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Journal articles on the topic 'Proprioception'
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1
Şilil, Mehtap Kaçmaz, Serdar Sargın, Aziz Atik, Gökhan Meriç, Muhammet Özer, and Devrim Akseki. "Comparison of Knee Proprioception Between Blind and Healthy Sportsmen." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00177.
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Objectives: Visual sense and proprioception have a big role in motion control. Visual communication ensures the data in proprioceptive period. The other senses of blind people are improved because of the lack of the visual ability but there are not enough data for the proprioceptive quality. The purpose of this study is to compare the knee joint proprioception of the blind and normal sportsmen and figure out the prorioceptive quality. Methods: 16 visually-challenged sportsmen (12 males and 4 females) with an average age 23.6 ±3.1(ranging from 20 to 30), and 16 healthy sportsmen (12 males and 4 females) with an average age 23.5 ±3.5 (ranging from 20 to 29) from the same sport branches were included in the study. Knee joint proprioception of the subjects in the target angle was measured. Angle repeating test was used via digital goniometer which was sensitive to 1 degree. For the statistical analyses of the data Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests were used. Results: There were no differences between knee proprioceptions of dominant and non-dominant extremities in both groups. When dominant extremities were compared, blind athletes got less wrong in 15 degrees measurements statistically (p<0.05). All other comparisons revealed no statisticaly significant difference in both groups. Conclusion: It has been determined that the knee joint proprioception of the visually-challenged sportsmen are better than the normal sportsmen. If the normal sportsmen do the training with their eyes closed, the quality of their knee joint proprioception may improve.
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Héroux, Martin E., Annie A. Butler, Lucy S. Robertson, Georgia Fisher, and Simon C. Gandevia. "Proprioception: a new look at an old concept." Journal of Applied Physiology 132, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00809.2021.
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Proprioception, which can be defined as the awareness of the mechanical and spatial state of the body and its musculoskeletal parts, is critical to motor actions and contributes to our sense of body ownership. To date, clinical proprioceptive tests have focused on a person’s ability to detect, discriminate, or match limb positions or movements, and reveal that the strength of the relationship between deficits in proprioception and physical function varies widely. Unfortunately, these tests fail to assess higher-level proprioceptive abilities. In this Perspective, we propose that to understand fully the link between proprioception and function, we need to look beyond traditional clinical tests of proprioception. Specifically, we present a novel framework for human proprioception assessment that is divided into two categories: low-level and high-level proprioceptive judgments. Low-level judgments are those made in a single frame of reference and are the types of judgments made in traditional proprioceptive tests (i.e., detect, discriminate or match). High-level proprioceptive abilities involve proprioceptive judgments made in a different frame of reference. For example, when a person indicates where their hand is located in space. This framework acknowledges that proprioception is complex and multifaceted and that tests of proprioception should not be viewed as interchangeable, but rather as complimentary. Crucially, it provides structure to the way researchers and clinicians can approach proprioception and its assessment. We hope this Perspective serves as the catalyst for discussion and new lines of investigation.
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Ager, Amanda L., Dorien Borms, Magali Bernaert, Vicky Brusselle, Mazarine Claessens, Jean-Sébastien Roy, and Ann Cools. "Can a Conservative Rehabilitation Strategy Improve Shoulder Proprioception? A Systematic Review." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0400.
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Context: Proprioception deficits contribute to persistent and recurring physical disability, particularly with shoulder disorders. Proprioceptive training is thus prescribed in clinical practice. It is unclear whether nonsurgical rehabilitation can optimize shoulder proprioception. Objectives: To summarize the available evidence of conservative rehabilitation (ie, nonsurgical) on proprioception among individuals with shoulder disorders. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO were systematically searched, from inception until November 24, 2019. Selected articles were systematically assessed, and the methodological quality was established using the Dutch Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were utilized for this review. The conservative treatments were categorized as follows: (1) conventional therapy, (2) proprioceptive training, (3) elastic kinesiology tape, and (4) other passive therapies. Evidence Synthesis: Twelve articles were included, yielding 58 healthy control shoulders and 362 shoulders affected by impingement syndrome, glenohumeral dislocations, nonspecific shoulder pain, rotator cuff dysfunction, or subluxation poststroke. The level of agreement between the evaluators was excellent (84.9%), and the studies were evaluated to be of fair to excellent quality (risk of bias: 28.5%–100%). This review suggests, with moderate evidence, that proprioceptive training (upper-body wobble board or flexible foil training) can improve proprioception in the midterm. No decisive evidence exists to suggest that conventional therapy is of added value to enhance shoulder proprioception. Conflicting evidence was found for the improvement of proprioception with the application of elastic kinesiology tape, while moderate evidence suggests that passive modalities, such as microcurrent electrical stimulation and bracing, are not effective for proprioceptive rehabilitation of the shoulder. Conclusions: Proprioceptive training demonstrates the strongest evidence for the effective rehabilitation of individuals with a shoulder proprioceptive deficit. Elastic kinesiology tape does not appear to affect the sense of shoulder proprioception. This review suggests a possible specificity of training effect with shoulder proprioception.
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Batson, Glenna. "Upate on Proprioception." Journal of Dance Medicine & Science 13, no. 2 (June 2009): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1089313x0901300201.
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Proprioception is a topic of interest within the larger scope of dance pedagogy, science, and rehabilitation. As the science of proprioception changes, approaches to proprioceptive training also change. Thus, proprioceptive training in dance medicine has expanded to include balance protocols. A key concept within these protocols for treatment of lower extremity injuries is perturbation. Perturbation training is designed to evoke focal neuromuscular control at injured joint sites, as well as more global postural responses for overall balance and coordination. This article provides an update on the science of proprioception within the framework of postural control and balance. Specific practices from rehabilitation that integrate balance exercises into proprioceptive training are considered. Further research is needed to test the efficacy and utility of these exercises within the context of the dance studio.
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Ito, Yohei, Keitaro Kawai, Yoshifumi Morita, Tadashi Ito, Kazunori Yamazaki, Yoshiji Kato, and Yoshihito Sakai. "Evaluation Method of Immediate Effect of Local Vibratory Stimulation on Proprioceptive Control Strategy: A Pilot Study." Electronics 10, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030341.
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Postural instability owing to poor proprioception is considered a main cause of low back pain and falls. However, the effect of local vibratory stimulation on a poor proprioceptor on proprioceptive control strategy has yet to be evaluated. Therefore, in this study, we proposed an evaluation method of the immediate effect on proprioceptive control strategies by applying local vibratory stimulation to the poor proprioceptor. First, using our device, we determined the poor proprioceptors in each of six elderly patients with non-specific low back pain. Furthermore, we applied local vibratory stimulation to the poor proprioceptor. Finally, we compared the proprioceptive control strategy before and after applying local vibratory stimulation. As a result, the proprioceptive control strategy improved for three patients with impaired muscle spindles that responded to a higher frequency (p < 0.05). Thus, the impaired proprioceptive control strategy caused by a decline in the muscle spindle responding to a higher frequency might be improved by local vibratory stimulation. Furthermore, it was shown that our developed device and protocol might be used to evaluate proprioceptive control strategies within multiple frequency ranges, as well as activate a poor proprioceptor based on diagnosis and improve the proprioceptive control strategies.
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Lv, Shi, Yang Chen, Mingliang Liu, Lei Qin, Ziyuan Liu, Wenxin Liu, Mengmeng Cui, et al. "Progress of Proprioceptive Training in the Treatment of Traumatic Shoulder Instability." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022 (April 22, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1429375.
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In individuals with traumatic shoulder instability, there is a loss of proprioception. This paper reviews the academic literature on shoulder instability and functional impairment in recent years and combines it with clinical practice experience to summarize several techniques of proprioceptive regeneration following traumatic shoulder instability. Many issues were discovered, including a lack of literature on the role of sensory input, a lack of basic proprioceptive research, insufficient sample size in proprioceptive research, and a lack of systematic and standardized standards for the evaluation and training of proprioception in clinical practice, among others. In the future, we will need to better understand the mechanism of proprioception and conduct research on various groups of people, with a focus on discussing the optimal intensity, frequency, and duration of various training methods, as well as implementing proprioceptive training in stages throughout the rehabilitation process. The reestablishment of shoulder joint function, the restoration of proprioception, and the enhancement of daily activities are all critical.
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Han, Jia, Judith Anson, Gordon Waddington, Roger Adams, and Yu Liu. "The Role of Ankle Proprioception for Balance Control in relation to Sports Performance and Injury." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/842804.
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Balance control improvement is one of the most important goals in sports and exercise. Better balance is strongly positively associated with enhanced athletic performance and negatively associated with lower limb sports injuries. Proprioception plays an essential role in balance control, and ankle proprioception is arguably the most important. This paper reviews ankle proprioception and explores synergies with balance control, specifically in a sporting context. Central processing of ankle proprioceptive information, along with other sensory information, enables integration for balance control. When assessing ankle proprioception, the most generalizable findings arise from methods that are ecologically valid, allow proprioceptive signals to be integrated with general vision in the central nervous system, and reflect the signal-in-noise nature of central processing. Ankle proprioceptive intervention concepts driven by such a central processing theory are further proposed and discussed for the improvement of balance control in sport.
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Dragičević-Cvjetković, Dragana, Tatjana Erceg-Rukavina, and Siniša Nikolić. "Proprioception recovery after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Isokinetic versus dynamic exercises." Scripta Medica 52, no. 4 (2021): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/scriptamed52-35239.
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Background/Aim: Proprioception recovery is one of the main postoperative rehabilitation goals after the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The aim of this study was to examine the level of proprioception recovery in patients 9 months after the ACL reconstruction using hamstring graft. Methods: A prospective study followed 70 male subjects (mean age 27.36 ± 5.94) divided into two groups depending on the type of proprioceptive exercise applied. Group A patients (n = 35) underwent proprioceptive training on a Biodex 4 Pro System isokinetic dynamometer for 10 minutes 5 times per week. In group B, patients underwent proprioception exercises in the gym for 10 minutes 5 times per week. The degree of recovery of proprioception was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer preoperatively and 9 months after ACL reconstruction. Flexion angles in the operated knee of 15, 30 and 45 degrees were monitored. The Chi-square test was used for statistical analyses. The value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: A significant difference was found in the recovery of proprioception in patients depending on the type of training applied. Statistically significant recovery of proprioception was observed in patients from both groups 9 months after ACL reconstruction, but it was better in patients of group A (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Applying proprioceptive training on an isokinetic dynamometer achieves better proprioceptive recovery in patients 9 months after ACL reconstruction versus dynamic exercises in the gym.
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Ribeiro Artigas, Nathalie, Giovana Duarte Eltz, Alexandre Severo do Pinho, Vanessa Bielefeldt Leotti Torman, Arlete Hilbig, and Carlos R. M. Rieder. "Evaluation of Knee Proprioception and Factors Related to Parkinson’s Disease." Neuroscience Journal 2016 (September 8, 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6746010.
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Background. Changes in proprioception may contribute to postural instability in individuals with neurological disorders. Objectives. Evaluate proprioception in the lower limbs of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and the association between proprioception and cognitive ability, motor symptoms, postural instability, and disease severity. Methods. This is a cross-sectional, controlled study that evaluated proprioception in PD patients and healthy age- and sex-matched individuals. Kinetic postural proprioception of the knee was evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex® Multi-Joint System 4 Pro). Participants were evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Hoehn and Yahr rating scale and postural instability (pull test and stabilometric analysis), and motor function (UPDRS-III) tests. Results. A total of 40 individuals were enrolled in the study: 20 PD patients and 20 healthy controls (CG). The PD patients had higher angular errors on the proprioceptive ratings than the CG participants (p=0.002). Oscillations of the center of pressure (p=0.002) were higher in individuals with PD than in the controls. Proprioceptive errors in the PD patients were associated with the presence of tremors as the dominant symptom and more impaired motor performance. Conclusion. These findings show that individuals with PD have proprioceptive deficits, which are related to decreased cognitive ability and impaired motor symptoms.
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Lewis, R. F., D. S. Zee, B. M. Gaymard, and B. L. Guthrie. "Extraocular muscle proprioception functions in the control of ocular alignment and eye movement conjugacy." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): 1028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.2.1028.
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1. The function of extraocular muscle proprioception in the control of eye movements is uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that proprioception contributes to the long-term regulation of ocular alignment and eye movement conjugacy. 2. Eye movements were recorded in monkeys with unilateral extraocular muscle palsies, before and after proprioceptive deafferentation of the paretic eye. Following deafferentation, ocular alignment and saccade conjugacy gradually worsened over several weeks. In contrast, disconjugate adaptation induced by habitual binocular viewing with a prism (disparity-mediated adaptation) occurred normally after deafferentation. 3. These results provide the first evidence that proprioception functions in the control of eye movements in primates, and indicate that proprioception contributes to the long-term adaptive mechanisms that regulate ocular alignment during fixation and saccades. The error signal used in this process may be derived from a mismatch between the efference copy and proprioceptive afference.
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Safran, Marc R., George L. Caldwell, and Freddie H. Fu. "Proprioception Considerations in Surgery." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 3, no. 1 (February 1994): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.3.1.105.
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The role of surgery in proprioception, and the current role of proprioception in surgery, is unclear due to the lack of scientific research and clinical studies. The main components of proprioception in surgery are viewed to be preservation of afferents, promotion of regeneration of mechanoreceptors, and modification of protective reflex arcs in the postoperative patient. Soft tissue tension is hypothesized to be important in the efficiency of proprioceptors. Further, postoperative rehabilitation concentrating on proprioception may improve the results of surgery. With better understanding by clinicians, proprioception may play a bigger role in surgical technique, prosthetic replacement choice, and even indications for surgery. Further, proprioceptive testing may help determine the time course for optimal functional outcome following procedures. Thus, the future for proprioception in surgery and clinical application is expanding rapidly.
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Chilvers, Matthew J., Trevor A. Low, and Sean P. Dukelow. "Beyond the Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus in Proprioception and Stroke: A White Matter Investigation." Brain Sciences 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121651.
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Proprioceptive deficits are common following stroke, yet the white matter involved in proprioception is poorly understood. Evidence suggests that multiple cortical regions are involved in proprioception, each connected by major white matter tracts, namely: Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (branches I, II and III), Arcuate Fasciculus and Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF I, SLF II, SLF III, AF and MdLF respectively). However, direct evidence on the involvement of these tracts in proprioception is lacking. Diffusion imaging was used to investigate the proprioceptive role of the SLF I, SLF II, SLF III, AF and MdLF in 26 participants with stroke, and seven control participants without stroke. Proprioception was assessed using a robotic Arm Position Matching (APM) task, performed in a Kinarm Exoskeleton robotic device. Lesions impacting each tract resulted in worse APM task performance. Lower Fractional Anisotropy (FA) was also associated with poorer APM task performance for the SLF II, III, AF and MdLF. Finally, connectivity data surrounding the cortical regions connected by each tract accurately predicted APM task impairments post-stroke. This study highlights the importance of major cortico–cortical white matter tracts, particularly the SLF III and AF, for accurate proprioception after stroke. It advances our understanding of the white matter tracts responsible for proprioception.
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Alfaya, Fareed F., Ravi Shankar Reddy, Batool Abdulelah Alkhamis, Praveen Kumar Kandakurti, and Debjani Mukherjee. "Shoulder Proprioception and Its Correlation with Pain Intensity and Functional Disability in Individuals with Subacromial Impingement Syndrome—A Cross-Sectional Study." Diagnostics 13, no. 12 (June 17, 2023): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13122099.
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Subacromial Impingement Syndrome (SAIS) is a common shoulder condition characterized by pain and functional impairment. Proprioception, the sense of joint position and movement, is crucial in maintaining joint stability and coordinating movements. The relationship between shoulder proprioception, pain intensity, and functional disability in individuals with SAIS remains unclear, with conflicting findings in the literature. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate shoulder proprioception, examine its correlation with pain intensity and functional disability, and contribute to our understanding of the clinical implications of proprioceptive deficits in individuals with SAIS. Forty-two individuals were diagnosed with SAIS, and an equal number of asymptomatic controls were recruited. Shoulder proprioception was assessed using a digital inclinometer, measuring joint position sense at various angles of flexion and rotation. Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and functional disability was assessed using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Results: Individuals with SAIS exhibited significantly higher joint position error (JPE) values compared to asymptomatic controls in all measured angles of flexion and rotation (p < 0.001). Strong positive correlations were observed between JPE and pain intensity (r = 0.61 to 0.71, p < 0.01) and disability (r = 0.56 to 0.68, p < 0.01). These findings suggest impaired shoulder proprioception is associated with higher pain intensity and functional disability in SAIS. This study provides evidence of impaired shoulder proprioception in individuals with SAIS and its correlation with pain intensity and functional disability. The results highlight the clinical relevance of proprioceptive deficits in SAIS and emphasize the importance of incorporating proprioceptive assessment and targeted rehabilitation interventions into managing this condition. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies with larger and more diverse samples to further understand the underlying mechanisms and evaluate the effectiveness of proprioceptive interventions in improving outcomes for individuals with SAIS.
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Block, Hannah J., and Brandon M. Sexton. "Visuo-Proprioceptive Control of the Hand in Older Adults." Multisensory Research 34, no. 1 (July 20, 2020): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10032.
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Abstract To control hand movement, we have both vision and proprioception, or position sense. The brain is known to integrate these to reduce variance. Here we ask whether older adults integrate vision and proprioception in a way that minimizes variance as young adults do, and whether older subjects compensate for an imposed visuo-proprioceptive mismatch as young adults do. Ten healthy older adults (mean age 69) and 10 healthy younger adults (mean age 19) participated. Subjects were asked to estimate the position of visual, proprioceptive, and combined targets, with no direct vision of either hand. After a veridical baseline block, a spatial visuo-proprioceptive misalignment was gradually imposed by shifting the visual component forward from the proprioceptive component without the subject’s awareness. Older subjects were more variable than young subjects at estimating both visual and proprioceptive target positions. Older subjects tended to rely more heavily on vision than proprioception compared to younger subjects. However, the weighting of vision vs. proprioception was correlated with minimum variance predictions for both older and younger adults, suggesting that variance-minimizing mechanisms are present to some degree in older adults. Visual and proprioceptive realignment were similar for young and older subjects in the misalignment block, suggesting older subjects are able to realign as much as young subjects. These results suggest that intact multisensory processing in older adults should be explored as a potential means of mitigating degradation in individual sensory systems.
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Özer, Muhammet, Haydar Kaynak, Aziz Atik, Mehtap Kaçmaz Şilil, Muammer Altun, and Devrim Akseki. "Comparison of Ankle Proprioception Between Blind and Healthy Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 2, no. 11_suppl3 (November 1, 2014): 2325967114S0015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967114s00156.
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Objectives: The positive effect of the visual sensation on the proprioceptive quality is well known. Although other senses of the congenital blind individuals have been proven to be increased more than healthy ones, there has been no data about the proprioceptive quality of congenital blind persons. The aim of this study is to determine the quality of ankle proprioception in congenital blind athletes. Methods: 15 congenital blind athletes (10 males and 5 females) with a mean age of 24 ± 2.9 (ranging from 20 to 29), and 15 healthy athletes (10 males and 5 females) with a mean age of 24.6 ± 3.05 (ranging from 20 to 29), from the same athletic department, were included in the study. Proprioception was evaluated by using the technique of joint position sense, and absolut errors during the reproduction of six target angles (plantar flexion 100, dorsiflexion 50, inversion 100 and 200, eversion 100 and 200) were detected in dominant and nondominant ankles of both groups. Athletes were measured both eyes open and closed. Statistical analysis was done by using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks tests. Results: When dominant extremities were compared while eyes open, there was only a difference in 50 dorsiflexion measurements statistically in favor of blind ones (p<0.05). When dominant extremities were compared while eyes closed, blind athletes got less wrong in four of the six target angles statistically (p<0.01), when non-dominant extremities were compared while eyes closed, blind athletes got less wrong in all angles statistically (p<0.01). The ankle proprioception of the blind athletes were better then the normal athletes. The ankle propriceptions of the normal athletes further deteriorated when their eyes were closed. Conclusion: We found that the ankle proprioceptions of congenital blind athletes were better than the normal athletes. So additional closed-eyes exercises can help to reach a high proprioceptive level of athletes in a normal season which in terms may decrease accidental traumas.
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CAMILO NETO, Orlando Mendes, and Fábio Mendes CAMILO. "PROPOSTA DE ROTEIRO DE TREINAMENTO PROPRIOCEPTIVO PARA MEMBROS INFERIORES." UNIFUNEC CIENTÍFICA MULTIDISCIPLINAR 12, no. 14 (February 29, 2024): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24980/ucm.v12i14.5960.
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INTRODUÇÃO: a propriocepção pode ser definida como a capacidade do indivíduo de integrar os sinais sensoriais dos mecanorreceptores e assim determinar as posições dos segmentos corporais e movimentos no espaço tridimensional, sendo essencial na percepção dos movimentos, controle muscular e estabilidade articular. A avaliação e os programas de treinamento proprioceptivos visam melhorar a consciência dos aspectos corporais, postura e mudanças no equilíbrio, sendo uma ferramenta útil na prática clínica na prevenção de lesões ou sua reincidência. OBJETIVOS: propor um roteiro evolutivo de exercícios proprioceptivos para membros inferiores baseado em uma revisão bibliográfica. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: a composição deste estudo resultou de uma revisão da literatura do tipo integrativa, na qual fora realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, a partir de periódicos indexados nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS, PubMEd, Medline e livros. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO: Foram encontrados um total de 79 artigos, destes foram descartados 72 artigos por não contemplarem os critérios de inclusão, sendo a amostra final constituída por 8 artigos científicos. Após revisão das referências, observa-se que os autores citam e avaliam diferentes programas de treinamentos proprioceptivos afirmando, em sua maioria, sua eficácia significativa. Entretanto, não se observa uma descrição clara das formas de adoção e evolução dos exercícios e equipamentos para o treino, dificultando assim a sua reprodução. CONCLUSÃO: os autores investigados não informam detalhes sobre a execução e evolução dos roteiros mencionados, assim o presente estudo sugere um roteiro de treino proprioceptivo para membros inferiores, parcialmente embasado nas informações encontradas nesta revisão. A PROPOSAL FOR A LOWER LIMB PROPRIOCEPTIVE TRAINING ROUTINE PROGRAM ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Proprioception is defined as the individual's ability to integrate sensory signals from mechanoreceptors and thus determine the positions of body segments and movements in three-dimensional space. It is essential for the perception of movements, muscle control, and joint stability. Proprioceptive assessment and training programs aim to improve body awareness, posture, and changes in balance and are useful tools in clinical practice for preventing injuries or their re-incidence. OBJECTIVES: to propose an evolving protocol of proprioceptive exercises for the lower limbs based on a literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The design of this paper was the result of an integrative literature review, integrative type, in which bibliographical research was carried out using periodicals indexed in SciELO, LILACS, PubMed, Medline databases, and books. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 79 articles were found, of which 72 were discarded as they did not meet the inclusion criteria, and the final sample consisted of 8 scientific articles. After reviewing the references, it was found that the authors cited and evaluated different proprioceptive training programs, most of which affirmed their significant effectiveness. However, there was no clear description of how to implement and evolve the exercises and training equipment, hindering their reproduction. CONCLUSION: The authors’ research does not provide details on the application and evolution of the routines mentioned, so this study suggests a proprioceptive training program for the lower limbs, partially based on the information found in this review. Keywords: Proprioception. Training. Lower limbs.
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Tedeschi, Roberto. "Assessment of Postural Control and Proprioception Using the Delos Postural Proprioceptive System." Reabilitacijos mokslai: slauga, kineziterapija, ergoterapija 2, no. 29 (December 1, 2023): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/rmske.v2i29.1428.
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Background. Proper postural control and proprioception are essential for maintaining balance, preventing falls, and performing daily activities. Traditional methods of assessing postural control and proprioceptive function often lack objectivity and precision. The DPPS offers a promising solution by providing a quantitative and comprehensive evaluation of postural stability and proprioceptive performance.
Methods. The DPPS utilises advanced sensor technology and computerised analysis to measure various parameters related to postural control, including stability indexes, weight distribution, sway patterns, and proprioceptive responses. It incorporates both static and dynamic tests, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of postural control in different conditions.
Results. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of the DPPS in evaluating postural control and proprioception in various populations, such as athletes, older adults, individuals with balance disorders, and patients undergoing rehabilitation. The DPPS has shown good reliability and validity, with its measurements correlating well with other established assessment tools. It has also proven to be sensitive in detecting changes in postural control and proprioceptive function over time.
Conclusions. The DPPS represents a valuable tool for objective assessment and monitoring of postural control and proprioceptive function. Its ability to provide quantitative data in a reliable and sensitive manner makes it an attractive option for researchers, clinicians, and rehabilitation professionals. By enhancing our understanding of postural control and proprioception, the DPPS can contribute to the development of targeted interventions and personalised treatment strategies aimed at improving balance, preventing falls, and optimising functional performance.
Keywords: Delos Postural Proprioceptive System, Postural control, Proprioception, Assessment, Balance.
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Bąkowski, Paweł, Kinga Ciemniewska-Gorzela, Kamilla Bąkowska-Żywicka, Łukasz Stołowski, and Tomasz Piontek. "Similar Outcomes and Satisfaction of the Proprioceptive versus Standard Training on the Knee Function and Proprioception, Following the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 3494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083494.
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Background: Patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have poorer proprioception than people without such injuries. The effects of proprioceptive training on knee functionality and proprioceptive improvement after ACL reconstruction is still unclear. Methods: The research material consisted of 40 patients after ACL reconstruction. Of the 40 patients, 20 of them were rehabilitated with a standard program and 20 with additional proprioceptive exercises. The subjective and the objective scores were evaluated. Results: No differences were found between the proprioceptive versus the conservative postoperative rehabilitation in the functional nor in the proprioception outcomes of the operated limbs. Conclusions: There is no advantage to function in doing proprioceptive rehabilitation exercises following the ACL reconstruction, when compared with a traditional strengthening program.
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Fisher, Georgia, Camila Quel de Oliveira, Arianne Verhagen, Simon Gandevia, and David Kennedy. "Proprioceptive impairment in unilateral neglect after stroke: A systematic review." SAGE Open Medicine 8 (January 2020): 205031212095107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312120951073.
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Introduction: Unilateral neglect is a debilitating condition that can occur after stroke and can affect a variety of domains and modalities, including proprioception. Proprioception is a sensorimotor process essential to motor function and is thus important to consider in unilateral neglect. To date, there has not been a comprehensive review of studies examining the various aspects of proprioceptive impairment in unilateral neglect after stroke. This review aimed to determine if people with unilateral neglect have more severe proprioceptive impairments than those without unilateral neglect after stroke. Methods: The MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to September 2019 using an a priori search strategy. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and full texts, and extracted data from the included full texts. A third reviewer resolved disagreements at each step. Risk of bias was assessed using the AXIS Quality Assessment tool. Results: A total of 191 abstracts were identified, with 56 eligible for full-text screening. A total of 18 studies were included in the review and provided evidence that people with unilateral neglect have more severe proprioceptive impairment than people without unilateral neglect. This impairment is present in multiple subtypes of unilateral neglect and aspects of proprioception. Most studies had a moderate risk of bias. Conclusion: People with unilateral neglect after stroke are more likely to have impaired processing of multiple types of proprioceptive information than those without unilateral neglect. However, the available evidence is limited by the large heterogeneity of assessment tools used to identify unilateral neglect and proprioception. Unilateral neglect and proprioception were rarely assessed comprehensively. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42018086070.
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Terada, Kazunori, Akinori Kumazaki, Daisuke Miyata, and Akira Ito. "Haptic Length Display Based on Cutaneous-Proprioceptive Integration." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 18, no. 4 (August 20, 2006): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2006.p0489.
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When a human recognizes length of an object while exploring it with an index finger, both proprioception and cutaneous sensation provide information for estimating the length of the object. We studied the contribution of cutaneous sensation and proprioception to the subjective estimation of object length, developing an apparatus for investigating the human cutaneous-proprioceptive integration using velocity dependency of cutaneous and proprioceptive length perception. We conducted four experiments. In experiment 1, 12 subjects estimated object length passively, using cutaneous sensation only via the index finger. In experiment 2, ten subjects estimated the distance if index finger traveled passively without cutaneous sensation. In experiment 3, subjects used both cutaneous and proprioceptive sensation to estimate the object length. The results showed that using both senses simultaneously improves length perception. In experiment 4, 17 subjects estimated object length moving the index finger passively but with the cutaneous sensation and proprioception differing in perceived length. The results showed that subjects relied on the greater sensation if proprioceptive and cutaneous sensations were discrepant.
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Salamanna, Francesca, Silvio Caravelli, Laura Marchese, Melania Carniato, Emanuele Vocale, Giammarco Gardini, Giulia Puccetti, Massimiliano Mosca, and Gianluca Giavaresi. "Proprioception and Mechanoreceptors in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Literature Review." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2023): 6623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12206623.
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Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world. It is frequently accompanied by high levels of persistent pain, as well as substantial impairments in function and functional capacity. This review aims to systematically analyze the changes in proprioception and related mechanoreceptors in OA patients. Methods: Studies from September 2013 to September 2023 were identified by conducting searches on the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases following the PRISMA statement. One reviewer independently assessed and screened the literature, extracted the data, and graded the studies. The body of evidence underwent an evaluation and grading process using the ROBINS-I tool, which was specifically designed to assess the risk of bias in non-randomized studies of interventions. Results were summarized using descriptive methods. Results: A search through 37 studies yielded 14 clinical studies that were ultimately included. The primary focus of the studies was on the knee joint, particularly the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). The studies found that PCL in OA patients had impaired proprioceptive accuracy, possibly due to changes in mechanoreceptors (Ruffini, Pacini, and Golgi Mazzoni corpuscles). This suggests that dysfunctional articular mechanoreceptors, especially in severe cases of OA, may contribute to reduced proprioception. Dynamic stabilometry also identified significant proprioceptive deficits in patients with knee articular cartilage lesions, underscoring the impact of such lesions on knee proprioception. Conclusions: Literature data have shown that proprioceptive accuracy may play an important role in OA, particularly in the knee PCL and cartilage. However, the role of proprioception and related mechanoreceptors needs to be further clarified. Future studies focusing on the relationship between proprioception, OA disease, and symptoms, considering age and gender differences, and exploring OA joints other than the knee should be conducted to improve clinical and surgical outcomes in cases where proprioception and mechanoreceptors are impaired in OA patients.
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Goodman, Rachel, Valentin A. Crainic, Stephen R. Bested, Darrin O. Wijeyaratnam, John de Grosbois, and Luc Tremblay. "Amending Ongoing Upper-Limb Reaches: Visual and Proprioceptive Contributions?" Multisensory Research 31, no. 5 (2018): 455–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134808-00002615.
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In order to maximize the precise completion of voluntary actions, humans can theoretically utilize both visual and proprioceptive information to plan and amend ongoing limb trajectories. Although vision has been thought to be a more dominant sensory modality, research has shown that sensory feedback may be processed as a function of its relevance and reliability. As well, theoretical models of voluntary action have suggested that both vision and proprioception can be used to prepare online trajectory amendments. However, empirical evidence regarding the use of proprioception for online control has come from indirect manipulations from the sensory feedback (i.e., without directly perturbing the afferent information; e.g., visual–proprioceptive mismatch). In order to directly assess the relative contributions of visual and proprioceptive feedback to the online control of voluntary actions, direct perturbations to both vision (i.e., liquid crystal goggles) and proprioception (i.e., tendon vibration) were implemented in two experiments. The first experiment employed the manipulations while participants simply performed a rapid goal-directed movement (30 cm amplitude). Results from this first experiment yielded no significant evidence that proprioceptive feedback contributed to online control processes. The second experiment employed an imperceptible target jump to elicit online trajectory amendments. Without or with tendon vibration, participants still corrected for the target jumps. The current study provided more evidence of the importance of vision for online control but little support for the importance of proprioception for online limb–target regulation mechanisms.
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Galofaro, Elisa, Erika D’Antonio, Fabrizio Patané, Maura Casadio, and Lorenzo Masia. "Three-Dimensional Assessment of Upper Limb Proprioception via a Wearable Exoskeleton." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062615.
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Proprioception—the sense of body segment’s position and movement—plays a crucial role in human motor control, integrating the sensory information necessary for the correct execution of daily life activities. Despite scientific evidence recognizes that several neurological diseases hamper proprioceptive encoding with consequent inability to correctly perform movements, proprioceptive assessment in clinical settings is still limited to standard scales. Literature on physiology of upper limb’s proprioception is mainly focused on experimental approaches involving planar setups, while the present work provides a novel paradigm for assessing proprioception during single—and multi-joint matching tasks in a three-dimensional workspace. To such extent, a six-degrees of freedom exoskeleton, ALEx-RS (Arm Light Exoskeleton Rehab Station), was used to evaluate 18 healthy subjects’ abilities in matching proprioceptive targets during combined single and multi-joint arm’s movements: shoulder abduction/adduction, shoulder flexion/extension, and elbow flexion/extension. Results provided evidence that proprioceptive abilities depend on the number of joints simultaneously involved in the task and on their anatomical location, since muscle spindles work along their preferred direction, modulating the streaming of sensory information accordingly. These findings suggest solutions for clinical sensorimotor evaluation after neurological disease, where assessing proprioceptive deficits can improve the recovery path and complement the rehabilitation outcomes.
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Bertrand-Charette, Michaël, Miorie Le Quang, Jean-Sébastien Roy, and Laurent J. Bouyer. "Alteration of ankle proprioceptive threshold during gait in the presence of acute experimental pain." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): e0263161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263161.
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Objective Human gait requires complex somatosensory processing of various inputs such as proprioception. Proprioception can be altered in the presence of pain. This has been shown mostly during controlled tasks, thereby limiting the influence of external perturbations. While controlling the environment is sometimes warranted, it limits the ecological validity of the data. Using robotic orthoses to apply perturbations during movements seems a promising tool to functionally assess proprioception, where the complex somatosensory processing required in real-life situations is at play. The main objective of this study was to compare the proprioceptive threshold of healthy participants during gait in the presence and absence of an acute experimental pain. Methods 36 healthy participants walked on a treadmill while wearing a robotized ankle–foot orthosis (rAFO) around their right ankle. The rAFO applied torque perturbations of graded magnitudes during the swing phase of gait. Participants had to report the presence/absence of such perturbations, as a measure of proprioceptive threshold. Following initial assessment, they were randomly assigned to one of three experimental groups: Control (no stimulation), Painless (non-nociceptive stimulation) and Painful (nociceptive stimulation). Electrodes placed on the right lateral malleolus delivered an electrical stimulation during the second assessment for Painless and Painful groups. A Kruskal-Wallis was used to compare the percentage of change of the three groups between the two assessments. Results A 31.80±32.94% increase in proprioceptive threshold, representing an increase of 1.3±1.2 Nm in the detection threshold, was observed for the Painful group only (p<0.005), with an effect size of 1.6. Conclusion Findings show that the presence of pain at the ankle can alter participants’ proprioceptive threshold during gait. Clinical assessment of proprioception should therefore carefully consider the presence of pain when evaluating a patient’s performance using clinical proprioceptive test and consider the negative effect of pain on proprioceptive threshold for test interpretation.
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Qaiser, Taha, Gevorg Eginyan, Franco Chan, and Tania Lam. "The sensorimotor effects of a lower limb proprioception training intervention in individuals with a spinal cord injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 2364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00842.2018.
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Proprioception is critical for movement control. After a spinal cord injury (SCI), individuals not only experience paralysis but may also experience proprioceptive deficits, further confounding motor recovery. The objective of this study was to test the effects of a robotic-based proprioception training protocol on lower limb proprioceptive sense in people with incomplete SCI. A secondary objective was to assess whether the effects of training transferred to a precision stepping task in people with motor-incomplete SCI. Participants with chronic incomplete SCI and able-bodied controls underwent a 2-day proprioceptive training protocol using the Lokomat robotic exoskeleton. The training involved positioning the test leg to various positions and participants were asked to report whether they felt their heel position (end-point position) was higher or lower compared with a reference position. Feedback was provided after each trial to help participants learn strategies that could help them discern different positions of their foot. Changes in end-point position as well as knee joint position sense were assessed pre- and posttraining. We also assessed the effects of proprioception training on the performance of a precision stepping task in people with motor-incomplete SCI. Following training, there were significant improvements in end-point and knee joint position sense in both groups. The magnitude of improvement was related to pretraining (baseline) proprioceptive sense, indicating that those who initially had better lower limb position sense showed greater changes. Participants also showed improvements in performance of a precision stepping task. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that it is possible to alter proprioceptive sense in people with incomplete SCI using a passive proprioception training protocol combined with feedback. Improvements in proprioceptive sense transferred from end-point to joint position sense and also to an untrained precision stepping task.
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Safran, Marc R., Christopher D. Harner, Jorge L. Giraldo, Scott M. Lephart, Paul A. Borsa, and Freddie H. Fu. "Effects of injury and Reconstruction of the Posterior Cruciate Ligament on Proprioception and Neuromuscular Control." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 8, no. 4 (November 1999): 304–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.8.4.304.
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Proprioceptive deficits have been demonstrated following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) disruption, but little research exists evaluating proprioception in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)-deficient and/or -reconstructed knee. We have studied proprioception in PCL-deficient and PCL-reconstructed knees. The following summarizes our protocol and results of proprioceptive testing of kinesthesia and joint position sense in participants with isolated PCL injuries and those who underwent PCL reconstruction. We studied 18 participants with isolated raptures of the PCL and 10 participants who underwent PCL reconstruction. Proprioception was evaluated by two tests: the threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM) and the ability to passively reproduce passive positioning (RPP). These assess kinesthesia and joint position sense, respectively. We have shown that isolated PCL deficiency in the human knee does result in reduced kinesthesia and enhanced joint position sense. Thus, the proprioceptive mechanoreceptors in the PCL do appear to have some function. We further found that PCL reconstruction significantly improved kinesthesia at 45° of knee flexion, while 110° was not significantly different between the involved and uninvolved knee in both studies.
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Amiri, Mohammad Rahim, Masoud Golpayegani, Fariba Moradi Vastgani, and Mohammad Mirghasemi. "Effect of Proprioception Training on Pain and Knee Joint Position Sense of Athletes With Genuvalgum." Journal of Sport Biomechanics 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2020): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/biomechanics.6.3.3.
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Objective: The purpose of this study, the effect of strengthening exercises on proprioception athletes with knee joint position sense in Genuvalgum. Methods: A total of 30 athletes with an age range between 20-30 years voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into two groups (experimental and control) groups. Proprioceptive training program for experimental group for 8 weeks (3 sessions per week, 3 times daily, 20 minutes). The pre-test and post-test to detect the joint position (PFPPS) and the knee proprioception were measured via digital pictures using Auto-CAD software. Data analysis software SPSS V. 16 using paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results Knee joint proprioception exercises can reduce the reconstruction error. Conclusion: These exercises improve proprioception in athletes with Genuvalgum.
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Muaidi, Qassim Ibrahim, Leslie Lorenda Nicholson, Kathryn Margaret Refshauge, Roger David Adams, and Justin Phillip Roe. "Effect of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Reconstruction on Proprioceptive Acuity of Knee Rotation in the Transverse Plane." American Journal of Sports Medicine 37, no. 8 (May 13, 2009): 1618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546509332429.
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Background Studies assessing proprioceptive acuity in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)–deficient knees have only considered proprioception for knee movements in the sagittal plane rather than in the transverse plane (ie, rotation), despite the fact that the ACL plays a critical role in knee rotational stability and that the ACL is injured almost exclusively with a rotation mechanism. Therefore a test of proprioception is needed that involves movements similar to the mechanism of injury, in this case, rotation. Purpose To determine whether proprioceptive acuity in rotation changes after ACL injury and reconstruction, and to examine differences in proprioceptive acuity, range, laxity, and activity level among injured knees, contralateral knees, and healthy controls. Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Proprioceptive acuity for active knee rotation movements, passive rotation range of motion, anterior knee laxity, and knee function were measured in 20 consecutive participants with unilateral ACL rupture and 20 matched controls. Reconstruction was performed using a single-incision technique with a 4-strand hamstring tendon autograft. Thirty participants (15 control and 15 ACL reconstructed) were retested at 3 months, and 14 with ACL reconstruction were tested at 6 months. Results A deficit was found in preoperative knee rotation proprioception compared with healthy controls (P =. 031). Three months after reconstruction, there was a significant improvement (P =. 049) in proprioceptive acuity, single-plane anterior laxity (P =. 01), and self-reported knee function (P =. 001). At 3 months after reconstruction, proprioceptive acuity of the ACLreconstructed knee was correlated with reported activity level (r =. 63; P =. 021). Conclusion Knee rotation proprioception is reduced in ACL-deficient participants compared with healthy controls. Three to 6 months after reconstruction, rotation proprioceptive acuity, laxity, and function were improved. While these findings are consistent with a return to previous activity level 6 months after reconstruction, the extent of graft maturation and restoration of kinematics should also inform the decision about return to sport.
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Rueda Parra, Sebastian, Joel C. Perry, Eric T. Wolbrecht, and Disha Gupta. "Neural correlates of bilateral proprioception and adaptation with training." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 15, 2024): e0299873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299873.
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Bilateral proprioception includes the ability to sense the position and motion of one hand relative to the other, without looking. This sensory ability allows us to perform daily activities seamlessly, and its impairment is observed in various neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy and stroke. It can undergo experience-dependent plasticity, as seen in trained piano players. If its neural correlates were better understood, it would provide a useful assay and target for neurorehabilitation for people with impaired proprioception. We designed a non-invasive electroencephalography-based paradigm to assess the neural features relevant to proprioception, especially focusing on bilateral proprioception, i.e., assessing the limb distance from the body with the other limb. We compared it with a movement-only task, with and without the visibility of the target hand. Additionally, we explored proprioceptive accuracy during the tasks. We tested eleven Controls and nine Skilled musicians to assess whether sensorimotor event-related spectral perturbations in μ (8-12Hz) and low-β (12-18Hz) rhythms differ in people with musical instrument training, which intrinsically involves a bilateral proprioceptive component, or when new sensor modalities are added to the task. The Skilled group showed significantly reduced μ and low-β suppression in bilateral tasks compared to movement-only, a significative difference relative to Controls. This may be explained by reduced top-down control due to intensive training, despite this, proprioceptive errors were not smaller for this group. Target visibility significantly reduced proprioceptive error in Controls, while no change was observed in the Skilled group. During visual tasks, Controls exhibited significant μ and low-β power reversals, with significant differences relative to proprioceptive-only tasks compared to the Skilled group—possibly due to reduced uncertainty and top-down control. These results provide support for sensorimotor μ and low-β suppression as potential neuromarkers for assessing proprioceptive ability. The identification of these features is significant as they could be used to quantify altered proprioceptive neural processing in skill and movement disorders. This in turn can be useful as an assay for pre and post sensory-motor intervention research.
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Long, Katie H., Kristine R. McLellan, Maria Boyarinova, and Sliman J. Bensmaia. "Proprioceptive sensitivity to imposed finger deflections." Journal of Neurophysiology 127, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 412–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00513.2021.
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Manual dexterity and stereognosis are supported by two exquisite sensory systems, namely touch and proprioception. Here, we measure the sensitivity of hand proprioception and show that humans can sense the posture and movements of the fingers with great accuracy. We also show that application of a skin vibration does not impair sensitivity, suggesting that proprioceptive acuity relies primarily on receptors in the muscles (and possibly tendons) rather than the skin.
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van Beers, Robert J., Anne C. Sittig, and Jan J. Denier van der Gon. "Integration of Proprioceptive and Visual Position-Information: An Experimentally Supported Model." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 1355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.3.1355.
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Integration of proprioceptive and visual position-information: an experimentally supported model. To localize one’s hand, i.e., to find out its position with respect to the body, humans may use proprioceptive information or visual information or both. It is still not known how the CNS combines simultaneous proprioceptive and visual information. In this study, we investigate in what position in a horizontal plane a hand is localized on the basis of simultaneous proprioceptive and visual information and compare this to the positions in which it is localized on the basis of proprioception only and vision only. Seated at a table, subjects matched target positions on the table top with their unseen left hand under the table. The experiment consisted of three series. In each of these series, the target positions were presented in three conditions: by vision only, by proprioception only, or by both vision and proprioception. In one of the three series, the visual information was veridical. In the other two, it was modified by prisms that displaced the visual field to the left and to the right, respectively. The results show that the mean of the positions indicated in the condition with both vision and proprioception generally lies off the straight line through the means of the other two conditions. In most cases the mean lies on the side predicted by a model describing the integration of multisensory information. According to this model, the visual information and the proprioceptive information are weighted with direction-dependent weights, the weights being related to the direction-dependent precision of the information in such a way that the available information is used very efficiently. Because the proposed model also can explain the unexpectedly small sizes of the variable errors in the localization of a seen hand that were reported earlier, there is strong evidence to support this model. The results imply that the CNS has knowledge about the direction-dependent precision of the proprioceptive and visual information.
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Chen, Xingyu, and Xingda Qu. "Age-Related Differences in the Relationships Between Lower-Limb Joint Proprioception and Postural Balance." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 5 (August 21, 2018): 702–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818795064.
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Objective: In the present study we aimed to investigate the relationships between lower-limb joint proprioception and postural balance. Age-related differences in such relationships were also identified. Background: Impaired postural balance is reportedly one of the most common risk factors for fall accidents. Interventions have been proposed to improve postural balance by enhancing proprioceptive feedback. However, there is still no consensus on the optimal design for these interventions; therefore, there is a need to better reveal the contributions of lower-limb joint proprioception to postural balance. Method: Twenty-eight young and 28 older adults participated. Lower-limb joint proprioception was assessed by joint position sense errors measured at the ankle, knee, and hip of the dominant side, respectively. Postural balance was assessed by using center-of-pressure measures during bilateral static stance. Results: Ankle joint position sense error was positively correlated with root mean squared distance of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions in both young and older adults. Different from young adults, hip joint position sense error was positively correlated with root mean squared distance of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions in older adults only. Conclusion: Declined ankle and hip proprioception could be risk factors for falls in older adults. Age-related differences in the effects of hip proprioception suggests that hip proprioception is more important for maintaining balance in older adults. Ankle proprioception contributes the most to balance maintenance. Thus, ankle proprioception enhancement exercises should be considered in fall prevention interventions.
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Borsa, Paul A., Scott M. Lephart, Mininder S. Kocher, and Susan P. Lephart. "Functional Assessment and Rehabilitation of Shoulder Proprioception for Glenohumeral Instability." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 3, no. 1 (February 1994): 84–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.3.1.84.
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Following injury to the articular ligaments, disruption of mechanoreceptors results in partial deafferentation of the joint. This has been shown to inhibit normal neuromuscular joint stabilization, and it contributes to repetitive injuries and the progressive decline of the joint. Assessment of proprioception is valuable in identification of proprioceptive deficits and subsequent planning of the rehabilitation program. A shoulder rehabilitation program must address both the mechanical and sensory functions of articular structures by incorporating a proprioceptive training element within the normal protocol. The objective of proprioception rehabilitation is to enhance cognitive appreciation of the respective joint relative to position and movement, and to enhance muscular stabilization of the joint in the absence of structural restraints. If these objectives are properly addressed, the restoration of the proprioceptive mechanism will prevent further disability of the shoulder joint.
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Wollstein, Ronit, Dafna Michael, and Hani Harel. "A Protocol for Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Distal Radius Fractures Using Sensorimotor Input: A Case Series." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 22, no. 02 (May 15, 2017): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218810417500174.
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Background: Proprioception and sensorimotor input are used to treat neurological and joint injuries. Following distal radius fractures (DRF) there is a temporary loss of proprioception that should be addressed. We created a protocol for evaluation, and a treatment plan following wrist surgery that is based on proprioceptive and sensorimotor input. We describe a series of patients undergoing surgery for DRF that were evaluated and treated with these protocols. Methods: Both evaluation and treatment protocols included comprehensive sensorimotor procedures performed with eyes open and closed. These included Semmes- Weinstein, static and moving 2-point discrimination, vibration, temperature testing, Moberg pick-up- test, stereognosis and proprioception. Results: A series of twelve patients was evaluated and treated with the protocol following surgical treatment for DRF. Patients demonstrated significant sensorimotor deficits, which improved utilizing the comprehensive sensorimotor treatment protocol. Conclusions: Further study is necessary to validate the results of this pilot series. Use of proprioception and sensorimotor input may improve outcomes of rehabilitation following DRF.
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Alonso, Angélica Castilho, Guilherme Carlos Brech, and Julia Maria D’Andréa Greve. "Techniques of proprioceptive evaluation of the anterior cruciate knee ligament." Acta Fisiátrica 17, no. 3 (September 9, 2010): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2317-0190.v17i3a103374.
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The increasing interest in sports activities, combined with the knee’s anatomical vulnerability and complexity, justifies the increasing number of patients with ligament injuries, especially the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). What then would be the best way to evaluate the knee proprioception? The objective of this study was to identify the techniques of proprioceptive evaluation of the anterior cruciate knee ligament (ACL), and to determine whether a better technique is available. The method was to review the literature, including only those studies published in indexed scientific journals that referred to evaluation tools and/or knee proprioception measurement. The discussion of the different methods of evaluating ACL proprioception, according to the literature, included: morphological anatomical studies; neurophysiologic evaluation, and clinical evaluation which was divided into three types: a) sense of static position; b) kinesthetic posture; and c) postural balance. Although proprioception is important to the final results of a treatment involving ligament injury, its evaluation is still a problem. The conclusion was that the ideal method should have high sensitivity and specificity, in addition to good reproducibility and accuracy. There is lack of consensus in literature regarding the best evaluation technique and the results are also contradictory, despite the balance evaluation being a modern technique used in major research centers, it was not possible to isolate the proprioceptive system from other systems: visual and vestibular.
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Susanti, Ayu, Rr Indrayuni Lukitra Wardhani, and I. Putu Alit Pawana. "The Relationship Between Quadriceps Muscle Atrophy and Proprioception Function in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients." Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal 1, no. 2 (December 24, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/spmrj.v1i2.16177.
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Background: Osteoarthritis of the knee (OA) patients can experience impaired proprioceptive function which causes instability, balance disorder and limited activity. Further analysis is needed to detect changes that occur. There are two methods to evaluate the speed and angle of a particular motion as an analysis of the function of proprioception, Time to Detect Passive Movements (TTDPM) and Joint Position Sense (JPS).Aim: To analyze the relationship between quadriceps muscle atrophy with proprioception in knee osteoarthritis patients.Methods: The design of this research is cross sectional analysis done in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia. There were 25 knee OA patients (2 men and 23 women) with each subject had proprioception (JPS and TTDPM) function measured using isokinetics dynamometer on both sides of the knee.Results: This study shows the atrophic side had greater pain intensity and greater disturbance of proprioception. In addition, there were significant differences in JPS measurements at angle of 30⁰, and 60⁰ and TTDPM (p <0.05). No difference obtained at 45⁰ measurements angle.Conclusion: In this study, there was no association between quadriceps atrophy and function of proprioception in knee osteoarthritis patients. This was due to a number of confounding factors that cannot be controlled such as duration, difference in pain intensity, OA severity, physical activity before measurement, and fatigue which can affect proprioception function and bring misinterpretation on measurements.
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Susanti, Ayu, Rr Indrayuni Lukitra Wardhani, and I. Putu Alit Pawana. "The Relationship Between Quadriceps Muscle Atrophy and Proprioception Function in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients." Surabaya Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal 1, no. 2 (December 24, 2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/spmrj.v1i2.2019.59-64.
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Background: Osteoarthritis of the knee (OA) patients can experience impaired proprioceptive function which causes instability, balance disorder and limited activity. Further analysis is needed to detect changes that occur. There are two methods to evaluate the speed and angle of a particular motion as an analysis of the function of proprioception, Time to Detect Passive Movements (TTDPM) and Joint Position Sense (JPS).Aim: To analyze the relationship between quadriceps muscle atrophy with proprioception in knee osteoarthritis patients.Methods: The design of this research is cross sectional analysis done in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, Indonesia. There were 25 knee OA patients (2 men and 23 women) with each subject had proprioception (JPS and TTDPM) function measured using isokinetics dynamometer on both sides of the knee.Results: This study shows the atrophic side had greater pain intensity and greater disturbance of proprioception. In addition, there were significant differences in JPS measurements at angle of 30⁰, and 60⁰ and TTDPM (p <0.05). No difference obtained at 45⁰ measurements angle.Conclusion: In this study, there was no association between quadriceps atrophy and function of proprioception in knee osteoarthritis patients. This was due to a number of confounding factors that cannot be controlled such as duration, difference in pain intensity, OA severity, physical activity before measurement, and fatigue which can affect proprioception function and bring misinterpretation on measurements.
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Sashi, Varsha, A. Leoney, and Leena Rajathy Port Louis. "Proprioception and osseoperception in prosthodontics – A review." Journal of Academy of Dental Education 9 (June 14, 2023): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jade_52_2022.
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The masticatory system receives neural inputs by means of proprioception and perception. Defective proprioceptive or perceptive input results in dysfunctional or pathological conditions. The prognosis of a prosthodontic restoration depends on the integration of proprioceptive input and motor output. The absence of intradental and periodontal mechanoreception accompanying tooth loss alters the fine proprioceptive control feedback. Complete denture rehabilitation is a compromised restoration which restores function with many lacunae. In contrast to conventional dentures, implant-supported prostheses restore jaw function with improved psychophysiological discriminatory ability, oral stereognosis, and osseoperception.
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Bard, Chantal, Michelle Fleury, Normand Teasdale, Jacques Paillard, and Vincent Nougier. "Contribution of proprioception for calibrating and updating the motor space." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 73, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y95-035.
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The absence of muscular proprioception, whether at a segmental or at a central level, impairs performance in several ways. The contribution of proprioception to movement control and learning is not easily dissociated from that of other sources of sensory information (e.g., vision). Therefore, the rare clinical cases of extensive neuropathy, depriving the brain massively and permanently of its presumed main sources of dynamogenic information from skin and muscles, are of very special interest. Two such patients and controls were tested in experiments investigating (i) force production, (ii) amplitude coding, (iii) spatial reference frames in pointing, and (iv) prismatic adaptation. Overall, our results highlight the key role of proprioceptive afferents for calibrating the spatial motor frame of reference, and the powerful substitutive properties of the central nervous system.Key words: proprioception, deafferentation, space calibration, motor control.
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Blackburn, Troy, Kevin M. Guskiewicz, Meredith A. Petschauer, and William E. Prentice. "Balance and Joint Stability: The Relative Contributions of Proprioception and Muscular Strength." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 9, no. 4 (November 2000): 315–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.9.4.315.
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Objectives:To determine whether proprioception or muscular strength is the dominant factor in balance and joint stability and define what type of ankle rehabilitation is most effective for these purposes.Setting:The University of North Carolina Sports Medicine Research Laboratory.Subjects:Thirty-two healthy volunteers free of head injury, dominant leg injury, and vestibular deficits.Design:Subjects were divided into control, strength-training, proprioceptive-training, and strength-proprioception combination training groups. Balance was assessed before and after 6-week training programs.Measurements:Static, semidynamic, and dynamic balance were assessed.Results:Subjects showed no improvement for static balance but improved significantly for semidynamic (P= .038) and dynamic (P = .002) balance. No significant differences were observed between groups.Conclusions:Enhancement of proprioception and muscular strength are equally effective in promoting joint stability and balance maintenance. In addition, no 1 type of training program is superior to another for these purposes.
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Labanca, Luciana, Giuseppe Barone, Stefano Zaffagnini, Laura Bragonzoni, and Maria Grazia Benedetti. "Postural Stability and Proprioception Abnormalities in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 5, 2021): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041469.
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Knee osteoarthritis (OA) leads to the damage of all joint components, with consequent proprioceptive impairment leading to a decline in balance and an increase in the risk of falls. This study was aimed at assessing postural stability and proprioception in patients with knee OA, and the relation between the impairment in postural stability and proprioception with the severity of OA and functional performance. Thirty-eight patients with knee OA were recruited. OA severity was classified with the Kellgren–Lawrence score. Postural stability and proprioception were assessed in double- and single-limb stance, in open- and closed-eyes with an instrumented device. Functional performance was assessed using the Knee Score Society (KSS) and the Short Performance Physical Battery (SPPB). Relationships between variables were analyzed. Postural stability was reduced with respect to reference values in double-limb stance tests in all knee OA patients, while in single-stance only in females. Radiological OA severity, KSS-Functional score and SPPB were correlated with greater postural stability impairments in single-stance. Knee OA patients show decreased functional abilities and postural stability impairments. Proprioception seems to be impaired mostly in females. In conclusion, clinical management of patients with OA should include an ongoing assessment and training of proprioception and postural stability during rehabilitation.
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Whaval, Krutika Sujit, and Abhijit Satralkar. "Effectiveness of Task Oriented Training on Activity Specific Balance, Proprioception and Lower Limb Function in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 13, no. 5 (May 24, 2023): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20230524.
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Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease wherein there is inadequate control of blood levels of glucose. Regardless of the specific type of diabetes, complications involve: microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic. Diabetic neuropathy leads to loss of sensation in their feet, burning or shooting pain in the lower extremity, sores, ulcers, and infections due to impaired sensations. Nerve damage also leads to increase problems with balance and coordination, leading to increased risk of fall. Method: In this study total 30 patients of diabetic neuropathy were selected and were trained with the task-oriented training protocol for 4 weeks. Pre and post activity specific balance, proprioception and lower limb function were assessed using Activity Specific Balance scale, Distal Proprioceptive Test and Lower Limb Function Scale. Results: Activity specific balance, Proprioception and lower limb function significantly improved (p <0.0001). Analysis showed that Task oriented Training was effective in improving the Activity specific balance, Proprioception, and lower limb function in Diabetic Neuropathy patients. Conclusions: The Task oriented training program designed for the Diabetic Neuropathy patients to improve Activity Specific Balance, Proprioception and Lower Limb Function has proven to be effective. Key words: [Diabetic neuropathy, task-oriented training, lower limb function, Activity Specific Balance, Proprioception, Balance]
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Wahab, Hira, Gulalai, Amina Rahat, Azmat Khan, Farhan Haleem, and Zohaib Khalid. "Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome and its Association with Balance and Proprioception: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 1012–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.514.
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Background: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) is a prevalent condition characterized by anterior knee pain, significantly affecting individuals' balance and proprioception. Despite its commonality, the relationship between PFPS and these functional impairments remains inadequately explored. Previous studies have suggested a link, but comprehensive analyses incorporating balance, proprioception, and PFPS are scarce. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between PFPS and deficits in balance and proprioception, emphasizing the potential for rehabilitation focused on these areas to improve patient outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 103 participants diagnosed with PFPS, utilizing non-probability convenience sampling at the Out-Patient Department of Physical Therapy, Akbar Medical Complex, Mardan, Pakistan. Participants underwent assessments for balance (using static and dynamic balance tests) and proprioception (via joint position sense testing). Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 22, with chi-square tests to assess statistical associations between PFPS and the measured variables. Results: Among the participants, 60.2% were males, and 39.8% were females, with an injured limb distribution of 30.1% for both the left and right legs and 39.8% for both legs. The duration of symptoms varied, with 51.5% experiencing symptoms for 1-3 months. Proprioception degree angles showed mean values of 37.5728 (SD=3.76933) for the right limb and 38.4272 (SD=5.81681) for the left limb. Chi-square tests revealed significant impairments in balance and proprioception among individuals with PFPS (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The study confirmed a significant association between PFPS and impairments in balance and proprioception. These findings support the integration of balance and proprioceptive training into rehabilitation programs for PFPS patients, potentially improving symptoms and functional outcomes.
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Starkes, J. L., L. Gabriele, and L. Young. "Performance of the Vertical Position in Synchronized Swimming as a Function of Skill, Proprioceptive and Visual Feedback." Perceptual and Motor Skills 69, no. 1 (August 1989): 225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.69.1.225.
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This experiment assessed the efficacy of proprioceptive and visual information for the performance of “vertical position” by synchronized swimmers. Three skill groups of 5 senior, 5 intermediate, and 5 novice synchronized swimmers performed 40 vertical positions under four conditions. The conditions were: self-initiated with and without vision, and following experimenter perturbation, with and without vision. The dependent measure was degrees of error from true vertical. Analysis indicated that either proprioception or proprioception and vision may be used in performing vertical positions. A significant main effect was found among skill groups.
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Macefield, Vaughan G., Lucy Norcliffe-Kaufmann, Niamh Goulding, Jose-Alberto Palma, Cristina Fuente Mora, and Horacio Kaufmann. "Increasing cutaneous afferent feedback improves proprioceptive accuracy at the knee in patients with sensory ataxia." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 711–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00148.2015.
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Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type III (HSAN III) features disturbed proprioception and a marked ataxic gait. We recently showed that joint angle matching error at the knee is positively correlated with the degree of ataxia. Using intraneural microelectrodes, we also documented that these patients lack functional muscle spindle afferents but have preserved large-diameter cutaneous afferents, suggesting that patients with better proprioception may be relying more on proprioceptive cues provided by tactile afferents. We tested the hypothesis that enhancing cutaneous sensory feedback by stretching the skin at the knee joint using unidirectional elasticity tape could improve proprioceptive accuracy in patients with a congenital absence of functional muscle spindles. Passive joint angle matching at the knee was used to assess proprioceptive accuracy in 25 patients with HSAN III and 9 age-matched control subjects, with and without taping. Angles of the reference and indicator knees were recorded with digital inclinometers and the absolute error, gradient, and correlation coefficient between the two sides calculated. Patients with HSAN III performed poorly on the joint angle matching test [mean matching error 8.0 ± 0.8° (±SE); controls 3.0 ± 0.3°]. Following application of tape bilaterally to the knee in an X-shaped pattern, proprioceptive performance improved significantly in the patients (mean error 5.4 ± 0.7°) but not in the controls (3.0 ± 0.2°). Across patients, but not controls, significant increases in gradient and correlation coefficient were also apparent following taping. We conclude that taping improves proprioception at the knee in HSAN III, presumably via enhanced sensory feedback from the skin.
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Adamo, Diane E., Neil B. Alexander, and Susan H. Brown. "The Influence of Age and Physical Activity on Upper Limb Proprioceptive Ability." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 17, no. 3 (July 2009): 272–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.17.3.272.
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Our understanding of age-related declines in upper limb proprioceptive abilities is limited. Furthermore, the extent to which physical activity might ameliorate age-related changes in proprioception is not known. Upper limb proprioceptive acuity was examined in young and older (active and sedentary) right-handed adults using a wrist-position-matching task that varied in terms of processing demands. Older individuals were also classified according to their participation in tasks specific to the upper limb. Errors were greater for older than younger individuals. Older sedentary adults showed greater errors and performed movements less smoothly than older active adults. The nonspecific group showed greater errors and longer movement times than the upper-limb-specific group. In older adults, decreased ability to perceive limb position may be related to a sedentary lifestyle and declines associated with memory and transfer of proprioceptive information. Performing tasks specific to the upper limbs may reduce age-related declines in proprioception.
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Chillakuru, Cherith Reddy, N. Jambu, and Akshay Deepak. "A comparison of the proprioception of osteoarthritic knees and post total knee arthroplasty." International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 3, no. 4 (June 23, 2017): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20172525.
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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Proprioception of the knee joint is an important factor for establishing balance, and smooth walking. The effect of arthroplasty on proprioception can be a determinant of post-operative function and subjective feeling of the arthroplasty. We wished to check the status of osteoarthritic knees and how their proprioceptive function is, in comparison to knees post total knee replacement.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> We compared 80 unilateral knee replacement patients with their osteoarthritic counterpart in the opposite knee. There was 50% Cruciate Retaining (n =40), Posterior Stabilized 50% (n =40). We assessed the proprioception using threshold to detection of passive motion and conscious awareness of passive joint position.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> 73.8% (n =59) of patients experienced a better joint position sense, 21% (n =17) had decreased joint position sense and 5% (n =4) had the same, when compared to the contralateral osteoarthritic knee. The mean of threshold to detection of passive motion was 2.16+0.68 for the replaced knees versus 2.72±0.61 for the contralateral osteoarthritic knee.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The proprioception of the knees that were replaced with arthroplasties had a better proprioceptive function then the osteoarthritic knees. This further solidifies the reasons to replace the dysfunctional osteoarthritic knee. </p>
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Nagai, Takashi, Timothy C. Sell, Anthony J. House, John P. Abt, and Scott M. Lephart. "Knee Proprioception and Strength and Landing Kinematics During a Single-Leg Stop-Jump Task." Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.14.
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Context The importance of the sensorimotor system in maintaining a stable knee joint has been recognized. As individual entities, knee-joint proprioception, landing kinematics, and knee muscles play important roles in functional joint stability. Preventing knee injuries during dynamic tasks requires accurate proprioceptive information and adequate muscular strength. Few investigators have evaluated the relationship between knee proprioception and strength and landing kinematics. Objective To examine the relationship between knee proprioception and strength and landing kinematics. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Fifty physically active men (age = 26.4 ± 5.8 years, height = 176.5 ± 8.0 cm, mass = 79.8 ± 16.6 kg). Intervention(s) Three tests were performed. Knee conscious proprioception was evaluated via threshold to detect passive motion (TTDPM). Knee strength was evaluated with a dynamometer. A 3-dimensional biomechanical analysis of a single-legged stop-jump task was used to calculate initial contact (IC) knee-flexion angle and knee-flexion excursion. Main Outcome Measure(s) The TTDPM toward knee flexion and extension, peak knee flexion and extension torque, and IC knee-flexion angle and knee flexion excursion. Linear correlation and stepwise multiple linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationships of both proprioception and strength against landing kinematics. The α level was set a priori at .05. Results Enhanced TTDPM and greater knee strength were positively correlated with greater IC knee-flexion angle (r range = 0.281–0.479, P range = .001–.048). The regression analysis revealed that 27.4% of the variance in IC knee-flexion angle could be accounted for by knee-flexion peak torque and TTDPM toward flexion (P = .001). Conclusions The current research highlighted the relationship between knee proprioception and strength and landing kinematics. Individuals with enhanced proprioception and muscular strength had better control of IC knee-flexion angle during a dynamic task.
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Saluja, Pavneet Singh, and Mayuri Sharma. "Effect of Proprioceptive Training on Kinesiophobia and Balance in Geriatric Population." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 10, no. 4 (August 11, 2022): 4286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2022.127.
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Background: The ageing process reduces sensory and motor capabilities such as balance & also increases the fear of movement, resulting in a high number of falls among the elderly. Some therapeutic interventions can directly interrupt this process and improves balance and kinesiophobia. This study examines the effect of proprioceptive training on both. Objective: To determine the effect of proprioceptive training on kinesiophobia and balance in geriatric population. Methodology: A random sample consisting of 17 community dwelling elderly participants were recruited from an old age home in Indore. The inclusion criteria were people aged 60 and above, with a history of fall. All the participants were trained under a 6 week proprioception training program using Swiss ball . The proprioceptive exercises were progressed according to the participant’s response. Participants were evaluated pre and post intervention for kinesiophobia using Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia and for Balance using Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Result: Pre and post intervention comparison of TAMPA shows an average improvement of 18 with t value 33.613, p <0.05, which shows a significant decrease in kinesiophobia after the treatment. Pre and post intervention comparison of BBS shows an average improvement of 14.941 with t value 28.465, p <0.05, which shows a significant improvement in balance after the treatment. Conclusion: The study provides evidence for the efficacy of proprioception training on Kinesiophobia and Balance in geriatric population. KEY WORDS: Kinesiophobia, Balance, Proprioception Training, Geriatric Population.
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Drew, Jennifer Alise. "Proprioception." Iowa Review 44, no. 3 (December 2014): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.7544.
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