To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Propositional phrases.
Journal articles on the topic 'Propositional phrases'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Propositional phrases.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Feldman, Richard. "Davidson's Theory of Propositional Attitudes." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 16, no. 4 (December 1986): 693–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1986.10717143.
Full textAbstract:
One commonly stated reason for thinking that there are abstract entities such as propositions is that they are needed to account for undeniable facts about propositional attitudes and the sentences reporting such attitudes. According to the propositional theory, belief, doubt, assertion and other attitudes are relations between individuals and propositions. In sentences reporting these relations the words in the content-sentence (e.g., ‘p’ in sentences of the form ‘S said that p’) refer to concepts or other abstract things and the entire ‘that-clause’ refers to a proposition. According to a common rival account, propositional attitudes are complex relations between individuals and sentences and each that-clause refers to the content-sentence it contains. The words in the content-sentence either fail to refer or refer to themselves. A striking implication of both the propositional theory and the sentential theory is that the words and phrases in the content-sentence of a sentence expressing a propositional attitude fail to refer to the familiar things to which they ordinarily refer.
2
Stainton, Robert J. "Utterance meaning and syntactic ellipsis." Pragmatics and Cognition 5, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.5.1.06sta.
Full textAbstract:
Speakers often use ordinary words and phrases, unembedded in any sentence, to perform speech acts—or so it appears. In some cases appearances are deceptive: The seemingly lexical/phrasal utterance may really be an utterance of a syntactically eplliptical sentence. I argue however that, at least sometimes, plain old words and phrases are used on their own. The use of both words/phrases and elliptical sentences leads to two consequences: 1. Context must contribute more to utterance meaning than is often supposed. Here's why: The semantic type of normal words and phrases is non-proppositional, even after the usual contextual features are added (e.g., reference assignment and disambiguation). Yet an utterance of a word/phrase can be fully propositional. 2. Often, a hearer does not need to know the exact identity of the expression uttered, to understand an utterance. The reason: Typically, words/phrases in context will sound the same, and mean the same, as some elliptical sentence token.
3
Bale, Alan Clinton. "Quantifiers and verb phrases: An exploration of propositional complexity." Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 447–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11049-007-9019-8.
Full text
4
Ezcurdia, Maite. "Pragmatic Attitudes and Semantic Competence." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 36, no. 108 (December 4, 2004): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2004.444.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper I argue against the account Soames offers in Beyond Rigidity of the semantics and pragmatics of propositional attitude reports. I defend a particular constraint for identifying semantic content of phrases based on conditions for semantic competence, and argue that failure of substitutivity is an essential component of our competence conditions with propositional attitude predicates. Given that Soames's account makes no room for this, I conclude that he does not offer an adequate explanation of propositional attitude reports.
5
Khalaily, Samir. "Syntax of the Palestinian Arabic negation-associated exclusive construction." Linguistics in the Netherlands 37 (October 27, 2020): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.00040.kha.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper presents an analysis of a Palestinian Arabic negation-associated exclusive construction featuring the contrastive focus marker illa ‘but’, with theoretical implications for the syntax of negation, negative polarity item licensing, and the categorical status of the root in sentential syntax. It analyzes illa-phrases as constituents licensed by a c-commanding sentential negation (Neg), and illa as a grammatical device encoding contrastiveness. A crucial source for the exclusive semantics of the construction comes from a silent bass ‘only’ immediately following illa that constitutes a syntactic ‘shield’ against Neg scope. Rather than taking an in-situ focus-interpretation approach (cf. Rooth 1985, 1992), we argue for two covert movements at the syntax-semantics interface: quantifier raising of illa-phrases to the designated specifier of polarity Phrase followed by Polarity-to-Focus-raising of Neg. This creates the right syntactic configuration for the truth conditional import of both operators and captures the ‘classical’ thought that focus-sensitive exclusive operators like only quantify over propositional alternatives.
6
Zimmermann, Ilse. "Partizip II-Konstruktionen des Deutschen als Modifikatoren." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 14 (January 1, 1999): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.14.1999.12.
Full textAbstract:
This contribution concerns the interaction of morphology, syntax and semantics. It treats German past participles and concentrates on their function as heads in attributive and adverbial modifier phrases. It is argued that participles have the same argument structure as the underlying verbs and can undergo passivization, perfectivization and conversion to adjectives. Since these three operations involve changes in the morphosyntactic categorization they are considered as zero affixation. Two affixless templates – without any categorical changes – convert participle constructions to modifiers relating to participants or to situations. These phrases do not have a syntactic position for the grammatical subject, an operator or an adverbial relator. The pertinent components are present only in the semantic structure. Two further templates serve the composition of participle constructions as modifiers with the modificandum. It is necessary to differentiate between modifiers which function as predicates and those which have the status of a propositional operator. In syntax, these different semantic functions correspond to different adjunct positions of the respective participle phrases.
7
Zobel, Sarah. "analysis of the semantic variability of weak adjuncts and its problems." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 61 (January 1, 2018): 499–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.61.2018.509.
Full textAbstract:
This paper addresses the question of how to account for the semantic variability ofweak free adjuncts. Weak free adjuncts are non-clausal adjuncts that associate with an argumentof the main predicate, contribute propositional content, and can interact with temporalor modal operators, which leads to different, adverbial-clause-like interpretations. I focus on aspecific type of weak adjuncts, non-clausal as-phrases, and propose a unified semantic analysisfor the full range of interpretational possibilities that takes into account the interpretational contingencyon different syntactic positions. I show that this analysis improves on Stump’s (1985)original analysis of weak adjuncts. I then go on to discuss the limitations of both Stump’s accountand the unified account. Both accounts fail to capture that the interaction of weak adjunctswith modal operators underlies certain restrictions on the properties of the modal operators—anobservation that has not been discussed in the literature so far.Keywords: weak free adjuncts, semantic variability, as-phrases, temporal/modal operators.
8
Fitri, Endah Ayu, Sri Rejeki Urip, and Anastasia Pudjitriherwanti. "Les Propositions Subordonnées Dans Le Roman Madame Bovary Par Gustave Flaubert." Lingua Litteratia Journal 7, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ll.v7i1.38823.
Full textAbstract:
La phrase complexe en français contient deux ou plusieurs verbes conjugués, elle est donc composée de deux ou plusieurs propositions est un mot français invariable qui sert à lier des mots, ou des propositions. Cette phrase complexe se compose de trois types, c’est-à dire: la coordination, la subordination, et la juxtaposition. Chaque type des phrases complexes a une caractéristique qui le distingue des autres. Basée sur l’explication, le but de cette recherche est de trouver et d’identifier la nature et l’emploi des Les Propositions Subordonnées dans Le Roman Madame Bovary par Gustave Flaubert. Cette recherche parle des propositions subordonnées dans le roman Madame Bovary par Gustave Flaubert, consistent en la nature et la fonction de ces propositions subordonnées. Selon Martin et Lecomte (1962), la nature des propositions subordonnées se compose de six natures, c’est-à-dire : la proposition subordonnée complétive, la proposition subordonnée circonstancielle, la proposition subordonnée interrogatif, la proposition subordonnée relative, la proposition subordonnée infinitive, et la proposition subordonnée participe dont chacun a sa propre fonction. Cette recherche utilise deux approches, ce sont l’approche de théorétique (l’approche de la syntaxe) et l’approche de méthodologique (descriptive analytique qualitative). Les sources de données utilisées dans cette recherche sont les phrases indiquées comme les propositions subordonnées dans le roman Madame Bovary par Gustave Flaubert. La méthode de recueillir des données dans cette recherche est la méthode de simak (la méthode d’épargne) avec la technique de basse sadap (la technique de taraudage de langue) et les techniques avancées : la technique SBLC (la chercheuse ne participe pas à la conversation réelle) et la technique catat (la chercheuse a obtenu les données de prise de notes dans la carte de données). La méthode utilisée dans cette recherche est la méthode distributionnelle avec l’utilisation de la technique de basse Bagi Unsur Langsung (B-U-L), et puis continuée par les techniques avancées, c’est la technique d’ellipses. Les étapes de cette recherche sont: Collecter des données, identifier et classifier des phrases indiquées comme les propositions subordonnées et ensuite les arranger dans le corpus de données, lire tous les phrases indiquées comme les proposition subordonnées, traduire tous les phrases indiquées comme les propositions subordonnées, et analyser de la nature et la fonction des propositions subordonnées. Du résultat de la recherche, on peut conclure que la nature de la proposition subordonnée la plus trouvée est proposition subordonnée circonstancielle, et la fonction de la proposition subordonnée la plus trouvée est complément du nom dans la proposition subordonnée relative. Il est prévu que cette recherche donne une idée à l'étudiant du département de langue et de littérature étrangère, particulièrement le programme d'étude de littérature française pour faire des recherches sur la proposition subordonnée dans la langue française avec une perspective et un style d’analyse différents.
9
Neusner, Jacob. "The Rabbis and the Prophets: The Case of Amos." Review of Rabbinic Judaism 18, no. 1 (March 5, 2015): 37–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700704-12341276.
Full textAbstract:
The Prophets of Scripture are subverted by the Rabbis of the Talmud and Midrash. In the Rabbinic canon the writings of the Prophets are represented as a mass of prooftexts, made up of one clause or sentence at a time. Scripture’s prophetic writings cited in clauses and phrases in the Rabbinic canon thus lose their integrity and cease to speak in fully coherent paragraphs and chapters. So the Rabbis of late antiquity took over writings from what they recognized as remote and ancient times and of divine origin, and they re-presented selections of those writings in accord with their own project’s requirements, glossing clauses of the prophetic Scriptures but not whole, propositional discourses. This article illustrates how they did so, portraying the formal patterns of the Rabbis’ subversive glosses.
10
Cárcamo Morales, Benjamín. "Subjectivity in Spanish causal connectives." Spanish in Context 16, no. 1 (February 27, 2019): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.00026.car.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractRecent literature has focused on specifying the nature of causal relations. Although the identification of whether connectives prototypically convey objective or subjective relations has been carried out for languages such as French, Dutch and English, the same has not occurred in the case of Spanish. The present study examines frequently used connectives and lexical cue phrases in terms of domain, propositional attitude, and presence of a Subject of Consciousness (SoC) in order to determine the degrees of subjectivity conveyed by the connectives. The findings show thatdebido a (que)is a highly specific connective used in objective causal relations about facts which do not involve SoC. On the contrary, the connectivesporqueandya quepresent similar flexibility that result in both being used to convey subjective and objective causal relations. This study supports the assumption of subjectivity being a cognitive mechanism that shows across different languages.
11
Fitri, Nidya, Ketut Artawa, Made Sri Satywati, and Sawirman. "Pragmatic Hedges in Court Trial: Indonesian Case." English Language Teaching 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n8p106.
Full textAbstract:
The usage of hedges in trial discourse context is interested to be explored. This paper presents a description of phenomena related to the use of hedges by witnesses and experts in Indonesian court trial. It focuses on the usage of hedges in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and utterances in court trial context. Conversation among participants in court was taken as a corpus of this study. From the corpus, the data were collected in the form of transcription. Three-levels of hedges that classified by Lakoff (1973), Prince, et al. (1982), and Fraser (2010) were used to analyze the data. The analysis was also related to quantity maxim and quality maxim proposed by Grice maxim (1975). This study has shown that the usage of hedges in Indonesian was classified into propositional, approximator, and adjective hedges. They were used to show politeness as well as to hide the real meaning of their utterance.
12
SCHLAUG, GOTTFRIED, SARAH MARCHINA, and ANDREA NORTON. "FROM SINGING TO SPEAKING: WHY SINGING MAY LEAD TO RECOVERY OF EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH BROCA'S APHASIA." Music Perception 25, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 315–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2008.25.4.315.
Full textAbstract:
IT HAS BEEN REPORTED THAT PATIENTS WITH SEVERELY nonfluent aphasia are better at singing lyrics than speaking the same words. This observation inspired the development of Melodic Intonation Therapy (MIT), a treatment whose effects have been shown, but whose efficacy is unproven and neural correlates remain unidentified. Because of its potential to engage/unmask language-capable regions in the unaffected right hemisphere, MIT is particularly well suited for patients with large left-hemisphere lesions. Using two patients with similar impairments and stroke size/location, we show the effects of MIT and a control intervention. Both interventions' post-treatment outcomes revealed significant improvement in propositional speech that generalized to unpracticed words and phrases; however, the MITtreated patient's gains surpassed those of the controltreated patient. Treatment-associated imaging changes indicate that MIT's unique engagement of the right hemisphere, both through singing and tapping with the left hand to prime the sensorimotor and premotor cortices for articulation, accounts for its effect over nonintoned speech therapy.
13
Pieroni, Silvia. "A note on the functional distribution of ille in Late Latin." Indogermanische Forschungen 119, no. 1 (November 1, 2014): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2014-0003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper deals with the distribution of adnominal ille in Late Latin. While the literature on the topic is substantial, the aim of the paper is not to seek attestations of ille which foreshadow its article or article-like function, but simply to look for some functional properties that allow for its future development as a marker of definiteness. Moreover, this paper aims at considering the distribution of ille in the context of the propositional structure taken as a whole. The Peregrinatio Aetheriae is first analysed, as a privileged text for looking at a redundant use of adnominal ille. In this text, the frequency of occurrences of adnominal ille appears to be linked to the frequency of presentative structures: in particular, ille is often found within post-verbal noun phrases which, even while fulfilling the subject function, combine a predicative and/or rhematic function with the argumental one, precisely as in existential and presentative structures. The hypothesis may thus be suggested that ille occurs as a marker of nominative nominals which occur in “atypical” combinations of syntactic and pragmatic functions and in correlation with a marked linear order. In a second step, this analysis is checked against a further corpus, drawn from St. Augustine’s Confessiones where, again, ille is found either as a marker of nominals which, in addition to functioning as arguments, have a predicative and rhematic value, or as a marker of nominals which occur in propositional structures where other nominal (or adjectival) elements are involved as predicates as well.
14
Williamson, Timothy. "Two incomplete anti-realist modal epistemic logics." Journal of Symbolic Logic 55, no. 1 (March 1990): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274969.
Full textAbstract:
Many phrases have been used to express what are sometimes called anti-realist conceptions of truth: ‘verifiability’, ‘knowability’, ‘rational acceptability’, ‘warranted assertability’. In spite of their obvious differences, all four of these phrases have a common form; each is a cognitive attitude modified by ‘-ability’. They speak of the possibility of verification, knowledge, rational acceptance or warranted assertion. Schematically, it seems to be claimed that it is true that A if and only if it is possible that it is E'd that A, where ‘E’ is to be replaced by some cognitive verb and ‘A’ by any indicative sentence of the class to which the anti-realist conception is being claimed to apply. Since truth is redundant as a sentential operator, this boils down to the following thesis, where ‘p’ is a propositional variable and ‘M’ expresses the appropriate kind of possibility:(*) also formalizes views such as Putnam's: ‘To claim a statement is true is to claim it could be justified’ [11, p. 56]. It is no doubt a crude model for anti-realism, but one has to start somewhere; by seeing how and why more sophisticated versions of anti-realism differ from (*) one should be able to understand them better too. Moreover, if an anti-realist rejects the equation of truth with, say, warranted assertibility, arguing that truth is rather to be identified with the possibility of getting into a position in which one's warrant to assert somehow cannot be overturned, the form of (*) is preserved, for truth is still being identified with the possibility of something.
15
Zhao, Mingzhu. "The Art of Balance: A Corpus-assisted Stylistic Analysis of Woolfian Parallelism in «To the Lighthouse»." International Journal of English Studies 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2012/2/161741.
Full textAbstract:
This study has a two-fold objective: 1) to examine the density and variety of parallelism in Virginia Woolf’s landmark novel <em>To the Lighthouse</em> through a sample-based comparison between this novel and other representative modernist novels; 2) to discuss the specific lexical and syntactic structures that characterize Woolf’s parallelism. The results are extracted from a corpus-assisted reading and sampled textual analysis of her work. It shows that Woolfian parallelism is defined by an abundance of antithetical and synonymous lexical bundles, juxtaposed propositional phrases, -ing participles and appositional structures. Those structures constitute her special sentential development which is marked by the rhetoric of opposition, the rhetoric of simultaneity and progression, and the rhetoric of specificity. It is concluded that in <em>To the Lighthouse</em>, Woolf manipulates the above-mentioned linguistic resources to strike an artistic balance between poetry and prose, order and chaos, the physical reality and the mental world, and finally achieves what she calls “a feminine sentence”.
16
Farkas, Judit, Bettina Futó, Aliz Huszics, Judit Kleiber, Mónika Dóla, and Gábor Alberti. "Similarities and differences between two Hungarian particles for also: szintén and is." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 6 (December 30, 2020): 74–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.11832.
Full textAbstract:
The paper provides a comparative analysis of the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of two Hungarian particles with the same logical core meaning also: is and szintén. The analysis yields important theoretical implications since it demonstrates how two particles sharing the same logical-propositional/truth-functional core meaning can expand into two different markers. In discourse, is acts as an intensional/metacognitive pragmatic marker in the sense as proposed by Aijmer et al. (2006), while szintén functions as a coherence-signaling discourse marker. The two particles share certain syntactic-semantic properties: neither of them can be followed by a topic, they both have distributive meaning, and both of them can pertain to the noun phrase that they immediately follow, as well as to ordered n-tuples of noun phrases. However, there are also syntactic and pragmasemantic differences between them. Namely, their ordered n-tuples have different word orders; is can function as a pragmatic marker while szintén cannot; szintén can appear as a separate clause, while is cannot (this is presumably related to the fact that szintén can be stressed, while is is obligatorily unstressed); and finally, szintén can have a peculiar discourse-preserving function. We explain the syntactic differences between the two particles using the partial spell-out technique of minimalist generative syntacticians (first applied to Hungarian by Surányi 2009), and the Cinque-hierarchy-based approach to Hungarian sentence- and predicate-adverbials (Surányi 2008). We account for the pragmasemantic properties of the pragmatic-marker variant of is in the formal representational dynamic theory of interpretation called ReALIS, already presented in the LingBaW series (Alberti et al. 2016, Kleiber and Alberti 2017, Viszket et al. 2019).
17
Habgood-Coote, Joshua. "KNOWLEDGE-HOW: INTERROGATIVES AND FREE RELATIVES." Episteme 15, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/epi.2016.54.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTIt has been widely accepted since Stanley and Williamson (2001) that the only linguistically acceptable semantic treatments for sentences of the form ‘S knows how to V’ involve treating the wh-complement ‘how to V’ as an interrogative phrase, denoting a set of propositions. Recently a number of authors have suggested that the ‘how to V’ phrase denotes not a proposition, but an object. This view points toward a prima facie plausible non-propositional semantics for knowledge-how, which treats ‘how to V’ as a free relative noun phrase. In this paper I argue that the free relative semantics is implausible. I show that linguistic phenomena which seem to support a free relative semantics can be explained by the supporter of an interrogative semantics, and demonstrate that standard linguistic tests strongly suggest that ‘how to V’ has an interrogative reading, and no free relative reading.
18
MEGHERBI, Hakima, Alix SEIGNEURIC, Jane OAKHILL, and Steve BUENO. "Children's understanding of pronouns that differ in scope of reference." Journal of Child Language 46, no. 05 (August 9, 2019): 1012–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000919000254.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSome pronouns can refer to entities that vary widely in scope. In some cases, the referent might be a noun phrase, and in other cases it might be a whole proposition. In the cases of pronouns with a noun phrase antecedent, an already existing referent is reactivated from the preceding context. In the case of pronouns with a propositional antecedent, the referent must be reformulated. The interpretation and use of such pronouns was investigated in 150 eight-year-old children in a reading comprehension task. Experiment 1 used a referent specification task and Experiment 2 used a completion task. It was more difficult for children to process a pronoun when its antecedent was a proposition compared to a noun phrase. These results are in line with the linguistic approaches (e.g., Gundel et al., 2005) according to which processing of pronouns with a propositional antecedent is more complex and requires greater cognitive effort.
19
Litvin, A. A., V. Yu Velychko, and V. V. Kaverynskyi. "Method of information obtaining from ontology on the basis of a natural language phrase analysis." PROBLEMS IN PROGRAMMING, no. 2-3 (September 2020): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pp2020.02-03.322.
Full textAbstract:
A method for phrases analyzing in natural languages of inflective type (Ukrainian and Russian) has been developed. The method allows one to outline main expressed ideas and groups of words in the text by which they are stated. The semantic trees of propositions formed in this way, each of which expresses one specific idea, are a convenient source material for constructing queries to the ontology in the SPARQL language. The analysis algorithm is based on the following sequence of basic steps: word tokenize, determining of marker words and phrases, identifying available type of proposition, identifying nouns groups, building a syntactic graph of a sentence, building semantic trees of propositions based on existing types of propositions, substituting parameters from semantic trees of propositions in the corresponding SPARQL query templates. The choice of an appropriate template depends on the type of proposition expressed by a given semantic tree of a proposition. The sets of concepts received as an answer are tied as corresponding answers to the previously defined semantic tree of proposition. In case of non-receipt of information from the ontology, the reduction of noun groups is carried out to express more general concepts and the building queries using them. This allows us to get some answer, although not as accurate as when we use the full noun group. The use of SPARQL query templates requires an a priori known ontology structure, which is also proposed in this paper. Such a system is applicable for dialogue using chat-bots or for automatically receiving answers to questions from the text.
20
Zimmermann, Ilse. "German participle II constructions as adjuncts." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 17 (January 1, 2000): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.17.2000.52.
Full textAbstract:
The present investigation is concerned with German participles II (past participles) as lexical heads of adjuncts.
Within a minimalist framework of sound-meaning correlation, the analysis presupposes a lexicalist conception of morphology and the differentiation of Semantic Form and Conceptual Structure. It is argued that participles II have the same argument structure as the underlying verbs and can undergo passivization, perfectivization and conversion to adjectives. As for the potential of participles to function as modifiers, it is shown that attributive and adverbial participle constructions involve further operations of conversion. Participle constructions are considered as reduced sentences. They do not have a syntactic position for the subject, for an operator (comparable to the relative pronoun in relative clauses) or for an adverbial relator (as in adverbial clauses). The pertinent components are present only in the semantic structure.
Two templates serve the composition of modifiers - including participle constructions - with the modificandum. It is necessary to differentiate between modification which unifies two predicates relating to participants or to situations and frame setting modification where the modifier is given the status of a propositional operator.
The proposed analysis shows that the high degree of semantic underspecification and interpretative flexibility of German participle II constructions resides in the indeterminacy of participles II with respect to voice and perfect, in the absence of certain constituents in the syntactic structure and in the presence of corresponding parameters in the Semantic Form of the participle phrases.
21
Kovtunenko, Inna V. "Reference and its Cohesive Potential in the Blog Text." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 2021, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2021-1-100-111.
Full textAbstract:
Reference as a logical-semantic category is implemented in the blog text based on a variety of lexical and grammatical means (personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, definite article, nominative phrases). At the same time, we consistently differentiate the functional and formal level of analysis (connectivity relations – means of expressing connectivity). The conceptual difference between the functional category and the formal implementation of this category reveals some implications that are important for our study. First, the noun or nominative phrase that acts as a segment of the propositional stimulus message is repeatedly replaced by a certain range of formal (and contextual) anaphoric means. Responding to this message, the interlocutor constructs a mental representation of the relationship of formal or contextual connectivity between the antecedent and the substitute. At the same time, the connectivity tool performs a specific referential function in the mental map of blog communication participants. If the referential interdependence between the antecedent and the substitute becomes contextual, the blogger and respondents identify the similarity of the concepts manifested by these components of the stimulus and reaction, establish not only formal equivalence, but also semantic and pragmatic similarity of the conceptual meanings of the associated language units. In the developed blog, there is a contextual relationship between the indicators of connectivity of thematically correlated constituents and the pragmatic consistency of messages of participants in computermediated communication. In the blogosphere, lexical and grammatical tools that function in an anaphoric or cataphoric function are endowed with such semantics that acquire relevant meaning for the interlocutors only taking into account the previous or subsequent messages. These messages, in turn, turn out to be the context against which these units are identified and interpreted by the blogger and respondents. The relationship of connectedness is manifested not so much in the blog text, but at the moment of perception by the interlocutors of each other’s discursive works. The category of connectedness is a value proportional to the communicative ability of the interlocutors to compare and coordinate the semantics of discursive elements, taking into account the referential schemes activated in their minds.
22
Combettes, Bernard. "Phrase et proposition." Le français aujourd'hui 173, no. 2 (2011): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/lfa.173.0011.
Full text
23
Stainton, Robert J. "Using non-sentences." Pragmatics and Cognition 2, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.2.2.04sta.
Full textAbstract:
Michael Dummett has nicely expressed a rather widespread doctrine about the primacy of sentences. He writes: "you cannot DO anything with a word — cannot effect any conventional (linguistic) act by uttering it — save by uttering some sentence containing that word ...". In this paper we argue that this doctrine is mistaken: it is not only sentences, but also ordinary words and phrases which can be used in isolation. The argument involves two steps. First: we show — using Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory — that an utterance of "John's father" could COMMUNICATE a proposition. Second: we point out that, in this context, this proposition would be asserted rather than merely implicated. Because there is nothing importantly idiosyncratic about the phrase "John's father", we infer that words and phrases generally can be used in isolation to make assertions.
24
Doherty, Monika. "Relativity of sentence boundary." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 38, no. 2 (January 1, 1992): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.38.2.03doh.
Full textAbstract:
Si le traducteur qui traduit de l'anglais en allemand, respecte les délimitations de la phrase anglaise, la phrase qu'il obtiendra en allemand sera souvent ressentie comme étant trop longue ou trop courte. Ce résultat est dû aux différences que la structure de l'information présente en anglais et en allemand. De nombreuses traductions prouvent que lorsque l'élément le plus important de la phrase — la FOCALE — se trouve en position neutre, il est juxtaposé ä l'élément principal du syntagme verbal. Si l'on fonde la comparaison de l'anglais et de l'allemand sur le paramètre grammatical de base qu'est la latéralité, l'anglais étant une langue de latéralité gauche et l'allemand de latéralité droite, on peut affirmer que la focale se situe ä mi-chemin de la phrase en anglais et en bout de phrase en allemand. Une langue de latéralité gauche tolère la 'longueur', c'est-ä-dire que les structures moins importantes, même lorsqu'elles se présentent sous la forme de propositions, se trouveront en fin de phrase et non pas en début. En revanche, dans les langues de latéralité droite, ces structures apparaîtront au début de la phrase et non ä la fin. C'est précisément en raison de cette différence de latéralité que les traductions qui conservent la structure de l'information du texte d'origine, risquent d'être ressenties comme trop longues ou trop courtes. Parmi les différentes techniques de traduction qui permettent au traducteur de s'exprimer correctement dans la langue d'arrivée, figure le décalage, vers la droite ou vers la gauche, des délimitations de la phrase originale. Pour ce faire, le traducteur pourra soit séparer des propositions ou, inversement, unir des phrases.
25
Kiesler, Reinhard. "Pour une typologie des phrases complexes." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 129, no. 3 (August 2013): 608–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2013-0064.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractUne tradition grammaticale largement répandue distingue trois types de relations entre propositions, donc trois types de phrases complexes: les propositions juxtaposées, les propositions coordonnées et les phrases hypotaxiques. Riegel et al. (2009) ajoutent en outre les phrases avec incise ou incidente comme quatrième type. Les grammaires et traités décrivent les différentes sortes de coordination (copulative, disjonctive, adversative, causale et consécutive) et de subordination (complétive, relative et circonstancielle). Pourtant, jusqu’à présent il n’existe pas, à ce qu’il semble, de description plus détaillée, ni des divers degrés de l’hypotaxe et de la parataxe d’une part, ni des différentes combinaisons de structures hypotaxiques et parataxiques d’autre part. Le but de cet article est donc de proposer une typologie plus complète des phrases complexes sur la base d’un petit corpus de référence. Cette typologie distinguera, d’un côté, divers degrés de phrases parataxiques homogènes et de phrases parataxiques hétérogènes et, de l’autre côté, des phrases hypotaxiques simples et des phrases hypotaxiques multiples.
26
Lee-Schoenfeld, Vera, and Stephanie Anya Lunden. "The Syntax, Semantics, and Prosody of German "VP"-fronting." LSA Annual Meeting Extended Abstracts 3 (April 8, 2012): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/exabs.v0i0.611.
Full textAbstract:
“VP”-fronting involving an unergative or transitive (agentive) vP depends on a rise-fall, bridge-contour intonation (Büring 1997) in order to be acceptable. (1) [/Ein Außenseiter gewonnen] hat hier noch nie. a.NOM outsider won has here yet never ‘It has never happened here that an outsider won.’ Furthermore, the fronted vP must express partially discourse-old information, have a non-specific/generic subject, and denote a proposition that is quantified over, not asserted. Pitch tracks show the bridge-contour ‘wrapping’ vP into one large prosodic (Intonational) phrase with a high edge tone, reducing vP-contained DPs to major phrases.
27
Corcoran, John. "Schemata: The Concept of Schema in the History of Logic." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 12, no. 2 (June 2006): 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/bsl/1146620060.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSchemata have played important roles in logic since Aristotle's Prior Analytics. The syllogistic figures and moods can be taken to be argument schemata as can the rules of the Stoic propositional logic. Sentence schemata have been used in axiomatizations of logic only since the landmark 1927 von Neumann paper [31]. Modern philosophers know the role of schemata in explications of the semantic conception of truth through Tarski's 1933 Convention T [42]. Mathematical logicians recognize the role of schemata in first-order number theory where Peano's second-order Induction Axiom is approximated by Herbrand's Induction-Axiom Schema [23]. Similarly, in first-order set theory, Zermelo's second-order Separation Axiom is approximated by Fraenkel's first-order Separation Schema [17]. In some of several closely related senses, a schema is a complex system having multiple components one of which is a template-text or scheme-template, a syntactic string composed of one or more “blanks” and also possibly significant words and/or symbols. In accordance with a side condition the template-text of a schema is used as a “template” to specify a multitude, often infinite, of linguistic expressions such as phrases, sentences, or argument-texts, called instances of the schema. The side condition is a second component. The collection of instances may but need not be regarded as a third component. The instances are almost always considered to come from a previously identified language (whether formal or natural), which is often considered to be another component. This article reviews the often-conflicting uses of the expressions ‘schema’ and ‘scheme’ in the literature of logic. It discusses the different definitions presupposed by those uses. And it examines the ontological and epistemic presuppositions circumvented or mooted by the use of schemata, as well as the ontological and epistemic presuppositions engendered by their use. In short, this paper is an introduction to the history and philosophy of schemata.
28
BRINK, CHRIS, and JOHANNES HEIDEMA. "A Verisimilar Ordering of Theories Phrased in a Propositional Language." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 38, no. 4 (December 1, 1987): 533–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/38.4.533.
Full text
29
Meir, Irit. "Sentence-phrase coordination in Hebrew and the syntax–pragmatics interface." Studies in Language 32, no. 1 (January 11, 2008): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.1.02mei.
Full textAbstract:
The coordination of a sentence and a phrase (Sentence-Phrase coordination, henceforth SPC) is a very widespread, though marked, construction in Modern Hebrew. It is characterized by special prosody in that it carries two sentential stresses, and is perceived as more forceful or emphatic than its non-conjoined counterpart. A full account of the properties and distribution of the construction involves both a syntactic and a pragmatic component. The analysis presented in the paper proposes that: (a) The conjunction imposes a propositional interpretation on the phrasal coordinand, thus enabling the speaker to convey two pieces of new information in one sentence. (b) Syntactically, the phrasal coordinand is best analyzed as an adjunct to the sentential coordinand. (c) The special discourse effect of the construction is to be analyzed as a case of independent strengthening (following Sperber & Wilson 1986, Blakemore & Carston 2005), whereby each coordinand leads independently to the same conclusion, thus providing cumulative evidence to the same purpose. (d) Although syntactically non-parallel, the two coordinands play a parallel inferential role in deriving cognitive effects of the utterance. Hence the use of the conjunction is taken as an instruction to the hearer to look for pragmatic parallelism between two constituents which are clearly non-like syntactically.
30
Matos, Gabriela. "Coordination de phrases vs subordination adverbiale: propositions causales en portugais." Faits de Langues 28, no. 1 (2006): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-028-01-900000016.
Full text
31
Gracher, Kherian. "Teria o Metro-Padrão um metro?" Principia: an international journal of epistemology 19, no. 3 (March 8, 2016): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2015v19n3p465.
Full textAbstract:
http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2015v19n3p465Saul Kripke (1972) argued for the existence of a priori propositions that are contingently true. Kripke uses the example of a case presented by Wittgenstein (1953) about the Standard Meter of Paris. The Standard Meter is an object to determine the standard lenght, in the measure system, of a one meter unit. Wittgenstein argued that we can’t affirm that the Standard Meter has one meter, since it is the standard for measure and works as a rule in the language. Therefore, the phrase “the standard meter has one meter” doesn’t have a truth-value. On the other hand, Kripke argued that that phrase expresses a true proposition and can be known a priori by whom stipulated that this object will be the standard for measure. I will argue in favor a kripkean position, analyzing the dispute and thereafter answering possible objections from proponents of the wittgensteinian position.
32
Milićev, Tanja, Nataša Milićević, and Maja Marković. "Prosodic and Semantic Properties of Intonational Phrases." Romanian Journal of English Studies 9, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10319-012-0008-9.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the relation between prosodic and semantic properties of Intonational Phrases, based on the facts from Serbian. The production tests and elicited judgements show that the prosodic integration of the embedded IPs (appositives, parentheticals, and the left-peripheral adverbs) has a distinct semantic effect, or is accompanied by the narrow focus interpretation within the proposition modified.
33
Benoist, Jean-Pierre. "L'ordre des propositions dans la phrase complexe russe." Revue des études slaves 62, no. 1 (1990): 31–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/slave.1990.5863.
Full text
34
Léon, Jacqueline. "Proposition, phrase, énoncé dans la grammaire : Parcours historique." L Information Grammaticale 98, no. 1 (2003): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/igram.2003.2610.
Full text
35
Gardes-Tamine, Joëlle. "Phrase, proposition, énoncé, etc. Pour une nouvelle terminologie." L Information Grammaticale 98, no. 1 (2003): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/igram.2003.2612.
Full text
36
장경철. "On the Verb Phrase of Evaluatives with Propositional Verbs in English." New Korean Journal of English Lnaguage & Literature 50, no. 3 (August 2008): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25151/nkje.2008.50.3.013.
Full text
37
Lafrance, Jean-David. "L’attitude de tenir une phrase pour vraie et le holisme psycholinguistique1." Articles 31, no. 2 (January 10, 2005): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/009812ar.
Full textAbstract:
Résumé. En m’appuyant sur une distinction de Daniel Laurier entre holismes métaphysique et épistémique ainsi que sur le fait généralement admis qu’il n’y a que deux types de relations susceptibles de prévaloir entre états mentaux, j’évalue différentes définitions, proposées par Donald Davidson, de l’attitude de tenir une phrase pour vraie, soient celle qui fait de cette attitude une attitude propositionnelle, celle qui prétend qu’elle est une attitude non individuative et, enfin, celle qui suggère qu’elle est une action. J’essaie de voir les conséquences qu’entraîne, sur le plan des relations entre états mentaux, l’inclusion de cette attitude, selon les définitions analysées, dans le holisme psycholinguistique, lequel est un holisme métaphysique et concerne les phrases de la langue d’un locuteur ainsi que ses croyances. Je termine en suggérant que la voie la plus prometteuse concernant cette attitude est de la définir comme une attitude non individuative, qu’il faut prendre soin de distinguer des autres états mentaux à contenu non propositionnel, comme les états expérientiels.
38
Kreifeldt, John G. "Warnings and Expert Opinions An Evaluation Methodology based on Fuzzy Probabilities." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 13 (October 1992): 940–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601304.
Full textAbstract:
A number of mandated and voluntary standards and guidelines expressed as good practice have been set out for the design of warnings. However, the question always arises as to whether or not a given warning will accomplish (or would have accomplished) its purpose of preventing injury whether or not it follows such guidelines. The answer to this question must be phrased in probabilities and sometimes only in qualitative form such as “low probability”, “high probability”, “more probable than not”, etc. In order to obtain such answers, experts are often consulted for their opinions. A methodology is presented which can be used as a basis for checking the consistency of the final conclusions or opinions using the concept of “fuzzy probabilities” and conceptually simple computations. The methodology is also of use to the expert in formulating his opinion rationally and deducing its implications clearly. This methodology is presented here in the context of the opined probability of effectiveness of warnings and instructions although it may be used in any context in which the total proposition can be phrased as a set of interrelated sub propositions as is common in reliability theory, decision theory, etc.
39
Vargas-Vera, Maria. "Tu-vera." International Journal of Smart Education and Urban Society 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseus.2018040105.
Full textAbstract:
This article describes how the encryption algorithm (called Tu-vera) depends on the transformation of a phrase written in English into a sequence of propositional logic formulas which can be understand by a human receiver. This happens if the receiver has a set of reserved words and he/she knows the level of unfolding manipulation that the receiver needs to perform in the transformation of the phrase/sentence. The Tu-vera algorithm requires several steps like a) to give a phrase; b) to re-order words of the given phrase in order to form a propositional logic formula; c) to make use of background knowledge by performing substitutions; d) to answer questions in general subjects (like literature, biology and so forth); e) to change synonyms/antonyms (if this is feasible); f) to perform actions in order to give value to both or one operand of the logic formula and g) to conclude the final answer of the logic formula (true or false) depending of the logic values of the operands in the logic formula. Finally, a working example, in the subject of universal history is introduced.
40
Hennig, Mathilde. "Von Satzbauplänen zu Nominalgruppenbauplänen." Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 47, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 535–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2019-0024.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In contemporary German, nominal structures are often prefered to verbal sentences. Since it is rather common to convert main verbs into nouns by the means of derivation, verbal propositions can easily be integrated into new sentences. As the main verb‘s valency is maintained, verbal complements can be transfered into noun phrases as well – now functioning as modifiers. Thus, contemporary German offers a wide range of possibilities of transferring propositions from sentences into noun phrases. On the other hand, it seems to be easier to transfer certain types of sentence structures into nominal structures than others. The article explores the possibilities and limitations of this process on the basis of an empirical study, in which native speakers of German were asked to „translate“ sentences into noun phrases. According to the results of the study, the possibilities and limitations of the transformation of verbal sentences into nominal structures depend on the following factors: amount of complements, form of complements and modifiers, formal similarities and differences of verbal complements and nominal modifiers.
41
Bulhof, Johannes, and Steven Gimbel. "Deep tautologies." Pragmatics and Cognition 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2001): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.9.2.06bul.
Full textAbstract:
The standard understanding of tautologies is that they are semantically vacuous. Yet tautological utterances occur frequently in conversational discourse. One approach contends that apparent tautological statements are either genuinely tautologous and thereby semantically vacuous or are what we term “pseudo-tautologies”, i.e., sentences that only bear a formal syntactic resemblance to tautologies but are not in fact tautologous. Another approach follows Grice and asserts that the meaning of a tautological utterance derives from an inference made by the listener from the utterance via universal rules of conversation to a non-tautological proposition. We deny both accounts for a subset of tautological utterances that are both content-bearing and truly tautological. Such “deep tautologies” acquire meaning not by shedding their tautological status, but by drawing attention to it. Since only non-vague noun phrases will support tautological statements of the form N is N, the use of a tautology of this form in conversational context will, by its use as a tautology, indicate the speaker’s intention that the noun phrase be considered non-vague.
42
He, Hua, Jimmy Lin, and Adam Lopez. "Gappy Pattern Matching on GPUs for On-Demand Extraction of Hierarchical Translation Grammars." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 3 (December 2015): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00124.
Full textAbstract:
Grammars for machine translation can be materialized on demand by finding source phrases in an indexed parallel corpus and extracting their translations. This approach is limited in practical applications by the computational expense of online lookup and extraction. For phrase-based models, recent work has shown that on-demand grammar extraction can be greatly accelerated by parallelization on general purpose graphics processing units (GPUs), but these algorithms do not work for hierarchical models, which require matching patterns that contain gaps. We address this limitation by presenting a novel GPU algorithm for on-demand hierarchical grammar extraction that is at least an order of magnitude faster than a comparable CPU algorithm when processing large batches of sentences. In terms of end-to-end translation, with decoding on the CPU, we increase throughput by roughly two thirds on a standard MT evaluation dataset. The GPU necessary to achieve these improvements increases the cost of a server by about a third. We believe that GPU-based extraction of hierarchical grammars is an attractive proposition, particularly for MT applications that demand high throughput.
43
Kruschke, John K. "An Interactive Classroom Demonstration of Propositional and Analogical Representation." Teaching of Psychology 23, no. 3 (October 1996): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009862839602300306.
Full textAbstract:
In a cognitive psychology demonstration, students see a rat's-eye view of a maze, projected from a computer, and vocally vote for moves through the maze. The class takes false paths in the first run, but it avoids them in the second. The learning can be explained in terms of analogical imagery or in terms of propositions and rules for modifying them. The demonstration achieves three goals: It actively engages students, effectively explains the concepts, and provides a memorable referent for explaining other topics such as algorithms versus heuristics, production systems, and phrase-structure grammar.
44
Metzger, Jean-Paul, and Seyed Mohammad Mahmoudi. "Propositions Pour Une Reconnaissance Automatique des Syntagmes Nominaux du Persan." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 20, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 381–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.20.2.06met.
Full textAbstract:
RÉSUMÉ L'objet de cet article réside dans la conception globale d'un analyseur morpho-syntaxique du persan pour 1'indexation automatique. L'analyseur se limite donc à la recherche des Syntagmes Nominaux (SN), considérés comme les éléments les plus informatifs, dans le contexte d'une recherche documentaire, pour l'analyse du contenu d'un texte. La mise au point d'un tel analyseur nécessite, au préalable, une segmentation et une catégorisation correcte de toute forme lexico-syntaxique. Nous présentons très brièvement un aperçu général du traitement automatique des langues naturelles (TAL) et certaines caractéristiques de la langue persane. Puis nous essayons de donner quelques solutions générales pour la construction des règies de réécriture nécessaires pour la reconnaissance automatique des SN en persan. Les règies de réécriture ainsi élaborées sont transcrites en un programme en langage Prolog. SUMMARY The aim of this paper is the conception and realisation of a morpho-syntactic parser of persian designed for applications to automatic indexing and computer-assisted instruction of the language (CAT). One of the chief extensions to this research is the automatic processing of natural language by means of artificial intelligence systems. The main interest of this contribution is to study the automatic recognition of noun phrases in Persian. In the case of automatic indexing, the recognition of the noun phrases would allow the apprehension of the content of the document. Automatic indexing, just as manual indexing, consists of selecting in every document the most informative elements which actually are descriptors or noun phrases (NP). The setting up or conception of such a parser demands, primarily, a correct segmentation and categorisation of any lexico-syntactic forms in the corpus. After having established all the transcription rules needed for the recognition of NP, we shall then transcribe every phase of the analysis by a program in Prolog language. All the lexical data necessary for the categorisation of morpho-syntactic forms are presented as clauses of Prolog in a data-base.
45
Raby, Valérie. "L'analyse de la phrase complexe dans la grammaire générale. Construction des catégories « proposition principale » et « proposition subordonnée »." Histoire Épistémologie Langage 24, no. 1 (2002): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/hel.2002.2852.
Full text
46
Aung, Myintzu Phyo, and Aung Lwin Moe. "New Phrase Chunking Algorithm for Myanmar Natural Language Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.548.
Full textAbstract:
Chunking is the subdivision of sentences into non recursive regular syntactical groups: verbal chunks, nominal chunks, adjective chunks, adverbial chunks and propositional chunks etc. The chunker can operate as a preprocessor for Natural Language Processing systems. This study aims to proposed new phrase chunking algorithm for Myanmar natural language processing. The developed new algorithm accepts Myanmar tagged sentence as input and generates chunks as output. Input Myanmar sentence is split into chunks by using chunk markers such as postpositions, particles and conjunction and define the type of chunks as noun chunk, verb chunk, adjective chunk, adverb chunk and conjunction chunk. The algorithm was evaluated with POS tagged Myanmar sentences based on three measures parameters. According to the results, good accuracy of Precision, Recall and F-measure were obtained with new developed algorithm.
47
Vargas-Vera, Maria. "Methodology for the Elaboration of Quizzes using Propositional Logic Calculus in an E-Learning Environment." International Journal of Knowledge Society Research 7, no. 4 (October 2016): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijksr.2016100106.
Full textAbstract:
This paper introduces the use of propositional logic calculus in the elaboration of educational quizzes to assess the level understanding of students in a specific theme of their courses. The technique introduced in this paper goes beyond multiple-choice quizzes. The technique requires several steps like a) to give a phrase, b) to re-order words of the given phrase in order to form a propositional logic formula, c) to make use of background knowledge for performing substitutions, d) to answer questions from one of the person in the team, e) to change synonyms/antonyms (if this is feasible), f) to perform actions in order to give value to both or at least one operand of the logic formula and g) to conclude the final answer of the logic formula (true or false) depending of the logic values of the operands in the logic formula. As a working example, the author shows a quiz for universal history, however, the same technique could be used to assess students in different courses.
48
Vallée, Richard. "Descriptions, référence et anaphore." Dialogue 33, no. 4 (1994): 611–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300010714.
Full textAbstract:
Dans le paradigme russellien (Russell, 1905), les termes dénotants ou termes quantifiés (Neale, 1990) comme «plusieurs hommes», «quelques hommes», «tous les hommes», sont analysés à l'aide de quantificateurs, de variables, de prédicats et de connecteurs logiques à l'intérieur de phrases complètes exprimant des propositions générales. Les descriptions définies comme les descriptions indéfinies y sont aussi traitées comme des termes quantifiés.
49
Ferado García, Alma L. "Las cláusulas relativas en francés y su traducción al español: un estudio en la Facultad de Lenguas de la UAEM." Çédille 4 (April 1, 2008): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/ced.v4i.5382.
Full textAbstract:
L’article suivant rend partiellement compte des résultats d’une étude réalisée à la Faculté de Langues de l’Université Autonome de l’État de Mexico (UAEM) sur la description des propositions relatives en français et en espagnol et faisant état de quelques concepts de traduction. L’article s’appuie sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle plus les connaissances en langue et en technique de traduction sont élevées, plus il y a de probabilité de traduire correctement un corpus donné. Pour ce faire, des élèves appartenant à trois niveaux différents de français ont traduit en espagnol un corpus de 15 phrases contenant des propositions relatives en langue cible, en l’occurrence en français.
50
Carretero, Marta. "Noun Phrases as expressions of evidentiality: an analysis of four English abstract nouns and their Spanish equivalents." Kalbotyra 69, no. 69 (January 27, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/klbt.2016.10366.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents an analysis of the expression of evidentiality with the English nouns evidence, indication, proof and sign and their Spanish equivalents evidencia, indicación, prueba and señal. The nouns are described as shell nouns having the properties of encapsulating, signalling and labelling. The delimitation of their evidential and non-evidential uses is determined by three factors: existence of a qualified proposition (Belief), non-occurrence within an irrealis context and constant value of the evidential qualification when the Belief refers to a plurality of events. The difficulties posed by the delimitation illustrate the problems involved in determining the scope of evidentiality when expressed by lexical devices belonging to the content of a proposition. A quantitative analysis was carried out on 400 occurrences of the nouns, extracted from two comparable corpora. The results reveal that all the nouns except two expressed evidentiality in most cases, that the linguistic context in which they appear shows great variation in terms of syntax and information structure, and that the labelling function is prominent. The results also uncover idiosyncratic evidential expressions with some of the nouns.