Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Propriétés mécaniques et analyse d'images'
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Bergonnier, Sandra. "Relation entre microstructure et propriétés mécaniques de matériaux enchevêtrés." Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136408.
Full textBergonnier, Sandra. "Relations entre microstructure et propriétés mécaniques de matériaux enchevêtrés." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136408.
Full text- Une analyse du procédé de crêpage à partir de vidéos numériques permettant de déterminer localement les champs de taux de déformations au sein de la crêpeuse et de quantifier la cinématique d'une crêpeuse.
- Une analyse du produit fini : à partir de photos de produit texturé, un outil de détermination de l'anisotropie locale a été mis en place. Cette anisotropie est liée aux performances mécaniques du produit. Cette interaction a été mise en évidence expérimentalement et une modélisation du comportement mécanique élastique anisotrope du matériau étudié a été proposée.
Lalande, Jérôme. "Étude de matériaux de contact électrique Ag-SnO2 : frittage et rôle des additifs : microstructures et propriétés." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066205.
Full textMartin, Boris. "Etudes expérimentales de l’influence des paramètres de conception des renforts NCF unidirectionnels sur leurs propriétés de transport et leurs performances mécaniques." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0084.
Full textThe energetic pricing of windmills involves the production cost of wind turbines and theirlifespan. Increasing the performances of these structures comes with an increase of the bladesdimensions. The spar caps of the latters, providing the strength to the blades, are made ofunidirectional glass fiber reinforcement known as NCF (Non-Crimp Fabrics). They involve two layers ofspecific orientations (0° and +/- 80°) stitched together. The architecture formed by the reinforcement isdependent on the design parameters which control the performance, on the fabric during the infusionprocess, and on the composite in the final structure. Therefore, the optimization of the NCF for thewindmill application is controlled by the design parameters. Three parameters (the stitch length, thestitch pattern and the weft Tex) are studied in order to establish the links morphology / process andmorphology / mechanical performances. Experimental investigations are undertaken to determine boththe hydraulic permeability tensor of the fabrics and the elastic properties of their composite. Thesemacroscopic properties are related to the morphology determined using images analysis technics. It isdemonstrated that each of the design parameters impacts the heterogeneity of the composite. Highheterogeneity allows improving the performance during the infusion process while reducing themechanical one. The optimization of the NCF using the design parameters requires setting acompromise in the heterogeneity of the architecture formed by the reinforcement. Another solutionwould consist in allowing the morphology to evolve during the infusion process, to go from an openstructure that eases the flow to a homogeneous structure safer for the windmill application
Duval, Thimothée. "Analyse multi-échelles des relations microstructure/propriétés mécaniques sous sollicitation monotone et cyclique des alliages de titane β-métastable." Phd thesis, ISAE-ENSMA Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et d'Aérotechique - Poitiers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959280.
Full textDuval, Thimothée. "Analyse multi-échelles des relations microstructure/propriétés mécaniques sous sollicitation monotone et cyclique des alliages de titane β-métastable." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ESMA0033/document.
Full textThe improvement of specific performances of metallic materials used for aerospaceapplications needs continuous researches and developments. Titanium alloys are materials ofchoice for aerospace companies thanks to their high mechanical properties and low density.Among them, the β-metastable alloys that retain up to 40% of β phase are more and moreintroduced in aircraft engines (Ti-17) and for structural parts (e.g. landing gears in Ti-5553and Ti-10-2-3).This work aims to analyse the mechanical behaviour and durability of these alloyssubmitted to monotonic or cyclic loadings. Mechanical tests have been developed on differentindustrial microstructures as on academic simplified ones produced by specific thermaltreatments. Deformation mechanisms (slip systems) and damage processes (cracks initiation)were identified and analyzed at different scales using microscopes (optical and SEM) andcrystallographic features were studied by EBSD. Specific in situ tests performed undermicroscopes (optical and SEM) and digital images correlation techniques at scales of interesthave permitted to identify and to quantify the key microstructural parameters and the kineticsof these processes. One major result concerns the influence of the anisotropy of mechanicalproperties associated to the β phase
Ibrahim, Marcelle. "Étude du comportement mécanique d’UO2 implanté en helium par micro-diffraction des rayons X et modélisation par éléments finis." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1140/document.
Full textIn order to study the mechanical behavior of nuclear fuel during direct long term storage, UO2 polycrystals were implanted with Helium ions at a thin surface layer (1 µm approximately), which leads to stress and strain fields in the layer. Strains were measured, at the grains scale, by X-ray micro-diffraction, using synchrotron radiation (ESRF). Image analysis methods were developed for an automatic analysis of the large number of diffraction patterns. Applying statistical tools to Laue patterns allows an automatic detection of low quality images, and enhances the measurement precision. At low layer thickness, the mechanical interaction between grains can be neglected. At higher thickness, experimental results showed a higher mechanical interaction near grain boundaries that can be modeled using finite elements method. Geostatistical tools were used to quantify these interactions. The swelling and the elastic constants in the implanted layer can be estimated through the measured strains on a large number of grains with different orientations. This work allows the determination of the swelling of nuclear fuel in irradiation conditions, as well as the modification of its elastic properties
Ding, Yang. "Analyse morphologique de la microstructure 3D de réfractaires électrofondus à très haute teneur en zircone : relations avec les propriétés mécaniques, chimiques et le comportement pendant la transformation quadratique-monoclinique." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00743511.
Full textMassat, Myriam. "Caractérisation de la microfissuration, de la perméabilité et de la diffusion d'un béton : application au stockage des déchets radioactifs." Toulouse, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAT0033.
Full textReda, Ali. "A multiscale mechanical study of flax stems and fibres for the development of an in-the-field tool capable of predicting optimum retting." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILN055.
Full textAgriculture 4.0, also known under several aliases such as ‘digital agriculture', ‘smart farming', and ‘e-farming' is currently developing rapidly in terms of research, development, and commercial applications. As with Agriculture 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, the objective of Agriculture 4.0 is the use of technology to improve all areas of agriculture. In Agriculture 4.0 it is the application of microelectronics and microtechnologies. Unlike before, these technologies bring things such as the internet-of-things, big data, telecommunications, novel sensing, rapid feedback, data analysis, connectivity, artificial intelligence etc. In principle, all these areas should result in a massive modernization of farming in terms of organisation, yield, efficiency, and quality of produce. However, Agriculture 4.0 is so vast that if one is to contribute to it, even in a minor way, one has to choose a specific area to contribute. The area chosen for the study in this PhD was flax fibre production. Flax fibres are naturally strong fibres which can be extracted from flax stems. The flax stems have evolved to have robust micrometre-diameter fibres running the length of the outside of the stem, and held in place in the external tissue of the stem. Once extracted and isolated, flax fibres have numerous applications ranging from textiles to composite materials. In order to facilitate the mechanical extraction of flax fibres from their parent stems, the stems undergo a process known as ‘retting'. Retting leads to the breakdown of the external tissue between the fibres. A common form of retting is known as ‘dew retting'. In dew retting, natural processes such as bacteria and fungi result in enzymes which break down the middle lamella and gradually separate fibre bunches and fibres from bunches. The length of dew retting depends heavily on the weather. Too little retting results in difficult fibre extraction in the factory, too much retting can result in a compromise in fibre quality. It has long been known that there is an optimum retting point-even the ancients knew this. Certain skilled artisan farmers are able to judge this point via a combination of manual manipulation of the stems, observation of damage caused to the external tissue via this manoeuvre, and also observing the colour and the smell of the stems during this very skilled, but artisanal, testing. It is clear that the artisan is performing rudimentary laboratory tests quite literally ‘in-the-field'. It would seem logical therefore to try to quantify such tests and see if a reliable tool can be made to help the artisan. And indeed, this is exactly what others have attempted. The introduction of the PhD gives examples of attempts to make optimal-retting tools in the 1980s and after. Inspired by this early work, the work of this PhD attempts a full multiscale mechanical characterization of flax stems and fibres during a retting cycle (summer 2022) and, somewhat ambitiously, performed in real time-to our knowledge for the first time. The mechanical characterization involved macroscopic mechanical tests (bending, crushing, and twisting), as well as novel microscopic mechanical testing of single flax fibres using novel methods inspired by MEMS. In addition, the nanoscopic mechanical properties of the primary cell wall of retting flax fibres was characterised using nanoindentation AFM. As the experimental work, analysis via analytical modelling, and interpretation descends in scale from macro, through micro, to nano, we learn a little more of how the retting affects the stems, their properties, and their fibres. In addition to simply learning, a very positive outcome of the PhD is that one is able to suggest a mechanically-induced damage mechanism in stems which could be the basis for a tool. One can note however, that the uncontrollable multiparameter nature of the subject, e.g. the weather, means that several studies would be needed to confirm beyond doubt observations from a single retting cycle
Kaligora, Koffi. "Caractérisation du comportement mécanique des oxydes sous stoechiometriques sous températures et atmosphères controlées." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2062.
Full textThis thesis deals with the development of mechanical set up that allows characterizing the oxygen partial pressure effect on the mechanical behavior of sub-stoichiometric perovskites oxides, used due to their potential oxygen semi-permeation properties. In order to study these materials, a new experimental set up and a new post-process routine are developed. Diametric compression tests and creep by diametric compression are conducted in an original mechanical test furnace with reinforced sealing and controlled atmospheres. The tests are instrumented by optical measurements. In order to control the oxygen partial pressure in the test zone, and to study its real influence on mechanical properties, an oxygen sensor is monitored to the device. To analyze experiences, a new post-process routine called DigImCo.v2 is developed that permits to identify material parameters. This approach combine Digital Image Correlation method and an inverse identification method. The optimization technic is based on Levenberg-Marquardt module and the numeric model simulation of the tests are performed on Abaqus software. For the creep parameters identification, Norton creep model is simulated in Abaqus. Tests results reflect the relatively weak influence of oxygen partial pressure on studies materials, which exhibit negligible creep strains compared to literature
Baeza, Guilhem. "Nanocomposites industriels simplifiés: analyse structurale et propriétés mécaniques." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00913636.
Full textNavizet, Isabelle. "Modélisation et analyse des propriétés mécaniques des protéines." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066309.
Full textBaeza, Guilhem P. "Nanocomposites industriels simplifiés : analyse structurale et propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20047/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we study nanocomposite materials made of non vulcanized rubber (styrene-butadien copolymer “SBR”) reinforced by highly dispersible silica nanofillers. In order to identify physico-chemical mechanisms responsible for such a reinforcement and being able to optimize it, we must understand existing correlations between the material macroscopic properties and the multi-scale structure of the filler.For this purpose, a wide campaign of small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electronic microscopy experiments have been performed. Coupling this data with Monte-Carlo simulations led to the emergence of a concept describing the silica morphology: A branched tridimensional network built up from aggregates (radius 50 nm) made of nanoparticles (radius 10 nm) spreading accross the whole sample.The analysis of the reinforcement in nanocomposites is based on rheometry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Other techniques like dielectric spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis or infra-red spectrometry contributed as well to fully characterize these materials, particularly to probe the SBR chains dynamic at the interface with the filler.In order to reveal the correlations between structure and properties, we systematically described the impact of key parameters such as filler fraction, polymer grafting or the chain molar mass on the silica morphology (aggregates size, …) as well as on the mechanical behavior (elastic modulous, …) of the composites. This work allowed identifying the polymer grafting density as the parameter defining the filler structure and playing a significant role on the reinforcement.This thesis, firmly focused on fundamental comprehension, contributes to the development of a general law describing the effect of the filler structure on the performance of tires. The latter must provide answers to engineering issues concerning wear resistance, wet grip or rolling resistance.Moreover, in order to obtain additional information regarding the rubber-silica interactions, we developed an experimental process allowing the production of “model” systems reinforced with colloidal silica. The use of such filler, very well defined in terms of size and shape, makes much easier the structural analysis giving the opportunity to investigate deeper the effective potential between the two phases during the composite production
Capsal, Jean-Fabien. "Elaboration et analyse des propriétés physiques de nanocomposites hybrides ferroélectriques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/835/.
Full textThe piezoelectric activity of a hybrid ferroelectric nanocomposite, i. E. Polyamide 11/ Barium Titanate (BT), has been investigated for different loadings of BT particles. The BT volume fraction (phi) was ranging from 0. 024 to 0. 4 with a particle size of 50 nm, 100 nm, 300 nm and 700 nm. The influence of polarization mode on the piezoelectric behaviour has been studied. The magnitude of the poling field used in this study is in the same order of magnitude of the one used for bulk BT i. E. Significantly lower than for piezoelectric polymers. The optimum piezoelectric coefficient is reached when the amorphous phase of the polymeric matrix is in the liquid state i. E. ; for a polarization temperature higher than the glass transition and for time constant allowing macromolecular mobility. The composite piezoelectric activity decreases for particles size lower than 300 nm due to the loss of the tetragonal phase. The nanotexture of these particles has been investigated by TEM and HRTEM. A core shell structure has been observed. An increase of the longitudinal piezoelectric strain coefficient d33 with the raising of BT volume fraction was shown. Contrary to inorganic piezoelectric ceramics, the dielectric permittivity of hybrid composites remains moderate although the piezoelectric voltage coefficient of composites is bigger than ceramics
Duval, Pierre. "Conception et réalisation d'une machine de traction biaxiale - contribution à l'étude des propriétés mécaniques du carton ondulé." Poitiers, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997POIT2256.
Full textDiaz, melo Mauricio. "Analyse de l'illumination et des propriétés de réflectance en utilisant des collections d'images." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00680101.
Full textDiaz, Mauricio. "Analyse de l'illumination et des propriétés de réflectance en utilisant des collections d'images." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENM051/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to exploit the photometric information avail- able in large photo collections of outdoor scenes to infer characteristics of the illumination, the objects and the cameras. To achieve this goal two problems are addressed. In a preliminary work, we explore opti- mal representations for the sky and compare images based on its appearance. Much of the information perceived in outdoor scenes is due to the illumination coming from the sky. The solar beams are reflected and refracted in the atmosphere, creating a global illumination ambiance. In turn, this environment determines the way that we perceive objects in the real world. Given the importance of the sky as an illumination source, we formulate a generic 3–step process in order to compare images based on its appearance. These three stages are: segmentation, modeling and comparing of the sky pixels. Different approaches are adopted for the modeling and comparing phases. Performance of the algorithms is validated by finding similar images in large photo collections. A second part of the thesis aims to exploit additional geometric information in order to deduce the photometric characteristics of the scene. From a 3D structure recovered using available multi–view stereo methods, we trace back the image formation process and estimate the models for the components involved on it. Since photo collections are usually acquired with different cameras, our formulation emphasizes the estimation of the radiometric calibration for all the cameras at the same time, using a strong prior on the possible space of camera response functions. Then, in a joint estimation framework, we also propose a robust computation of the global illumination for each image, the surface albedo for the 3D structure and the radiometric calibration for all the cameras
Delacôte, Cyril. "Etudes électroanalytiques de processus de transfert de matière et de charge au sein de silices mésoporeuses organiquement modifiées." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0147_DELACOTE.pdf.
Full textThe first part of this study deals with the interactions between Hg(II) and mesoporous silicas displaying an organized structure and functionalized by thiol groups. The influence of the structure type (hexagonal or cubic), the way of functionalization (in situ co-condensation or post-synthesis grafting), the functionalization level and the pore size on the sorption capacities and Hg(II) transport rates were examined. The use of various composition media allows the development of some environmental applications, in solid-liquid extraction for instance, or in new amperometric sensors for Hg(II). In a second part, the electrochemical behaviour of mesoporous silicas functionalized by ferrocene groups was studied. The electron transfer reactions inside such systems imply probably a mechanism by electron hopping
De, Almeida André. "Propriétés mécaniques et dégradation des élastomères EPDM chargés ATH." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0053/document.
Full textEPDM (EThylene Propylene Diene Monomer) are used as insulation for electrical cables in nuclear plants. Because of the radiative environment, the degradation of these cables is accelerated and a strong industrial challenge consists in the prediction of the cables lifetime. To address this crucial industrial concern, we first looked into the influence of the chemical composition of EPDM on their kinetics of degradation. To do so, two EPDM with different chemical compositions have been irradiated under radiations and in the presence of oxygen. The soluble fraction and the active chain density have been monitored as a function of the irradiation dose, and revealed the degradation by cross-linking and chain scissions. Furthermore, the kinetics of these mechanisms have been estimated based on statistical models: the cross-linking kinetics depends on the residual ENB content while the chain scission kinetics vary neither with the chemical composition nor the initial cross-linking degree. Moreover, beyond an irradiation dose, the cross-links are progressively broken. The mechanical performances were then studied at 80°C to prevent crystallinity. If the irradiation induces a decrease of the stress at break, the materials show an increase of the strain at break conversely to the EPDM systems studied by Planès et al. The mechanical properties of notched samples have then been employed in order prevent heterogeneities driven crack initiation. The tearing energy measured was correlated with the failure energy of notched samples andcan be described by the Lake and Thomas model with account for the real length between cross-links. The same study has then been performed at 25°C where the properties at break are seen to improve. Such improvements despite irradiation confirm that crystallites attenuate the degradation. This effect is more pronounced for the current set of materials because of a strong chemi-crystallisation. The addition of ATH fillers has been studied as well, showing an acceleration of the matrix degradation with the specific surface of the fillers. The understanding of the mechanical properties at break of filled materials seems complex because the failure can be obtained by various competing processes. Nevertheless, the matrix chemical nature can be mentioned as an important factor since the difference between the matrix mechanical properties and the matrix-filler interface properties will trigger the creation of macro-defects at the origin of failure. As for the neat matrix, the evolution of the composites mechanical properties tested at 25°C depends on the evolutions of both the crystallinity and the amorphous phase. More generally, this work questions the relevance of the actual lifetime criterion used in the industry. The energies at break are more directly correlated to the microstructural parameters and thus could correspond to a relevant criteria for predicting these systems lifetime
Mani, Abderrahim. "Propriétés mécaniques et structurales de couches minces de TiC et TiCN déposées par pulvérisation cathodique RF." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EVRY0035.
Full textThe objective of this thesis consists in performing by reactive sputtering RF nanomaterials: TiC, TiCN single layers, Ceramic/Ceramic multilayers in order to study the microstructure, the structure, morphologic and mechanical properties of these thin films. A particular attention is devoted to TiC and TiCN thin layers because of their exceptional wear resistance and hard coatings. Thin stoechiometric films of TiC were successfully prepared by cathodic sputtering using a composed TiC target at the ambient temperature. XPS Analyses did not show a true solubility of the Ti(C, N) system as the phase diagram envisages it. So, Carbonitride TiC1-xNx of Ti did not form even by reaction under N2 gas environment implying higher thermodynamic stability of TiN than TiC. Lastly, we deposited multi-layer titanium carbonitrides by alternating hard and soft layers to obtain a reinforcement of mechanical properties. The composition modulation is confirmed even at the lowest period (L=5 nm)
Liu, Yu. "Elaboration et étude des propriétés mécaniques des mousses d'aluminium et des métaux poreux polymères composites." Troyes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TROY0007.
Full textThe objectives of this work consist to manufacture new metal porous polymeric composites (MPPC) with interpenetrated structure and to characterize their mechanical behaviors under statical and dynamic loading. Firstly, we developed a technique of infiltration under a negative pressure to manufacture the open cell aluminium foams and MPPC. The optic observations were carried out in multi-scale. The characterizations of materials were carried out under uniaxial compression. The influences of the structural parameters on the compressive behaviors were clarified by SEM observations during compression. The elastic module was compared with the analytical models. These results obtained are completely restructed between the boundaries proposed in the literature. Secondly, the behaviors of indentation were studied. The relations between the response of indentation and the size and the geometry of plunger tip were illustrated. The size and the shape of the densification zone were observed and modelled by analytical models and the finite element simulation. Finally, the behaviour of impact was studied. The influences of experimental conditions and structural parameters on the behaviors of impact were illuminated
Fares, Hanaa. "Propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques des bétons autoplaçants exposés à une température élevée." Cergy-Pontoise, 2009. http://biblioweb.u-cergy.fr/theses/09CERG0425.pdf.
Full textThe use of Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) has considerably developed during the last years and a growing attention has been brought to the study of its mechanical properties at hardened state. The mixture proportions of SCC (large paste volume, high content of mineral admixtures, coarse to fine aggregates ratio close to 1,. . . ) in relation with its placing conditions could modify its mechanical behaviour, comparatively to traditional vibrated concrete. The behaviour of SCC subjected to high temperature has in particular to be evaluated. The materials tested are 3 concretes which 2 SCC and a TC (Traditional concrete). The characteristic of SCC is the important volume. Mechanical tests (Compressive strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity) were realized. Alongside that, the water porosity, apparent density, loss of mass as well as gas permeability allowed having additional parameters to characterize the behaviour. But, microscopic observations coupled with images analyses and thermal analyses help to have a vision more physical and chemical of the behaviour. The experimental results show significant behaviours between the SCC and TC. The compressive strength allowed distinguishing an increase in compressive strength between 150 and 300°C. This increase is explained by a rehydration of the cement paste due to water migration through the pores for the SCC, and also by the creation of stronger hydrates. The rehydration concerned the anhydrous elements of the cement paste. Alongside this study, a work in collaboration with the University of Alabama concerning the behaviour at high temperature of lightweight self-compacting concrete (LW-SCC). This study allowed characterizing the mechanical properties and the physico-chemical properties of lightweight self-compacting concrete (made in University of Alabama (USA). For that, prismatic and cylindrical specimens underwent two different thermal treatments : a fire ISO-834 and a slow heating to 1°C/min. Through this study, the LW-SCC presented a better thermal stability to a fire ISO-834. About physico-chemical properties, we noted a behaviour similarity between LW-SCC and SCC in water porosity, density, thermal analyses. Nevertheless, a decrease in porosity is observed at 400°C. It can be attributed to a shrinkage due to a decrease in volume. About mechanical properties, LW-SCC present a better residual compressive and residual flexural strength than SCC. Therefore, lightweight aggregates improves the residual mechanical behaviour
Vauboin, Christophe. "Analyse et controle de la thermomaturation du béton." Perpignan, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PERP0188.
Full textGrandmont, Jean-Frédéric. "Analyse structurale du système âme-semelles de poutrelles en bois à configuration en I." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28563/28563.pdf.
Full textResearch and development of wood I-joist design has often relied on laboratory testing and on empirical approach. Oriented strand board (OSB) has been used successfully as web material but its behavior within the I-joist needs to better be defined in order to improve wood I-joist design. The overall objective of this study is to develop a model that would simulate the deflection and shear strain of a wood I-joist in bending and to develop a better understanding of the web properties impact on the overall I-joist bending behavior. This was pursued by specifying three specific objectives: • Identify web mechanical properties that should be determined experimentally due to their impact on I-joist deflection and shear strain. • Determine the OSB web mechanical properties, including their variability, required to develop a finite element model of wood I-joist bending behavior. • Determine the impact of OSB physical and mechanical properties variability on I-joists bending behavior. To determine which OSB properties have higher impact on I-joist shear strain and deflection, a sensitivity study was performed with a finite element method (FEM) based model. The OSB mechanical properties were changed in a numerical model from 50% to 200% of the reference value to determine their impact on web shear strain and I-joist deflection. The model was primarily sensitive to in-plane web shear stiffness, which changed I-joist deflection up to 23%. The model was also sensitive to the web tensile modulus of elasticity parallel and perpendicular to joist length. These properties changed I-joist deflection up to 2% and 1%, respectively. The important or sensitive OSB web mechanical properties were determined by a methodology developed to obtain reliable mechanical properties of I-joists OSB web, including variability. OSB panel samples were scanned by X-rays to measure in-plane density variation. Specimens were cut from pre-defined homogeneous density areas in three different orientations (parallel, perpendicular, and diagonal to the strong axis) to measure three basic elastic properties required for an elastic model of I-joists OSB web: modulus of elasticity (MOE) parallel and perpendicular to the panel’s strong axis and shear modulus (G). Given the required small specimen size, shear modulus was determined using a combination of in-plane tensile MOEs, including MOE at 45 degrees. The results showed a strong relationship between OSB density and small-scale mechanical properties: coefficients of determination (R2) varied between 0.57 and 0.79. This provided information on I-joist OSB web mechanical properties as a function of density for input into a numerical model. Properties showed considerable variability in the 600–900 kg/m3 density range, with a 207% increase in tensile modulus of elasticity in the parallel direction, 187% in the perpendicular direction, and 172% at 45°. The mechanics-based OSB shear modulus equation used proved to be reliable. Finally, to determine the impact of OSB mechanical properties variability on I-joists bending behaviour, a series of simulations were performed. The inclusion OSB web heterogeneous properties over wood I-joist behavior in bending was investigated. The shear strain in the web and the I-joist deflection from full scale experimental results were first compared with model output considering homogeneous OSB web. Results showed a good correlation between simulated and full scale experimental bending test results values with deflection differences ranging from 9 to 24%. However, the model overestimated the shear strain. These differences were potentially due to the OSB local variability of density and mechanical properties. Based on a previously established density/properties relationship and on web OSB in-plane density mapping, OSB property heterogeneity was considered in the model. Simulation results including heterogeneous OSB properties (n=100) were then compared with those considering homogeneous properties (n=100). Shear strain distribution was altered in the web and a small (less than 1%) increase in deflection was observed. Based on density measured across the OSB web thickness and on the established density/properties relationship, simulations were performed to evaluate the effect of the vertical density profile on the simulated I-joist. A 1% deflection increase was observed as well as a lateral displacement of the bottom flange.
Benkassem, Sâd. "Propriétés mécaniques et modélisation multiéchelle de l'effet de taille dans les polycristaux nanométriques." Metz, 2007. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2007/Benkassem.Sad.SMZ0729.pdf.
Full textThe yield stress of crystalline materials depends on the grain size accordhg to the Hall-Petch relationship. In this work, a multi scale modeling of the effect of size using the generalized self-cbnsistent method will be presented in order to predict the viscoplastic behavior of nanocrystalline materials. In our step, one,models the supposed active mechanisms separately in the nanomatenals. In the models thus worked out, inclusion iegresents the grain core and the matrix represents the grain boundaries and triple junctions. Various approaches will be discussed and studied in order to mode1 the abnormal behavior of the nanocrystalline materials. 'We will study the dislocation glide mechanism as well as Coble creep the emission and penetration mechanism of dislocations by the grain boundaries and finally the grain boundaries sliding mechanism where the interface grain corelgrain boundary plays a considerable part of the slip which can generate the damage of the interface by stick-slip mechanism
Lonjon, Antoine. "Nanocomposite conducteur polymère - nanofils métalliques : élaboration et analyse des propriétés physiques." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1346/.
Full textThis work shows the elaboration of electrical conductive nanocomposites polymer/metallic nanowires, low filled to preserve the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix. Conductive metallic nanowires were performed with different kind of metals. These conductive nanowires are inserted into an electrical insulator thermoplastic matrix P(VDF-TrFE). The mechanical properties are maintained for filler content below 5 % vol. Above the percolation threshold (0. 75 % volume) the conductive nanocomposites reach a value of electrical conductivity near 10² S/m. The influence of the aspect ratio, metal, crystallinity and process are discussed to interpret the values observed
Karray, Mayssa. "Caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques et électriques des matériaux composites par méthode holographique numérique 3D et analyse diélectrique." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793179.
Full textFares, Hanaa. "Propriétés mécaniques et physico-chimiques de Bétons autoplaçants exposés à une température élevée." Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00447159.
Full textFraysse, Jérôme. "Composites polyaniline/polyméthacrylate de méthyle : percolation, transport électronique et propriétés mécaniques." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10201.
Full textNyemeck, André Parfait. "Modélisation de la lubrification mixte et du comportement thermique des garnitures mécaniques." Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/2ece3128-ba75-4399-ac23-1f1d5f66069b.
Full textMechanical seals are sealing components used in rotating shafts. They are basically a set of two rings (the rotor and the stator), separated by a lubricant film that must be impervious. The optimum operation is obtained by minimizing both leakage and wear. This corresponds to a film thickness of approximately one micrometer and to a mixed lubrication regime. The literature review justified the choice of a multiscale approach to model a mixed lubrication process. A part of this literature allowed identifying the thermal models to use. A model of a mixed lubrication in mechanical seals based on a multiscale approach is presented. This uses numerical surface roughness and consists in dividing the studied area into sub-domains. The Reynolds equation, which takes into account the fluid cavitation is solved by mean of finite volumes method, at fine scale of the sub-domains, as the hertzian contact asperities. The macroscale is introduced to connect the boundaries conditions of the sub-domains. Then, the macroscale pressure distribution is obtained insuring the mass conservation law. The model also takes into account, at the macroscale step, the Thermo-Elasto-Hydro-Dynamic (TEHD) behaviour in mechanical seals. The discretization of heat and elasticity equations is performed using the finite element method for axisymmetric geometry. The multiscale model is first validated by comparing in to a deterministic model, and then to the TEHD model previously developed at the Pprime laboratory. The influence of the parameters characterizing the mechanical seal behaviour is analyzed through the parametric study. In this study, the different lubrication regimes are identified. The lubricant film thickness is controlled by the roughness or by the thermoelastic deformation of the faces
Paradis, François. "Analyse du comportement structural d'un composite mince en béton. : nalyse du comportement structural du canoë de béton." Thesis, Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21701/21701.pdf.
Full textThis thesis presents bares the analyses of Laval University’s Apogee 2002 concrete canoe. The predominant objective is to investigate and understand the canoe’s reaction under various loading patterns. A second objective is to elaborate design criteria for these types of structures. These criteria and comprehension of the structural behavior will be used for the upcoming canoes. These objectives are achieved coalescing experimentation and modeling. The present work begins with the elaboration of the concrete design used for Apogee’s construction. The characterization of the physical and mechanical properties of the composites used in the structure follows. Additionally, the sub-structures of the canoe and the entire canoe’s structural reaction analyses are predicted fulfilled using a finite element software. Finally, in-situ tests are performed on the canoe and the results compared to that obtained with the numerical model. The experimentation comprised both static and dynamic tests. Dynamic testing is used to determine the strain amplification due to paddling and turning. The design criteria are determined and presented according to the results obtained from the finite element software followed by experimentation.
Inscrit au Tableau d'honneur de la Faculté des études supérieures
Lansiaux, Henri. "Élaboration et caractérisation de renforts tissés 3D interlock chaine en lin pour matériaux composites." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I041.
Full textThe multi-scale characterisation of textile preforms made with natural fibres is a necessary method to understand and analyse the mechanical properties and behaviour of the composite. In this study, a multi-scale experimental characterisation is carried out on 3D warp interlock fabrics made with flax fibres at the fibre (micro), yarns (meso), fabric and composites (macro) scales. The mechanical tensile properties of the flax fibre were determined using the IFBT methodology. The twist effect was also taken into account in the calculation of fibre stiffness and revealed the limits of the rules of mixtures and some other models. Tensile tests on dry rovings were carried out considering different levels of twist, in order to determine the optimal twist level suited for 3D weaving process. The results reveal the importance of considering the properties of the fibre and the yarn at these scales to determine the most suitable material for weaving. At the fabric scale, seventeen 3D warp interlock fabrics were produced to understand the influence of product parameters on textile parameters and mechanical behaviour. The characterisation of 3D warp interlock woven structures shows the predominant role of yarns on structural and mechanical properties. On the following macroscopic scale, the six impregnated structures have enabled relationships to be established between the reinforcing structures and the associated composite materials. Coupled with these studies, a statistical approach provided a global vision of the product parameters that influence the 3D interlock warp interlock fabrics and the associated composite materials
Aldroe, Hanaya. "Analyse des propriétés physiques et mécaniques des nanocomposites polyamide 12 / cloisite® 30B en lien avec leurs nanostructures." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4034/document.
Full textNanocomposites are interestingly growing since their development in the 1990s by Toyota Company. Therefore, improving the properties of such materials is a major issue from fundamental and industrial point of view. This improvement can pass through a relevant choice of reinforcing loads added to the matrix particularly regarding the type, geometry, the proportion, and the treatment of these fillers. The processing parameters of the mixture play also a key role. The objective of this work is to contribute to the identification and understanding of the mechanisms at the origin of the reinforcing thermoplastic matrices by nanofillers. This aspect presented through the study of the thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites formed by a polyamide 12 matrix (PA12) filled with organically modified clay nanoparticles. More specifically, we analysed the effects of the filler mass fraction and environmental aging on structural, thermal and mechanical properties of these nanocomposites. The mixing conditions on these properties were also examined. A particular attention has been paid to the study of relationships between the macroscopic properties and the structure of nanocomposites. Viscoelastic properties of these materials in both melt and solid states were compared, which represents one of the originalities of this work
Belhaj, Mariem. "Analyse expérimentale et modélisation des propriétés mécaniques et de transport de préformes réalisées par placement robotisé de fibres sèches." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10138.
Full textRobotized dry fiber placement process allows producing fibrous preforms by successive placement of fibres designed for optimized structural composites manufacturing. A placement tool was developed at the laboratory scale in order to study the fibers behaviour along the manufacturing process and to establish relations between their physical characteristics and those of the obtained preform. A Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) study is conducted on the dry fiber drawn directly from the coil and after laying on the mold surface in order to qualify the influence of the placement tool on the filaments orientation in the fiber and on the dispersion of the mechanical properties measured. Three quasi-isotropic preforms are produced with different architectures representative of configurations that could be found in the industry: nominal preform, with overlapping fibers and with openings between fibers. A distinct behaviour during transverse compressive loading is obtained for the three plates. On the contrary, no significant influence of the fibrous architecture on hydraulic permeability was obtained. A microporomechanical model is also proposed to link the fibers characteristics to those of the preforms in order to predict the preforms hydraulic permeability and compaction properties and the final composite elastic properties. This unified model is based on the pores volume fraction, size and shape. A satisfying correlation is obtained between experimental characterization and values retrieved from the model, but limited by the geometrical pore definition precision. The engaged work finally helps defining a global methodology for on-line preform characterization based on the compressive mechanical behaviour of the fibrous preform
Courtois, Michèle. "Analyse de la qualité des lièges bruts des suberaies de France et d'Espagne et des relations entre cette qualité et quelques caractéristiques des forêts." Toulouse, INPT, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPT019A.
Full textAmlil, Mohand. "Mesure et analyse des propriétés mécaniques d'un composite carbone-époxy à partir d'un dispositif de sollicitations harmoniques." Bordeaux 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR10617.
Full textCochard, Jean. "Analyse des propriétés réservoirs d'une série carbonatée microporeuse fracturée : approches multi-échelle sédimentologiques, diagénétiques et mécaniques intégrées." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0568/document.
Full textCarbonates are sensitive to physical and chemical processes which can dissolve, cement or fracturing them. In this case, the carbonate properties evolve according to these different changes that vary in time and space. Carbonated reservoirs can extend for hundreds of kilometres. To prospect these geological reservoirs (water, gas or oil resources), it’s therefore necessary to characterize in 3 dimensions their properties (porosity, permeability), as well as geological and structural heterogeneities which can modify the basin geometry or the reservoir properties. The acquisition of local data (outcrops, boreholes) compared to the properties distributed at field scale ponder their representativeness at multi-kilometres scale but also their distribution between the acquisition area. This thesis proposes to study the properties of Urgonian limestones (Upper Barremian - Lower Aptian) located in Provence, analogue of Middle East hydrocarbon reservoirs. Three sites with different scales are studied to characterize this carbonate series. Additionally, this study proposes geological rules to upscale the measurements made on centimetric samples to hectometric scale
Renault, Norbert. "Etude du couplage thermomécanique du PEHD par essais mécaniques et inversion d'images infrarouges." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL100N/document.
Full textThis research aims at looking further into current knowledge of the mechanical behavior of semi-crystalline polymers at multiple scales. It relies on the simultaneous acquisition of coupled information relating to me-chanical, thermal and microstructural behaviors. For this purpose, we have studied the response of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) under tensile tests with controlled strain rates, using three optical techniques : (i) Vidéotraction®, a videoextensemeter to access the true stress and strain. (ii) Infrared thermography to access the thermal sources evolution. (iii) Backscattering of Incoherent Light (ISLT technique) to access information on damage mechanisms. The core of the research concerns the reconstruction of the 2D thermal sources starting from temperature fields maps measured during the test. This ill-posed problem has been solved with two different methods : A constrained optimization based on the adjoint formulation and a minimization based on a reduced spectral model. The regularization tools used in the problem are detailed for each method. The ISLT technique allows to monitor damaging processes due to crazing : the creation of isotropic micro-cavities followed by the development of a strong anisotropy during the hardening phase. We show that these information at microstructural level confirm the evolutions of the heat source thermal. All these experimental information are finally considered within a thermodynamical framework used for deri-ving constitutive laws. A sensitivity analysis applied to the parameters of our law led to a reduced model that is more appropriate for their proper estimation
Maillé, Laurence. "Elaboration par pulvérisation cathodique réactive RF de multicouches nanométriques. Corrélation entre la structure, la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EVRY0011.
Full textThe aim of this work consists to performed by reactive sputtering RF nanomaterials : W, W-O, W-N single layers, W-O/W and W-N/W multilayers in order to study the microstructure, the structure and the mechanical properties of these thin films. A study of the growth of the single layers has been necessary to performed the multilayers. Various multilayer mechanical behaviors are obtained: - A Hall-Petch rule is observed for W-N/W multilayer performed with 50 % of nitrogen partial pressure. - For multilayer W-N/W and W-O/W performed with 10 % of nitrogen or oxygen partial pressure, there is no influence of the period thickness on the hardness values and these measurements are higher or lower than the law of mixture
Alloba, Ezéchiel Idelphonse. "Extensométrie optique : aspects métrologiques et application à la mécanique expérimentale des composites." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10094.
Full textDang-Hoang, Thong. "Rupture et endommagement d’un assemblage boulonné : approche expérimentale et simulation numérique." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10066/document.
Full textThis study focuses on the study of fracture and damage of a bolted assembly made up of thin sheets of aluminum alloy 6082 T6, thickness e= 2 millimeters, in single recovery. Several configurations of assemblies (number and arrangement of fasteners) are studied in monotonous solicitations, analyzing the effects of board. The influence of torque and clearance will be considered for the study of the behavior of the link. An experimental approach was implemented to analyze the sequence of damage mechanisms simultaneously using the technique of acoustic emission (AE) and measurement of fields by digital image correlation (DIC). EA Technology has tracked the evolution of acoustic activities by planar localization to better identify the initiation and propagation of cracks. The DIC technique confirms the damage scenarios evaluating, the deformation field at any point near the fastener. The finite element technique was used to predict the overall behavior of these assemblies. The calculations are performed in a 3D computer code using solid elements, shell elements and and are undertaken both in élastoplasticité without and with damage. The prediction of damage has been done using two models : modeling decoupled depending on the model of Latham and Cockroft and coupled modeling based on the model of Gurson modified
Dufour, John-Eric. "Mesures de forme, de déplacement, et de paramètres mécaniques parstéréo-corrélation d’images isogéométrique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLN004/document.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to measurement of 3D shapes, 3D kinematic fields on surfaces and identification of mechanical properties from digital image correlation measurements. This optical method uses cameras as measurement tools. For this reason, a study of the classical camera models used is performed and the description of the digitalization of an image from a continuous to a discrete formalism using the pixel is described. A specific work is dedicated to optical distortions and a method based on digital image correlation to evaluate these distortions is developped.A new method for 3D shapes and 3D displacement fields on surfaces using stereo-correlation is introduced. A numerical description of the observed object is used as a support to perform the correlation. This method lead to a global approach to stereo-correlation. It can be rewrite in a generic case or in particular to be applied to NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) surfaces. The displacement fields is therefore expressed in a NURBS formalism which is completely consistent with the geometrical model used to described the observed shape. Measurements are validated using prescribed motions on a Bezier patch. The feasibility of such a technique in several industrial cases is then studied with for example the measurement of the displacement of a composite part of a landing gear under mechanical loading.Finally, from this isogeometric formulation of full-field measurement, a study of the identification of elastic properties is performed. Two methods inspired from existing approaches are proposed, using full-field measurement and numerical simulations in a common isogeometric formalism to identify parameters of an isotropic linear elastic constitutive law on a both a numerical test case and a uniaxial tensile test
Wali, Abderrahmen. "Analyse expérimentale et modélisation multi-échelle du comportement mécanique de mélanges Polycarbonate/Polypropylène : effet de la morphologie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10077.
Full textThe objective of this work is to perform experimental characterization and to model the mechanical behaviour of immiscible PC/PP blends. A predominantly spherical microstructure, in the most PC / PP blends, reveals low adhesion due to high interfacial tension between two phases which was observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). This results in a negative deviation of the mechanical tensile properties accordingly to the % of PP. One of the possible solutions is to add a third component that can improve adhesion between two phases. In this work PP-g-MA was chosen. Despite its low rigidity and brittleness, it has partially improved the mechanical properties of the blends. A multi-scale approach was applied to model the homogenised behaviour of the PC / PP blends using two different types of models. The first one is based on analytical homogenization and the second one will be defined in the context of numerical homogenization. The statistical distribution law for the size of the dispersed phase was determined from the SEM images. This law was applied for representative volume element (RVE) generation. The behaviour of the constituents has been defined as elastoplastic. Initially assumed hypothesis of a perfect interface did not describe the mechanical behaviour of the blends in a satisfactory manner. In order to improve this, a model introducing cohesive surfaces to simulate interfacial damage is developed using traction-separation law. The model is in good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, parametric study was carried out to highlight the effect of the shape, the number and the orientation of dispersed phase on the nonlinear response of blends
Pons, Bernad Gemma. "Aide à l’interprétation d’images radar à ouverture synthétique : analyse conjointe des propriétés géométriques et radiométriques des images SAR." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30013.
Full textThe work of this thesis is part of the research efforts that are currently being undertaken on segmentation and classification to ease radar images interpretation. Our thesis contributes to this research by proposing a semi-automatic scene analysis approach to assist the interpretation of images acquired by a synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Mainly, it is focused on the application of segmentation methods to classification and object recognition problems. Its aim is to propose fast and simple methods, easily comprehensible by non-expert users in image processing. The proposed approach is a two-stage algorithm. First, a SAR image partition is obtained in a non-supervised manner by using a statistical active grid based on the minimization of the stochastic complexity. Then, discriminative features (statistics, geometrics and texture parameters) are calculated for each extracted region in order to classify them in a semi-supervised manner. A hierarchical approach is adopted. In practice, the proposed algorithm provides an initial land use classification as well as confidence measures for each region. This initial classification can be used as an aid to the image interpretation or as a source of information for further processing
Ege, Kerem. "La table d’harmonie du piano : études modales en basses et moyennes fréquences." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2009. http://pastel.paristech.org/5875/01/These_Kerem_Ege.pdf.
Full textThe vibratory behaviour of the piano soundboard in the mid-frequency domain is studied in this PhD thesis. The first chapter is devoted to the board itself: its role, structure and materials. An exhaustive bibliographical study is presented and the main published results are given and synthesised. The second chapter introduces a new modal analysis technique based on a high-resolution analysis algorithm. The technique resolves cases where the Fourier transform performs poorly due to its natural T f limitation. This new method is assessed by comparing experimental and theoretical partial modal analyses of aluminium thin plates up to a modal overlap of 70%. The modal identification of an upright piano soundboard is partly achieved with this method in the mid-frequency domain [300- 2500 Hz]. The estimation of the mean loss-factors of the spruce board in this frequency domain is a new result. The frequency dependency of the observed modal density of the ribbed-board below 1. 1 kHz contributes to define an equivalent homogeneous plate. Above 1. 1 kHz, the soundboard behaves like a set of waveguides. The modal shapes obtained through a finite-element model confirm the localisation of the waves between the ribs. On such a structure, the acoustical coincidence phenomenon is deeply modified in comparison to the one occurring in thin plates. The purpose of the last chapter is to propose a synthetic description of a piano soundboard based on a small number of global descriptors: overall dimensions, aspect ratio, mass, modal density, mean loss factor, average distance between two consecutive ribs. The validity of an equivalent homogeneous plate model is studied and the replacement of the structure by a plate in composite material is considered. The synthetic description can be used to predict the changes of the driving-point mobility (at bridge) and of the sound radiation in the treble range resulting from structural modifications (changes in material, geometry, average ribs spacing, etc. )
Teixeira-Pinto, José. "Analyse expérimentale et numérique multi-échelles des champs mécaniques dans un polymère semi-cristallin." Phd thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2012. https://theses.hal.science/docs/00/74/42/06/PDF/Manuscrit_de_ThA_se_Jose_Teixeira_Pinto.pdf.
Full textThis work is devoted to the analysis of the mechanical behaviour of semi-crystalline polymers at two scales: the lamellar stack scale and the spherolitic scale. At the lamellar stack scale, full-field microstructure simulations are performed in the small strain range using the ABAQUS® software. The influence of parameters of the macroscopic response during long-term stress relaxation and cycling is analyzed: the choice of the viscoelastic behaviour of the amorphous phase on the one hand, and the effects of microstructure and induced heterogeneities on the other. The results obtained with a simplified microstructure highlight several microstructure effects. At the spherolitic scale, the digital image correlation technique (DIC) is developed inside the SEM to perform in-situ displacement field measurements. The strain fields obtained in uniaxial tension of two semi-crystalline polymers show the existence of an heterogeneous deformation related to the spherolitic microstructure. Deterministic and statistical methods of the literature are applied to the field measurements, in order to identify the domain size over which the average measured strain corresponds to the macroscopic strain. In the absence of any information on the size of the Representative Volume Element (RVE) for this kind of materials, such estimation constitutes a significant step. Finally, prospects are given for the modeling of the mechanical behaviour of this kind of materials with scale transition, through a combination of numerical and experimental tools
Li, Yuet Hee Mary Lynn. "Caractérisation texturale et analyse par stéréocorrélation d'images de la déformation des fromages à pâte molle et de leurs simulants formulés." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL062N/document.
Full textVarious gels formulated from mixtures of gelatin and polysaccharides - guar, karaya gum, xanthan gum, maltodextrin and starch - were elaborated to simulate soft cheeses (Camembert and Coulommiers) texture. Comparisons between gels and cheeses were based on firmness, elasticity modulus and relaxation time constants, obtained from penetrometry and stress relaxation tests. Gels made up of gelatin, maltodextrin and starch were found to imitate best the textural properties of the soft cheeses. A three-component mixture design approach was used to determine the optimum component concentration of the simulants. Mathematical models developed showed linear dependence of the rheological parameters on composition of simulants. Enzyme Subtilisin Carlsberg (Alcalase®) successful induced gradual modifications in rheological parameters of simulants. The rate of change of textural properties occurring in Coulommiers cheese during maturation was however different from that of the simulants. Two optical three-dimensional techniques as new tools for food texture assessment were also investigated. Digital image correlation and the Breuckmann scanning systems were successful in distinguishing between gels and cheeses varying in firmness and viscoelastic properties. New parameters obtained from digital image correlation and Breuckmann scanning systems were related to the textural properties of the cheeses and their simulants. These parameters may be used to develop models predicting accurately the sensory texture of food from instrumental measurements
Cherif, Hadj Ahmed. "Torréfaction de la biomasse lignocellulosique prétraitée aux liquides ioniques - Propriétés physico-mécaniques et analyse comparative par spectroscopies de surface." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30581/30581.pdf.
Full textThe heat treatment of wood in a gas atmosphere is a process that aims to improve the properties of wood. Indeed, treated wood possesses improved dimensional stability, reduced hygroscopic nature and resistance to degradation by various factors (fungi, insects). The main disadvantage of the method is the long duration of treatment. This work explores the possibility of using ionic liquids for the treatment of wood as they have the particularity to accelerate the decomposition of the main wood constituents. Surface analysis and testing of physical and mechanical properties were performed on treated wood. The surface analysis showed that ionic liquids have contributed to the degradation of lignin as well as the development of the hydrophobic character of the wood. The physical and mechanical tests have meanwhile revealed that lower moisture and water absorption contents, decreased the swelling and mechanical properties.
Karlin, Sacha. "Analyse chimique et mécanique, "ex-situ" et "in-situ", de fibres et composites céramiques (CMC). Apport de la microscopie Raman." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20211.
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