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Academic literature on the topic 'Prospect theory application Objectives'

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Published: 10 December 2022
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Journal articles on the topic "Prospect theory application Objectives"

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Monroe, Thomas, Mario Beruvides, and Víctor Tercero-Gómez. "Derivation and Application of the Subjective–Objective Probability Relationship from Entropy: The Entropy Decision Risk Model (EDRM)." Systems 8, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems8040046.

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The uncertainty, or entropy, of an atom of an ideal gas being in a certain energy state mirrors the way people perceive uncertainty in the making of decisions, uncertainty that is related to unmeasurable subjective probability. It is well established that subjects evaluate risk decisions involving uncertain choices using subjective probability rather than objective, which is usually calculated using empirically derived decision weights, such as those described in Prospect Theory; however, an exact objective–subjective probability relationship can be derived from statistical mechanics and information theory using Kullback–Leibler entropy divergence. The resulting Entropy Decision Risk Model (EDRM) is based upon proximity or nearness to a state and is predictive rather than descriptive. A priori EDRM, without factors or corrections, accurately aligns with the results of prior decision making under uncertainty (DMUU) studies, including Prospect Theory and others. This research is a first step towards the broader effort of quantifying financial, programmatic, and safety risk decisions in fungible terms, which applies proximity (i.e., subjective probability) with power utility to evaluate choice preference of gains, losses, and mixtures of the two in terms of a new parameter referred to as Prospect. To facilitate evaluation of the EDRM against prior studies reported in terms of the percentage of subjects selecting a choice, the Percentage Evaluation Model (PEM) is introduced to convert choice value results into subject response percentages, thereby permitting direct comparison of a utility model for the first time.
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GRECHKO, Mikhail V., and Larisa A. KOBINA. "Effect of cognitive distortions caused by errors in information processing on decision-making by economic agents." Regional Economics: Theory and Practice 19, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/re.19.1.121.

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Subject. This article examines the issues related to the cognitive potential of behavioral and institutional economics and irrationality in decision-making. Objectives. The article aims to develop an application toolkit to investigate the mechanism of cognitive biases influence on decision-making by economic agents. Methods. For the study, we used the prospect theory and expert survey techniques. Results. Based on the cognitive potential of interdisciplinary decision theory, the article proves that most economic agents in the face of incomplete information prefer individual information, rather than a priori probability information. Conclusions. The results of the study can be useful to create a tool to manage consumer choice.
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Liu, An Ying, and Fa Jie Wei. "An Improved Risk Analysis Method of Advanced Materials." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.34.

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Most new materials are not mature since there are all kinds of uncertainties due to many factors, such as technical complexity, shifting objectives/scopes, and poor management. Application of a new material means we must accept all opportunities and threats, while it exists a lot of uncertain information in the process of decision making. This paper reviews the traditional methods of risk analysis, such as risk matrix, and introduces uncertain data in decision to describe two attributes of risk —probability and consequence. The data of risk collected is then processed based on prospect theory, take into account the behavior patterns and psychological factors which are not aware of in a traditional approach. At last, an example proves the improved risk analysis method is rational and scientific.
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Hu, Xijian, Jiaqi Teng, Wei Wu, Yan Li, and Yuhong Sheng. "Research on Airport Scheduling of FGAP Multi-Objective Programming Model Based on Uncertainty Theory." Symmetry 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101915.

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Based on the current background of airport management and flight-gate scheduling in China, this paper takes Shanghai Pudong International Airport’s flight number of the rising and landing aircraft in a certain day as the research object, and it establishes an uncertain FGAP (Flight-Gate Assignment Problem) multi-objective programming model under the framework of uncertainty theory. Using genetic algorithm to solve the model, the specific flight-gate assignment scheduling plan is given. The research results show that the model in this paper can effectively alleviate the problems, such as unbalanced flight-gate allocation and excessive operating pressure of a single gate, in the conventional model, and make the allocation and scheduling more reasonable and efficient. Finally, we give the future application of uncertainty theory in finance and management, as well as the prospect of combining it with symmetry in physics.
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Hu, Xijian, Jiaqi Teng, Wei Wu, Yan Li, and Yuhong Sheng. "Research on Airport Scheduling of FGAP Multi-Objective Programming Model Based on Uncertainty Theory." Symmetry 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101915.

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Based on the current background of airport management and flight-gate scheduling in China, this paper takes Shanghai Pudong International Airport’s flight number of the rising and landing aircraft in a certain day as the research object, and it establishes an uncertain FGAP (Flight-Gate Assignment Problem) multi-objective programming model under the framework of uncertainty theory. Using genetic algorithm to solve the model, the specific flight-gate assignment scheduling plan is given. The research results show that the model in this paper can effectively alleviate the problems, such as unbalanced flight-gate allocation and excessive operating pressure of a single gate, in the conventional model, and make the allocation and scheduling more reasonable and efficient. Finally, we give the future application of uncertainty theory in finance and management, as well as the prospect of combining it with symmetry in physics.
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Xiao, Yun, Guangmin Wang, and Meng Xu. "Prospect Theory-Based Two-Sided Satisfied and Stable Matching Mechanism for the Shared Parking Slots Problem." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (December 26, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6739995.

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The contradiction between the dramatic increase in the aggregate number of automobiles and the short supply of parking spaces leads to parking difficulties. Sharing mode helps improve the efficiency of existing parking spaces, increase resource utilization, and alleviate the difficulty of parking. This paper focuses on the matching mechanism in the shared parking slots problem, which involves three agents: shared parking suppliers, shared parking demanders, and shared parking platform. We propose a prospect theory-based two-sided satisfied and stable matching model (PT-TSSM) with two objectives to maximize the satisfaction degree of both shared parking demanders and shared parking suppliers. Numerical experiments are illustrated to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model. Moreover, the PT-TSSM model is compared with the other two shared parking mechanisms. The proposed model considers the satisfaction degrees of both shared parking demanders and suppliers, while first book first serve (FBFS) cares only one side of the participants. And compared with deferred acceptance (DA), our model not only takes two-sided stable matching into account but also considers the satisfaction degree of all the demand and supply participants, which obtain a two-sided satisfied and stable matching scheme.
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Akmarov, P. B., and O. P. Knyazeva. "Trends and prospects for accounting automation in agriculture." International Accounting 23, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ia.23.3.276.

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Subject. This article analyzes the reasons of lagging of accounting automation in agriculture behind other sectors of the economy, as well as the trends in its development in the context of Russia's digital economy formation. Objectives. The article aims to highlight the importance of accounting automation in the development of production, the current trends in information technologies application in the agricultural industry, and the prospects for their development in the management of enterprises and accounting organization. Methods. For the study, we used statistical inquiry, classification, generalization and grouping. Results. The article talks about the cost-effectiveness of the introduction of modern accounting automation systems. It offers a promising version of agricultural accounting automation technologies based on the application of cloud computing and remote databases. The article also describes the specifics of the application of accounting automation programs in agricultural organizations. The case of the agricultural industry of Udmurtia shows the impact of accounting automation on the efficiency of production. Conclusions and Relevance. Automation of accounting in agriculture is an integral part of the development system of the Russian digital economy. This material will be useful to the management and accounting services of agricultural organizations in working out development plans and improving management, academic and pedagogical workers to assess the current state of automation of accounting and solving future problems of informatization of management in the agricultural sector. The results of the study can be applied in the theory and practice of accounting automation.
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SAFONOVA, Margarita F., and Aleksei Yu ALEKSEENKO. "Artificial intelligence technologies: Prospects for use in the company’s internal audit." International Accounting 25, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 1403–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ia.25.12.1403.

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Subject. This article studies the trends in the development of artificial intelligence technologies in the field of internal audit. Objectives. The article aims to highlight the main trends in the development of artificial intelligence technologies in the field of internal audit, substantiating the prospects for the application of such technologies in the context of the development of a new concept of internal audit. Methods. For the study, we used analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, systems approach, and the computational and graphic, and accounting and analytical methods. Results. The article reveals the prerequisites for the discrepancy between business expectations aimed at obtaining advisory support in making management decisions and the existing paradigm of internal audit, focused on testing the internal control and risk management system. The analysis of the existing machine learning methods in the context of its potential applicability in the internal auditor’s work helped identify key areas for using machine learning to improve the efficiency of performing audit procedures. Conclusions and Relevance. Machine learning as a field of knowledge of the theory of artificial intelligence can help automate the routine processes of internal audit and orient this function in the field of information and consulting support for business, contributing to its shifting away from control and audit activities. The use of individual elements of artificial intelligence technology contributes to improving the efficiency of internal audit. The results of the study can be used both for practical application by internal audit services, and for the development of the theory and practice of this field of knowledge.
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Pavlov, Ivan. "Present and Perspectives of the Adult Education Theory in the System of Andragogical Sciences." Lifelong Learning 5, no. 1 (2015): 8–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/lifele201505018.

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The adult education theory belongs to the fundamental theoretical disciplines of andragogy and the development of its fundamental assumptions is an important prerequisite for the development of andragogy. The current level of its terminology and system apparatus in comparison to other disciplines of andragogy currently does not fully enable to develop primarily practical-application functions, and thus leaves its potential unfulfilled. Building of an education theory on interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and trans-disciplinary principles is now legitimate and allows the use of research results of other sciences (philosophy, anthropology, pedagogy, sociology, psychology, ethics, cultural studies, etc.). The adult education theory cannot be built only as a theory for theory (normative aspect), but it should develop its own exploratory, explanatory and analytical potential for the needs of support of self-development of an adult. It envisages the creation of a scientifically justified system of adult education and self-education as a theory providing sufficiently developed and socially applicable model of andragogical action. Prospects of the adult education theory are combined with the need to define and understand the basic terms (education and self-education of adults), their relations in the system of science, explanation of subject and functions (normative and practical, through the development of basic and applied research and creation of the curriculum components (objectives, principles, contents, education process and others).
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Wang, Yingchao, Ning Zhao, Hongwen Jing, Bo Meng, and Xin Yin. "A Novel Model of the Ideal Point Method Coupled with Objective and Subjective Weighting Method for Evaluation of Surrounding Rock Stability." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8935156.

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The classification of surrounding rock stability is the critical problem in tunneling engineering. In order to decrease engineering disasters, the surrounding rock stability should be accurately evaluated. The ideal point method is applied to the classification of surrounding rock stability. Considering the complexity of surrounding rock classification, some factors such as rock uniaxial compressive strengthen, integrality coefficient of rock mass, the angle between tunnel axis and the main joint, joints condition, and seepage measurement of groundwater are selected as evaluation indices. The weight coefficients of these evaluation indices are determined by the objective and subjective weighting method, consisting with the delphi method and the information entropy theory. The objective and subjective weighting method is exact and reliable to determine the weights of evaluation indices, considering not only the expert’s experiences, but also objectivity of the field test data. A new composite model is established for evaluating the surrounding rock stability based on the ideal point method and the objective and subjective weighting method. The present model is applied to Beigu mountain tunnel in Jiangsu province, China. The result is in good agreement with practical situation of surrounding rock, which proves that the ideal point method used to classify the surrounding rock in tunnels is reasonable and effective. The present model is simple and has very strong operability, which possesses a good prospect of engineering application.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Prospect theory application Objectives"

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Munger, Jeanne Lauren. "An experimental application of prospect theory to the pricing of bundled products." Connect to resource, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1262630995.

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Resendiz-Silva, Jesus G. "Why did Mexico not privatise the electricity sector? : an application of prospect theory." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2013. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/43161/.

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Between 1982 and 2003, as part of an ambitious programme of market reforms, the total number of state-owned enterprises in Mexico was cut from 1,155 to 210. Despite this, the country’s energy sector, including the electricity industry, has largely remained in state hands. Presidents Ernesto Zedillo and Vicente Fox presented their projects to privatise the Mexican electricity industry (MEI). However, they were unable to reach agreements with key political players to carry out this strategy. This thesis explores the underlying reasons for this “non-privatisation” by applying the most important behavioural theory of choice under risk, Prospect Theory (PT). The thesis hypotheses that privatisation of the Mexican electricity industry was not implemented because there were specific conditions that led decision-makers to behave in a risk-averse way. For instance, the privatisation of the MEI is more likely to occur in conditions of a severe crisis in that sector, and that these conditions have yet to occur. This hypothesis draws on psychological arguments derived from PT, which explore behaviour in terms of risk aversion in the domain of gains and risk-seeking in the domain of losses. According to PT, people tend to opt for risky choices when they are experiencing losses. On the other hand, people behave in a very cautious way when they see themselves in the domain of gains. The research offers evidence that the decision-makers involved in the debate of the electricity privatisation projects were in the domain of gains and therefore they did not implement the privatisation. In this way, the thesis offers a new perspective for understanding the political dynamics of the privatisation proposals. The thesis also makes important contribution to empirical knowledge, offering original insights that cannot be provided by other theoretical frameworks such as rational choice theories. Moreover, the thesis offers an interesting analysis of different economic, social and political factors. This provides key information that is used in a context that supports our PT application. For instance, we study the partial participation of the private sector in the MEI and reviewed historical events that strongly influenced the country’s economic and social development.
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Sun, Lei. "Cumulative prospect theory and its application in employee stock options and a consumption model." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.552835.

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This thesis focuses on the concept of loss aversion in cumulative prospect theory and applies cumulative prospect theory to explain people's consumption behavior and the issuance of stock options to both employees and executives. Firstly, I provide a canonical way to frame loss aversion in cumulative prospect theory. I formally define an index of loss aversion as a function to reflect gain/loss comparisons. This index, different from the one defined by Kobberling and Wakker (2005), can be naturally 'used to fully describe the characteristics of loss aversion. With this index, equivalent conditions for loss aversion and strong loss aversion can be achieved. Distinctions of my definition from the previous ones are discussed in details. I also attempt to fit the special classes of utility functions into my definition. Compar- ative loss aversion can be defined through Yaari's acceptance sets and a standard asset ./ allocation problem. The conclusion is: the more loss averse an agent is, the smaller the acceptance set is and the less she will invest in risky assets. Secondly, I create a cumulative prospect theory multiperiod model to explain the fact that employees like to be paid with stock options. Essentially, it is the psycho- logical characteristic that people are prone to overweight the probability for extreme large returns to make the stock option preferred to the Black-Scholes price or the cost to the company, even when there is no optimism among employees. Employees'desire to hold options increases as firm volatility or optimism increases. My model is also consistent with other observed facts such as typical exercise behavior. Loss aversion in cumulative prospect theory can trigger early exercise behavior when the stock price is high, since the fear for a future drop of the stock price dominates the potential hap- piness brought by future gains. I also analyse the executive's compensation package. I find that a multiperiod risk averse model will predict a high base salary and some positive holdings in stock options in the optimal package as observed in the empirical research. Finally, I try to solve the puzzle about people's asymmetric reaction to the ex- pected income changes. I extend Kimball's two-period consumption model through incorporating the psychological utility function from prospect theory. Still within the expected utility framework, the asymmetric effect of loss aversion and the definition of reference level increase the flexibility of the model. Now the optimal consumption is determined by risk aversion and prudence in the general consumption utility, loss aversion, risk aversion and prudence on gains, and risk loving and anti-prudence on losses in the psychological utility. The most important findings are: for 'habit stickers', when they expect the future income to increase, they increase their current consump- tion synchronously, but when they expect a decrease for their future income, they may not lower their current living standards; for those with fully-adjusted reference levels, when they hear good news about the future income, they do not substantially increase today's consumption, and they are prone to lower their current living standards in front of bad news.
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CORTES, FLAVIA MONTARROYOS. "FINANCIAL BEHAVIOURS: AN APPLICATION OF THE PROSPECT THEORY IN DECISION-MAKING BY INVESTORS IN BRAZIL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=13116@1.

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Este trabalho tem o objetivo de aplicar os conceitos das Finanças Comportamentais (FC) através da Teoria do Prospecto na tomada de decisões de investidores no Brasil. Os primeiros estudos publicados sobre o tema são datados de 1979, feitos por Daniel Kahneman e Amos Tversky. As Finanças comportamentais surgem para contestar a Hipótese dos Mercados Eficientes (HME), na qual os investidores são completamente racionais e que, no processo de tomada de decisão, são capazes de analisar a totalidade dos dados disponí­veis e que todos os agentes do mercado possuem o mesmo número de informações. Este novo modelo incorpora aspectos da psicologia e da sociologia na busca de uma maior compreensão do processo decisório no mercado financeiro. O presente estudo replicou o questionário do artigo seminal de Kahneman e Tversky (1979) em 40 pessoas que trabalham ou já trabalharam no mercado financeiro. Para análise destes dados foram realizadas comparações com os resultados encontrados por Kahneman e Tversky (1979), Cruz, Kimura e Krauter (2003) e Rogers, Securato, Ribeiro e Araújo (2007). A amostra estudada indica que os decisores tendem a serem avessos ao risco no campo dos ganhos e propensos aos riscos no campo das perdas.
The present study aims to apply the concepts of Behavioral Finance (BF) using the Prospect Theory in decision-making by investors in Brazil. The first published studies on the topic are from 1979, by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. The Behavioral Finance emerged to contest the Efficient Capital Market (EFM) Theory, where investors are thought to act rationally in the process of decision-making, taking into account all available data, and financial agents share the same information. This new model intertwines psychological and sociological aspects seeking a greater understanding in financial decision-making. The present study applied the same questionnaire used by Kahneman & Tversky (1979) in their seminal paper to 40 subjects, working on or retired from the financial market. In the data analysis, results were compared to those of Kahneman & Tversky (1979); Cruz, Kimura & Krauter (2003); and Rogers, Securato, Ribeiro & Araújo (2007). From our analysis we find that investors run from taking risks while generating gains and are prone to assume those risks while losing capital.
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Huang, Yun-ling, and 黃韻陵. "An Application of Prospect theory to Educational Marketing." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/svhy7t.

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碩士
國立中山大學
教育研究所
97
The present study aimed to apply the framing effects in prospect theory to examine college students’ risk tendencies under the context of educational marketing. Prospect theory proposes that framing effects result in a preference for risk-averse choices in gain situations and risk-seeking choices in loss situations. Frame in this research was treated as a between-subjects factor. Participants were randomly assigned to either the gain or loss condition with the counter-balanced method. The decision tasks consisted of four domains of marketing mix, i.e., product, price, place, and promotion. The results showed that participants’ risk tendencies were in accordance with the predictions from the perspective of framing effects. Reference points were employed by participants to determine gain or loss framing. Specifically, risk-averse tendencies were more prominent in gain situations than those in loss situations, whereas risk-seeking tendencies were more pronounced in loss situations than those in gain situations. Hence, in order to produce desirable outcomes of marketing mix in educational marketing, marketers in higher education should take the influences of reference point and framing effects on decision-making into consideration.
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Singh, Punya. "Functional analysis of concealment: a novel application of prospect and refuge theory." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4667.

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According to prospect-refuge theory, humans prefer to be in spaces that afford protection from threat (refuge), but also provide large fields of view (prospect). These preferences are said to arise from the adaptive advantages of such locations with respect to both avoidance of predation from refuge and survey of opportunities for resource collection by prospect. Prospect-refuge theory in the past has traditionally only been applied to human beings, but many of the same contingencies governing spatial preference ought to also hold true in other animals. If people's spatial preferences are influenced by prospect-refuge considerations, then such preferences ought to be found in other animals that are subject to the same pressures to find safety and resources. The overall objective of this study was to explore spatial preferences of the Mongolian gerbil in situations in which prospect-refuge theory makes specific predictions about which regions of an environment will be preferred. Gerbils were placed in an arena containing three dome shaped refuges that varied in the amount of prospect and refuge. A predator was released during the trial to examine how contextual factors may influence the degree of prospect and refuge preferred. There was a preference for an enclosed refuge at stimulus onset even though this was not reflective of what happened prior to stimulus onset, which suggests there was a shift in preferring refuges with greater concealment upon exposure to a threatening stimulus. These results indicate that shelter preference does in fact depend on contextual factors. An explicit comparison of these preferences in widely divergent species may help to place theories of spatial preference on a firmer biological footing, and may provide a greater understanding of how the principles of spatial cognition might underpin parts of the design process.
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Peng, Guo-jyun, and 彭國鈞. "An Application of the Framing Effect of Prospect Theory to School Organization Change." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21259218274859763555.

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碩士
國立臺南大學
教育經營與管理研究所碩士班
100
The risk always makes people feel disturbed and fear, it is also one of the things people reluctant to face, however, in some case, people will pursue risks in order to achieve their requirement, according to prospect theory, when human beings face a choose of risk, they will refer the message which they owned and use it weigh their gains and losses to decide whether they take the risk or not in the end. On the other hand, government work hard to do educational reformation in recent years, but the educational reformation encounter resistance because of teacher’s mentality of exclude-reformation. Therefore, this study apply the concept of framing effect of prospect theory to school organization change province then operate the experimental design manipulative positive and negative message frame to understand whether teachers will bring different risk attitudes and desire of reformation. This study has three thematic researches, each thematic research is divided into a positive message experiment and a negative experiment, there thematic researches totally have six experiments and teachers are randomly assigned to different experimental station, and then use SPSS18.0 software to test the validity and analyze the experimental results. Through the above statistical analysis, main findings of the study are as follows: 1. Most of teachers who receive positive message refuse the risk and cause them reject to engaged in school organization change. 2. Most of teachers who receive negative message pursue the risk and cause them engaged in school organization change. Finally, according to the research results, the study proposes conclusion, suggestions for practical and further research.
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Abdouli, Abdelhamid. "Application of optimal control theory to economic development in the presence of conflicting objectives." 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/14293083.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1986.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-149).
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Cheng, Cheng-Feng, and 鄭正豐. "The Optimization of Online Auction Strategy from the Perspectives of Seller and Bidder: An Application of Prospect Theory." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05210311981777242619.

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博士
國立成功大學
企業管理學系碩博士班
95
This study attempts to develop mathematical models for online auctions based on the perspectives of both online bidders and sellers and then adopts an empirical analysis to il-lustrate the viability of the mathemati¬cal models. First of all, the study applies prospect theory to investigate the impacts of auction quality strategy and bidding characteristics on bidder satisfaction and competitive intensity through auction prices in online auctions. The auction quality strategy consists of information quality, system quality, and service quality. Bidding characteristics are the conditions faced by bidders, such as starting price, auction length, bidding cost, and transaction cost. Second, this study investigates the effects of the above auction quality strategy and bidding characteristics strategy on bidder satisfaction, competitive intensity, and seller satisfaction, respectitively. Third, the study employs dy-namic game theory to integrate the online auction strategy from the bidders’ perspectives. This approach provides a dynamic game model to identify the dominant strategy in com-petitive online auction environments. The results of path analysis show that both auction quality strategy and bidding char-acteristics can enhance seller costs, online auction prices, bidder satisfaction, and competi-tive intensity. Higher online auction prices decrease online bidder satisfaction and in-creases seller costs. Higher seller costs decrease online seller satisfaction. In addition, bid-der satisfaction enhances competitive intensity from the bidders’ perspective in the online environment. From the sellers’ perspective, auction price and competitive intensity en-hances seller satisfaction in the online environment.
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Baatar, Davaatseren [Verfasser]. "Matrix decomposition with times and cardinality objectives : theory, algorithms and application to multileaf collimator sequencing / Davaatseren Baatar." 2006. http://d-nb.info/97917595X/34.

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Books on the topic "Prospect theory application Objectives"

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Tian, Xiaoli, and Zeshui Xu. Fuzzy Decision-Making Methods Based on Prospect Theory and Its Application in Venture Capital. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0243-6.

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Tian, Xiaoli, and Zeshui Xu. Fuzzy Decision-Making Methods Based on Prospect Theory and Its Application in Venture Capital. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2021.

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Tian, Xiaoli, and Zeshui Xu. Fuzzy Decision-Making Methods Based on Prospect Theory and Its Application in Venture Capital. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2022.

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Renninger, K. Ann, Eric Amsel, and Ann Renninger. Change and Development: Issues of Theory, Method, and Application. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Eric, Amsel, and Renninger K. Ann, eds. Change and development: Issues of theory, method, and application. Mahwah, N.J: L. Erlbaum, 1997.

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Renninger, K. Ann, Eric Amsel, and Ann Renninger. Change and Development: Issues of Theory, Method, and Application. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Renninger, K. Ann, Eric Amsel, and Ann Renninger. Change and Development: Issues of Theory, Method, and Application. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Renninger, K. Ann, Eric Amsel, and Ann Renninger. Change and Development: Issues of Theory, Method, and Application. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Renninger, K. Ann, Eric Amsel, and Ann Renninger. Change and Development: Issues of Theory, Method, and Application. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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(Editor), Eric Amsel, K. Ann Renninger (Editor), and Ann Renninger (Editor), eds. Change and Development: Issues of Theory, Method, and Application (Jean Piaget Symposium Series). Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Prospect theory application Objectives"

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Wang, Xiashuang, Guanghong Gong, Ni Li, and Yaofei Ma. "A Survey of the BCI and Its Application Prospect." In Theory, Methodology, Tools and Applications for Modeling and Simulation of Complex Systems, 102–11. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2672-0_11.

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Tian, Xiaoli, and Zeshui Xu. "Prospect Consensus with Probabilistic Hesitant Fuzzy Preference Information." In Fuzzy Decision-Making Methods Based on Prospect Theory and Its Application in Venture Capital, 79–110. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0243-6_5.

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de Oliveira Neto, Arnaldo Marques. "Question, General and Specific Objectives, Justification, Contributions, and Methodological Procedures of the Research." In Accounting, Finance, Sustainability, Governance & Fraud: Theory and Application, 63–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2297-5_7.

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Liu, Hu-Chen. "FMEA Using Cluster Analysis and Prospect Theory and Its Application to Blood Transfusion." In Improved FMEA Methods for Proactive Healthcare Risk Analysis, 73–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6366-5_4.

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Gong, Changqing, Dan M. Frangopol, and Minghui Cheng. "Application of Cumulative Prospect Theory to Optimal Inspection Decision-Making for Ship Structures." In Model Validation and Uncertainty Quantification, Volume 3, 65–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12075-7_7.

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Martin, Hugo, and Patrice Perny. "Computational Models for Cumulative Prospect Theory: Application to the Knapsack Problem Under Risk." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 52–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35514-2_5.

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Tian, Xiaoli, and Zeshui Xu. "Intuitionistic Fuzzy MADM Based on PT." In Fuzzy Decision-Making Methods Based on Prospect Theory and Its Application in Venture Capital, 17–29. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0243-6_2.

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Tian, Xiaoli, and Zeshui Xu. "QUALIFLEX Based on PT with Probabilistic Linguistic Information." In Fuzzy Decision-Making Methods Based on Prospect Theory and Its Application in Venture Capital, 31–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0243-6_3.

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Tian, Xiaoli, and Zeshui Xu. "Introduction." In Fuzzy Decision-Making Methods Based on Prospect Theory and Its Application in Venture Capital, 1–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0243-6_1.

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Tian, Xiaoli, and Zeshui Xu. "An Improved TODIM with Probabilistic Hesitant Fuzzy Information." In Fuzzy Decision-Making Methods Based on Prospect Theory and Its Application in Venture Capital, 121–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0243-6_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Prospect theory application Objectives"

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Bolognani, Denise, Andrea Verzobio, Daniel Tonelli, Carlo Cappello, Branko Glisic, and Daniele Zonta. "An application of prospect theory to a SHM-based decision problem." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Tribikram Kundu. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2261212.

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Li-ping, Wang. "The Overview and Prospect of Environmental Regulation Theory of Coal Enterprises." In 2009 International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology, ESIAT. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esiat.2009.203.

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Hu, Yangyi, Lei Gan, Xingying Chen, Gengyin Li, and Kun Yu. "Application and Prospect of Behavioral Economics in the Field of Power System Economic Decision Based on Prospect Theory." In 2021 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpsasia52756.2021.9621472.

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Yuan, Chang, Yujia Sui, Jinping Gao, Yu Pan, and Li Gao. "The application of evaluation method based on prospect theory in stock investment." In Conference on Data Science and Knowledge Engineering for Sensing Decision Support (FLINS 2018). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813273238_0146.

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Gao, Ya. "A Promising Application Prospect of Blockchain in Banking Industry from the Perspective of Stakeholder Theory." In 1st International Symposium on Innovative Management and Economics (ISIME 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210803.023.

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Luca, Stefano de, and Roberta Di Pace. "Evaluation of Risk Perception in Route Choice Experiments: An Application of the Cumulative Prospect Theory." In 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - (ITSC 2015). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2015.60.

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Pokhitonov, Yury, Vasiliy Babain, Vladislav Kamachev, and Dennis Kelley. "Russia: Results and Prospects of Liquid Solidification Experiments at ROSATOM Sites." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59112.

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Ongoing experimental work has been underway at selected nuclear sites in the Russian State Atomic Energy Corporation (ROSATOM) during the past two years to determine the effectiveness, reliability, application and acceptability of high technology polymers for liquid radioactive waste solidification. The long term project is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention (IPP) program. IPP was established in 1994 as a non-proliferation program of DOE / National Nuclear Security Administration and receives its funding each year through Congressional appropriation. The objectives of IPP are: • To engage former Soviet nuclear weapons scientists, engineers and technicians, currently or formerly involved with weapons of mass destruction, in peaceful and sustainable commercial activities. • To identify non-military, commercial applications for former Soviet institute technologies through cooperative projects among former Soviet weapons scientists, U.S. national laboratories and U.S. industry. • To create new technology sources and to provide business opportunities for U.S. companies, while offering commercial opportunities and meaningful employment for former weapons scientists. Argonne National Laboratory provides management oversight for this project. More than 60 former weapons scientists are engaged in this project. With the project moving toward its conclusion in 2012, the emphasis is now on expanding the experimental work to include the sub-sites of Seversk (SCC), Zheleznogorsk (MCC) located in Siberia and Gatchyna (KRI) and applying the polymer technology to actual problematic waste streams as well as to evaluate the prospects for new applications, beyond their current use in the nuclear waste treatment field. Work to date includes over the solidification of over 80 waste streams for the purpose of evaluating all aspects of the polymer’s effectiveness with LLW and ILW complex waste. Waste stream compositions include oil, aqueous, acidic and basic solutions with heavy metals, oil sludge, spent extractants, decontamination solutions, salt sludge, TBP and other complex waste streams. Extensive irradiation evaluation (up to 270 million rad), stability and leach studies, evaporation and absorption capacity tests and gas generation experimentation on tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) waste have been examined. The extensive evaluation of the polymer technology by the lead group, V.G. Khlopin Radium Institute, has resulted in significant discussion about its possible use within the ROSATOM network. At present the focus of work is with its application to legacy LLW and ILW waste streams that exist in a variety of sectors that include power plants, research institutes, weapons sites, submarine decommissioning and many others. As is the case in most countries, new waste treatment technologies first must be verified by the waste generator, and secondly, approved for use by the government regulators responsible for final storage. The polymer technology is the first foreign sorbent product to enter Russia for radioactive waste treatment so it must receive ROSATOM certification by undergoing irradiation, fire / safety and health / safety testing. Experimental work to date has validated the effectiveness of the polymer technology and today the project team is evaluating criteria for final acceptance of the waste form by ROSATOM. The paper will illustrate results of the various experiments that include irradiation of actual solidified samples, gas generation of irradiated samples, chemical stability (cesium leach rate) and thermal stability, oil and aqueous waste stream solidification examples, and volume reduction test data that will determine cost benefits to the waste generator. Throughout the course of this work, it is apparent that the polymer technology is selective in nature; however, it can have broad applicability to problematic waste streams. One such application is the separation and selective recovery of trans-plutonium elements and rare earth elements from standard solutions. Another application is the use of polymers at sites where radioactive liquids are accidently emitted from operations, thus causing the risk of environmental contamination.
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Mesfar, W., A. Shirazi-Adl, and M. Dammak. "Anisotropic Nonlinear Friction at Biomaterial Interfaces: Theory and Application." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/bed-23086.

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Abstract The interface friction exists in natural and artificial joints as well as many engineering systems in which different bodies articulate. It often plays an important role in mechanics of the system. In the cementless arthroplasty, the friction between the prosthesis (including stems and screws) and the host bone is exploited to increase the stability of the operation. Our previous experimental studies have shown that the interface between bone and various porous coated surfaces exhibit a nonlinear friction that remains nearly the same in different directions; a nonlinear isotropic friction [1,2]. More recent bidirectional friction tests between cancellous bone or polyurethane cubes and a metallic porous coated plate have demonstrated that the interface load-displacement curve is highly nonlinear with significant coupling between two perpendicular directions [3]. Model studies incorporating measured nonlinear response have demonstrated the importance of proper simulation of nonlinear response as compared with Coulomb friction and of the coupling between orthogonal directions [3–5]. In this study, we aim to extend the earlier model studies to incorporate nonlinear direction-dependent anisotropic friction between two surfaces. Our objectives are set to: (a) develop constitutive equations to present interfaces with nonlinear anisotropic friction properties; and (b) implement and apply in a finite element study of a cube resting on a block subjected to normal and shear loads.
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Susongko, Purwo. "Taxonomy of Educational Objectives in the Perspective of the Old Java Educational Theory: an Application to Holistic Education." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Science, Humanities, Education and Society Development, ICONS 2020, 30 November, Tegal, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-11-2020.2303756.

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Lu, Shaopeng, Zhongran Chi, Songtao Wang, Fengbo Wen, and Guotai Feng. "Full Three-Dimensional Optimization Platform of Turbine Blades Considering the Film Cooling." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94092.

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In this paper, an optimization platform was established with Isight, cfx and the self-programming program which is used to generate the mesh. Film cooling effect can be taken into account. 15 parameters are selected as optimization variables. During the optimization process, the baseline blade and cooling holes are given by parameterized method. There are two objective functions during the optimization process. The first one is aerodynamic efficiency and the second one is film cooling efficiency. As there are two objective functions, NSGA-II is chosen as the multi-objective optimization algorithm. Then the Pareto-optimal front can be got. The results show that aerodynamic efficiency and film cooling efficiency restrict each other. It’s impossible to get the best solutions in one example, so the Pareto optimal set can provide a lot of choices. Different shapes make different effects on the aerodynamic efficiency and film cooling efficiency. From the above, it can be seen that the platform is helpful especially in the case that aerodynamic efficiency and film cooling efficiency restrict each other. This paper also discusses the prospects for platform applications.
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Reports on the topic "Prospect theory application Objectives"

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Tanny, Josef, Gabriel Katul, Shabtai Cohen, and Meir Teitel. Application of Turbulent Transport Techniques for Quantifying Whole Canopy Evapotranspiration in Large Agricultural Structures: Measurement and Theory. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592121.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions The original objectives of this research, as stated in the approved proposal were: 1. To establish guidelines for the use of turbulent transport techniques as accurate and reliable tool for continuous measurements of whole canopy ET and other scalar fluxes (e.g. heat and CO2) in large agricultural structures. 2. To conduct a detailed experimental study of flow patterns and turbulence characteristics in agricultural structures. 3. To derive theoretical models of air flow and scalar fluxes in agricultural structures that can guide the interpretation of TT measurements for a wide range of conditions. All the objectives have been successfully addressed within the project. The only modification was that the study focused on screenhouses only, while it was originally planned to study large greenhouses as well. This was decided due to the large amount of field and theoretical work required to meet the objectives within screenhouses. Background In agricultural structures such as screenhouses and greenhouses, evapotranspiration (ET) is currently measured using lysimeters or sap flow gauges. These measurements provide ET estimates at the single-plant scale that must then be extrapolated, often statistically or empirically, to the whole canopy for irrigation scheduling purposes. On the other hand, turbulent transport techniques, like the eddy covariance, have become the standard for measuring whole canopy evapotranspiration in the open, but their applicability to agricultural structures has not yet been established. The subject of this project is the application of turbulent transport techniques to estimate ET for irrigation scheduling within large agricultural structures. Major conclusions and achievements The major conclusions of this project are: (i) the eddy covariance technique is suitable for reliable measurements of scalar fluxes (e.g., evapotranspiration, sensible heat, CO2) in most types of large screenhouses under all climatic conditions tested. All studies resulted with fair energy balance closures; (ii) comparison between measurements and theory show that the model is capable in reliably predicting the turbulent flow characteristics and surface fluxes within screenhouses; (iii) flow characteristics within the screenhouse, like flux-variance similarity and turbulence intensity were valid for the application of the eddy covariance technique in screenhouses of relatively dilute screens used for moderate shading and wind breaking. In more dense screens, usually used for insect exclusions, development of turbulent conditions was marginal; (iv) installation of the sensors requires that the system’s footprint will be within the limits of the screenhouse under study, as is the case in the open. A footprint model available in the literature was found to be reliable in assessing the footprint under screenhouse conditions. Implications, both scientific and agricultural The study established for the first time, both experimentally and theoretically, the use of the eddy covariance technique for flux measurements within agricultural screenhouses. Such measurements, along with reliable theoretical models, will enable more accurate assessments of crop water use which may lead to improved crop water management and increased water use efficiency of screenhouse crops.
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Just, Richard E., Eithan Hochman, and Sinaia Netanyahu. Problems and Prospects in the Political Economy of Trans-Boundary Water Issues. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573997.bard.

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The objective of this research was to develop and apply a conceptual framework for evaluating the potential of trans-boundary bargaining with respect to water resource sharing. The research accomplished this objective by developing a framework for trans-boundary bargaining, identifying opportunities for application, and illustrating the potential benefits that can be gained thereby. Specifically, we have accomplished the following: - Developed a framework to measure the potential for improving economic efficiency considering issues of political feasibility and sustainability that are crucial in trans-boundary cooperation. - Used both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to assess feasible coalitions among the parties involved and to model potential bargaining procedures. - Identified empirically alternative schemes of cooperation that both improve upon the economic efficiency of present water usage and appease all of the cooperating parties. - Estimated the potential short-run and long-run affects of water reallocation on the agricultural sector and used this information to understand potential strategies taken by the countries in bargaining processes. - Performed case studies in Israeli-Jordanian relations, the relationship of Israel to the Palestinian Authority, and cooperation on the Chesapeake Bay. - Published or have in process publication of a series of refereed journal articles. - Published a book which first develops the theoretical framework, then presents research results relating to the case studies, and finally draws implications for water cooperation issues generally. Background to the Topic The increase in water scarcity and decline in water quality that has resulted from increased agricultural, industrial, and urban demands raises questions regarding profitability of the agricultural sector under its present structure. The lack of efficient management has been underscored recently by consecutive years of drought in Israel and increased needs to clean up the Chesapeake Bay. Since agriculture in the Middle East (Chesapeake Bay) is both the main water user (polluter) and the low-value user (polluter), a reallocation of water use (pollution rights) away from agriculture is likely with further industrial and urban growth. Furthermore, the trans-boundary nature of water resources in the case of the Middle East and the Chesapeake Bay contributes to increased conflicts over the use of the resources and therefore requires a political economic approach. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements and Implications Using game theory tools, we critically identify obstacles to cooperation. We identify potential gains from coordination on trans-boundary water policies and projects. We identify the conditions under which partial (versus grand) coalitions dominate in solving water quality disputes among riparian countries. We identify conditions under which linking water issues to unrelated disputes achieves gains in trans-boundary negotiations. We show that gains are likely only when unrelated issues satisfy certain characteristics. We find conditions for efficient water markets under price-determined and quantity-determined markets. We find water recycling and adoption of new technologies such as desalination can be part of the solution for alleviating water shortages locally and regionally but that timing is likely to be different than anticipated. These results have been disseminated through a wide variety of publications and oral presentations as well as through interaction with policymakers in both countries.
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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas, and S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.

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Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.
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Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani, and Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water: Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.

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Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.
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