Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Propriétés physico-chimiques – Analyse sensorielle'
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Matignon, Anne. "Etude des interactions physico-chimiques des ingrédients fonctionnels des crèmes desserts et de leurs impacts sur leurs microstructures et leurs propriétés sensorielles." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0044/document.
Full textNeutral dairy desserts are composed of a large diversity of products of similar composition but different structures and textures. Their structure set up is defined by the interactions between three of their quantitatively minor components: starch, milk proteins and carrageenan. The objective of this PhD project was to better understand the chemical-physics mechanisms beyond the neutral dairy desserts structure set up and their impact on the sensory perception of the product.The study focused on single, binary and ternary mixtures containing starch. It was performed with a modified waxy maize starch, reconstituted skim milk and kappa carrageenan mostly. Using rheological and microscopic tools, different interactions were highlighted. In binary mixtures, carrageenan was found to adsorb on the starch granules. A specific study on those interactions pointed out that they depended on carrageenans' charge density and molecular weights. In ternary mixtures, preferential carrageenan / casein micelles interactions in comparison to starch / carrageenan ones were pointed out even when milk proteins were added after starch pasting in a carrageenan solution. The addition of milk before or after starch pasting led to products of same formula but different microstructures. Starch granules were in both cases embedded in a carrageenan / casein micelles network still, the starch granules states or characteristics and the network formed differed. Dispersed starch and carrageenan / milk phases were defined as the key structure parameters of neutral dairy desserts. To assess their impact on sensorial perception, nine products of same formula but built differently were produced. The evaluation was done by subjects by means of a free sorting task followed by a ranking task on free discriminating terms. Sensory differences were found between the products. These differences were characterized and correlated with instrumental attributes.This work permitted to collect numerous data on chemical-physics properties, link them to the structure set up and to their potential impact on sensory properties of dairy creams. All this knowledge would be easily used to improve tailor food development and particularly to formulate new dairy cream texture through a reverse engineering approach
Maurice, Bastien. "Transformations alimentaires industrielles, artisanales ou à domicile : quels impacts sur les qualités des produits et les perceptions par les consommateurs ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASB071.
Full textThe consumption of processed industrial products is pointed out to be partly related to the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, obesity or cancer. In order to help the implementation of recommendations to consumers, but also to manufacturers and public authorities, it is necessary to study the impact of food processing, elaborated in different contexts (industrial, artisanal, domestic), on the qualities of the products and on the perceptions of the consumers.For this purpose, soft bread and pizza were selected as models. Multi-criteria mappings (nutritional and technological) were performed on industrial products in order to highlight intra-category variability. In particular, the Process-Score was found to be correlated with the Nutri-Score. From this, 24 industrial, artisanal, and homemade soft breads were selected to be representative from a nutritional and processing point of view. They presented similar physical and technological properties, and different profiles of volatile molecules in particular for industrial soft breads showing less fermentation markers and more oxidation markers.These objective data were compared to the perceptions of more than 60 participants. Industrial breads were perceived as less good nutritionally, although they had the best Nutri-Scores.Industrial pizzas were perceived to have more additives, although they contained the least.The perception of a healthy product seemed to be anti-correlated to the Process-Score for both products, while the perception of the degree of processing of a soft bread was anti-correlated to the fat and salt contents, which was not the case for the pizza.The impact of nutritional and technological information was tested on the perceptions of soft breads, and showed that consumers modified their perceptions, without completely erasing the weight of their beliefs.In addition, it was shown what priorities were declared by 1,000 participants when purchasing a food product (expectations on the taste and naturalness of products seemed to be more important than the presence of labels), and how these priorities varied according to the way the product was processed, with less attention paid to products purchased in restaurants.These results therefore provide avenues for product reformulation by manufacturers, for communication by public authorities on these themes and also to enlighten consumers in their choices, or to provide consolidated data for calculating a Process-Score for, for example, epidemiological studies on the impact of processed products on health
Chao, Christina. "Étude des propriétés émollientes de biomolécules commerciales et synthétisées en vue de la substitution du décaméthylcyclopentasiloxane (D5)." Thesis, Compiègne, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017COMP2379/document.
Full textEmolliency is a word used to define the ability of a compound to soften or lubricate the skin. ln the cosmetic field, emollients are used to modify the consistency, the viscosity or the polarity of a formulation. Many emollients can be used in cosmetic products. However, in the literature both physicochemical and sensory data ar still lacking, making it difficult to choose an emollient. Furthermore, the sensory analysis usually performed to characterize emollients are particularly time-consuming and thus, expensive. Among the different chemical families of emollients, silicone derivatives stand out thanks to their specific properties. Indeed, they are characterized by an excellent spreading on skin and hair, a smooth skin feel, non-greasy and non-sticky, or by a dry skin feel without a fresh effect. However, even though these sensory properties are exceptional, recent studies wonder about the toxicity of a cyclic silicone particularly used in cosmetic products: the decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). Thus, this work deals With two main objectives. The first one consists in the research of a bio-based alternative to the D5 For this purpose, a number of commercial and synthesized molecules were characterized and compared With physicochemical measurements and sensory analysis, allowing the observations of trends between structures and properties. The second objective relies on the study of correlations between physico-chemical and sensory data in order to predict the emollient properties of cosmetic ingredients. This would ease the work of formulators during the screening of ingredients
Moussier, Marine. "Structuration de la matière grasse dans une matrice protéique laitière en fonction de la composition et du procédé : Influence sur les propriétés du produit." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA003/document.
Full textThere is a wide variety of dairy matrices on the market, with very different textures. Among them, high fat stirred yogurts (≥ 5%) are particularly appreciated by the consumers for their creamy texture. The creamy texture is linked to both the level of firmness and the fat perception in mouth (oily film, melting) and is directly driven by the structure of the product. The objective of this work was to change the texture of high fat stirred yogurts by tailoring their structure without addition of any additive.High fat stirred yogurts are concentrated dispersions of microgels, where each microgel is an emulsion-filled gel (i.e. fat droplets dispersed in a protein network and interacting with it via the interface). Several levers were identified in order to modify the structure and the main ones were the state of fat, the composition and the physico-chemical state of the interface, and the size and stiffness of the microgels. These levers were modified through formulation and process, either at pilot- scale (industrial partner) or at lab-scale (mini-line of stirred yogurt production specially developed).A multi-scale approach was adopted to understand the relationship between the structure and the macroscopic properties. The physico-chemical properties of milk proteins and fat were characterized. The interfacial properties of whey proteins were measured depending on their physico-chemical state. The microstructure was accurately characterized through the sizes of fat droplets and microgels, the shape and fractal dimension of microgels (with 3D reconstruction) and the quantitative analysis of the stirred yogurt microstructure (mathematical morphology). The macroscopic properties were measured by combining rheology (firmness) and tribology (lubrication) in conditions consistent with oral processing (shearing, temperature, materials). Each identified lever was individually tested and the nature of the interface and the composition of fat droplets were proved to be interesting in modifying the macroscopic properties (firmness, lubrication) of stirred yogurts. These two levers were eventually combined in a study to take their interdependence into account. All the work led to the statement of structuring mechanisms of the stirred yoghurts depending on the conditions of formulation and process used
Viguerie, Laurence de. "Propriétés physico-chimiques et caractérisation des matériaux du sfumato." Paris 6, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544509.
Full textDe, Viguerie Laurence. "Propriétés physico-chimiques et caractérisation des matériaux du ‘sfumato'." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544509.
Full textFares, Hanaa. "Propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques des bétons autoplaçants exposés à une température élevée." Cergy-Pontoise, 2009. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/09CERG0425.pdf.
Full textThe use of Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has considerably developed during the last years and a growing attention has been brought to the study of its mechanical properties at hardened state. The mixture proportions of SCC (large paste volume, high content of mineral admixtures, coarse to fine aggregates ratio close to 1,. . . ) in relation with its placing conditions could modify its mechanical behaviour, comparatively to traditional vibrated concrete. The behaviour of SCC subjected to high temperature has in particular to be evaluated. The materials tested are 3 concretes which 2 SCC and a TC (Traditional concrete). The characteristic of SCC is the important volume. Mechanical tests (Compressive strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity) were realized. Alongside that, the water porosity, apparent density, loss of mass as well as gas permeability allowed having additional parameters to characterize the behaviour. But, microscopic observations coupled with images analyses and thermal analyses help to have a vision more physical and chemical of the behaviour. The experimental results show significant behaviours between the SCC and TC. The compressive strength allowed distinguishing an increase in compressive strength between 150 and 300°C. This increase is explained by a rehydration of the cement paste due to water migration through the pores for the SCC, and also by the creation of stronger hydrates. The rehydration concerned the anhydrous elements of the cement paste. Alongside this study, a work in collaboration with the University of Alabama concerning the behaviour at high temperature of lightweight self-compacting concrete (LW-SCC). This study allowed characterizing the mechanical properties and the physico-chemical properties of lightweight self-compacting concrete (made in University of Alabama (USA). For that, prismatic and cylindrical specimens underwent two different thermal treatments : a fire ISO-834 and a slow heating to 1°C/min. Through this study, the LW-SCC presented a better thermal stability to a fire ISO-834. About physico-chemical properties, we noted a behaviour similarity between LW-SCC and SCC in water porosity, density, thermal analyses. Nevertheless, a decrease in porosity is observed at 400°C. It can be attributed to a shrinkage due to a decrease in volume. About mechanical properties, LW-SCC present a better residual compressive and residual flexural strength than SCC. Therefore, lightweight aggregates improves the residual mechanical behaviour
Pagès-Camagna, Sandrine. "Propriétés physico-chimiques d'un pigment vert synthétique égyptien : couleur, structure, recherche des techniques d'élaboration." Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MARN0054.
Full textPhilippe, Ellen. "Etude de différents paramètres physico-chimiques sur la rétention des composés d'arôme par des matrices possédant un comportement rhéologique similaire." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS001.
Full textFlavor compounds retention by carbohydrate (sucrose, starch and pectins) and/or lipid (emulsified or not triolein) matrices were measured by headspace. Triolein has a great impact on flavor retention. A carbohydrate impact on retention was also detected, which was evident even in the presence of triolein (3. 5%). Temperatue rising results in an increasing release of flavor compounds. Energy required for flavor compound release was determined and is a function of flavor compound and matrix nature. Physico-chemical interactions between flavor compounds and matrix components are weak and reversible. A matrix effect (composition, rheological behavior) on the rate of release was shown. A modelisation of flavor compounds release from water was realised. Sensorial evaluations allow to establish the carbohydrate and lipid impact on flavor compound perception
Fares, Hanaa. "Propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques de Bétons autoplaçants exposés à une température élevée." Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00447159.
Full textPineau, Jean-Louis. "Apport de l'analyse des données à l'étude des propriétés physico-chimiques utilisées en minéralurgie." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL135N.
Full textHanrot, François. "Analyse physico-chimique et modélisation de la pyrolyse de grains de charbon en four tournant." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1992_HANROT_F.pdf.
Full textMénard, Claire. "Caractérisation et propriétés physico-chimiques de vernis thermodurcissables pour application en films minces sur substrat métallique." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10005.
Full textNacef, Mohamed Menouar. "Maroilles fermiers et industriels : quelles sont les différences ? : Une approche pluridisciplinaire allant du consommateur aux caractérisations sensorielles, physico-chimiques et microbiologiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R077.
Full textToday, the consumer is looking for qualitative authentic products. These quality standards are embodied by traditional, “de terroir” or craft products. Among these products, cheese is a valuable food of the French culinary history. In this context, this thesis focused on the study of an AOP cheese: the Maroilles. A multidisciplinary approach (sensory, physicochemical and microbiological analyses) was conducted with the objective of characterizing artisanal (raw milk-based) and industrial Maroilles (pasteurized milk-based). Sensory analyses revealed that consumers were able to perceive differences between these two types of Maroilles. These differences in perception could be explained by physicochemical (composition, texture, color) and microbiological analyses. In addition, the quality of Maroilles in terms of hedonic appreciations and sensory descriptions can be predicted from instrumental measurements, in particular the fatty acid composition. Concomitantly, the quality of Maroilles perceived by the consumer is strongly dependent on the consumer's familiarity with this product. A consumer study, carried out in two cities in France (Lille, the region of origin of Maroilles and Angers outside the Maroilles production region) showed that Maroilles' familiarity in terms of consumption frequency and knowledge influences the appreciation and consumer attitudes. In addition, the familiarity changes the representations that consumers make of artisanal Maroilles. Maroilles is a cheese that keeps its authenticity and its typicality by its inter-product variability, which constitutes a wealth and a variety of choices for consumers
Serris, Eric. "Influence des conditions de compression sur les propriétés physico-chimiques des comprimés issus de poudres organiques." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00089185.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé tous les phénomènes (réarrangement granulaire, fragmentation, déformations plastiques et visqueuses) qui se déroulent lors du cycle de compression grâce à l'étude de l'émission acoustique produite lors de la compression. L'étude des trois poudres différentes utilisées dans ce travail (aspirine, amidon et produit A) a donné des résultats montrant que la fragmentation et réarrangement granulaire initial sont es responsables majeurs de l'émission acoustique en cours de compression.
L'étude du cycle de compression a été menée pour dégager l'influence de chaque partie du cycle (montée en pression, palier isobare, descente en pression et temps avant démoulage) sur les propriétés (la porosité relaxée et la résistance à la rupture) des comprimés de produits purs, ou de mélanges. De plus, cette étude nous a permis d'améliorer les modèles existants avec notamment une modélisation de l'évolution de la porosité lors du palier isobare ainsi qu'une modélisation géométrique de l'élasticité.
Pour finir une étude de la dissolution des comprimés de mélanges aspirines / amidons a été menée. Comme l'aspirine comprimée seule se dissout lentement, il faut lui adjoindre un délitant comme l'amidon de maïs. Nous avons vérifié que le principal paramètre qui joue sur la vitesse de dissolution des comprimés de mélanges est la fraction massique en amidon. Un modèle de prévision du délitement des comprimés utilisant l'analyse d'image permet de prévoir la taille initiale des fragments d'aspirine en contact avec l'eau et donc de mener à bien une étude cinétique.
Charlier, Anne. "Analyse des propriétés physico-chimiques des poly(lactide) et poly(lactide-co-glycolide) déterminant la libération d'un principe actif : la mifépristone." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA114838.
Full textBahrani, Seyed Amir. "Modification des propriétés physico-chimiques de l'amidon par procédés hydrothermiques : Contribution à l'étude des transferts couplés chaleur-masse." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00823904.
Full textPourreyron, Laurence. "Analyse d'un système de reconstitution corono-radiculaire collé : contribution à son évolution par l'étude des interfaces, interphases et des propriétés physico-chimiques." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05M108.
Full textFollot, Sebastien. "Analyse des propriétés physico-chimiques et pharmacologiques d'Imidazole [1,2-¯]pyridine : évaluation de l'apport de la RMN HR-MAS pour la compréhension de ces mécanismes." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00573124.
Full textFollot, Sébastien. "Analyse des propriétés physico-chimiques et pharmacologiques d'Imidazole [1,2-¯]pyridine : évaluation de l'apport de la RMN HR-MAS pour la compréhension de ces mécanismes." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENS003/document.
Full textP38 MAP Kinase regulates the signal's transduction in response to an environmental stress. The specific p38 inhibitors, which are known to bloc the pro inflammatory (cytokines) production, can intervene on the (apoptosis) phenomenon too. This is in this last perspective that news inhibitors' structures have been synthesized. These structures, after RMN characterization, have been estimated in term of the mechanics of an action and biological ability. As well as the classical methods, this evaluation finally requires HR-MAS technics. The 7 molecules synthesized in this manner have been in 3 families regrouped (1a, 2a-c, 3a-c). Although the physic- chemical properties of these motives are very different, it stands out a common potentiality of action as an MAP Kinase p38 inhibitor
Villiéras, Frédéric. "Étude des modifications des propriétés du talc et de la chlorite par traitement thermique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1993. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1993_VILLIERAS_F.pdf.
Full textPetitgas, Benoit. "Corrélation entre le comportement électrique et les propriétés physico-chimiques des fils émaillés : vers l'origine de la défaillance de machines tournantes en conditions extrêmes." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958120.
Full textRaminosona, Alain. "Propriétés physico-chimiques des phases solides du système V. P. Mo. 0 : application à la catalyse d'oxydation du butane en anhydride maléique." Compiègne, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985COMPD013.
Full textBikoro, Bi Athomo Arsène. "Analyse et valorisation des coproduits de la transformation industrielle de l’Acajou du Gabon (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev)." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3001.
Full textThe Gabon forest covers more than 85% of country, so about 22 million hectares of forest, which represents a potential of more than 400 million m3 of exploitable wood. For more than 400 species listed as exploitable, about 80 are exploitable, but only 13 are exploited on an industrial scale. Solid wood from logging in the form of logs was, until 2009, mainly intended for export. However, since that date, the Gabonese State has decided to develop its industry by requiring loggers to carry out at least a first transformation in the country.This reform has led to an increase in local transformation of logs, and therefore an increase in the production of co-products. The latter represent approximately 50% of initial log mass for sawing and around 5% for peeling. The actors of the sectors thus found themselves with the problem of an excess of products derived from the local processing of wood.General objective of this thesis is to propose an approach that makes it possible to find recovery solutions for these by-products, 85% of which are burnt in the open air.Co-products of the industrial transformation of mahogany (Khaya ivorensis A. Chev) from Gabon were thus studied in three phases. Initial work on the physicochemical characterization of bark, sapwood and heartwood of mahogany extracts has been carried out in general. We have particularly work on phenolic extracts, including tannins. Then, a way of valuing these compounds was studied: development of a tannin-based adhesive with mahogany tannins. Finally, another recovery avenue was explored: development of wood/ plastic composite with wood by-products and waste from plastic bottles.Results of various studies have shown that the mahogany tannins are rich in fisitinidin and gallocatechin monomers. The absence of free form of gallic acid was also noted. In addition, tannin-based adhesives of mahogany have shown good thermal characteristics. Furthermore, the composite has interesting physico-mechanical properties that would allow a possible valorization on a large scale
Germaini, Marie-Michèle. "Elaboration de céramiques phosphocalciques pour l'ingénierie tissulaire osseuse : étude de l’influence des propriétés physico-chimiques des matériaux sur le comportement biologique in vitro." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0003/document.
Full textThis transdisciplinary thesis, carried out in collaboration with the SPCTS laboratory (sciences of ceramic processes and surface treatment) and EA 3842 (Cellular homoeostasis and pathologies) of the University of Limoges, is a research project at the interface between biology and chemistry and was devoted to the study of the influence of the physico-chemical properties of calcium phosphate bioceramics on their biological behavior in vitro.The exploration of the processes of interaction between materials and cells remains a major scientific issue, both from a fundamental and applied point of view for the development of highperformance biomaterials. The ultimate objective is to optimize the therapeutic efficiency of phosphocalcic ceramics as substitute materials for bone regeneration.The first part of the thesis is a general bibliographic review presenting the current issues tackled with the clinical needs and limitations of current studies. Knowledge of the biology of healthy bone tissue as well as the regulatory aspects of the bone remodeling process was also discussed in this chapter. It includes also a bibliographic overview of biomaterials and bone regeneration.Chapter 2 relates to the synthesis and the physico-chemical characterization of ceramic materials. HA (hydroxyapatite: Ca10 (PO4) 6 (OH) 2, SiHA (silicated hydroxyapatite: Ca10 (PO4) 5.6 (SiO4) 0.42 (OH) 1.6 and CHA (carbonated hydroxyapatite: Ca9.5 (PO4) 5.5 (CO3) 0.48 (OH) 1.08 (CO3) 0.23, ceramics each with two different microstructures : dense or porous, have been elaborated and thoroughly characterized (porosity, surface topography, wettability, zeta potential, grain size, pore size and distribution, specific surface area). Chapter 3 describes the experimental approach used for the biological evaluation of the interactions between materials and cells. Biological analyzes were performed with two different cell lines. The pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell line and the RAW 264.7cell line of monocytes / macrophages, precursors of the steoclasts, (very important for the bone aspects, but less often explored than the osteoblastic lines in the literature). Finally, Chapter 4 reports and comments on the biological results obtained in this work. All biomaterials evaluated are biocompatible, nevertheless, the porous CHA biomaterial was the most promising of the six variants of biomaterials tested
Febvay, Laura. "Étude par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) des modifications physico-chimiques provoquées par des traitements thermiques (« torréfactions ») de graines du caféier Coffea arabica L." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA033.
Full textThe heat treatment (“roasting”) of Coffea arabica L. seeds determines their chemical composition and, as a result, the composition and organoleptic properties of the resulting beverage ("coffee"). In this study, we used several quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (q NMR) spectroscopy techniques to explore the phenomena that occur during roasting and extraction of coffee beans in the aqueous phase. Experimental designs were implemented to examine the influence of key roasting parameters and, ultimately, to identify the mechanisms of the phenomena that these treatments cause. Unlike previous studies, we applied roasting kinetics that are in line with industry standards. We determined that the parameters used by the industry were not sufficient to characterize the various roasts. Then we used chemometrics in order to identify markers, i.e. compounds whose concentrations vary with the kinetics involved. More extensive heat treatments were also carried out to (1) establish correlations between these compounds and changes in colour and pH and (2) identify the reaction mechanisms that occur during roasting
Mayer, Grégoire. "Evaluations physico-chimiques et biologiques de polyéthylène téréphthalate (PET) après traitement de surface par irradiations LASER en vue d'applications biomédicales." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00381301.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous avons testé différents types de PET afin de sélectionner le matériau le plus apte à simuler le comportement d'une prothèse vasculaire, ce qui n'avait jamais été réalisé. Les résultats sont explicites, et démontrent l'intérêt de choisir minutieusement tout matériau avant de réaliser toutes recherches approfondies. Notre travail a permis de retenir le Melinex® (DuPont Teijin FilmsTM).
La deuxième partie du travail nous a permis de tester différentes sources LASER afin de sélectionner la plus performante vis-à-vis de l'amélioration du comportement cellulaire. Sans hésitation, le LASER excimère à 248 nm de longueur d'onde s'est révélé le plus performant en permettant d'améliorer les prolifération, vitalité et adhésion cellulaires sans modifier la morphologie des cellules. Ces bons résultats sont à attribuer aux modifications de rugosité, de tension de surface et de chimie de surface du matériau irradié. Ces travaux nous donnent l'espoir de pouvoir transformer le PET de simple matériau implantable en un véritable biomatériau dans le sens le plus noble du terme.
Deodonne, Kunwufine. "Etudes des caractéristiques physico-chimiques de bétons de granulats recyclés et de leur impact environnemental." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAD013/document.
Full textPromoting the use of demolition waste as recycled aggregates presents a double objective: first to preserve natural resources and secondly to relieve storage site. In regards to natural aggregates, recycled aggregates contain mortar that influences theirs properties and those of concrete in which they are used. The objective of this thesis is to develop the use of 100 % recycled aggregates in concrete. This study was realised in patnership with the company CHYRSO. Properties of recycled concrete aggregates collected from several sources were studied to identify and analyse their specificities ; results were compared to natural ones. Normalised methods were modified in order to be applied on recycled aggregates and new methods were also proposed. Recycled aggregates present higher water absorption, lower mechanical strength, spreader granular distribution and a less circular shape compared to natural aggregates. The granulometry of recycled sand, fines content and the water absorption are properties that depend on the sampling and the robustness of protocols used. A reactivity of fines obtained from materials made at the laboratory have been established, meanwhile their influence on concrete properties is considered as minor. Finally, the absorption and morphology of recycled aggregate depend on the granular fraction. Correlation between morphological and mechanical properties with water absorption have been demonstrated. After analysing these properties, correction were proposed on mechanical performance forecasting models. It was also shown that the use of fines in recycled aggregate concretes provides better mechanical properties. For such materials, keeping aggregates less than 63μm is advisable because it provides correct granular skeletton. In order to balance the loss of workability and mechanical strength observed with the use of recycled aggregates, studies were carried with several superplasticisers. Polycarboxylates were identified as appropriate superplasticisers. Interpretations facilitate understanding of concrete formulation and concrete equivalent mortar formulation made with recycled aggregates. Thus, the complexity of absorption and desorption kinectics lead to a discusion around effective water definition. The difference between the morphology of recycled aggregates and natural ones involved a correction of the granular skeletton; finally, their weakness during mechanical test modifies the granular skeletton and need to be taken into consideration.Finally, studies on environmental impacts of recycled aggregates concrete were done and compared with those of natural aggregates concrete. This study starts interesting perspectives
Zombré, Wendlamita. "Durabilité des matériaux composites dans un environnement Génie Civil : expérimentation multi-échelle et analyse statistique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1106/document.
Full textOur thesis is part of this MICRO project "Innovative Composite Materials for the Repair of Structures: Reliability approach of the dimensioning for their requalification and the prediction of their durability". Final objective of the thesis is to understand the problem of sustainability through a multi-scale phenomenological experimental approach and to propose probabilistic life-time models. So, we defined the methodology of our study, as well as the methods, materials and analysis techniques. The study material is a non-equilibrium (70% / 30%) unbalanced bidirectional carbon / epoxy that is crosslinked at room temperature and made by hand layup process. Six hygrothermal aging obtained by crossing between temperatures (20°C, 40°C and 60°C) and humidities (50%, 75% and immersion) at various times were carried out during the study. After identifying the various indicators, we carried out physicochemical analyzes (absorption-desorption, DSC, TMA, Infrared, DMA and Tomography) as well as a follow-up of the mechanical characteristics (tensile, interlaminar shear, pull-out and double shear). These indicators were analyzed statistically to more rigorously validate the trends that were observed. The monitoring of mechanical performance indicators by accelerated aging was carried out and then compared to 1 year of natural aging. The antagonism of the various mechanisms of damage has been demonstrated in the case of simple traction and interlaminar shear. It appears that plasticization is the mechanism that most affects the performance of carbon / epoxy composites. For high temperatures, it appears that post-cure by densifying the network has improved interfacial cohesion, which has inhibited the impact of thermal degradation on mechanical performance. Comparing with natural aging, it was noted that aging in an aqueous condition was more generally degrading and aqueous conditions accelerated well the degradation in a natural environment. In particular, the trends observed do not follow evolutions that permit to write simplified prediction models. The quality of the composite / concrete adhesion was evaluated by pull-out tests. The strong disparities between the results make the analysis delicate. But it has been shown that the post-cure seems to improve the cohesion whereas the plasticization is very harmful for the stability of the bonded joints accelerating excessively the degradation in comparison to the natural aging. This instability has also been proven by the double shear tests where the delamination was observed from the first maturities of aging. The anchor length is reduced and a time-sensitive model has been proposed for the selected aging condition (60°C-immersion). On the other hand, this plasticization softens the failure due to the increased deformability of the joint. In this environmental condition, the monitoring of the elastic limit stress seems to be a relevant indicator for the monitoring of the durability because it simulates the natural aging with reasonable differences. The last part of our work consisted in the proposal of a statistical treatment of the data in order to validate firstly the trends observed experimentally, to bring more information and to discuss on the choice of the models of prediction. Although, physical model is very appreciated by the community, it is not systematically applicable. Indeed, it assumes degenerative performance, which in practice is not the case. A physical approach has been proposed on the refined database in order to respect the writing conditions of the model (degenerative trends). The model chosen to predict the ultimate tensile strength is conservative but applicable for reliability studies. Bayesian enrichment can be used to demonstrate the advantage it can confer in reliability studies
Malfondet, Nicolas. "La typicité d'une eau de vie de cognac : itinéraire technologique et lien au terroir." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS070.
Full textCognac spirits are made from the distillation of white wine, growing in a region delimitated into cru areas. According to the cru of origin of their wine, spirits are assumed to be typical, in a sensorial way. Then, physico-chemical and sensorial analysis were carried out in parallel in order to search for this supposed typicality of cru, in freshly distilled spirits such as in spirits after aging in oak barrels. A work of filiation of impact compounds in the wines was also done. No cru-specific compound was found and differences to put in evidence are thin. The cru effect was apparent only with selective sampling and specific methodology. Actually, several factors, such as distillation, are able to modify the aromatic composition of spirits so their sensorial perception, and seem higher to the cru effect and could masked its typicality. Moreover, the cru typicality seems to evolve over the time, between wine, freshly distilled and aged spirits. To conclude, the cru effect seems weak compared to other factors. It may be caused by various possible mixes, of the same molecules found in all samples. It would be due to an aromatic equilibrium between the concentrations of these molecules, which allows the sensorial typicality of samples to be expressed, according to their cru of origin
Chagnon, Lucie. "Formulation et caractérisation de revêtements polyuréthane hydrodiluables présentant des propriétés d'autoréparation." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MULH8495.
Full textThis thesis deals with the understanding of physical chemistry mecanisms who give to a material its abrasion / scratch resistance properties, surface protection and porosity of aqueous polymer formulations deposited in thin films for ‘industrial painting" applications. In a first step, all the physical and chemical properties of two aqueous polymer formulations containing polyhydroxy acrylic industrial resins were determined. The second step was, meanwhile, focused on the study of the impact of changes in the three-dimensional network structure on the properties of resistance to scratching and self-repairing films, particularly by thermal activation
Costa, Nathalie. "Matériaux hybrides organominéraux dérivés du ferrocène : synthèse, caractérisation et comportement électrochimique. Elaboration d'électrodes modifiées." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20242.
Full textLaurent, Céline. "Biodisponibilité du cuivre et du zinc pour les plantes et les vers de terre : interactions entre les effets de fertilisants organiques sur le long-terme et des organismes sur l'évolution des propriétés physico-chimiques du sol." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA034.
Full textThe agronomic valorization of organic fertilizers (OF) is one of the main source contamination of agricultural soils in trace elements. This is particularly significant for copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) for which the ecotoxicity and more generally their impact on soil fertility on the long-term is a matter of concerns. The scientific literature of the two last decades did not enable to state clearly whether Cu and Zn bioavailability for soil organisms will be impacted by OF application. Indeed, previous studies did not take into account the modifications of Cu and Zn availability in soils induced by (i) pH and organic matter (OM) temporal evolution observed with OF application and (ii) organism activities in the soil they can bio-influence. My PhD work thus aimed at assessing the respective effects of soil contamination, soil pH and OM evolution and key soil organisms (i.e. plants and earthworms) in the bio-influenced volume of soil, on Cu and Zn bioavailability for these organisms in the context of OF applications.This work was based on soils sampled from field trials in Réunion and amended for a decade with mineral or organic fertilizers, or never fertilized. The evolution of pH, concentration and aromaticity of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and Cu and Zn availability (i.e. totale concentration and free ionic activity) was measured in soil solutions of the non-bio-influenced soils and the soil bio-influenced by the activities of either plant roots (i.e. rhizosphere) or earthworm bioturbation (i.e. drilosphere). Copper and Zn bioavailability was assessed by the measurement of Cu and Zn concentration in a tropical epi-endogeic earthworm species (Dichogaster saliens) and a temperate plant species (Festuca arundinacea, fescue) exposed to soils in mesocosms under laboratory conditions.In the absence of bio-influence, OF application did not only increase the level of Cu and Zn contamination in soils, but also pH and the concentration and aromaticity of DOM in soil solutions. Total Cu concentration in soil solution increased in soils amended with OF proportionally to DOM concentration while Cu2+ activity decreased mainly proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in a similar Cu availability between soils amended with OF or not. Due to the lower affinity of Zn for DOM, total Zn concentration and Zn2+ activity decreased in soils with OF application proportionally to pH increase, which resulted in Zn availability equal or lower in soils amended with OF than in non-amended soils. Thus, the modification of pH and DOM seems to regulate Cu and Zn availability in non-bio-influenced soils by exerting a protective effect that counteracts Cu and Zn contamination.Under the influence of earthworms or plants, the variation range of pH and DOM concentration was reduced regardless of fertilization type in bio-influenced soils compared to non-bio-influenced soils. In the drilosphere, this resulted in a similar effect of OF application on Cu and Zn availability but in a lesser extent than the effect of OF application in non-bio-influenced soils. In the rhizosphere, the intense root activities resulted in the absence of OF effect on Cu and Zn availability. The combination of the protective effects induced by OF application and organism activity explained why Cu and Zn bioavailability for earthworms and plants did not increase with OF application for a decade despite Cu and Zn contamination in soil
Benoit, Valérie. "La brévicine 27, une bactériocine produite par Lactobacillus brevis SB27 : caractérisation, purification et éléments de structure chimique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL101N.
Full textMassat, Luc. "Influence de la chimie sur les propriétés multi-échelles du gonflement d’une bentonite compactée." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0085/document.
Full textA multi-scale investigation of the swelling behaviour of a purified bentonite under constrained conditions is carried out by a monitoring of the swelling pressure and the porosity evolution at various scales (inter-aggregate, inter-particle, interlayer). A specific oedometer, oedo-tomometer, has been designed to monitor both the swelling pressure and the inter-aggregate porosity evolution deduced from microfocus X-ray computed tomography measurements (size higher than 5 µm). Further investigations of the porosity at lower scale were conducted at various stages of the swelling process by gas adsorption mainly and transmission electron microscopy. Various fluids were used for specimen hydration to control either crystalline swelling or osmotic swelling (NaCl solutions at different ionic strengths and methyl methacrylate (MMA) solution). The results, which combined both swelling pressure measurements and quantification of microstructure evolution upon hydration for the two different solutions, give sound understanding on the development of osmotic and/or crystalline swelling and their relative impact both on the microstructure and on the magnitude of the macroscopic swelling pressure of compacted smectites. Furthermore, these results compared to calculated results (BExM for example) shows similar evolutions
Celli, Florian. "Analyse structurale des régions prédites comme dépliées de l’enveloppe nucléaire : exemple de l’émerine et de la lamine A." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS405/document.
Full textLamins are the main components of the nucleoskeleton. They are primarily located at the nuclear envelope, where they interact with inner nuclear membrane proteins, chromatin-associated proteins and cell signaling modulators. The LMNA gene codes for prelamin A and lamin C. The C-terminal region of prelamin A is predicted to be unfolded and is the target of several maturation events. Indeed, the protein is farnesylated, cleaved, carboxymethylated and cleaved again; losing eventually its farnesyl group. A mutant of this protein, lacking 50 amino acids, is responsible for the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Eriksson et al., Nature 2003). In this mutant, called progerin, the final cleavage site is absent and the protein stays constitutively farnesylated. Lamin A is reported to interact with the inner nuclear membrane protein emerin. Lack of emerin is responsible for Emery Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy. Emerin contains a folded LEM domain, followed by a region that is predicted to be disordered and is essential for emerin self-assembly (Berk et al., 2014). Emerin oligomerization regulates its interaction with several partners at the inner nuclear membrane and at the chromatin. We previously showed that the nucleoplasmic region of emerin can self-assemble to form curvilinear filaments in vitro (Herrada et al., 2015) and we recently revealed that these filaments are able to directly bind to the lamin A tail (Samson et al., 2018).Here I focused on the structural analysis of regions that are predicted to be unfolded in (1) emerin, (2) prelamin A. In the case of emerin, I analysed the conformation of the nucleoplasmic region of emerin before and after self-assembly, working on wild-type emerin as well as several mutants causing myopathies. I showed that the two fragments of emerin 1-187 and 67-221 were able to self-assemble, whereas their common region, 67-187, is always a monomer in our conditions (Samson et al., 2018). I also revealed that the LEM domain is at least partially unfolded during self-assembly of region 1-187, as a mutant with a destabilized LEM domain self-assembles faster and a mutant with a LEM domain locked in its folded conformation cannot self-assemble (Samson et al., 2017). I also assigned all the NMR signals of the unfolded region 67-170, in order to further study by NMR the impact of phosphorylation of this region on emerin structure and self-assembly properties (Samson et al., 2016). In the case of lamin A, I studied the C-terminal region of prelamin A that is predicted as unfolded and is heavily post-translationally modified. I assigned the NMR signals of this prelamin A peptide as well as its mutant peptide corresponding to the progerin sequence (Celli et al., 2018). I showed that both peptides are indeed unstructured and exhibit a partially populated helix that has a highly conserved sequence. I propose that this helix is a binding site for a yet unidentified partner. I also revealed that the prelamin A peptide has a tendency to self-assemble. However, the monomeric prelamin A and progerin peptides, wild-type as well as farnesylated, do not interact with the immunoglobulin-like domain of lamin A/C and with BAF, two domains associated with progeria. Then, I investigated the interactions mediated by these peptides and two other important partners associated to progeria: the inner nuclear membrane SUN1 and the chromatin-associated protein RBBP4. However, SUN1 is also intrinsically disordered and poorly soluble in our conditions. First results showed that the prelamin peptide does not bind to RBBP4 but might need the remaining part of the lamin A tail for this interaction. However, RBBP4 directly binds to the lamin partner BAF. Based on my results, I propose a set of experiments to identify the molecular details of the interactions between the lamin A tail, BAF and RBBP4
Garcia, de Castro Insua Ricardo Antonio. "Catalyseurs d’hydrotraitement modèles à base du Mo et supportés sur α-Al2O3 : étude sur l’incorporation du cobalt, phosphore et triéthylène glycol par une approche de science de surfaces." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS145.
Full textThe genesis of the active phase in hydrotreating catalysts is deeply influenced by the nature of the support. However, a fine description of active phase-support interactions at the molecular level is still missing since the traditional support γ-Al2O3 exhibits ill-defined sorption sites. A surface-science approach in aqueous phase circumvented this limitation by using α-Al2O3 single crystals with four different orientations: C(0001), A(112 ̅0), M(101 ̅0), and R(11 ̅02) as surrogates to study the genesis of MoS2 exerting control over surface sites. Such approach revealed that properties of MoS2 were dictated by Mo-support interactions which are, in turn, determined by the nature of surface -OH. The present work aims to take a step further in closing the gap between model and industrial catalysts by incorporating cobalt, phosphorus and TEG in model catalyst formulation. Surface-sensitive techniques are used to expose such dependencies. It is shown that phosphorus interacts differently depending on support orientation, leading to a surface-dependent sulfidation. Conversely, it is shown that cobalt promotion of MoS2 is exclusively dependent on Mo sulfidation. At last, it is shown how omitting calcination and TEG incorporation reduces metal-support interactions leading to higher sulfidation. The catalytic activity of promoted catalysts is studied through a thiophene hydrodesulfurization reaction revealing that A(112 ̅0)-based catalysts display the highest activity. In that sense, intermediate metal-support interactions are key to achieve higher catalytic performance. These results could lead to a new generation of hydrotreating catalysts through control of support morphology
Martin, Amélie. "Sulfonation du polyfluorure de vinylidène (PVDF) : Analyse structurale par RMN multinoyaux {1H, 13C, 19F}." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NORMR117.
Full textThe aim of the present work was to understand the sulfonation process of PVDF by chlorosulfonic acid in order to obtain polymer membranes with an optimal sulfonation degree for their further use in PEMFC.At the beginning, the influence of temperature, reaction time and acid concentration on sulfonation was evaluated. The data obtained by FTIR, EA, TGA, DSC and NMR analysis made it possible to reveal the sulfonation mechanism and to show that dehydrofluorination is a necessary and essential condition for the PVDF sulfonation.Taking this to account, the dehydrofluorination of PVDF (d_PVDF) by a strong base, DBU, was initiated and the sulfonation was carried out for the dehydrofluorinated products (S_d_PVDF). The products obtained were analyzed by FTIR, EA, TGA, DSC and NMR in solid-state and the changes in chain mobility due to the sulfonation were correlated with the polymer physico-chemical properties
Dib, Omar. "Implementation of a physio-chemical approach coupled with a data fingerprinting methodology for the characterization of the Lebanese extra-virgin olive oils." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB004.
Full textOlive oil is a vital component of the Mediterranean diet, hence Lebanese, owed to its well-known economic and nutritional value. Several environmental, agricultural, and technological factors play an essential role in defining olive oil's quality. In Lebanon, preliminary studies on the quality of extra virgin olive oil have shown that certain quality criteria exceed the International Olive Council's (IOC) standards. However, the causes of such non-conformities have not been clearly identified. Accordingly, ninety-six olive oil samples have been harvested from two seasons, processed using different extraction methods, and collected from eight locations (Akkar, Chouf, Hasbaya, Koura, Tyr, Nabatiyeh, Zgharta, and Hermel). These locations are identified by the European Union to have potentials for Protected Geographical Indications (PGI). In this perspective, and to meet the European framework's requirements, the analyzed oil will be subjected to conventional chemical analysis as suggested by the IOC and to ultra-fast analysis using 3D-front face spectroscopy (3D-FFFS) and ultra-flash gas chromatography (Ultra-FGC).A correlation between the fatty acid profile and the pedoclimatic conditions of the main olive growing regions in Lebanon was noticed. Three main pedoclimatic conditions, altitude, temperature, and relative humidity, were the major influencers and the reason for the distinctive fatty acid profile of the Lebanese olive oil. Lebanese areas with high altitudes, low average temperature, and low relative humidity have high oleic acid content. As for areas with lower altitudes, higher average temperature, and higher relative humidity, the fatty acid profile was characterized by linoleic, linolenic, palmitoleic, and palmitic acids. In addition to the environmental factors, agricultural ones, particularly the harvest date, had affected the chemical constituents of olive oil. The results obtained showed that the harvest date strongly influenced acidity and total polyphenols. A change in the fatty acid profile characterized by a higher linoleic and lower oleic content, an increase in ∆^7-stigmastenol exceeding the limit set by the IOC standards, and a dominating off-flavor compound (ethanol) was noticed as a result of delaying the harvesting time. Besides, two technological factors, particularly improper fruit storage, and bad hygienic practices, significantly affected olive oil’s quality parameters and fatty acid content.3D-FFFS and Ultra-FGC were used in-line with conventional analysis, and they both showed an undeniable performance. 3D-FFFS coupled with chemometric tools, namely multiple linear regression (MLR) applied on parallel factor (PARAFAC) scores and partial least squares (PLS), was tested on inconsistent qualities of olive oil samples to predict quality parameters. Twenty-two MLR models were generated, the majority of which showed a good correlation coefficient (R>0.7). A second model using PLS on the unfolded emission-excitation matrices was also conducted to improve the regression and assess whether the variability can be handled successfully. However, similar results, with a slight improvement over the MLR model, were obtained. As for Ultra Flash GC, it made it possible to identify, in only a few minutes (< 2 min), ethanol, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (organoleptic defect), and 1-hexanol (fruity, grassy) as the main volatiles characterizing the Soury variety.This study offers the potential to disseminate an analytical control plan that links environmental aspects in Lebanon and cultivation/harvesting techniques to olive oil's resulting physicochemical characteristics. Such a matrix incorporating rapid analysis techniques will facilitate governance over the end product's final quality and, subsequently, conformity to IOC standards. Furthermore, this work will set the ground through a detailed identification fiche for PGI
Bourlard, Thierry. "Mise en évidence de nouvelles activités pectine méthyltransférases chez le lin. Purification et caractérisation de deux méthyltransférases." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES047.
Full textIrimiea, Cornelia. "Characterization of soot particles and their precursors by coupling laser-based techniques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10066.
Full textCombustion impacts many important aspects of our life like the air quality, the local and global climate and the use of energy sources. In the last decades, an outstanding progress towards cleaner combustion has been achieved. However, the reaction pathways leading to the formation of some pollutants, especially particulate matter (soot) resulting from incomplete combustion, are still elusive. In this work, we aim to investigate specific aspects of soot and its precursors formation in laboratory flames for a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms leading from the gas phase up to the mature particulate found in the exhausts. This objective is also pursued in field-campaigns to assess the potential impact of soot surface properties on the environment. Following this approach, experimental techniques like in-situ laser induced incandescence and fluorescence, and ex-situ laser desorption and secondary ion mass spectrometry are used to target specific properties of soot and its precursors. Notably, the evolution of the complex refractive index of soot is measured as a function of soot maturity, and the implications on both the flame physico-chemistry and the analytical techniques applicability are discussed. Additionally, a new detection method for soot and precursors based on simultaneous excitation at one wavelength is developed. In parallel, two campaigns are dedicated to the analysis of the surface chemistry of soot sampled from airplane and car exhausts. Statistical methods as multivariate analysis are used to identify patterns and differences within sets of samples by assessing the influence of the combustion parameters or the role of the fuel
Brach, Stella. "Strength properties of nanoporous materials : theoretical analyses and molecular dynamics computations." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066618.
Full textThe main objectif of the thesis consisted in investigating strength properties of nanoporous materials by means of theoretical and numerical approaches. In the framework of homogenization methods, novel macroscopic strength criteria have been established via a non-linear homogenization procedure and a kinematic limit-analysis approach. Resulting yield functions allowed to take into account void-size effects on nanoporous materials strength properties, thereby resulting in a strong enhancement of available estimates. Furthermore, aiming to funish effective benchmarking evidence for the calibration and/or the assessment of theoretical models, molecular-dynamics based computations have been carried out on in-silico single crystals embedding spherical nanovoids, simulation domains undergoing multiaxial strain-rate boundary conditions. With respect to available numerical studies, proposed results clearly showed the influence of all the three isotropic stress invariants on computed material strength surfaces. Finally, with the aim to account for physical indications coming from numerical simulations, a ductile nanoporous material with a general isotropic plastic matrix has been investigated via a limit analysis approach, by referring to a modified version of the bigoni strength criterion. The limit state of a hollow-sphere model undergoing isotropic loadings has been exactly determined. Correspondigly, a novel strength criterion has been analytically established in the case of axysimmetric boundary conditions
Tassin, Jean-François. "Analyse des processus moléculaires de relaxation de chaines dans les polymères en cours d'étirage : confrontation avec le modèle de Doi-Edwards." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066492.
Full textNgo, Thi Linh Dan. "Characterization of soot particles and their precursors produced during the combustion of conventional and alternative fuels : an in-situ laser diagnostics and ex-situ mass spectrometry investigation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R040/document.
Full textInterest in biofuels has increased significantly in recent years as they could reduce dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to carbon-neutral growth. The influence of using biofuels on their exhaust emissions (CO,CO_2,NO_x,HC, etc.) has been studied widely. However, the effects of the nature of these alternative fuels on the physical and chemical properties of the particles and aromatic species produced are not fully understood. As part of this thesis work, we aim to study the emissions of soot particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the combustion of conventional and alternative fuels (biofuels) relevant to the automotive and aerospace sectors, while trying to highlight their influence on the formation of such pollutants. To achieve this goal, two laboratory combustors, a swirled turbulent jet burner and a Combustion Aerosol STandard (CAST), were used as soot generators. In addition, we have combined various complementary in-situ laser techniques, laser-induced incandescence and fluorescence (LII/LIF), and ex-situ two-step laser mass spectrometry (L2MS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). In a swirled turbulent jet flame for five fuels (Diesel, n-butanol, 50/50 Diesel/n-butanol mixture, Jet A1 and Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene SPK), the LII and LIF profiles and properties of soot particles and their precursors with the height in the flame as well as their chemical composition were studied. Strong correlations between the results obtained with in-situ and ex-situ techniques have been demonstrated which allowed us to characterize these species spectrally and chemically. In addition, a new calibration method has been developed to directly deduce the soot volume fraction from the LII signal using the absolute radiance emitted from a light source having black body behavior. In parallel, experiments using the CAST device were conducted with aeronautical fuels (Jet A1 and SPK). In addition to the influence of the alternative fuel, the effects of a catalytic stripper (CS) on soot particles and volatile species were examined
Carpier, Yann. "Contribution à l’analyse multi-échelles et multi-physiques du comportement mécanique de matériaux composites à matrice thermoplastique sous températures critiques." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMIR28/document.
Full textThe increasing use of thermoplastic-based composite materials in the aeronautical industry requires a better understanding of their mechanical behavior when exposed to radiant heat flux (consequence of a fire exposure). This study, which examines the thermo-mechanical behavior of quasi-isotropic woven laminates composed of PPS reinforced with carbon fibers, is divided into 3 parts. First, the thermal decomposition of the material and the evolution of its mechanical properties with temperature is studied. These data help to understand the behavior of these materials subjected to combined loads (radiant heat flux and tensile or compressive loadings). The last part aims to identify the material parameters necessary for thermo-mechanical simulation at macroscopic and mesoscopic scales
Lorriaux, Amandine. "Élaboration par caléfaction de revêtements carbone, oxycarbure et carbure pour des composites à matrice céramique à vocation aéronautique et nucléaire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0170/document.
Full textThe growth of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) in the fields of aeronautic, spatial and nuclear pushes the development of new material and associated processes in order to answer to the tough requirements in this business sectors. Fabrication cost savings, in particular, has helped these improvements. In this aim, the LTCS has contributed to develop an original and alternative device for the synthesis of CMC’s interphases and matrices : the “film boiling densification”.This PhD as for key objective the study of original precursors for PyC and Si-O-C fabrication using this process. This manuscript is divided into two experimental parts dedicated to : i) the fabrication of carbon coatings from alcohols and ii) the fabrication of Si-O-C coatings from silylated precursors.The diverse characterization technics coupled to the numerous experiments permitted to connect the coatings structure and/or the chemical composition to the experimental parameters (precursor, temperature,duration). Optimal conditions were found for the preparation of high quality PyC from alcohols.For Si-O-C system, it is show that structure and chemical composition depends on experimental conditions
Dufresne, Stéphane. "Synthèse de nouveaux matériaux conducteurs comportant des unités aromatiques conjuguées et analyse de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5193.
Full textConjugated materials have received much attention recently as they show promise for industrial applications. These materials are interesting because of the many new possibilities for devices combining unique optical, electrical and mechanical properties. The synthesis is the major difficulty in the fabrication of electronic devices. Usual methods to do so are electropolymerisation, Suzuki or Wittig coupling. Those techniques are full of constraints and are difficult to scale-up. Thiophenes, pyrroles and furans demonstrated good conductibility and low band-gap due to increased conjugation. Our main goal is to synthesize oligomers made principally of thiophene to characterize their spectroscopic, electrochemical and conduction properties. Synthesis is the most important step in the making of conjugated material. A synthetically simple and modular route to novel conjugated material consisting of heterocyclic units is presented. These complementary modules are linked by condensing aldehydes and amines leading to robust azomethine bonds. The resulting photophysical and electrochemical properties of these conjugated materials will be presented. Through the use of different electron donor and acceptor groups, degree of conjugation or by using different heterocycles, the spectroscopic, electrochemical and band-gap properties can be tailored leading to materials with tunable properties. Those new molecules will be analysed to detect properties suitable for OLED fabrication. This presentation will also address the electrochemical reversible oxidation and polymerization of these compounds leading to the making of simple devices.