implementation process of the policy. The local government officials are the lower level instruments of the central government, and they are subject to heavy political control from the centre. This thesis examines the impact of this control upon local-level rice policy implementation.
The analysis of rice policy implementation at the regional level in Indonesia, indicates that the success of the government in achieving certain objectives of the policy, and its failure to achieve others are not merely caused by administrative problems, but are particularly due to the priorities given by the central government to certain policy objectives, and by the pattern of relationships between the central and the local officials.
In other words, the implementation of rice policy has been more affected by political factors than by administrative problems. Hence, while this thesis gives attention to the administrative problems, its focus is mainly on the political factors affecting the implementation process. The influence of political factors is illustrated by five local studies in Malang Kabupaten in the last two chapters.
24
Habir, Ahmad. "Policy process and state enterprise reform in Indonesia, 1986-1989." Phd thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144327.
Full text
25
Marijan, Kacung. "Decentralisation and cluster policy in Indonesia : case studies from Tanggulangin and Bukir." Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151535.
Full text
26
Van, de Walle Dominique. "The welfare analysis of rice pricing policies using household data for Indonesia." Phd thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130833.
Full textAbstract:
A methodology with which to analyze the welfare distributional
effects of food pricing policy reforms is proposed, critically
investigated and refined using Indonesian household level data. The
problems of welfare measurement dealt with include the need for
behavioral consistency and the making of interpersonal comparisons of
welfare when household specific circumstances vary. Building on recent
advances in empirical tax reform analysis, an equivalent income function
is used as the welfare indicator. This is constructed from the explicit
indirect utility function underlying the functional form used in the
econometric modelling of consumer demands for rice and housing on 1981
SUSENAS data for Java. Normalizing for spatial price differentials and
for variations in demographic characteristics is found to result in a
reduction in measured welfare inequality. The methodology is used to
explore the welfare consequences of spatial domestic rice market
integration and of across the board price level changes, as would be
expected to result following an external trade liberalization of
Indonesia's rice markets. The reforms are simulated under various
assumptions concerning the producer and consumer income effects of the
price changes. The thesis also investigates alternative public
compensation schemes implemented through the input subsidies policy or by
means of lump-sum transfers targeted at producers and/or consumers. The
elimination of spatial rice price differentials is found to have modest potential social gains while exacerbating inequality. Rice price rises
are assessed to have beneficial welfare distributional effects if
accompanied by, for example, a scenario which implements cuts in input
subsidies and redistributes the resulting fiscal benefits as lump-sum
transfers to all households. Of fundamental concern throughout the
thesis are questions about how alternative assumptions adopted in
constructing the equivalent income function affect the ordinal ranking of
households in the pre-reform situation and the social welfare orderings
of the policy reforms. Sensitivity to the choice of functional form and
reference prices, to the number of included goods and to the treatment of
the regression errors are examined. The overall social welfare
evaluations of policy reforms are found to be generally robust to such
variations. Conversely, the welfare ranking of households appears to be
quite sensitive.
27
Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. "Transmigration and its centre-regional context : the case of Riau and South Kalimantan Provinces, Indonesia." Phd thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/117290.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyses transmigration policy in
Indonesia within the context of centre and regional
relationships. The evidence from Riau and South
Kalimantan suggests that as a consequence of the unequal
relationship between the centre and the regions, the
implementation of transmigration policy has suffered from
a lack of both coordination and feedback that could
enhance an appropriate policy.
At the regional level, the ambiguous national goals
of transmigration policy have been simply translated into
physical and quantifiable targets, which, in turn, have
resulted in the neglect of transmigration policy as an
integrated and complementary effort between the different
sectors and ministries. The prevailing problems of
implementation, such as the unsuitability of land for
agricultural settlements, the various forms of
mismanagement within the implementing agencies, and the
hidden conflicts with the local population, have only had
limited feedback effect on the policy making process in
the central government. After the budget was drastically
cut back in the mid-1980s, however, transmigration policy
started to confront new dimensions of these problems.
At this time, the implementation of transmigration
policy was forced to change direction toward, among other
things, maintaining the existing settlements and
bolstering the cash-crops scheme. The spontaneous
transmigration scheme, which became government rhetoric
during the previous period, seems also to be receiving
serious attention by the government. Yet, as the
prevailing economic and political structure of the
country is unchanged, the myth of transmigration policy
as a panacea is unlikely to vanish.
28
Siagian, Sihar Wilford. "Family planning activities over the course of crisis in Indonesia, 1997-2000." Phd thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151762.
Full text
29
Nadhirah, Aulia, and 那荻芮. "Competitiveness and Government Policy Impact Analysis of Cassava Starch Industry in East Java, Indonesia: Policy Analysis Matrix Approach." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mf2vd2.
Full text
30
Adi, Priyo Hari. "Rent-Seeking Behaviour in Local Government Budget in Indonesia." Thesis, 2018. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/37844/.
Full textAbstract:
Prior studies on government budget expenditure and its impact on government performance have demonstrated mixed results. Improper or inappropriate budget allocations can lead to opportunistic attempts to utilize these resources; this type of opportunism is known as rent-seeking behaviour. The objective of the study is to examine the determinants of rent-seeking, including such factors as grants from central government, local original revenue, natural resources revenue, population size, political factors and audit of government financial statement.
While the majority of existing literature in this field surveys agency problems in the central government or at a national level, the current study contributes to the literature by investigating the agency problem in local government. In a decentralized government, where the authority is delegated to a local leader and local members of parliament, rent-seeking behaviour potentially arises as both of these parties have a conflict of interest. There is often a political motive when these parties run for election.
Rent-seeking may potentially have an adverse impact on local government performance, and auditing has been shown to be an effective tool in reducing the agency problem and minimising rent-seeking. The current study addresses this issue by examining the role of auditing in minimising rent-seeking.
This study employs the approach used by Park (2008), which is a revised model of the Katz and Rosenberg (1989) method, to measure potential rent-seeking. The data used in this study are the regional budget data (Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah/APBD) for the years 2007 to 2012 and also the reports of local financial audits for the years 2006 to 2011.
The results of the study show there were some budget sectors that may have been regularly optimized for rent-seeking. In association with the determinants of the behaviour, there were some factors that influenced the potential rent-seeking significantly. The increase of local original revenue, natural resources and the election of legislative members are found to have a substantial impact on potential rent-seeking. However, the other result of this study shows that audit had an adverse effect on rent-seeking; this finding demonstrates the critical role of the audit to prevent the rent-seeking behaviour.
From the perspective of agency theory, the results of the study provide an indication that rent-seeking behaviour does exist in local governments, since the leader of the government and the members of parliament have particular interests in utilizing the budget. In line with this theory, one of the ways to limit agency costs is by conducting an intensive audit. It is essential for local governments to strengthen their auditing activity in order to prevent high levels of dissipation of local budgets.
31
Sekiguchi, Aya. "The development of 'reformasi' in Indonesian politics : late-1997 to October 1999." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/147703.
Full text
32
Setyawan, Dhani. "Energy Intensity in Indonesia: Four Empirical Studies with Policy Implications." Thesis, 2019. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/41840/.
Full textAbstract:
Indonesia is a large energy user, with energy supply heavily based on fossil fuels and with a long history of subsidies to energy use. The Indonesian Government has set out to make the country more energy-efficient, in the process reducing energy use per unit of real GDP (energy intensity), while reducing the reliance on fossil fuels. To contribute to improved policy development, this study attempts to identify the determinants of the changes in energy intensity across industries and relative to other countries in Indonesia's region and analyse the factors that affect energy efficiency.
To support this process, this thesis sets out to analyse changing trends in energy intensity in Indonesia relative to its ASEAN neighbours, to improve understanding of changes in energy use and energy intensity in key industries within Indonesia, to document variations in energy intensity across Indonesia’s 34 provinces and to draw from these analyses some lessons about the future direction of energy policies in Indonesia. The analysis is based on final energy consumption rather than total final energy supply, and hence excludes energy used in the production of final energy. It draws mainly on data on real value-added and energy consumption by industry from various sources. The analysis also relies heavily on decomposition analysis, enabling the change in energy intensity to be split between changes in the structure of economic activity and changes in the within-industry energy intensity.
The first research problem compares the energy intensity performance in Indonesia to other ASEAN-6 countries from 1971 to 2016. In terms of structure and industry effects on aggregate energy intensity, all the ASEAN-6 countries showed a shift in industry value added to more energy-intensive industries, which was to varying degrees offset by falling within-industry energy intensity. However, the analysis shows that both element of this trend was most pronounced in Indonesia. As the energy intensity of manufacturing and, particularly, transport, is much higher than that of the rest of the economy, by 2016 over 90% of total final energy consumption was from the manufacturing and transport sectors. For this reason, this study concentrates more detailed analysis on the manufacturing sector and transport sector.
The second research problem discusses energy intensity in the manufacturing sector from 1980 to 2015. The overall energy intensity of Indonesia’s manufacturing sectors has seen a strong and continuous decline, with a reduction of 65% over the 35 years, reinforced by some limited changes in industry structure towards lower intensity. Over the whole period, this reduction was dominated by increases in energy efficiency within industries, as indicated by a 62% fall in the within-industry intensive index. By contrast, the effect of moving to a less intensive industry structure was much less important (a 9% fall in the structural index). The greatest rise in energy efficiency within the industry happened before the Financial Crisis (from 1980 to 97). The shock of the Financial Crisis saw an unexpected reaction when value-added fell by 13% but energy use remained largely unchanged, implying a rise in energy intensity. From 2000 to 2015 the earlier trends resumed, but at a more subdued pace, where over this period aggregate intensity fell by 23%.
The third research problem presents a review of energy intensity in the transportation sector from 2000 to 2016. Energy use in transport grew more slowly than overall energy use in Indonesia for about 30 years after 1971, falling from 58% of the total in 1971 to only 38% in 2000, but since surged back to 51% by 2016. Over 2000 to 2016 total final energy consumption in transport has grown by 10% per annum so that transport now provides a large and rapidly growing component of total energy use. In 2016, almost all passenger kilometres are travelled on roads (95.6%), with virtually no rail (0.5%) or water (0.3%) passenger travel, but with a small but rising share of air travel (3.6%). Rail is also absent in freight movements in Indonesia, accounting for only 0.2% of total tonne-kilometre movements in 2016, which are mainly divided between road for 41.1% and water for 53.6% in 2016, although air freight is rising rapidly, reaching 5.0% in 2016.
The fourth research problem investigates the disparities of energy usage levels specifically in energy intensity amongst 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2010 to 2015. The results capture the existence of a convergence process and the shrinking in energy usage disparities across the 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2010 to 2015. In addition to the inequality measures, the decomposition analysis was also applied to explore the driving forces of the energy intensity across provinces in Indonesia. The results show that the structural effect was the main factor resulting in the increase in energy intensity in most provinces, while the role of intensity effect has differed in different provinces.
Regarding policy in the transport sector, the government needs to encourage rail, discourage air and continue to focus on the reduced energy intensity of road (prices, vehicle technology, and better roads). In freight, the central dynamic over 2000 to 2016 has been the modal shift from the energy-efficient water and rail to road and air. Energy efficiency policy should encourage continued freight movements by water, discourage the rise of air freight and encourage rail developments. By comparison with transport, manufacturing has seen, over the period since 1971, a steady fall in overall energy intensity, and this has continued after 2000. This has been due to strong declines in within-industry energy-intensive, with falling energy intensity across most industries at the three-digit level, and some structural changes (such as the falling share of value- added in the high energy using cement and lime sector) and more general industry upgrading. Continued attention to the modernisation of industrial technologies and structure seems necessary.
33
Bird, Kelly. "Industrial concentration and competition in Indonesian manufacturing." Phd thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109588.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the interrelationship between market structures, firm rivalry, and
government intervention in the Indonesian manufacturing sector over the period 1975
to 1995. Two empirical methodologies are used in this study. First, the Structure.
Conduct - Performance (S-C-P) approach to industrial organisation provides the basic
framework for our analysis in the first part of the study. The second research
methodology is indus•ry case studies. Two industry studies presented in this study are
cigarettes and cement.
The study begins with an overview of the evolution of Indonesian trade and industrial
policies and the salient features of the manufacturing sector. An analysis of the trends
in seller concentration over the period 1975 to 1993 is also provided. The descriptive
analysis on seller concentration shows that there is a long-term declining trend in
industrial concentration, particularly in those industries that were highly concentrated
in the mid-1970s. This provides the backdrop into subsequent statistical analysis of
the interrelationship between concentration and other aspects of structure and
performance. For this purpose, we specify and estimate a simultaneous equations
model of industry structure, conduct and performance. The interrelationships among
six key variables (concentration, profitability, foreign ownership, export intensity,
import penetration and trade policy) are estimated for two different policy periods; (1)
pre-1986 period of heavy trade and industry policy intervention, and (2) post-1986
period of trade and industry liberalisation.
A number of interesting findings emerged from the analysis. Trade protection,
interacted with seller concentration, was a major determinant of high profitability in
concentrated industries in the pre-liberalisation period. This relationship significantly
weakened as a result of the late 1980s trade liberalisation. High concentration had a
positive influence on effective trade protection, providing some support for the
interest group model, which asserts that highly concentrated industries find it easier to
lobby government for protection. However, the level of concentration had no significant influence on export intensity or import penetration over and above the
other variables considered in the analysis. Finally, our results suggest that market
structure factors (economies of scale, capital costs, product differentiation, market
size and regional market segmentation) are the major determinants of industrial
concentration in Indonesian manufacturing. We could not find a direct relationship
between trade policy, regulation and concentration. These insignificant results
probably arise due to limitations inherent in cross-sectional tests of the effect of trade
policy and regulation on market structure. We tested the effect of international
influences (export intensity, import penetration and foreign ownership) on
concentration. However, the results turned out to be statistically insignificant in both
the pre - and post-liberalisation periods. The study extends the analysis to include the
determinants of changes in leading firms' market shares. Changes in market shares
are a good indicator of firm rivalry. The results show that regulations in several
industries are associated with stable market shares, suggesting that they have reduced
competition in these industries.
The second part of thesis presents two industry case studies. The focus of the case
studies is on the nature of competition among firms, and the influence of regulation
on this process. In cement, until the industry was deregulated in 1998, government
regulations - distribution and price controls - had created a market structure that
closely resembled a cartel. The second case study is cigarettes. This study estimates
the effect of advertising expenditure on seven leading firms' market shares, using
monthly advertising and market share data. Our results show that advertising
competition reallocates sales between leading firms. An important finding of our
study is that an equal percentage increase in advertising by all firms will change the
distribution of market shares in favour of the more successful, larger firms in the
long-run. This arises because larger firms have an 'image advantage' over the smaller
firms. This image advantage is an asymmetry that constitutes a barrier to upward
mobility of smaller, less-favoured existing firms.
34
Sinaga, Irwan. "State and the migration industry in Indonesia: legal and institutional reforms and the protection of migrant workers." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150933.
Full textAbstract:
The central finding of this dissertation can be simply stated: more state policies and more institutions do not mean better protection for vulnerable migrant workers in Indonesia. To understand this further, I explore the nexus between the international migration of workers and the role of the Indonesian state and the migration industry. Scholars and practitioners need to know the constellation of interests, values, and institutions of state organisations, which operate at both the national and local levels. Actors in different institutions and at different levels of those institutions compete to advance their interests rather than those of the migrant workers, and help to bring about the failure of the state's attempts to protect workers and bring about reform in the migration sector. Apart from presenting detailed empirical evidence regarding the on-the-ground operation of the migration processes, the thesis rethinks the concept of the migration industry in the theoretical literature on international migration studies and thus to sharpen academic conceptualisations of Indonesia's migration industry. It argues that state can become part of the migration industry by blurring the delineation between meso and macro structures relating to the state in managing worker migration. The financial motives behind the state's involvement in the migration industry can be greater when such migration is legal rather than illicit. For-profit gain and social relations drive the production of migration in Indonesia. Closely scrutinising the details of the many stages of processing migrants, including predeparture, departure and post-departure is crucial to understanding better the connection between the migration industry and the state's profit-seeking role. Because the state becomes part of the migration industry, its role in promoting vigorously the export of workers undercuts its willingness to protect workers and monitor the migration process, resulting in migrant exploitation. Shadow state networks and corruption constantly hinder attempts to reform the migration industry. Political factors, including money raising and ignorance of worker exploitation by legislators, is a major factor in explaining the seemingly intractable nature of the present problems.
35
Hackforth-Jones, Simary. "The ALP's foreign policy towards Indonesia 1983-1996 : cooperating for peace?" Master's thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151221.
Full text
36
Ali, Muhammad. "The role of regional government in poverty reduction in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." Thesis, 2013. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/24445/.
Full textAbstract:
East Kalimantan is a province of paradox. It has considerable economic potential, measured in terms of abundant endowments of natural resources. And yet it lacks infrastructure and has poor human resources, factors which condemn much of the population to live in poverty. Regional autonomy, implemented since 2001, has provided more political power and fiscal capacity to the region, and therefore it has been expected to give more opportunity for regional governments to accelerate regional development and bring their people to greater prosperity. However, East Kalimantan still harbors high levels of poverty. This study examines the extent to which regional governments use their authority, greatly expanded under regional autonomy laws, to address poverty issues in the province.
37
Murray, Laura Rebecca. "Not Fooling Around: The Politics of Sex Worker Activism in Brazil." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8TQ60PZ.
Full textAbstract:
Brazil was once a model country in terms of government support for sex worker rights organizations and its solidarity based approach to HIV prevention. In the early 2010s, however, political setbacks in these areas raised important questions regarding the limits of state sanctioned activism.
Using the extended case method approach, I conducted an ethnography of sex worker activism and the complex bureaucratic field in which this advocacy took place. I explored the following questions: What motivates the state to defend sex workers in some contexts and not in others? Why and how do sex worker organizations attract or deflect the state’s attention? What are the most effective and sustainable forms of activism? What can be learned about state and civil society relationships more broadly through the lens of Brazil’s sex worker movement?
I conducted field work over a thirty-six month period from November 2011 through October 2014 in three Brazilian cities: Corumbá, Belém and Rio de Janeiro. Research included archival research, participant observation, twenty-one life histories with activists at three sex worker rights organizations and forty-four in-depth interviews with members of government, social service agencies, NGOs, and security officials (i.e. police) who regularly interacted with sex workers.
My results suggest that the difficulties sex worker activists faced are related to a broader pattern of how the Brazilian state has historically structured its relationship to prostitution. I argue that state action and inaction in prostitution contexts is purposefully ambiguous and flexible. This allows state actors, through their diverse and non-unified mechanisms, the autonomy to shape the inclusion/exclusion of sex workers into government policies and programs that align with current sexuality politics and neoliberal agendas.
I conclude that sex worker activists produced new meanings of prostitution and activism through what I term “puta politics.” By using the body and cultural forms as sites of resistance, they celebrated and made visible what is commonly perceived of as transgressive and/or immoral. In doing so, sex worker activists challenged gender and sexuality norms and disrupted hierarchies and divisions between institutional structures and the street. Such activism permitted several of the organizations at the center of my research to survive, though not unscathed, the deleterious effects of institutionalization and bureaucratization.
38
Turijin. "Vocational secondary education during the introduction of regional autonomy in Indonesia." Thesis, 2012. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/21302/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis examines the transformation of vocational secondary education (hereon referred to as ‘VSE’) in Indonesia during the transitional stage of the implementation of regional autonomy, a radical political arrangement intended to prevent the disintegration of the nation, following political instability. It has involved the transfer of most formerly central government responsibilities directly, and without adequate preparation, to the lowest level of government in districts and cities, bypassing the provincial governments, the second level of the government hierarchy.
39
Gilmour-Walsh, Bridget N. "No bad sex workers, just bad laws? : the legal regulation of prostitution in Australia." Phd thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148664.
Full text
40
McDowall, Roy Campbell. "The Giant Next Door: The evolution of Australian Government threat perceptions of Indonesia within the policy development process, 1957-1965." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/118222.
Full textAbstract:
Between 1957 and 1965 the Australian Government’s threat
perceptions of Indonesia changed from viewing it as a weak but
relatively friendly country, to eventually see it by 1965 as
posing a ‘direct threat’ to Australia’s security. This
thesis analyses how this transition in threat perception occurred
within the three-stage policy development process of the Menzies
Government. In doing so the thesis links the broader historical
literature analysing Australian policy during the period with the
more generalised literature analysing the Australian
Government’s strategic perceptions of Indonesia.
By analysing the policy development process the thesis is able to
make broader conclusions regarding Australia’s strategic
history and the way it has perceived threats. The thesis
demonstrates that between 1958 and 1964, Indonesia was the most
prominent threat in Australian defence planning, frequently being
debated and discussed ahead of Communist China, even though it
never rivalled the China threat in sheer magnitude. Indonesia was
mostly conceived as being a ‘low-level’ threat, but this
nevertheless led to a significant shift in Australian defence
planning in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The result was a push
to create ‘self-supporting’ forces and a focus on the defence
of the Australian continent and its maritime approaches, well
before these ideas matured and became better known in the 1970s
under the ‘Defence of Australia’ concept. Finally, the rise
of the Indonesia threat caused a significant rift in Australian
defence planning, with the Department of Defence chaired Joint
Planning Committee preferring to focus on the worst-case scenario
of a strong and hostile Indonesia while, in contrast, the
Department of External Affairs chaired Joint Intelligence
Committee preferred to focus on the more likely scenario of a
low-level Indonesia threat. This difference in focus aggravated
tensions in Australia’s defence planning regarding whether to
focus on developing Australia’s maritime deterrent
capabilities, more suited to resisting a strong and hostile
Indonesia, or to focus on developing the Australian Army, more
suited towards responding to low-level contingencies on the New
Guinea-Indonesian border.
Although Defence and External Affairs remained attentive to
providing Cabinet with accurate analysis of Indonesia’s
evolving capabilities and intentions, at times the reliability of
their assessments was cast into serious doubt by events such as
the Indonesian Civil War, the escalation of the West New Guinea
dispute, and Sukarno’s ‘Year of Dangerous Living’. Such
events tended to cause a general converging of threat perceptions
across the Government’s policy machinery towards recognising an
increased Indonesia threat, whilst fostering lingering
uncertainty regarding Indonesia’s current and future
capabilities.
41
Damar, Alita P. "HIV, AIDS and gender issues in Indonesia : implications for policy : an application of complexity theory." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18691.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of the study was to offer solutions for the enhancement of Indonesia’s HIV
and AIDS policy and to suggest future possibilities. In the process, the gendered
nature of the epidemic was explored. In light of the relatively lower rates of
employment among Indonesian women, this study also sought to gain insights into
the possible reasons for many women appearing to be attached to domesticity.
In the first phase of the study, interviews with stakeholders in HIV and AIDS
prevention were conducted, followed by a Delphi exercise involving 23 HIV and
AIDS experts. In the second phase, 28 women from various ethnicities were
interviewed, including those in polygamous and contract marriages. The overall
results were interpreted through the lens of complexity theory.
Fewer than half of the proposed objectives were approved by the experts in the
Delphi round. These were interventions mainly aimed at the risk groups while most
objectives relating to education about HIV and AIDS and safer sex for the general
public failed to obtain consensus. Reasons for the lack of consensus were
differences in perceptions associated with human rights, moral reasoning, the
unfeasibility of certain statements and personal conviction about the control of the epidemic. Emphasis on men’s and women’s innate characteristics; men’s role as
breadwinner; women’s primary role as wife, mother and educator of their children;
and unplanned pregnancies emerged as major themes from the qualitative phase.
While the adat and Islam revival movements may have endorsed the ideals of the
New Order state ideology, Javanese rituals regarded as violating Islam teachings
were abandoned. Ignorance about safer sex and HIV and AIDS was also established. Interpretation of the results through the lens of complexity theory revealed that the
national HIV and AIDS policy needs to encompass interventions for the general
population, which would include comprehensive sex education in schools and
media campaigns focusing on women. It was found that women’s vulnerability to
HIV and their penchant for domesticity appear to be associated with their
perceived primary role as wife and mother, as promoted by the adat-based New Order state ideology.Sociology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)
42
Brata, Roby Arya. "Why did anticorruption policy implementation fail? : a study of the implementation failure of anticorruption policies of the authoritarian new order regime and the democratic reform order regime of Indonesia, 1971 - 2007." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150310.
Full textAbstract:
This study comparatively examines the cases of implementation failure of the Anticorruption Law 1971 of the authoritarian New Order regime, and of the Anticorruption Law 1999 of the democratic Reform Order regime, in Indonesia. It investigates to what extent and for what reasons the implementation of these Laws failed to attain the policy objectives of eradicating corruption in the public sector. The research employed a case study approach, interviewing 67 key informants, including law enforcers in nine provinces, and surveying 253 university students in law and government at 13 universities. Employing the refined top-down implementation model, this study found that to some extent the implementation of the 1971 and 1999 Laws failed, and many factors contributed to this failure. These factors can be classified into five types: policy design, political, institutional, managerial, and societal factors. Among these factors, defects in the implementation structures and processes are the primary explanation for the implementation failure. This study has also confirmed that the political systems of the two regimes did have a role in contributing to the implementation failure of these Laws. However, it has further found that, since the implementation structures and processes of the authoritarian political system of the New Order regime were inherently more defective than those of the democratic political system of the Reform Order regime, the degree of implementation failure of the 1971 Law was evidently higher than that of the 1999 Law. The study found that the most influential similar factors which caused the failure in implementation of these Anticorruption Laws are: 1 The political will and commitment of the political leaders arid the enforcers were too weak to effectively and seriously enforce the Anticorruption Laws and curb corruption. 2 The serious and chronic problem of the court mafia had systematically disabled the institutional capacity and integrity of the enforcement agencies and the criminal justice system to combat corruption. 3 The people were tolerant of corrupt conduct. 4 The corruption problem itself had become serious, endemic and, without radical anticorruption measures, very difficult to control. 5 The use of discretion by the law enforcers was unclearly defined and unchecked. 6 The government and the enforcement institutions had become an integral part of the serious corruption problem, not an effective solution to this problem. 7 The implementation structures and processes of Anticorruption Laws 1971 and 1999 were defective. This study will contribute to the anticorruption and policy implementation literature, in particular, of how the refined top-down implementation model is tested for comparatively examining the implementation problem of anticorruption law in a developing country, in this case, Indonesia, undergoing political transitions from an authoritarian to a democratic political system. This study will 'complete' the picture of the implementation phenomenon which was partially portrayed by the refined top-down implementation model and other implementation models. The study concludes that combating corruption in a country transforming from an authoritarian to a democratic political system, where corruption has become chronic and systemic, is problematic and difficult. When corruption has systematically infected and distorted the institutional structures and processes of the government, in particular the law enforcement mechanisms, implementing anticorruption laws is expected to be suboptimal and subsequently fail. To overcome this problem, the factors attributing to the policy implementation failure must be eliminated.
43
Ario, Ario. "Lending methodologies, sustainability and depth of outreach of microfinance institutions in Indonesia." Thesis, 2020. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42003/.
Full textAbstract:
Microfinance is a term used to describe the provision of small-scale financial services aimed primarily at the poor, and to small scale enterprises. A substantial information gap and lack of collateral cause lending in this market segment to be riskier than in other segments. In the past, policy to eradicate poverty in rural areas in many developing countries involved direct intervention, including the provision of subsidised credit at low interest rates to poor people. However, many subsidised credit programs failed and required continuous and costly funding from government (Al-Azzam, et al., 2012; Morduch, 1999; & Wenner, 1995) such as BIMAS or KUPEDES program in Indonesia (Arsyad, 2005; Baskara, 2014; & Berenbach, 1997). Microfinance emerged as an alternative way of supporting poor people, although often still involving government support. In recent decades there has been growing emphasis on the provision of microfinance on a commercial basis, without government or donor support. This has raised the question of whether, without such support, microfinance can still reach out deeply to the poorer borrowers while maintaining financial sustainability. The potential conflicts between the objectives of depth of outreach and financial sustainability are the central focus of this thesis. Although a trade-off between depth of outreach and sustainability is evident in many empirical studies (Awaworyi Churchill, 2018; Kodongo and Kendi, 2013; & Necesito, 2016), other studies suggest that non-subsidised microfinance can also possibly achieve both sustainability and depth of outreach (Ault, 2016; Gutierrez-Goiria, et al., 2017; & Quayes, 2015). It may reflect differences in lending methodology: lending through groups can help microfinance to reduce credit risk and to be sustainable for a given level of outreach, relative to lending to individuals. To see this possibility, this study specifically examines the link between the depth of outreach, sustainability, and lending methodology.
The study was approached by a mixed research methodology, involving both qualitative and quantitative components. For the qualitative approach, the primary data was collected by semi-structured interviews of the managers of the 20 institutions. Information from the interviews was analysed thematically to understand the lending methodology of the institutions. For the quantitative approach, data on more than 2,000 individual loans was collected, from a sample of 20 microfinance institutions. A probit model and a multiple linear regression model were applied to analyse the quantitative data.
A key finding of the study is that there is evidence of a trade-off between depth of outreach and sustainability in Indonesian microfinance lending. The trade-off occurred only in individual lending where, although lending to females or smaller scale lending earned higher interest revenues to microfinance, it was exposed to higher risks because of a higher probability of default. On the other hand, this study did not find any evidence of trade-off between depth of outreach and sustainability in group lending. In addition, group lending makes the most of strong and close connectedness of group farmer members to obtain information about the borrowers and enforce loan repayment. The localised operation of the microfinance institutions in the area of a village might also facilitate an information search for borrower screening. The interviews also revealed that although individual lending was frequently secured by collateral, the collateral was rarely taken over in the case of defaulted loans. This situation might lead to a “mission drift” of the institutions, by shifting the target market for individual lending to wealthier borrowers with lower credit risk.
These results have implications for both microfinance and government policy. They suggest that, to improve depth of outreach with a given level of sustainability, microfinance institutions should provide more loans with the group lending methodology. Two financial issues constrain the extent to which MFIs can pursue this course: the generation of sufficient operating income to at least cover operating costs, and the availability of capital to support an increase in group lending. For some institutions a possible solution for this issue might be giving a greater allocation of funds for group lending while keeping a substantial proportion in individual lending. Alternatively, the microfinance institutions might be given access to cheaper loanable funds, with some government support, to assist them to cover the operating costs of a higher level of group lending to achieve social objectives. Thus if there is to be pronounced shift to group lending this will probably need to be supported by policy action on the capital front also.
Furthermore, it may be useful for the microfinance institutions to optimize the benefits of the joint liability approach by further developing appropriate group lending methodologies including peer selection, peer monitoring, and peer pressure. If group lending is indeed a key way of achieving the goal of increasing the income and welfare of low-income and poor people, the microfinance regulations should be redrafted to address the coverage restrictions for group lending separately from those for lending to individuals, perhaps with a view to requiring more localised operations for the former. Lastly, if the Indonesian Government is interested in expanding group lending as a way of reducing poverty in rural areas it needs to address the two financial issues. First, how a portfolio of small loans to poor men and women can generate sufficient net revenue to cover operating costs in a sustainable way. Second, how capital to expand group lending can be raised from such a low income group. Possible solutions might involve the provision of interest rate subsidies and/or additional capital to microfinance institutions, targeted only to group lending.
44
Prawiranata, Iwan R. "Sustainable microfinance in Indonesia : a sociocultural approach." Thesis, 2013. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/22309/.
Full textAbstract:
Microfinance programs were established in the Netherlands East Indies as a strategy
to alleviate poverty in pre-dominantly Moslem rural communities. When Indonesia
won its independence, these government-subsidized microfinance programs based
on the payment of interest were continued until 1983, when the Indonesian
government deregulated the banking system. Subsequently, microfinance programs
were developed on a commercial basis to become one of the largest microfinance
sectors in the world, but one that has not been focused on poverty alleviation.
This research has examined issues of sustainability of microfinance
institutions, poverty alleviation, sociocultural and religious values in three local
communities in West Java. It contends that sociocultural and religious factors
influence human behavior as well as the agency of borrowers and the microfinance
institutions. With respect to Sundanese cultural and Islamic values, the borrowers
and microfinance institutions, guided by their own interests, accommodate
complimentary and contradictory elements. In this accommodation, bank officials
play a critical role as arbiters and mediators. Local religious leaders, supporting the
economic interests of their community, have sanctioned the payment of interest on
microloans.
45
Resosudarmo, Ida Aju Njoman Pradnja Dharma Nirwani. "Has Indonesia's decentralisation led to improved forestry governance? : A case study of Bulungan and Kutai Barat districts, East Kalimantan." Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/109838.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the nature and the outcomes of the devolution of forestry authority
to local governments under Indonesia's most recent and far-reaching decentralisation initiatives,
put in place in 1999. The research focuses on the dynamics of the relationships between district
governments and other actors in that context, based on case studies of the forest-rich Bulungan
and Kutai Barat Districts, East Kalimantan.
The adverse outcomes for both forests and local communities of the previous centralised
forest governance regime under Indonesia's New Order Government, have been profound and
well documented. Indonesia's most recent experiment with decentralisation, often referred to as
regional autonomy, provided an opportunity for decentralized forestry regimes that many
believed and hoped would improve forest management and provide benefits for local
communities. Although there are many studies examining the devolution of forestry governance
to the community or village levels, few focus on the transfer of forestry powers to the local
government level.
The research framework developed for this study integrated three approaches in the
analysis of decentralisation of natural resources governance. The first of these is that proposed
by Agrawal and Ribot (1999), which emphasizes the analytical dimensions of actors, power,
and accountability. The second is the institutional analysis suggested by Manor (1999), focusing
on aspects of democratic, administrative and fiscal decentralisation. The third is a model for
decentralized forest management suggested by Larson (2003b), highlighting the power relations
among actors. The research focuses on the initial period of decentralisation, from 1999 to 2004,
using a qualitative case study approach.
The changes to the political, administrative, and fiscal framework resulting from
decentralisation have had a profound effect on the dynamics of forest governance in Indonesia.
The most dramatic changes were in control of access to timber resources: this moved from the
Centre to the districts, and then largely back again. Districts also enjoyed significantly
augmented fiscal powers and increased share of forestry revenue. During the period that
substantial powers were formally devolved to the district level, the two case study district
governments exploited the space created by their decentralized mandates quite effectively; as a
result, local actors were increasingly important in district decisions, and more benefits accrued
to the local level. However, many of the accountability outcomes expected to follow
decentralisation did not eventuate. Few downward accountability mechanisms, held to be
critical for improved natural resource management, were found to be effective in the case study
districts. Thus, at least during the first few years of decentralisation, increased control of access
to forest resources and greater share of forestry-derived revenue did not improve forest
management in the study districts.
The study revealed dynamic and fluid forest politics at the district level. District forestry
decision-making and operations have reflected the interplay between the legal-regulatory framework, relations between the Centre and district governments, and relations between and
among actors at the district level. Organisational and individual actors each have their own
interests and objectives shaping forestry decisions and operations at the district level, and these
are well-illustrated in the research case studies.
The ambiguity and inconsistency of the legal-regulatory framework, and the reluctance of
Central actors to forgo powers, have resulted in tensions and a bitter power struggle between the
district governments and the Centre. One of the important consequences has been that district
actors have perceived their window of opportunity to be insecure, and have thus vigorously
pursued short-term benefits from forest exploitation. Despite the Centre's efforts to retain and
subsequently regain its powers, the case study district governments were able to develop
strategies and tactics, at least for a period, to continue to ensure they and other local-level actors
benefited from regional autonomy.
Power relations between and among actors have determined the ways in which timber
politics have been shaped at the district level. Local actors have increasingly influenced district
government decision-making and forestry operations in the districts, and have destabilized the
previously firm position of centrally-linked actors operating at the district level. In one district,
the influence of extra-legal actors was significant and largely unchecked. However, as
decentralisation progressed, the Centre's policies have ultimately determined district decisions,
above and beyond local actors' influences.
Forest exploitation has thus continued at the district level, at the expense of longer-term
sustainability of the forests. Given the absence of strong downward accountability mechanisms,
vertical accountability to the judiciary has been the most effective mechanism in keeping
districts' forestry powers in check.
The research conducted for this thesis suggests that the research framework developed here
has shown useful in the analysis of forest governance dynamics at the district level under the
decentralisation regime. Both de jure and de facto powers were taken into account in analysing
how decentralisation has been played out, and this proved to be important. The institutional
analysis that advances the importance of decentralised financial powers, and analysis of the role
of various accountability relations beyond conventional downward accountability were relevant
and useful. Further research, however, could be useful in determining how downward
accountability in these contexts can explain the direct causal-effect linkages between local-level
governance and NRM. The outcomes of this study also suggest that it would be desirable to
investigate the incentives and motivations likely to lead to improved NRM under local forest
governance. This is particularly relevant given the emphasis on avoided deforestation and
reforestation in Indonesia.
Finally, the rapidly evolving nature of Indonesia's decentralisation, and its progression
beyond the early phase investigated by this research, suggest that it will be important to
establish whether the outcomes and trends reported here will continue as they have during this initial period, or whether they will change as the decentralisation process and associated
institutions mature.
46
Muttaqin, Muhammad Zahrul. "Designing payments for environmental services (PES) to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) in Indonesia." Phd thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155792.
Full textAbstract:
REDD+ is an initiative proposed to compensate parties who can demonstrate that they have already reduced emissions from their forests. One of the mechanisms that can be used to implement it is payment for environmental services (PES). Many studies on PES suggest that property rights are the most influential factor in determining the workability of PES schemes. In an Indonesian context, where the State dominates the ownership of forest areas and where the implementation of laws and related regulations are usually problematic, portraying the formal and informal regulations related to forest tenure is essential in order to comprehend the implications of forest policies and practices for PES. Hence, the central question of this study is "How can PES be designed for state forests in Indonesia to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation?" The study shows that conflicting interests between customary communities and the State in relation to the ownership of forest resources in Papua have produced tenure insecurity in the management of Papuan forests. The study also shows the significance of the role that customary communities play in forest management in Papua. The customary communities in Papua have limited access to forest resources despite their claims to ownership of the forests. In contrast, the study shows the insignificant role of local communities in forest management in Riau since they do not have access to forest. The absence of community rights over forest resources, the interest of communities in the development of oil palm plantations, and the overlapping regulations related to land and forest management in Riau Province, all need to be considered in the establishment of community-based forest management. The study provides different options to strengthen tenure arrangements since local communities in Papua and Riau Provinces have different positions in terms of accessing state forests. The study stresses that the political will of the government is essential to improve forest tenure so that local communities can have better access to state forests. Delineating forest boundaries is a priority to ensure that development of institutional arrangements takes place. In relation to the development of PES for REDD+, it is concluded that the development of an appropriate community-based forest management system will have a positive impact on tenure security and the reduction of technical constraints, although it may increase the investment costs. Whilst REDD+ programs in Indonesia are now being implemented, community access to state forests is an important aspect that is still to be considered. The study proposes a two-stage PES for REDD+ as the design for involving communities in REDD+ projects by considering the conditionality, transparency, voluntariness and additionality of PES. The two-stage PES for REDD+ consists of initial and PES periods. The initial period is designed to improve tenure arrangements for local communities and the PES period is designed to implement the PES scheme. This study proposes that acknowledging current customary forest practices and implementing REDD+ at the district level, are two policy shifts that need to be undertaken by the Indonesian government to implement PES for REDD+.
47
Indreswari, Meidyah. "Corporate governance in the Indonesian state-owned enterprises : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1510.
Full textAbstract:
Concern regarding corporate governance is a new phenomenon in Indonesia. It became apparent in the business community when the economic crisis hit the country in 1997. Due to its recent recognition, it appears that very little is known about corporate governance in Indonesia and there has been no academic study conducted on corporate governance in the Indonesian Stateowned Enterprises (ISOEs) despite the fact that their performance is closely linked to the development of the country. The main objectives of this study are two-fold: first is to examine corporate governance systems and the roles of the Boards of ISOEs; and second is to assess the effectiveness of government initiatives in improving corporate governance practices in ISOEs. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. The quantitative analysis was derived from numerical data obtained from government reports and other public documents. The qualitative analysis was based on the results of in-depth interviews with key individuals and other sources such as public opinions published in the mass media. Several key findings were obtained from the results of this study. Firstly, the study found that using agency theory to explain the relationships between the agents and the principals was more problematic in ISOEs than those in private enterprises. This is because an ISOE is a loose coalition of various agents with no real owner. Consequently. agency theory, if it is used to redefine the relationships among parties in ISOEs. should be approached at two different levels. At the micro level the agency theory examines the agent-principal relationships among the ISOE management, the Boards and the government-the corporate governance tripod. At the macro level it examines the agent-principal relationships between the corporate governance tripod and the ISOEs stakeholders (the public, labour unions, politicians in the People's Representative Assembly and others). Secondly, the results of this study confirm the results of previous studies which found that Boards in SOEs were largely ineffective. To enhance Boards' effectiveness, this study suggests that as a quasi-owner the government needs to reduce its intervention in ISOEs' operations and empower the Boards by establishing employee representation on the Board. In addition, Board training and assessment should be a mandatory in the ISOEs. Thirdly, this study found that the initiatives on corporate governance carried out by the Indonesian government had been ineffective due to the lack of incentives, lack of commitment and consistency, lack of understanding of corporate governance and unclear programmes. Here, the key factor required to enhance effectiveness is strong-willed commitment of the government and ISOE management. Lastly, other factors such as culture, public governance and law enforcement have a great influence in the process of attaining good corporate governance practices. Therefore, there should be joint efforts among parties in the public sector to ensure that good corporate governance is achieved in conjunction with the attainment of good public governance.
48
Sejati, Nur Ana. "The Use of Performance Information by Local Government Managers: Indonesian Case Studies." Thesis, 2017. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/37828/.
Full textAbstract:
Collecting and reporting performance has become common practice in public sector organisations worldwide. The effort to use performance information for reporting has potential benefits to improve performance and enhance accountability. Since 1999, the Indonesian government has adopted a new reporting framework, which requires public sector organisations to collect and report performance information. Despite the use of performance information for reporting performance being mandated, few studies have been conducted to investigate its actual use in public sector organisations in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to narrow the gap in the understanding of how and why managers in local governments, specifically in Indonesia as a developing country, use performance information to improve performance and enhance accountability.
This study employed a case study approach with a purposive sample of three local government agencies in two local governments in Indonesia as cases. The data collection method utilized in this study was in-depth interviews with eight managers in the three agencies, three managers of the planning agencies in the two local government jurisdictions, and two consultants. Also, information contained in documents used in local government was also gathered to examine the performance information that was used. A variation of the well-known management cycle (planning, implementation, review, improvement, and accountability) was employed in analysing the results.
The findings suggest that the use of performance information has been progressing since the issuance of the regulation concerning the guidelines for preparing and evaluating development planning. The improvement in planning documents, which demonstrate the use of the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), laid a foundation for using performance for enhancing performance and accountability. The presence of the KPIs, along with performance targets, drove managers in the three cases examined in this study to improve their performance. Despite the progress of the use of performance information in planning, this study found that managers had limited use of performance information in monitoring and evaluating performance. The focus of monitoring and evaluation mostly targeted the completion of activities (outputs) rather than the results or outcomes of those activities.
This study proposes a model for the effective use of performance information. To achieve the benefits of using performance information, nine influencing factors, which can act as barriers or enablers, should be considered: having a clear and comprehensive legal mandate, adequate leadership support, suitable technical capacity, supportive organisational culture, existence of performance measurement systems, availability of resources, adequate information and communication technology, involvement of citizens, and managerial authority to act. The presence of these factors, as enablers, provides groundwork for managers to use performance information in each stage of the management cycle to improve performance and accountability.
49
Ramadyanto, Widodo. "Fiscal Risks and Impacts Assessment on the Renewable Energy Policies in Indonesia." Thesis, 2019. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/38647/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis tries to assess the Indonesia fiscal risk because of government guarantees for renewable energy development, particularly the development of geothermal power plants. These plants in Indonesia can be developed either by the PLN (a state-owned enterprise) or by private investors. When the plants are developed by private investors, they have to sell the electricity to PLN as it is the only electricity retailer in Indonesia. If PLN build power plants, it needs loans from financial institutions, but due to its financial condition, those financial institutions need government guarantees which ensure PLN’s ability to service the debts. Meanwhile, when the power plants are developed by private investors, the investors need to be guaranteed that PLN will be able to pay for the purchased power. These guarantees might create a fiscal risk for the government. The government has been stating fiscal risks in its national budget, but it only focuses on the risk exposures without estimating their probabilities. Therefore, this study tries to complete the current budget statement which provides both exposures and probabilities of fiscal risks from government guarantees for renewable energy projects. Furthermore, the government has been applying a simulation model to assess the fiscal risks but it is in a definite number which does not incorporate uncertainties. Whereas uncertainties can alter the government policy. Moreover, the government model to assess fiscal risk on the power sector incorporates general power plants which may not suitable for the renewable energy power, particularly geothermal power. It is then forecasted that it is likely there will be no government guarantee for geothermal projects for 2018 and 2019. However, with less than 10% probabilities of an exposure of up to IDR 18.8 trillion and IDR 25.2 trillion for 2018 and 2019 respectively. Under 90% certainty, the maximum guarantee exposure will be up to IDR 1.9 trillion and IDR 4.1 trillion. As results, these exposures are categorised as low risk because they are below the threshold value of 0.5% of GDP but the government will have a sufficient cash to pay the maximum possible guarantee amounts. These forecasted figured are based on a Monte Carlo simulation model, a stochastic simulation model, for renewable energy power plants. In practical, this model can act as a tool for analysing guarantee proposals, to estimate fiscal risk and economic impacts of the guarantees, to design fiscal risk control policies. Therefore, this study can be applied for decision making regarding government guarantee in Indonesia. In academic point of view, this study explains the transmission of fiscal risk from government guarantees on geothermal projects in Indonesia to the fiscal risk. It also enrich academic perspective on fiscal risk management which is differ from other literatures as it explains fiscal risk from the Indonesian government guarantees, adds knowledge on the relationship between government expenditure, government guarantees on renewable energy development and fiscal sustainability in Indonesia, and provides knowledge through a practical and applicable fiscal risk assessment approach on government guarantees. It is concluded that there will be no government guarantee exposure for geothermal projects in 2018 and 2019, so the government need not to allocate the guarantee expenditures in the national budget for the years.
50
Helmy, Abdullah. "VET Training and Industry Partnerships : a Study in East Java, Indonesia." Thesis, 2014. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/28814/.
Full textAbstract:
Across Indonesia, training partnerships have formed between vocational education and training institutions and industry to meet the demands of the 21st century labour market. For many industry managers, a partnership has become a necessary means to train unskilled workers as well as update skills required for the current workforce. Vocational education and training institutions, such as polytechnics, are emerging as one of the major and logical providers of workforce training that is necessary to revitalise and maintain the competitiveness of this nation’s industries and business.
The purpose of case study research is to explore and examine the impacting factors in four VET providers of industry training partnerships in East Java, Indonesia. A comprehensive partnership construct is based on three factors identified by Lendrum (2003) and Callan and Ashworth (2004): environmental influences upon partnerships, a process/training model, and the role of people and relationships, were used to frame and guide this study.