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Osborne, P. J. "The control of the discretion to prosecute in Ireland." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388172.
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Panov, Stoyan Minkov. "The obligation aut dedere aut judicare ('extradite or prosecute') in international law : scope, content, sources and applicability of the obligation 'extradite or prosecute'." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6521/.
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The thesis focuses on the scope, content, sources and applicability of the obligation aut dedere aut judicare pertaining to certain international crimes such as genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, the prohibition of torture, drug trafficking, hijacking of civil aviation and terrorist bombing and financing of terrorism in international law. The general framework of the thesis focuses on the legal base of the obligation aut dedere aut judicare, the scope and content of the obligation, the triggering mechanisms of the duty, and state responsibility for preaches of the obligation. The relevant core crimes and transnational crimes are examined in relation to the obligation, based on and formulated in various multilateral, widely-ratified conventions and state practice. State practice and opinio juris indicate that a customary aut dedere aut judicare duty has formed or crystallized for certain international crimes such as the prohibition of torture, genocide, grave breaches of international humanitarian law, including war crimes, and crimes against humanity. As regards the offences against the safety of civil aviation and hijacking, terrorism-related crimes, international drug trafficking, and crimes against UN personnel, the evidence is mixed and it is more appropriate to conclude that an emerging custom of the obligation 'extradite-or-prosecute' for these crimes is forming.
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Abo-Hameed, Meethaq. "An international criminal framework to prosecute the legacy of forced internal displacement in Iraq." Thesis, Bangor University, 2017. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-international-criminal-framework-to-prosecute-the-legacy-of-forced-internal-displacement-in-iraq(72ce4a02-5e19-4c2b-b46e-8f334a23e2a6).html.
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This thesis examines the question of whether the Iraqi High Criminal Tribunal, as a domestic court relying on international law, respected the principle of nullum crimen sine lege when prosecuting the Ba’ath Party legacy of internal displacements under the heading of forcible transfer as an international crime per se. If it did not do so, then which other international criminal frameworks, the thesis enquires, would have been adequate and valid? The research focuses on internal displacements in the cases of Al-Dujail, the Marshlands population and the Al-Anfal campaigns. These cases are significant in relation to the aforementioned principle, especially since there are some that have yet not been tried. The research conducted doctrinal legal research, and employed both primary and secondary resources: scholarly writings and publications, case law, Iraqi laws, instruments of international tribunals, international conventions and reports. The key findings establish that the reliance on international law to criminalize the Ba’ath Party legacy did not challenge the principle of nullum crimen sine lege. However, this was not the case with the criminalization of acts of internal displacement under the heading of forcible transfer as an international crime per se, whether under the category of crimes against humanity or that of war crimes in internal armed conflict. The research findings are that the Iraqi High Criminal Tribunal derived these categories from the Rome Statute and applied them retroactively. This Statute, however, entered into force only in July 2002, and forcible transfer was not recognised as a category of crime under international law during the periods when the Ba’ath Party abuses took place. Under international law at that period, forcible transfer was recognised as a war crime only in international armed conflicts; as a sub-heading of the crime of apartheid, and as a sub-heading of the crime of genocide through the transfer of children. These three exemplars were not applied to the Iraqi cases, and thus there is a considerable gap between the practice of the Iraqi High Criminal Tribunal and international law. The research therefore suggests alternative criminal frameworks: it demonstrates that the crime of persecution, the crime of other inhumane acts, and the crime of genocide through the sub-headings of both ‘causing serious bodily or mental harm’ and ‘inflicting conditions of life to bring a group about its physical destruction’ can serve to criminalize the Iraqi cases of internal displacement, particularly since these crimes were well established in customary international law and/or treaty law at the material time. The research concludes that violation of the principle of nullum crimen sine lege threatens the legitimacy of the Iraqi trials. It is therefore recommended that Iraqi legislators and judges should take the opportunity to amend Iraqi law and the Statute of the Iraqi High Criminal Tribunal to ensure that trials dealing with the Ba’ath legacy, or with future atrocities, are in line with the principle of nullum crimen sine lege and with international law. Finally, this work concludes with some suggestions that would help to ensure that similar trials, procedures, punishments and other criminal acts or frameworks in the future do not violate the principles of criminal law.
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Barata, Paula C. "Battered women's evaluations of two criminal justice policies designed to arrest and prosecute more batterers." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0010/MQ52508.pdf.
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Landström, Lena. "Åklagaren som grindvakt : En rättsvetenskaplig studie av åklagarens befogenheter vid utredning och åtal av brott." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-42952.
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In Sweden an oral hearing, the trial, is held as the ideal model for the criminal procedure and according to the legality principle reported crimes ought to be investigated and prosecuted. Over time high levels of reported crimes have led to an increase in pressure on the courts and other actors in the criminal process. This pressure has created new ways of dealing with reported crimes in summary procedures and to exceptions from the legality principle. Such changes have given the prosecutor a key role in deciding how cases are dealt with in the criminal process. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the Swedish public prosecutor’s influence on the choice of cases that are investigated, prosecuted and tried in court during a trial. The study examines the prosecutors’ legal authority and how that authority has changed from the time that the Code of Judicial Procedure came into force in 1948 to the beginning of 2011. A starting point for the examination is that investigating, prosecuting and trying cases in the criminal process should be carried out in a way that is considered to be fair according to societal values, which are embedded in the legal system. Both decisions about which cases will be tried and the procedure involved in how to try them has to be performed in a way that seems to be fair. In the study the values that underlie the criminal process is examined through a model. This model assumes that the criminal process has been created and developed to satisfy different requirements, which can be separated into three main groups: the functions of the criminal process, legal principles and the main objectives of a good administration of justice. The model is used to analyze and discuss the development of the legal rules. The prosecutor’s authority and influence over the process has broadened and the use of summary procedures has served to place the focus on the police investigation instead of the trial. Among the objectives of a good administration of justice Speed and Cost effectiveness are considered to be more important than Security. As long as the Trust in the system is sufficient this development can continue. A conclusion from the study is that there is a need for some actor to prioritize and to do that openly. In the study the issue is raised whether it is time to question the legality principle as the main principle for the Swedish legal system.Förlagsutgiven med 3 månaders embargo.
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Moller, Cord-Hendrik. "South African obligation under international law to prosecute and punish perpetrators of gross human rights violations and to provide compensation for victims." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4721.
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Countries undergoing a transitional process face multiple problems and challenges. The process of transformation from a dictatorial, anti-democratic or authoritarian state into a constitutional democracy which respects the rule of law and the fundamental human rights of its citizens is a difficult and strenuous one. Often equipped with only limited financial resources, many newly elected, democratic governments find themselves confronted with a variety of urgent problems waiting to be resolved: the civil service and the judiciary need to be restructured or reformed, jobs must be created for the hundreds of thousands of unemployed, the economy must be put back on the right track and the poor have to be provided with housing, food and health care. While the extent and nature of these and other challenges naturally vary considerably, depending on the circumstances and the specific situation of the state concerned, there is one issue which has to be faced almost inevitable by every transitional society: the question of how to deal with its own troubled past. Broadly speaking, there are three different approaches for dealing with a burdensome past. Firstly, there is the option to move on, to focus on the future and simply to forget the conflicts of the past. This option is generally characterised by a general amnesty for the perpetrators of the old regime, shielding those who committed atrocities and gross violations of human rights from any criminal prosecutions. Spain is probably the most prominent example for a country having chosen this way but amnesty laws have also been passed, inter alia, in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Sierra Leone and Uruguay. Secondly, there is the option to prosecute and punish gross human rights offenders and to hold accountable the members of the old regime. In Greece for instance, 18 Generals were convicted for high treason only months after the end of their military dictatorship. Ethiopia is another example for a country having opted for this approach while Rwanda has decided to reappraise its gruesome past by a combination of international and national criminal prosecutions. Finally, there is the option to employ alternative mechanisms and procedures like truth commissions and other non-penal measures. This is, so to speak, the middle course between the two extremes of general amnesties and criminal prosecutions. Numerous truth commissions have been set up so far in countries as different as Argentina, Chile, Guatemala, Timor-Leste, Morocco, Sierra Leone or South Africa, just to mention the most prominent examples. As divergent as these commissions in each of these different countries might have been, they all were established to investigate and verify past human rights violations, to give victims of grave human rights abuses a forum to tell their stories and to acknowledge officially what happened during certain dark and painful periods in their respective countries' histories. This option tries to strike a balance between the need to reappraise a country's past on the one hand and the necessity to preserve its still young and vulnerable democracy on the other.
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Materu, Sosteness F. "The prosecution of international crimes in respect of the Democratic Republic of the Congo : critical evaluation of the factual background and specific legal considerations." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5628_1307603309.
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The first part of this study evaluates the historical events that led to the referral of the DRC situation to the ICC. This includes the background of the conflict and the extent to which international crimes have been committed. Both regional and domestic attempts and initiatives to address the conflict are discussed, with specific reference to peace agreements and restorative justice mechanisms. The second part of the study deals with the prosecution of the perpetrators by the ICC. It examines the approach of the Pre- Trial Chamber to two legal issues, the principle of complementarity and modes of criminal participation as part of the ICC Statute. In this regard, the study makes a critical evaluation of two preliminary decisions confirming the charges against Lubanga, Katanga and Chui before the cases proceeded to the trial stage.
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Cinnamond, Martin. "Order versus justice : an assessment of the challenges faced by the Commission of Experts and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia during their attempts to investigate and prosecute atrocity crimes." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/769/.
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The English School focuses on the issue of humanitarian intervention, because "it poses the conflict between order and justice in international relations in its starkest form. " This thesis posits that international investigations and prosecutions of atrocity crimes poses the conflict between order and justice in international relations in an equally stark form. Diplomatic attempts to facilitate a negotiated settlement to an armed conflict (order) may be undermined by attempts to investigate and prosecute atrocity crimes (justice), particularly where individuals deemed crucial to any settlement become the specific focus of investigations. Similarly, attempts to arrest individuals indicted for atrocity crimes (justice) in post-conflict environments, may in some instances lead to the nascent, fragile peace (order) breaking down where their supporters retain the capacity to act in a destabilising manner. The thesis explores these tensions between order and justice by focusing on the challenges faced by the Commission of Experts and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia during their attempts to investigate and prosecute atrocity crimes.
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Colella, A. "GLI OBBLIGHI SOVRANAZIONALI DI TUTELA PENALE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/174255.
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This doctoral thesis deals with the obligations to have in place effective criminal law provisions, to prosecute and to punish the authors of international crimes arising from the various branches of international law, and approaches the problems relating to the compatibility of those obligations with Italian constitutional framework and with human rights.
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TAVASSI, LUDOVICA. "L'onere della prova nel processo penale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/241129.
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La tesi si è occupata dell’analisi dei risvolti processuali dell’onere della prova all’interno degli accertamenti giurisdizionali di parte.
Per analizzare compiutamente il tema, l’impianto dell’elaborato è stato articolato in tre capitoli.
Nel primo, partendo dalla considerazione delle teorie generali in ordine alle situazioni giuridiche soggettive e alle modalità deontiche, si è proteso per quelle posizioni dottrinali che, negando un’autonoma identità giuridica alla figura di onere, hanno ritenuto opportuno configurarlo come un elemento di struttura delle fattispecie complesse di potere.
Nel secondo capitolo, lungo un’osservazione più specificamente calata nelle dinamiche processuali, si è proceduto ad osservare come l’onere della prova acquisti un ruolo centrale nelle verifiche cognitive laddove, per un verso, esso descrive la situazione soggettiva di potere esercitata dall’attore che rivendica nel giudizio un proprio diritto, e, per l’altro, implica la regola di giudizio che orienta la decisione nel caso in cui, terminato l’accertamento, permanga l’incertezza sullo stato delle situazioni materiali da verificare.
Il luogo di elezione in cui il principio dell’onere della prova ha trovato la sua collocazione naturale è il processo civile. Qui, vigendo il principio dispositivo, in virtù del diverso standard decisorio della probabilità prevalente, l’opportunità di introdurre o meno i mezzi di prova a sostegno della pretesa attorea resta una libera scelta della parte che, per ottenere una pronuncia in proprio favore, deve, appunto, onerarsi di allegare la prova.
Nel corso del terzo capitolo, si è proceduto ad analizzare come nel processo penale, invece, considerata l’indisponibilità della materia, non si possa parlare di un onere per l’accusa, ma di un dovere di prova in virtù del portato normativo dell’art. 112 Cost. In base ad esso, quindi, il pubblico ministero non è libero di presentare la domanda, ma ha l’obbligo di farlo quando ne ricorrono i presupposti. Al contempo, egli ha dunque un corrispettivo dovere di prova in sostegno dell’imputazione per la verifica dibattimentale (prosecuzione dell’azione). Dunque, una volta superata l’udienza preliminare, il pubblico ministero non è titolare, rispetto all’adduzione dei mezzi di prova, di una posizione di potere; piuttosto egli ha un dovere di prova che in caso di mancato assolvimento dovrà essere giuridicamente sanzionato e non potrà semplicemente essere supplito da quello che, in questo caso, si rivelerebbe come un abusivo esercizio da parte del giudice del potere di acquisire la prova d’ufficio.
Quest’ultimo aspetto, infine, ha offerto lo spunto per osservare in che modo possa definirsi la portata dell’art. 507 c.p.p. senza intaccare l’imparzialità del giudizio. Il dubbio ragionevole, nell’area dell’accertamento definita dalla presunzione di innocenza, non può attagliarsi su un quadro probatorio rimasto, per negligenza o per imperizia dell’accusatore pubblico, incompleto rispetto agli esperimenti di prova disponibili e dunque adducibili al processo.The thesis dealt with the analysis of the trial implications of the burden of evidence within the jurisdictional verification of the party. To fully analyze the theme, the layout’s project has been divided into three chapters. In the first, starting from the consideration of general theories in relation to subjective juridical situations and deontic modalities, the paper leaned over those doctrinal positions which, by denying an autonomous juridical identity to the burden figure, considered it appropriate to configure it as a structural element of the complex cases of power. In the second chapter, along an observation more specifically related to the trial’s dynamics, we proceeded to observe how the burden of evidence acquires a central role in cognitive verifications where, on the one hand, it describes the subjective situation of power exercised by the actor claiming a right in the judgment, and, for the other, implies the rule of judgment that directs the decision in the case in which, once the proof assessment has been completed, remains the uncertainty about the state of the material situations to be verified. The election place which the principle of the burden of evidence finds its natural place is the civil process. Here, in keeping with the device principle, by virtue of the different decision-making standard of the prevailing probability, the opportunity to introduce or not the evidence supporting the alleged claim remains a free choice of the party who, to obtain a sentence in his favor, have to attach the proof. During the third chapter, we proceeded to analyze how, in the criminal trial, however, considering the unavailability of the matter, we can not speak of a evidential burden for the accusation, but a duty of evidence by virtue of the legislative art. 112 of the Constitution. Accordingly, therefore, the public prosecutor is not free to present the request, but he has the obligation to do this when the conditions are met. At the same time, he therefore has a corresponding duty of evidence in support of the indictment for the verification of the proceedings (continuation of the prosecution). Therefore, once the preliminary hearing is over, the public prosecutor does not hold a position of power in relation to the evidence; rather, he has a duty to prove that in the event of failure to comply he must be legally sanctioned and can not simply be compensated by the judge. In this case, his intervention would be an abusive exercise by the judge of power to acquire evidence by himself. Lastly, this last aspect offered the opportunity to observe how the the art. 507 c.p.p. can work without affecting the impartiality of the judgment. Reasonable doubt, in the assessment area defined by the presumption of innocence, can not be based on a probative framework left not complete for a negligent or inexperienced behavior of the public prosecutor, incomplete compared to the available trial experiments and therefore adductible to the trial.
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Marques, Glaucia Fabri Carneiro. "As condições do trabalho docente e o processo ensino-aprendizagem nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2010. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2698.
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Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar as condições do trabalho docente e sua interferência no processo ensino-aprendizagem nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental. Como perspectiva metodológica optou-se pela concepção filosófica do Realismo Crítico, tendo por base alguns de seus princípios, segundo os quais se compreende o processo de pesquisa como uma busca contínua de fatores que se relacionam internamente e sustentam os fenômenos analisados, indo além das aparências observadas. Para o alcance do objetivo central, realizou-se inicialmente um levantamento da produção de estudos referentes ao trabalho docente e às condições de trabalho do professor a partir da década de 1990 no Brasil e na América Latina. Apesar da pouca produção de estudos que aprofundem mais o tema central, encontraram-se referências importantes que o abordavam em relação a aspectos fundamentais como à qualidade do ensino e a saúde docente. Podem ser citados, entre outros, os estudos de Tardif e Lessard; Campos e Körner; Codo; Sampaio e Marim. Também se destacam trabalhos organizados por diversos órgãos, tais como INEP, UNESCO e CNTE. Empenhou-se também na busca de uma organização e reflexão acerca das concepções relacionadas ao conceito de trabalho e profissão docente, analisando como elas se inserem no contexto atual e que repercussões apresentam no cotidiano escolar. Neste campo podem ser citados os trabalhos de Nóvoa,, Costa, Villela, Gadotti; Viannna. Com o propósito de articular o campo teórico do empírico, esse estudo também baseou-se em três fontes de dados. A primeira refere-se a dados primários, levantados no âmbito desse estudo, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. As entrevistas foram realizadas com professor e coordenador de duas escolas de Juiz de Fora, (uma da rede estadual de ensino e outra da rede municipal) e com uma representante sindical de cada rede de ensino. As outras duas fontes são secundárias e referem-se respectivamente à pesquisa interinstitucional e ao Censo Escolar. Na pesquisa interinstitucional, analisaram-se questões relacionadas às condições de trabalho docente, que pudessem oferecer uma dimensão diferenciada aos assuntos abordados. Através do trabalho com o Censo Escolar, buscou-se enriquecer as análises sobre a relação entre infraestrutura escolar e qualidade do ensino. Os resultados obtidos com a realização desse estudo indicam a importância das condições de trabalho para o bom desenvolvimento do processo ensino-aprendizagem. No âmbito escolar, destacam-se as questões referentes à gestão escolar, número de alunos em sala, violência do entorno social e utilização de recursos e equipamentos escolares. Nos aspectos relacionados à carreira docente destacam-se o vínculo empregatício e o plano de carreira. Além de o processo ensino- aprendizagem sofrer interferência das condições de trabalho do professor, observou-se que a saúde docente, condição primeira para a efetivação do trabalho, não pode ser desvinculada das discussões relacionadas à qualidade do processo escolar.
This dissertation has for principal objective investigate the conditions of the teaching work and your interference in the teaching-apprenticeship process on the initial years of the Basic Teaching. The methodological perspective one chose like for the philosophical conception of the Critical Realism, taking some of his beginnings as a base, according to which the process of inquiry is understood like a continuous search of factors of that they make a list internally and support the analyzed phenomena, going besides the observed appearances. For the reach of the central objective, there happened initially a lifting of the production of studies referring to the teaching work and to the conditions of work of the teacher from the decade of 1990 in Brazil and in the Latin America. In spite of little production of studies that board in the more deep form the central subject, there were important references that were boarding it regarding basic aspects how to the quality of the teaching and to the teaching health. There can be quoted, between others, the studies of Tardif and Lessard; Campos and Körner; Codo; Sampaio and Marim. Also there stand out works organized by several organs, such as INEP, UNESCO and CNTE. It was pawned also in the search of an organization and reflection about the conceptions made a list to the concept of work and teaching profession, analyzing like them they are inserted in the current context and which repercussions they present in the school daily life. In this field the works of Nóvoa can be quoted, Costa, Villela, Gadotti; Viannna. With the purpose of articulating the theoretical field of the empirical one, this study also was based on three sources of data. The first one refers to primary data lifted in the context of this study, through semi-structured interviews. The interviews were carried out by teacher and coordinator of two Juiz de Fora schools, one of the state net of teaching and other one of the municipal net and by a syndical representative of each net of teaching. Others two sources are secondary and they refer respectively to the interinstitutional inquiry and School Census. In the interinstitutional inquiry there were analyzed questions made a list to the conditions of teaching work, which could offer a dimension differentiated to the boarded subjects. Through the work with the School Census it was looked to raise the quality of the analyses about the relationship between infrastructure of the school and the teaching quality. The results obtained with the realization of this study indicate the importance of the conditions of work for the good development of the process teaching-apprenticeship. In the school extent there stand out the questions referring to the school management, pupils' number in room, of I tip social violence over and use of resources and school equipments. In the aspects made a list to the teaching run there stand out the contract of employment and the plan of run. Besides the process I teach apprenticeship to suffer interference of the conditions of work of the teacher, it was noticed that the teaching health, first condition for a effective work, cannot be divested of the discussions made a list to the quality of the school process.
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Chueh, Hui-Yin (Trisha). "The buck stops at the top : comparison of safety related leadership antecedents in prosecuted and non-prosecuted organisations in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10772.
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The current research emerged in response to recent alerts of increasing organisational safety failures in New Zealand’s high risk industries. It was theorized that safety climate may be largely determined by the quality of safety-centered leadership under which an organisation operates. The study utilized reports of organisational safety prosecutions within New Zealand to develop a quasi-experimental design which compared persecuted and non-prosecuted company’s leaders on measures of ethical values, moral philosophy, social responsibility, corporate psychopathy, and leadership style. Issues of response rate inherent to the study design were encountered during data collection, and no significant between group differences consistent with the study predictions were found. Theoretical and practical interpretations are made in light of the results, suggesting that dynamics within group-decision processes and the top governing structure of companies may be significant factors in affecting leader safety performances within these industries.
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Greenberg, David Mace. "A descriptive study of a prosecuted group of child molesters." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25947.
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Hochstetler, Spencer. "Judge-Prosecutor Dyad Effects on Racial Disparity." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1592170635135092.
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Fionda, Julia Alison. "The prosecutor as a sentencer : a comparative study of the role of the public prosecutor in Scotland, the Netherlands and Germany." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333582.
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Shakarchi, Richard J. "The Effects of the Intuitive Prosecutor Mindset on Person Memory." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1040044498.
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De, Pindrila. "The internal structures and organisation of EC prosecuted cartels and the impact on their performance." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533719.
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Coady, Kyle N. P. "Prosecutor Selected Youth Diversion: Identifying the Circumstances and Conceptualizing the Cases." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23217.
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Crown selected youth diversion has received little academic attention in Canada. As a process that channels offenders out of the formal legal system, diversion purports to achieve contradictory self-serving system and offender-based goals. Using 50 randomly selected prosecution files – half of which the Crown diverted and half of which the Crown prosecuted – a mixed method investigation of diversion assesses cases through quantitative content analysis and grounded theory method. Based on the quantitative analysis, it is argued that there is an emerging patterned nature of Crown selected diversion that is not completely benign. This patterned nature of diversion unearths a distinctive discourse of diversion/non-diversion. Qualitatively, it is argued that the cases are organized around three temporal moments that create an area for distinctions to be made in terms of threat, responsibility, (in)tolerableness and recourse. Seemingly, there is a persistent paradoxical existence of the diversion process that emerges from the case files.
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Černiauskienė, Nendrė. "Systemic improvement of management in the Prosecutor`s Office of the Republic of Lithuania." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110825_103142-47249.
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The problem being researched. The integration of Middle and Eastern European states into democratic processes has determined changes in public sector management and with rationalization of sectors of Lithuanian economy the system of justice was also involved: in the year 1993 the Parliament approved the outlines of the reform of the system of justice which set that legal bases of the reform have to be formed, specialists are to be prepared employees selected, the necessary financial and economical basis created, new legal institutions have to be created and the old ones reformed in order to ensure the stable system of justice. The reform has revealed both the advantages and disadvantages of the system of justice: not all the areas of the system of justice have received the appropriate attention. A similar situation occurred when carrying out the outlines of the Reform of the System of Justice approved in the year 1998. An appropriate and effective functioning of legal proceeding has been emphasized in international acts of law and experts’ meetings: democratization of management of prosecution system and improvement of the legal regulation of its management as well as more operative fulfillment of its functions are necessa ry; the reorganization has not only to strengthen prosecutors’ professionalism but also to ensure the adequate working conditions. This position was approved by the resolutions of the Tenth Congress of the United Nations which took place in Vienna on the 1... [to full text]Tiriamoji problema. Vidurio ir Rytų Europos valstybių įsijungimas į demokratinius procesus sąlygojo viešojo sektoriaus valdymo pokyčius, o racionalizuojant Lietuvos ūkio sritis, nebuvo aplenkta ir teisinė sistema: 1993 m. Seimas patvirtino Teisinės sistemos reformos metmenis, kuriose nustatyta, kad turi būti formuojami reformos teisiniai pamatai, rengiami specialistai, renkami darbuotojai, kuriama būtina finansinė–ūkinė bei materialinė bazė, pertvarkomos bei kuriamos naujos teisinės institucijos, kurios užtikrintų stabilią teisinę sistemą. Reforma atskleidė tiek teisinės sistemos privalumus, tiek ir trūkumus: ne visoms teisinės sistemos sritims skirtas tinkamas dėmesys. Panaši situacija susiklostė ir įgyvendinant 1998 m. patvirtintas Teisinės reformos metmenis. Ne vieną kartą tinkamas ir efektyvus baudžiamosios teisenos funkcionavimas yra akcentuotas tarptautinės teisės aktuose bei ekspertų susitikimuose: būtinas prokuratūros sistemos valdymo demokratizavimas, jos veiklos teisinio reglamentavimo tobulinimas bei operatyvesnis funkcijų vykdymas, reorganizacija turi ne tik stiprinti prokurorų profesionalumą, bet ir užtikrinti adekvačias darbo sąlygas. Šią poziciją patvirtina 2000 m. balandžio 17 d. Vienoje vykusio dešimtojo Jungtinių Tautų Kongreso dėl nusikaltimų prevencijos bei elgesio su nusikaltėliais sprendimai, kuriais buvo konstatuota, jog tinkamas baudžiamosios teisės sistemos administravimas yra viena iš efektyviausių kovos su nusikalstamumu priemonių. 2002 metų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Kintzel, Yvonne. "Prosecutor ./. Milan Martić : Urteil des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs für das ehemalige Jugoslawien vom 12. Juni 2007." Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3653/.
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Bini, Beatrice. "Il film The Prosecutor, The Defender, The Father and His Son: un'autoanalisi della traduzione dei sottotitoli." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/16525/.
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L'elaborato è composto da una parte introduttiva dove viene presentato il film "The Prosecutor, The Defender, The Father and His Son", la sua produzione multinazionale e il ruolo dell'interprete.
A seguire, il capitolo centrale di inquadramento teorico sulla traduzione audiovisiva (AVT), in particolare sul sottotitolaggio. L'ultimo capitolo è dedicato a un'autoanalisi dei sottotitoli da me tradotti dall'inglese verso l'italiano, con riferimento ai parametri di traduzione dei sottotitoli stabiliti da Netflix.
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Roberts, S. K. P. "Prosecutorial discretion in the pre-trial criminal process : the Crown Prosecutor and Assistant United States Attorney compared." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367790.
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Harrington, Clodagh. "The investigation of scandal from Watergate to Monicagate : the special prosecutor in late twentieth century American politics." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435590.
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Rashid, Farid Mohammed. "The role of the prosecutor in the International Criminal Court : discretion, legitimacy, and the politics of justice." Thesis, University of East London, 2016. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/5860/.
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Under the complex circumstances and the limited capacity in which the International Criminal Court (ICC) operates, the role of its prosecutor has been challenging. The ICC prosecutor cannot pursue all situations for investigation, and cases for prosecution. She has to be selective. Moreover, the individuals and the crimes over which the Court exercises its jurisdiction, and the present circumstances in which it operates raise political sensitivities that might undermine the ability of the Court to deliver its justice effectively. The ICC prosecutor faces a complex dilemma in negotiating a relationship between fealty to the law and the impact and possible benefits of political exigencies in delivering justice. It also raises the problem of the role of political considerations within the decision-making process. The exercise of discretion lies at the heart of these challenges, as the ICC’s Statute allows the prosecutor to exercise significant discretion. This thesis will explore and analyse the discretionary power of the ICC prosecutor. It situates the development of the office historically by referring to the experiences of the War Crimes Tribunals after World War II and the two United Nations Tribunals of the 1990’s. Against this background, it examines the scope of discretion and the way the Prosecutor has exercised it. This thesis will suggest that there has been a tendency to overlook the necessity of distinguishing between various senses of discretion open to the prosecutor to exercise. In exploring the scope of discretion, the thesis will argue that there is wider range of discretion with different senses, available to the Prosecutor and that has been exercised by her, when applying legal thresholds. In assessing these legal thresholds, the focus will be on ‘sufficient gravity’ and ‘the interests of justice’. The thesis will suggest that the indeterminacy of the legal thresholds, such as ‘sufficient gravity’ is the space, which, in effect, allows decision-makers to exercise a wide range of discretion. The thesis refers to this discourse as legal interpretative discretion. This is to be distinguished from prosecutorial discretion, which is a different concept and allows decision-makers to consider extra-legal considerations, as the case with the term ‘interests of justice ’. An implication of the interpretation of the terms like ‘sufficient gravity’, is that the prosecutor can appear to possess almost unlimited power. In exploring the relationship between the two types of discretion the thesis will root the analysis within a close reading of examples of the investigations and prosecutions, and the scholarly literature. The thesis also discusses the relevance of political considerations within the decision-making process in the context of the exercise of prosecutorial discretion. It suggests that there need not be a conflict between the broad sense of justice as outlined in the Statute and political factors in giving effect to decisions. The thesis engages with the repeated statements by prosecutors, which have denied the use of discretion and asserted a fealty to strict legalism. It suggests that beneath these statements lie a resource, discretion, which helps not hinders international criminal justice.
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Reynolds, Diana Elizabeth. "The prosecution strategy of the ICC office of the prosecutor recast : a hand up not a hand out." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112608.
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The Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the International Criminal Court (ICC) has taken steps to define and develop its prosecution policies. Review of these policies reveals that the OTP prefers to act on referrals of situations by states and the Security Council, rather than to employ its proprio motu investigatory powers. While the OTP has effectively defined the threshold for the gravity of the crimes that it will prosecute, a number of other discretionary criteria that inform the OTP's exercise of jurisdiction remain undefined. Additionally, the OTP's acceptance of state 'waivers of complementarity' moves in the direction of establishing a quasi-exclusive jurisdiction for the OTP. This thesis will critically evaluate these policies, and propose a recasting of the OTP's prosecution strategy towards the promotion of domestic war crimes prosecutions. It posits that the ICC OTP can act as a catalyst for domestic war crimes prosecutions, by serving in an advisory and support role. The OTP thus has the opportunity to breathe life into the complementarity regime and advance the global struggle against impunity.
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Sjöström, Marcus. "The Initiation of an Investigation Proprio Motu by the Prosecutor of the ICC - A Reasonable Basis to Proceed?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-225614.
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Ерменчук, Т. А. "Роль прокуратуры в защите прав подозреваемых." Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61042.
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Согласно ст.1. Конституции РФ, Российская Федерация – правовое
государство, в котором необходима всемерная охрана прав и законных
интересов личности и создание прочной системы гарантий их реализации.
Решение этой задачи приобретает исключительное значение в сфере уголовно-
процессуальной деятельности, неизбежно связанной со стеснением
конституционных прав личности в допустимых законом пределах.According to article 1. Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation - the legal A state in which the full protection of rights and legal interests of the individual and the creation of a firm system of guarantees for their implementation. The solution of this task acquires exceptional importance in the sphere of criminal- process, inevitably connected with constraint constitutional rights of the individual within the limits permitted by law.
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Malema, Smangele Benedictor. "Investigating the impact of Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Kits (SAECKs) as evidence in rape cases prosecuted in the Western Cape High Court between 2012 and 2016." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32407.
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Background: The Republic of South Africa (RSA) is facing a rape crisis, with women and children being the most vulnerable. DNA evidence is used to aid in suspect identification and to confirm sexual contact. The collection of biological forensic evidence after a rape incident is routine in RSA, however, its contribution to the outcome of rape cases is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the use of Sexual Assault Evidence Collection Kits (SAECKs) and their impact on the outcome of rape cases. Methods: Data for this study was collected by conducting a retrospective review of rape cases (n=98) prosecuted and finalised at the Western Cape High Court between 1st January 2012 and 31st December 2016. Court dockets were examined, and data was collected using a set of predefined variables. Backward logistic regression was used to analyse whether there is an association between the accused being found guilty and the use of SAECKs and the presentation of DNA evidence. Main findings: In 61% (n=60/98) of the cases a SAECK was used during the medical examination and a DNA report was generated and available for use in 77% (n=46/60) of these cases. There was a higher conviction rate when a SAECK was used (88%, n=53/60) in comparison to when it was not used (53%, n=8/15). Contrary to our expectation, the use of SAECKs was not found to be positively associated with the conviction when using backward logistic regression. This means the use of a SAECK decreased the odds of finding the defendant guilty of rape, albeit by a small degree (OR=0.196, p-value=0.040). DNA was not associated with the case outcome. The majority of cases were stranger rapes (64%,n=63/98), that occurred outdoors (64%,n=61/95)and mostly in the township locations such as Khayelitsha, Philippi, Nyanga, areas located on the Cape Flats, with only a single perpetrator. Injuries were documented in 50% of the cases (n=49)and almost 48% (n=46/95) of the victims were coerced and threatened with a weapon. Our binary model found only the location of incidence (p-value= 0.006) to be significantly associated with case outcome with an odds ratio of 19.827. Conclusions: The findings from this study are significant as they point out that health care practitioners are adequately trained and equipped to provide quality health care responses and to work effectively with police officers. SAECKs are utilised routinely during rape investigations. However, there are various factors relating to the victim, perpetrator and assault characteristics that influence the judge's verdict. This study raised questions relating to how those factors are measured or weighed and are predictive of case outcome. Although we found no positive associations between the variables investigated (except the location of the incident) and court outcome, future research, including larger sample size, should investigate these variables in order to obtain true significance, especially concerning the use of SAECKs and its impact on the court outcome.
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Cilliers, Marinda. "Landdroste en staatsaanklaers se spesifieke kennisbasis van die kind as getuie in die hof : 'n maatskaplikewekondersoek / Marinda Cilliers." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8479.
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The sexual abuse of children is becoming an increased tendency in South Africa. Sexual abuse of children is therefore one of the most difficult issues to prove in a court of law because there are usually only two witnesses: the child and the alleged offender. The child’s testimony is the most important and most often the only evidence of a crime that has been committed.
The overwhelming result of sexual abuse in children is the experience of loss and powerlessness. The judicial process can aggravate the child’s feeling of loss and helplessness or be part of the healing process by empowering his/her self-esteem. The trial allows the child the opportunity to experience that justice had been served, but this can only happen when the child has been supported during the court procedure and treated with respect and dignity.
Public prosecutors are the people who represent the complainant’s case in court on behalf of the State. It is therefor of utmost importance that public prosecutors and magistrates dispose of the necessary knowledge of the child as witness in court to ensure that the course of the legal process is in the best interest of the child.
The foundings of this study proved that the knowledge base of public prosecutors and magistrates inadequate is in many ways. Recommendations were made in anticipation of an improved knowledge base for public prosecutors and magistrates.Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012
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Tamulionytė, Aistė. "Prokuroras valdžių padalijimo sistemoje: procesinis aspektas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070110_224309-28260.
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Master Paper consist of an introduction, three supplementing each other parts, which first part determined position of prosecutor among system of state powers separation more in theoretic aspect, second part – in process aspect, third part gave some specific features of prosecutor powers, those analysis conclusion is given. At the end of the work the list of used literature, and a summary in Lithuanian and English languages is presented.
Meaning to discover in which aspect and volume of work the status or prosecutor will be investigating, a conception of principle of state powers separation and the main features of powers at first in work was discussed.
An analysis of prosecutor status among system of state powers separation makes the main part of work. At first analyzed position of prosecutor among system of state powers separation in theoretic aspect, development of status of prosecuting magistracy and relation between prosecuting magistracy and other powers in Lithuania position, examples of status of prosecutor among system of state powers separation in other countries, experience determining this relation, - that taking into account that it could be possible more comprehensively disclosed status of prosecutor and position at first among system of government powers separation and among system of other justice institutions. Two research social test of subjects of Master Paper made easer this work.
At the second part of work analyzed powers of prosecutors in... [to full text]
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Усова, А. В. "Актуальні питання щодо здійснення прокурорського нагляду за додержанням законності у кримінальному судочинстві." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/46860.
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Прокурорський нагляд є важливою гарантією забезпечення ефективного
виконання завдань кримінального судочинства та захисту прав громадян.
Прокуратура як складова державного механізму, наділена певним обсягом влади для здійснення нагляду за виконанням законів у державі.
Нагляд за додержанням законів органами досудового розслідування був
важливим напрямом у діяльності органів прокуратури у дореволюційний період, за
радянської доби та залишається таким до цього часу.
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Сухонос, Віктор Володимирович, Виктор Владимирович Сухонос, and Viktor Volodymyrovych Sukhonos. "Місце прокуратури України в системі захисту прав та свобод людини." Thesis, Севастопольський інститут банківської справи Української академії банківської справи Національного банку України, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/63935.
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Автор досліджує яке місце займає прокуратура України в системі захисту прав та свобод людини і громадянина.The author investigates the place of prosecution of Ukraine in the protection of human rights and civil rights.
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Старостенко, П. С. "Спеціалізована антикорупційна прокуратура України як суб’єкт протидії корупції." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/69336.
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В умовах, коли діяльність правоохоронних ор¬ганів у сфері протидії корупції стає більш багатогранною, особливої ак¬туальності набуває чітке визначення сутності, меж і змісту завдань цих органів у зазначеній сфері. Формування завдань правоохоронних органів як суб'єктів протидії корупції за допомогою ухвалення спеціального, так званого антикорупційного законодавства для створення такої системи, яка дозволила б професійно, кваліфіковано й ефективно вести боротьбу з корупцією в Україні, має особливу значущість. Ухвалення нового Закону України «Про запобігання корупції» , Антикорупційної стратегії, Закону України «Про антикорупційне бюро України» та інших нормативних актів, а також внесення відповідних змін у чинне законодавство, що регулює діяльність органів правопорядку, є початком формування саме такої системи. Цим також створено передумови для всебічного теоретичного дослідження питань, пов'язаних із завданням правоохоронних органів у сфері протидії корупції.
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Irons, Cheryl Lynn. "Implications of Community Prosecution for Prosecutors and Community: A Case Study of the Community Prosecution Initiative in Red Hook, Kings County, New York." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/34574.
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Criminal JusticePh.D.
Prosecutors are powerful actors in the criminal justice system. Scholars make the argument that prosecutors exercise far more control over criminal matters than any other agency (Thomas and Fitch, 1976, p. 509; McDonald, 1979, p. 18-19, Wickersham, 1931) . Over time, various changes have augmented prosecutorial power, ranging from the decision to make the office of the prosecutor an elected one, thereby affording prosecutors independence in carrying out their duties (Misner, 1996, p. 729), to the advent of determinant sentencing, resulting in shifting sentencing discretion away from the courts to the prosecutor (Vorenberg, 1981, p. 1525, 1529). This research hypothesized that community prosecution represents another development that will result in increasing the influence of the office of the prosecutor. Traditionally, prosecutors have been oriented toward successful case disposition. The case-by-case methodology has involved little contact with the community. In addition, the prosecutorial focal point is on felony cases, while lower level offenses generally receive little time or attention. The emergence of community prosecution challenges the traditional prosecution role and its emphasis on the more serious matters and winning cases, and promises positive effects for the "communities" targeted. Through a case study of its application in Kings County, New York, this dissertation explores community prosecution and its impact on the role of the prosecutor and for the community, in the context of a community court implemented in Red Hook, Brooklyn. Focusing on the Red Hook example, the study drew on three principal sources of data to examine the community prosecution innovation, including: a) arrest data, aggregated monthly, for the three police precincts that handle cases originating in Red Hook, covering the years 1998 through 2001 (46 months per precinct, n=138 ); b) precinct level arrest and court case filings for criminal incidents that took place in Red Hook and other Kings County locations for two distinct time periods (the third quarter of 1998, (n = 19,296) and the first quarter of 2001, (n = 22,988)); and c) court case data from the Red Hook Community Justice Center (hereafter, RHCJC) 2000 through 2001 (51 weeks, n=4,088). Several different types of complementary analyses, including HLM, contrasted changes in case types and defendant characteristics in the study locale over time associated with this community-oriented form of prosecution. The analyses also compared these changes to the caseloads from neighboring communities that did not have access to this innovation, where cases were processed in the traditional manner. Specific hypotheses tested about the effects of the community prosecution innovation included the following: 1) Implementation of the community prosecution initiative via the community court will result in an increase in the volume and/or proportion of arrests for minor offenses in precincts operating within the community court's jurisdiction. That increase will not be experienced by precincts not involved with the court. 2) The community prosecution strategy will draw defendants into the Red Hook criminal justice system who would not otherwise have been involved in the system, specifically including greater proportions of young minority males and individuals with no prior criminal histories. This research also involved a limited inquiry into how community members were responding to the community prosecution initiative. Given the purpose of community prosecution, to engage the community in handling its unique crime problems in an effort to make them feel safer, it was of interest to know whether there was any evidence that this happened in Red Hook. To that end, the research drew upon qualitative data, including: a) a series of non-probability based community surveys performed within the Red Hook jurisdiction in 1999 (n=980), 2000 (n=1,744) and 2001 (n=1,169) and b) two focus groups (n=12; n=18) conducted by this researcher in May of 2003. These other data sources provided context, allowing for better understanding the results of the analyses. Findings indicated slight effects of community prosecution in the anticipated direction: The volume of arrests from the Red Hook precincts (Data Set 1) increased slightly after the court was implemented. In addition, findings from the RHCJC caseload (Data Set 3) indicated that post-implementation, misdemeanor cases increased slightly but significantly. Comparisons of the post-implementation caseload filed from Red Hook precinct arrests with the control group (consisting of pre-implementation, Red Hook filings and both pre-and post-implementation filings from the arrests made by the rest of the Kings County precincts (Data Set 2)) indicated that the caseload proportion of misdemeanors in post-implementation Red Hook filings increased significantly when compared with the control group filings. In addition, analysis of Data Set 2 (comparison of caseload characteristics) indicated both a significant increase in the proportion of the post-implementation, Red Hook cases made up of Hispanic defendants, and a significant increase in the caseload proportion consisting of defendants with no prior record of criminal convictions. The primary findings from the qualitative data (Survey and Focus Group Data) indicated that community respondents appeared to be more satisfied with the court system and seemed to feel safer after the RHCJC was implemented. There was also some indication of race based differences in responses: White respondents seemed generally more positive about perceived post-implementation changes in Red Hook than minority respondents.
Temple University--Theses
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Adem, Seada Hussein. "Palestine and the ICC: a Critical appraisal of the decision of the office of the prosecutor on the Palestine ad hoc Declaration." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4394.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe Palestinian government made an ad hoc declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in 2009. Three years later, the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court rejected the declaration. It decided that it is not within the competence of the Office of the Prosecutor, but up to the United Nations Secretary General or the Assembly of States Parties, to determine the Statehood of Palestine. This research paper analyses the 2009 Palestinian ad hoc declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the decision of the Office of the Prosecutor. It critically examines the legal basis of the Palestinian ad hoc declaration, the Procedure followed by the Prosecutor and the Statehood issue of Palestine. The study concludes that although there are enough supporting evidences to hold the Palestinian ad hoc declaration acceptable, the approach adopted and the conclusion reached by the Prosecutor are highly questionable in light of the Rome Statute and Conventional law.
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Koleski, John. "Narratives of (in)Justice: Faulty Historical Narratives and Bias in the Case of The Prosecutor v. Dominic Ongwen at the International Criminal Court." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1620688022787304.
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Lee, Shan-Ming. "Le statut et l'évolution du Ministère public : analyse comparée des droits français et taïwanais." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1104.
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Le « ministère public » est aussi appelé parquet, expression par la quelle on désigne l'ensemble des magistrats qui dans une juridiction sont chargés a la fois de poursuivre les infractions pour défendre les intérêts de la société, et de protéger l'individu. Les magistrats debouts sont toujours une partie essentielle en matière pénale, parfois en matière civile. D'après les jurisprudences constitutionnelles française et taïwanaise, ils relèvent de l'autorité judiciaire.Mais le péché originel réside dans le principe de la subordination hiérarchique parce qu'il s'oppose au principe de l'indépendance. Ce paradoxe a émergé de l'arrêt de la CEDH, l'arrêt Medvedyev, qui affirmé que les procureurs français ne sont pas une autorité judiciaire. Cet arrêt a entraîné une polémique sur le statut et l'évolution du ministère public français.L'étude de l'institution du ministère public en droit comparé met en relief deux aspects fondamentaux :Le premier est l'aspect organique du ministère public et la deuxième est celui de son évolution.Quelle est à l'heure actuelle la structure du ministère public ? Est-ce que le procureurs vont garder le statut de magistrat ou est-ce qu'il vont évoluer vers un statut administratif après l'arrêt Medvedyev ? Est-ce que le procureurs français et taïwanais appartiendront dans le futur à l'autorité judiciaire ou devront-ils être indépendants ? Quel est l'avenir des ministère public français et taïwanais ?The «prosecution »is also called parquet expression by any means all judges in a jurisdiction which are loaded both prosecute offenses to defend the interests of the society, and protect the individual. Judges are standing still an essential part in criminal matters, sometimes in civil matters. In constitutional jurisprudence after French and Taiwanese, they belong to the judicial authority. But original sin lies in the principle of hierarchical subordination because he opposes the principle of independence. This paradox has emerged from the judgment of the R, judgment Medvedyev, who said the French prosecutors are not judicial. This decision led to a controversy over the status and evolution of ministrère French public.The study of the institution of the prosecution in comparative law highlights two fundamental aspects:The first is the organic aspect of the prosecution and the second is its evolution.What is the current structure of the public ministry?Is that the prosecutors will keep the status of magistrate or is it going to change the administrative status after the case of Medvedyev?Is that the French and Taiwanese prosecutors in the future belong to the judiciary or will they be independent? What is the future of French and Taiwanese prosecutors?
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Pimentel, Isabella Arruda. "A corrupção no Brasil e a atuação do Ministério Público." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/7788.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study examines the occurrence of corruption in Brazil and the role of the State Public Prosecutor aiming at its combat, from 1988 to the present day (2014). The research conducted an investigation of the origin, formation and expressions of corruption in national public stage, beyond the historical reconstruction through theoretical and descriptive method. Aiming identify the mechanisms to combat corruption, was shown how the national democratic state based on rule of law is structured. It was pointed out the importance of citizenship as a powerful tool in fighting against this phenomenon. At the end of this demarche, the research analyzed the institution of the State Public Prosecutor and its performance fighting against corruption. Indeed, was shown that several paths can be traced to building an effective fight against this evil, so present in our societal context. Thus, this dissertation has the main objective to study the performance of the Brazilian State Public Prosecutor to fight against corruption and understand how this institution has worked and performed its prerogatives and functions effectively. Here, in brief, the nature, content and purpose of this research work.
O estudo analisa o fenômeno da corrupção no Brasil e a atuação do Ministério Público nacional visando o seu combate, no período de 1988 até os dias atuais (2014). Realizou-se uma investigação sobre a origem, constituição e formas de expressão da corrupção no cenário público nacional, além da reconstrução histórica do fenômeno através do método teórico-descritivo. Com o fito de identificar os mecanismos de combate à corrupção, foi demonstrado como se estrutura o Estado Democrático de Direito nacional. Foi destacada a importância da cidadania como forte instrumento no combate ao fenômeno. Ao fim da démarche, analisou-se a instituição do Ministério Público e sua atuação no combate à corrupção. Com efeito, foram demonstrados que vários são os caminhos que podem ser trilhados para a construção de uma luta eficaz contra este mal, tão presente em nosso contexto societário. Nesse sentido, a dissertação tem por objetivo principal estudar a atuação do Órgão do Ministério Público brasileiro no combate à corrupção, além de verificar como essa Instituição tem atuado e se tem realizado suas prerrogativas de forma diligente. Eis, em resumo, a natureza, o conteúdo e a finalidade desse trabalho de investigação.
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Коваль, В. О. "Історія становлення прокуратури в Україні." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/39784.
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Розібратися в історії становлення правових інститутів, а тим більше її законодавстві досить непросто. Закони, що діють завжди в суворо конкретному часі і просторі та становлять істотний вплив на розвиток суспільства, дуже часто допомагають нам правильно розташувати стовпові віхи в літописі минулих справ і подій.
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Gravinis, Claudete Rodrigues Teixeira. "Idosos e o ministério público estadual, agentes atuantes na comunidade rio-grandina e imprescindíveis na solidificação da educação ambiental." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2013. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/6001.
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A presente pesquisa, Idosos e o Ministério Público Estadual, agentes atuantes na comunidade rio-grandina e imprescindíveis na solidificação da educação ambiental, se insere no campo socioambiental, com objetivo de compreender as relações entre os idosos e o Ministério Público Estadual, buscando nos fundamentos da Educação Ambiental o alicerce para demonstrar a eficácia, ou não, por parte desse Agente, na resolução dos interesses dos idosos, cujo grau de solicitação e satisfação encontrase diretamente vinculado ao exercício e construção da cidadania. Assim, a total conexão homem-ambiente justifica o objeto de estudo e traduz a relevância do tema abordado. Considerando que a atuação ministerial, embora de forma não explícita, aproxima-se da perspectiva da Educação Ambiental, contribuindo com o compromisso de despertar sentimentos de respeito e alteridade, bem como auxiliar no processo de conscientização caracterizada pela ação com conhecimento, capacidade de opção e compromisso social, o presente estudo direcionou-se a investigar o contraponto dos anseios dos idosos no sentido protecionista e a atuação do agente ministerial estadual como órgão protetor. O movimento de conscientização se dá pela prática social, reflexiva, formativa e emancipadora, objetivos diretos da Educação Ambiental. A investigação se desenvolveu com base na Abordagem Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano ABDH, de Urie Bronfenbrenner, associada aos princípios básicos da Análise Textual Discursiva (GALIAZZI; MORAES, 2007), cujas categorizações foram extraídas dos registros obtidos junto ao Ministério Público do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em especial a Promotoria dos Idosos em Rio Grande. Para tanto, analisa-se e reflete-se sobre a relação entre Idoso, Ministério Público Estadual e Educação Ambiental, tomando como objeto de estudo as decisões exaradas nos procedimentos internos da Promotoria, instaurados e já arquivados, envolvendo as diferentes áreas pontuadas pelos idosos como focos imprescindíveis de atuação. Os resultados revelam que Direito e Educação Ambiental constituem elo efetivo no sentido formativo e transformador da comunidade. As compreensões advindas do estudo permitem aferir que o acompanhamento do órgão ministerial, na solução dos impasses apontados, constitui fator reconstrutor individual e coletivo, uma vez que possibilita a solução dos conflitos e evita a instauração de futuras controvérsias, o que implica afirmar a construção de uma sociedade ambientalmente melhor.
This research, Seniors and the State Prosecutor, active agents in Rio Grande community and indispensable for the consolidation of environmental education, falls within the environmental field, in order to understand the relationship between the seniors and the State Prosecutor, seeking in the fundamentals of Environmental Education the foundation to demonstrate the effectiveness, or not, by this agent in the resolution of the interests of the elderly, whose degree of stress and satisfaction is directly linked to the exercise and construction of citizenship. Thus, the total connection man/environment justifies the object of study and reflects the relevance of the subject. Whereas the ministerial role, although not explicitly, approaches the perspective of environmental education with a commitment to helping awaken feelings of otherness and respect as well as assist in the awareness process characterized by action with knowledge, capability and the option of social commitment, the present study was directed to investigate the counterpoint of the desires of the elderly towards protectionism and the role of the state ministerial agent as protecting body. The awareness movement occurs through social, reflective, formative and emancipatory practice, direct objectives of Environmental Education. The development of this research was based on Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Theory of Human Bioecological Development TBDH, associated with the basic principles of Textual Discursive Analysis (GALIAZZI; MORAES, 2007), whose categorizations were extracted from records obtained at the Public Ministry of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, particularly the Elderly Prosecutor in Rio Grande. This research analyzes and reflects on the relationship among Elderly, State Prosecutor and Environmental Education, taking as object of study the decisions that have been entered in the internal procedures of prosecution, initiated and already filed, involving different areas punctuated by seniors as essential foci for action. The results show that Law and Environmental Education are effective link towards a formative and transformative community. The outcomes from the study suggest that the monitoring by the ministerial body in resolving impasses are factors of individual and collective rebuilding, since it enables the solution of conflicts and prevent the arising of future controversies, which comprises the construction of an environmentally better society.
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Rindokaitė, Rasa. "Lietuvos Respublikos prokuratūros susižinojimo su užsienio valstybių įstaigomis praktika." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2004~D_20050530_113854-91180.
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Many factors such as increase of the international crime rate, establishing of the free movement amongst the countries and others have been determining the importance of the international cooperation in the penal field, the aim of which is to administer justice in the penal actions, where the legal help from the foreign countries is needed. The competence of the law-enforcement officers is limited by the territory of the Republic of Lithuania thus in such cases when investigation data, witnesses or suspect himself are located in the other country, crime was committed by the country citizen abroad, convict is hiding in the foreign country etc. the authorities of the other country are addressed for legal assistance in penal action. The grounds for legal assistance are multilateral and bilateral treaties. Sending the requests and carrying them out according the national law fulfill it. Despite the fact that the communication between the two country's authorities is regulated in many acts of legislation, there are still many gaps. For instance, there are no laid down rules (except the rules regarding the European arrest warrant) when the requests for legal assistance should be send via the Office of the Prosecutor General and in which cases – via Ministry of Justice. This and many other issues are being solved in the practice relations that arise while communicating with other countries. The analysis of communication practice can be also useful as it often uncovers the... [to full text]
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Rokoská, Ilona. "Dozorová a dohledová činnost státního zástupce v historickém vývoji od roku 1948 až po současnost." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-202075.
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The thesis deals with the supervisory and controlling activities of the public prosecutor against a background of the historical developments since 1948 up to the present day in Czechoslovakia and its successor states. It focuses on the key changes that have taken place within the public prosecution institutions and depicts the specific forms these bodies have taken along the years. Subsequently it points out the most recent forms of the public prosecution authorities performing in the Czech and Slovak republics and compares them. The thesis marginally looks at the discussions accompanying the adoption of a new public prosecution law and it maps their course so far. While compiling the thesis, analytical, historical and comparative methods were being used, with the thesis relying prevailingly on books, legal regulations and technical papers as sources of information. Having processed all the background materials and having carried out a subsequent comparison within the framework of the historical developments since 1948 along with a comparison of the Czech and Slovak republics, I have eventually arrived at a conclusion that the notions of supervising and controlling are not interchangeable and that the goal of the thesis, which consisted in their delimitation and mutual differentiation in the first place, has been reached.
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Fouladvand, Shahrzad. "Complementarity and cultural sensitivity : decision-making by the ICC prosecutor in relation to the situations in the Darfur region of the Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38540/.
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The complementarity regime created by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) marked a radical departure for international criminal justice. It represented a significant break with the Westphalian state system of national sovereignty and a step towards a regime of global governance based on the rule of law. The ICC is rooted in a Kantian notion of cosmopolitan justice where there is a need for a response to state failures to eliminate gross human rights violations. However, it has also been seen as a post-colonial court representing the hegemony of western justice and western authority over local traditions, particularly in the Islamic world. The operation of the operation of the complementarity regime does not reflect all types of juridical traditions and is therefore viewed with suspicion by nations with different criminal justice ideologies and policies. This thesis examines the practical and moral legitimacy of the complementarity regime of the ICC from two possible perspectives, both of which in their different ways support the idea of universal jurisdiction. Kant's moral philosophy represents the western justification for the regime, whereas the tradition of Islamic Shari'a epitomises the potential resistance from the developing world. Through an analysis of the exercise of prosecutorial discretion under the complementarity regime in relation to the Ituri region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Darfur situation in Sudan, the thesis examines both the logistics of the decision-making in these cases, as well as the moral justifications for intervention. The fieldwork included a six month programme of participant observation and interviewing in the Office of the ICC Prosecutor in The Hague. The ICC is an independent court with a global jurisdiction which grants the Prosecutor a broad discretion to apply the complementarity regime to meet the expectations of the entire international community, regardless of the status, national origin or state citizenship of the accused. This thesis argues that a careful consideration of the moral case for the exercise of authority under the complementarity regime is important and depends upon an understanding of the inherent differences between the Rome Statute and national justice systems. The research highlights the fact that moral obligations do not end at national borders. It asserts that a credible complementarity mechanism requires the effective prosecution of international crimes in a manner which is legitimate in terms of local culture and traditions. Otherwise, as the research demonstrates, the Court will enjoy little support, particularly as enforcement has so far focused only on Islamic or less developed countries.
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Montana, Riccardo. "Between crime-fighter and judge : a study of the legal and cultural influences on the pre-trial role of the Italian prosecutor with particular reference to the definition of the crime problem." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54785/.
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The Anglo-Saxon literature on Italian prosecutors (and the Italian criminal justice system in general) is limited. Moreover, the literature using a socio-legal approach and trying to understand what prosecutors do in practice is almost inexistent. This study seeks to fill, partially, this gap. Legal actors are, obviously, an extremely important focus for those who intend to study criminal justice and criminal procedure. Legal systems are applied and interpreted (translated to use Langer's words) according to different legal cultures. Amongst the judicial actors who appear to be, legally, in the position to determine the way the legal system works there are prosecutors. Prosecutors carry out many functions and, in Italy, they are involved from the beginning of the investigation till the end of the trial. In other words: Italian prosecutors play a very important part during both the pre-trial and trial phase. We will concentrate on the former trying to answer one main question: what prosecutors do in practice In particular, this is a study of the legal and cultural influences on the role and function of Italian prosecutor with particular reference to their gate-keeping role. In this sense the thesis brings out the distinctive impact of both the legal framework and prosecutors' professional culture and identity on the prosecutors' capacity to mediate of 'crime control' policies. While we will study this we will also analyze Italian prosecutors' legal and professional culture and their relationship with the police. This will be crucial to understand the way prosecutors take gate keeping decisions. The analysis of the Italian case seems to be very important. It shows that, when it comes to definition of the crime problem, prosecutors still play an important and distinct role. Important because their decisions still influence the definition of priorities (i. e. they do not seem to be mere executors of anticrime policies). Distinct because prosecutors appear to be able to mediate the impact of external influences. So. they have a (partially) different idea of priorities compared to the dominant political culture. This puts them in a different (distinct) position. To sum up: in Italy the prosecutors' role during the pre-trial phase of being 'between' crime fighter and judge is visible. There is room for prosecutors' choices and decisions. To corroborate this thesis we used the examples of street crime, immigration and the impact of moral panics on prosecutors' decisions. These are all issues which concern very much the "fight against insecurity" which is considered, in the western capitalistic countries, a crucial problem for the central state, the public and the media. We will try to demonstrate that, although Italian prosecutors are affected by the "problem of security" and, certainly, can not block the evolution (or involution) of the criminal justice system, they are in the position to limit the impact of these external influences.
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Kott, Alexander John. "The Compromises Progressive Prosecutors Must Make: Three Case Studies." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1621774926855052.
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DE, VIVO JESSICA. "L'indipendenza del pubblico ministero. Profili costituzionali e ordinamentali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/199161.
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L’elaborato ha ad oggetto l’indipendenza del pubblico ministero, sia con riferimento all’organizzazione interna degli uffici di procura e alla ventilata ipotesi di separazione delle carriere, sia con riferimento al delicato rapporto con gli organi di informazione e con la politica. Il lavoro prende spunto dal velo di ambiguità che, da sempre, ha caratterizzato la figura del pubblico accusatore italiano. Punto di partenza dello studio è l’impianto costituzionale, con la piena consapevolezza che il Titolo IV sia tuttora considerato una delle parti della carta costituzionale che più si prestano a letture sfaccettate; in particolare, l’impegno di analisi si è concentrato verso l’art. 101, comma 2, Cost., in forza del quale sono solo i giudici e non i magistrati ad essere soggetti solo alla legge, e l’art. 107, comma 4, Cost., con cui viene operato un rinvio alle leggi dell’ordinamento giudiziario per le garanzie del pubblico ministero. L’interrogativo di fondo è se la Carta costituzionale esiga il riconoscimento del medesimo grado d’indipendenza interna per i giudici e i pubblici ministeri, posto che sull’indipendenza esterna interviene inequivocabilmente l’art. 104, comma 1 Cost.
Una seconda parte dell’elaborato dottrinale è dedicata alla disamina dei principali interventi del legislatore in tema di organizzazione delle procure. Il punto di partenza è la definizione del quadro legislativo prima del varo della “riforma Castelli”, caratterizzato dal progressivo abbandono della gerarchizzazione dell’ufficio in favore del principio del coordinamento. Si prosegue, poi, definendo le linee guida della l. n. 150 del 2005, seguita dall’approvazione del d. lgs. n. 106 del 2006 (la “riforma Castelli”, appunto); si tratta di un intervento significativo nell’ottica del ripristino della gerarchia negli uffici della procura. Infine, la l. n. 269 del 2006, che ha modificato parte della legge Castelli, di cui la denominazione “controrifoma Mastella”), cercando di rilevare se tali modifiche sono state determinanti rispetto alla figura del pubblico ministero. In questo contesto, risultano fondamentali le pronunce della Corte Costituzionale e del Consiglio superiore della magistratura.
Una terza parte dell’elaborato è dedicato al tema dei limiti dell’indipendenza, intesa sotto il duplice profilo del rapporto con gli organi di informazione e con la politica. Lo scopo del presente lavoro, dunque, diventa quello di mettere in luce due degli aspetti più controversi che ruotano attorno al ruolo del magistrato e, in particolare, del pubblico ministero. Infatti, sebbene nel corso del lavoro si sia fatto riferimento a norme rivolte alla magistratura nel suo complesso, l’attenzione è rivolta in maniera predominante ai rappresentanti della funzione requirente che, forse proprio per il protagonismo processuale che li caratterizza, rischiano di diventare protagonisti mediatici, offuscando, così l’imparzialità e l’indipendenza che contraddistinguono il ruolo del magistrato.
Le considerazioni svolte appaiono necessarie per cogliere gli snodi problematici di un altro tema, sempre di grande attualità, ovvero la separazione delle carriere. Si è cercato di fornire gli strumenti per cogliere gli aspetti problematici del tema, attraverso la prospettiva privilegiata rappresentata della giurisprudenza costituzionale, nonché dalla prassi del passaggio da una funzione all’altra consentita dall’attuale disciplina, introdotta dalla l. n. 111 del 2007, la quale impone talune limitazioni di passaggio dalla funzione giudicante a quella requirente e viceversa. Vengono, infine, prospettate le diverse strade costituzionalmente compatibili in tema di separazione delle carriere, cercando di mettere in evidenza le criticità di ciascuna di esse e verrà effettuato un raffronto con il sistema francese.The purpose of this research is to investigate the independence of the Italian public prosecutors with a focus on the internal organization of the prosecutors’ offices and the hypothesis of “separation of careers” , and a focus on the delicate relationship between them and both the means of communication and politics. The starting point of this research is the veil of ambiguity that has characterized the Italian public prosecutor since the beginning. The first part involves the study of the Italian Constitution, being aware that the Title IV is still considered to be one of the Constitution parts that presents multifaceted interpretation. The analysis focused especially on the Article 101(2) in which it is stated that only the Judges and not the Magistrates are subject to the law, and the Article 107(4) in which is stated that “the state prosecutor enjoys the guarantees established in the prosecutor’s favour by the provisions concerning the organization of the Judiciary”. The main question is if the Constitution requires to identify the same level of internal independence for both judges and public prosecutors since the external independence is regulated unequivocally with Article 104(2). A second part of the research is dedicated to the close examination of the main intervention of the legislator on the organization of the Public Posecutor’s office. The starting point is the explanation of the legislative framework before the so-called “Castelli reform” characterized by the abandonment of the office hierarchy in favour of a co-ordination principle. The work defines, then, the guidelines of the Law 150/2005 which was followed by the adoption of the Legislative Decree 106/2006 (renamed “Castelli Reform”). This reform is an important intervention in order to restore the hierarchy in the Public Prosecutor’s offices. The second part eventually explain the Law 269/2006 (renamed “Mastella Counter-Reform), which amended the Castelli Reform, observing if the amendments were crucial in defining the role of the Public Prosecutor,. In this context, the rulings by the Italian Constitutional Court and by the Italian Superior Council of Magistracy prove to be fundamental. The third part of the research is dedicated to the limits of the independence, that means the analysis of the relationship with the means of communication and politics. The purpose of the present work is to highlight two of the most controversial and peculiar aspects of the magistrates role, especially of the Public Prosecutor. Although the research mention legal standard concerning the Magistracy in general terms, the attention is specifically oriented to the Prosecutors. They risk, due to their characterizing processual role, to become media protagonists and to confuse, consequently, their impartiality and independence (and their demeanor of impartiality and independence) that identify the magistrate role. All the aforementioned evaluations are necessary in order to understand the problematic points of another present subject, that means the “separation of careers”. The research tries to give the instrument to understand these problematic aspects, using the preferred perspective of the Italian Constitutional Court rulings and the procedure introduced with the Law 111/2007. This Law establish some limits in the transition from the judging role to the prosecuting role and vice versa. In the end, several method of “separation of career” in accordance with the Italian Constitution will be presented trying to highlight the main point and making a comparison with the French constitutional system.
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Li, Quan. "To prosecute or not to prosecute, that is the question: the Federal Trade Commission and Antitrust Division's antitrust enforcement dilemma under judicial uncertainty." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1025.
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This dissertation develops and empirically tests a theory of interaction between
the federal appellate courts and the bureaucracy with regard to bureaucratic prosecution.
Modeling the bureaucracy as a forward-looking and risk-averse institution and assuming
that there is no uncertainty at the district court level, I posit that institutional uncertainty
created by appellate courts' random assignment of judges and cases affects the
likelihood of bureaucratic prosecution. Given that the decision from a specific panel of a
circuit court can be estimated by its median judge's policy position and that the
bureaucracy does not know which panel will hear the case, there exists institutional
uncertainty at the appellate court level in terms of ideological differences among panels
represented by their median judges. I contend that increasing ideological heterogeneity
within an appellate court measured by its ideological variance among judges increases
institutional uncertainty with respect to the bureaucracy's policy position, which in turn
discourages bureaucratic prosecution. My examination of the Antitrust Division's
prosecution record from 1950 to 1994 demonstrates that ideological variance within the federal circuit courts has a significant impact on the likelihood of prosecution by the
agency. The Antitrust Division is less likely to prosecute when facing a circuit court with
large ideological variance among judges. Studies of judicial decision-making and
judicial control of the bureaucracy have not fully examined the implication of appellate
courts' institutional practice of randomly assigning judges and cases. The development
of ideological variance among circuit judges, in this project, as a measure of the
institutional uncertainty created by the random assignment process suggests that the
courts' unique institutional practice can now be fully incorporated into future studies of
the interaction between the judiciary and the bureaucracy.
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Graf, Amori. "South Africa’s responsibility to investigate and/or prosecute international crimes." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10844.
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LL.M. (International Law)Although international law is still a relatively new field within the South African legal system, South Africa has come a long way since the unsuccessful prosecution of Wouter Basson (1999- 2002) for apartheid crimes in the North-Gauteng high court. Recent cases as well as media reports have focused the attention once again on South-Africa‟s obligation to investigate and prosecute certain international crimes. Although criminal investigation and prosecution is generally, not only the duty of a domestic legal system, but also within the discretion of the domestic authorities, certain offences are so heinous that they are regarded as international crimes. It has been accepted since the Nuremburg trials, conducted after World War II, that the whole international community has an interest in the effective punishment and deterrence of international crimes.2 A right and sometimes even a duty to prosecute international crimes may arise from a multilateral treaty to which a state is party, such as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and various terrorism conventions. South Africa is a signatory to the abovementioned treaties. The focus of this dissertation is on South Africa‟s responsibility in terms of international law to investigate and prosecute international crimes. The author researched the question whether South Africa complied with its international law obligations.
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Roux, Mispa. "A comparative analysis of the causes for breaching the erga omnes obligation to prevent and prosecute gross human rights violations." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8116.
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LL.D.Millions of human lives have been affected by gross human rights violations since 1945. Genocide and crimes against humanity have been perpetrated repeatedly against civilians despite the vow after the Holocaust that such atrocities would “never again” occur. The Holocaust acts were not criminalised as “genocide” in the London Charter, but as “persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds” under the broader international crime of “crimes against humanity”. “Genocide” was criminalised on 9 December 1948 by the adoption of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide by the United Nations General Assembly. Two main obligations were imposed on signatory states by Article I of the Genocide Convention, namely to prevent the commission of the international crime of genocide, and the obligation to punish the perpetrators of such a crime. Both genocide and crimes against humanity form part of the “most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole”, which are also gross human rights violations. It is of interest to all states of the international community to prevent the commission of these gross human rights violations and to prosecute perpetrators. The prohibition of the international crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity is erga omnes in nature. The research objective of this doctoral thesis is to analyse the causes for the repeated failure of the international community to fulfil the erga omnes obligation to prevent and prosecute gross human rights violations. This endeavour is furthermore aimed at formulating recommendations that will enhance future compliance with the erga omnes obligation in accordance with the international legal developments that will form the subject matter of the thesis. The thesis consists of five parts. Part 1 is an introduction in which the research objective and aims of the thesis are explained and demarcated, as well as the issues focused upon. Core legal concepts, terms and notions explained in Part 1 include “gross human rightsviolations”, “erga omnes obligation”, “jus cogens norms”, “customary international law”, “states upon whom the erga omnes obligations to prevent and prosecute gross human rights violations are imposed”, “the obligation to prevent”, “the obligation to prosecute”, “state responsibility”, “individual criminal responsibility”, “state immunity”, and various other terms. Part 1 further explains the research methodology followed in the thesis and contains a brief overview of the parts and chapters.
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HUAH, TSAI SHIU, and 蔡欣樺. "Probe into and prosecute the system slowly with the view of the criminal policy - Regard society's involution spirit as the orientation." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/34312699375501783365.
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碩士東海大學
法律學系
95
Thesis summary Improve judgement quality, lighten the punishment case burden and function giving play to the administration of justice to enlighten by education, it has all been a direction of reforming efforts of administration of justice of our country all the time, prosecute the formulation of the system slowly, at first 爲Lighten the lawsuit economy with too much case to consider , prevent the case from filling the court and causing judgement quality to be low, reduce the people to trust degree of the administration of justice, only can learn from the statistical data , prosecute since implementing in 2002 slowly, the case prosecuted slowly accounts for about 6% of amount of case terminated, the rate is not high, if contrast the revision reason prosecuted slowly, introduce the purpose to prosecute the system slowly mainly 爲Reach and sift the function of examining case, reduce the case amount prosecuted , lighten the burden of the case , the operation situation of the practice at present, still unable to reach the economic utility of lightenning the case burden. Prosecute clauses and stipulate currently and relevantly that there are a lot of watchtowers on either side of a palace gate to leak in the content , therefore produce the difficult problem and predicament on practice operation, this text is it propose to practice concrete suggestion , operation of situation at present , issue can is it prosecute system give play to function the criminal policy slowly to make to plan. The criminal policy and relevant problem of purpose theory of penalty that chapter two go forward side by side severely on the basic thought of the criminal policy at first and widely, prove that prosecutes the meaning on the criminal policy of our country slowly. Practice Yu at the operation, public procurator for prosecute standard of cutting out etc. that punish slowly , should is it is it prevent from and very much prevent from the thought generally to adopt to hold concurrently. Chapter three introduce the legislative meaning of prosecuting the system slowly, is it prosecute intension of system and develop background slowly to probe into, our country prosecute system to consult Germany , Japan legislative example and make slowly, and concurrently talks about Germany , Japan's similar to the system prosecuted slowlying, in order to repair the reference of the law or practice operation in the future as our country, and probe into and prosecute the due operation way in theory of the system slowly, in order to prevent from recommitting, avoid prisoner's label, the involution society will be an orientation to impel the defendant as soon as possible. Through the research in theory , understand that prosecutes the feasibility of appropriate and practice operation of the system slowly. Chapter four prosecute the situation that the practice case ends , affair department of France and issue the order that is ordered and relevant regulation to analyse slowly on our country, and prosecute the legislative aspect and carry out the situation of aspect operation slowly, real case, make a self-criticism , understand that prosecutes the problem of the system slowly. Chapter five prosecute all sorts of disappearances of the system in practice operation slowly on our country, proposing the concrete suggestion, in order to the reference as revising in the future, the ones that achieve the legislative purpose and practice operation are harmonious and smooth.