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INGRAM, DAVID. "The measurement of whole-word productions." Journal of Child Language 29, no. 4 (November 2002): 713–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000902005275.
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Attempts to measure phonological acquisition have largely focused on segments, with less effort made to examine whole-word productions. This article proposes four measures designed to estimate a child's whole-word abilities: 1. the PHONOLOGICAL MEAN LENGTH OF UTTERANCE, a measure of whole-word complexity for both child and target words, 2. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD PROXIMITY, a measure of the proximity between the child's word and its target form, 3. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD CORRECTNESS, a measure of the number of words produced correctly relative to the sample size, and 4. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD VARIABILITY, a measure of how often a child produces words in distinct phonological shapes. The central measure is the Phonological Mean Length of Utterance, which can be used to identify a child's stage of acquisition, to assess proximity to target words, and to evaluate the complexity of words. The value of the new measures will be demonstrated through preliminary applications to a range of contexts; i.e. monolingual children acquiring English (five children, 0;11 to 1;5), Cantonese (one child, 1;7), and Spanish (5 children, 2;2 to 2;11), bilingual children acquiring Hungarian-English (one child, 2;0) and Spanish-English (3 children, 2;4 to 2;11), children with phonological impairment (eighteen children, 2;11 to 5;3), and children with cochlear implants (six children, 4;5 to 7;11).
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Roberts, Joanne, Steven H. Long, Cheryl Malkin, Elizabeth Barnes, Martie Skinner, Elizabeth A. Hennon, and Kathleen Anderson. "A Comparison of Phonological Skills of Boys With Fragile X Syndrome and Down Syndrome." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48, no. 5 (October 2005): 980–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/067).
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In this study, the authors compared the phonological accuracy and patterns of sound change of boys with fragile X syndrome, boys with Down syndrome, and typically developing mental-age-matched boys. Participants were 50 boys with fragile X syndrome, ages 3 to 14 years; 32 boys with Down syndrome, ages 4 to 13 years; and 33 typically developing boys, ages 2 to 6 years, who were matched for nonverbal mental age to both the boys with fragile X syndrome and the boys with Down syndrome. All participants were administered a standardized articulation test, and their sound accuracy, phonological process, and proportion of whole-word proximity scores were analyzed. Although boys with fragile X syndrome were delayed in their speech development, they did not differ from the typically developing, mental-age-matched boys in the percentage of correct early-, middle-, and late-developing consonants; phonological processes; or whole-word proximity scores. Furthermore, boys with fragile X syndrome had fewer errors on early-, middle-, and late-developing consonants; fewer syllable structure processes; and higher whole-word proximity scores than did boys with Down syndrome. Boys with Down syndrome also were delayed in their speech development, yet their phonological inventories, occurrences of phonological processes, and proportion of whole-word proximity scores indicated greater delays in their phonological development than the younger, typically developing boys. These results suggest that males with fragile X syndrome display phonological characteristics in isolated words similar to younger, typically developing children, whereas males with Down syndrome show greater delays as well as some developmental differences compared with both the males with fragile X syndrome and typically developing males.
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Zhang, Su. "Model Construction of the Influence of Tourist Destination Image on Tourists’ Word-of-Mouth Communication Based on Cognitive and Emotional Environment." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (September 16, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3343946.
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Tourists base a significant portion of their decisions on the perception they have of a place, which is formed over a protracted period of time and serves as the foundation for word-of-mouth marketing. It is uncommon to talk about how to include travellers’ word-of-mouth into tourism research. At the same time, the perception of a travel place has an impact on the entire travel experience as well as posttravel behaviour. This research investigates the impact of tourist destination image on travellers’ word-of-mouth communication, and it builds a model of travellers’ tourism awareness word-of-mouth communication based on the dual perspectives of cognition and emotion. The study demonstrates that the age of tourists accounted for the biggest proportion—up to 84.3%—among the three parameters influencing word-of-mouth communication among tourists. Second, the highest percentage for tourists’ educational attainment is 61.1%; third, the highest percentage for tourists’ occupation is 55.4%, demonstrating that age is the primary factor. The kind and strength of visitors’ emotional reactions to the environment at their destination are determined by their emotions and the surrounding environment. Integration, which is reflected in tourists’ tolerance and proximity to the destination environment, is the cognitive assessment of their perception of the location.
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Christiansen, Steffan Noe, Stine Bøttcher Jacobsen, Jeppe Dyrberg Andersen, Marie-Louise Kampmann, Linea Christine Trudsø, Kristine Boisen Olsen, Jacob Tfelt-Hansen, Jytte Banner, and Niels Morling. "Differential Methylation in the GSTT1 Regulatory Region in Sudden Unexplained Death and Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 2790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062790.
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Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a diagnostic challenge in forensic medicine. In a relatively large proportion of the SCDs, the deaths remain unexplained after autopsy. This challenge is likely caused by unknown disease mechanisms. Changes in DNA methylation have been associated with several heart diseases, but the role of DNA methylation in SCD is unknown. In this study, we investigated DNA methylation in two SCD subtypes, sudden unexplained death (SUD) and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). We assessed DNA methylation of more than 850,000 positions in cardiac tissue from nine SUD and 14 SUDEP cases using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. In total, six differently methylated regions (DMRs) between the SUD and SUDEP cases were identified. The DMRs were located in proximity to or overlapping genes encoding proteins that are a part of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) showed that the DNA methylation alterations were not caused by genetic changes, while whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS) showed that DNA methylation was associated with expression levels of the GSTT1 gene. In conclusion, our results indicate that cardiac DNA methylation is similar in SUD and SUDEP, but with regional differential methylation in proximity to GST genes.
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Karimian, Fatemeh, Roya Mohammadi, Zahra Bemani, Yalda Kazemi, and Faranak Kianfar. "Phonological Mean Length of Utterance in 48-60-Month-old Persian-Speaking Children With Isfahani Accent: Comparison of Story Generation and Conversation Samples." Journal of Rehabilitation 23, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 392–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/rj.23.3.3344.1.
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Objective Phonological Mean Length of Utterance (PMLU), a quantitative measure for assessing phonological skills, is a diagnostic and clinical criterion in phonological development. Moreover, it is an indicator showing the efficacy of the intervention. The PMLU is a word level measure that can be calculated on the child’s transcribed speech sample (transcription). To calculate PMLU, all consonants and vowels of the child’s produced words, and target words (standard production of words in native adults) are individually scored. The proportion of Whole-Word Proximity (PWP), another phonological quantitative measure, includes the ratio of the produced PMLU to the targeted word PMLU. PWP indirectly reflects the intelligibility of speech. Since languages are distinctive in syllabic and phonological structures, PMLU should be studied as a language-specific measure. PMLU has specifically been designed to assess phonological skills in spontaneous speech. Spontaneous speech sampling methods are advantageous since they consider the effect of morphological and syntactic skills, length, and complexity of words, and they could show the normal development of word complexity. This study was conducted to determine PMLU and PWP in 48 to 60 months old Persian-speaking children with Isfahani accents and to compare them in story generation and conversation sampling methods. The potential sensitivity of PMLU to growth was also examined. Materials & Methods This is an observational and cross-sectional study that was conducted for one year in 2016 in Isfahan City, Iran. A total of 100 children (51 boys and 49 girls) aged 48-60 months participated in story generation sampling, and 67 children (32 boys and 35 girls) participated in conversation sampling. The participants were selected from 261 kindergartens under the supervision of the Welfare Organization of Isfahan Province using the convenience sampling method. After completing the consent form and considering the inclusion criteria, conversation and story-generation samples were collected. Audio samplings were done in the same room using the same software (Clear Record Litev. 2.1). Raters transcribed the first 50 words of the recorded speech samples. Finally, we used the formula to calculate the target PMLU and child PMLU based on the normal production of an adult who speaks Persian with an Isfahani accent and the child’s production, respectively. To evaluate inter-rater reliability, raters randomly transcribed 20% of all samples to recalculate values. Participants’ story generation and conversation scores were entered into SPSS16 separately. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine the data distribution. Based on the data distribution, paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare measurements, and the Pearson and Spearman tests were used to investigate the associations. Results Child PMLU, target PMLU, and PWP measures of the story generation method were 8.794, 8.811, 0.998, and those of the conversation method were 9.068, 9.093, and 0.998, respectively. Correlation test results showed significant relationship between age and PWP in story generation (r=0.308) and conversation (r=0.313). Comparing child PMLU in story generation and conversation showed a significant relationship between child PMLU in both sampling methods (P=0.000). The result of the target PMLU comparison in two methods of story generation and conversation (P=0.000) was significant. PWP did not significantly differ between the two sampling methods (P=0.973). The inter-rater reliability was calculated at 0.70. Conclusion This study can be used as a basis for quantitative studies in the field of children’s phonological assessment using Persian whole words. However, longitudinal studies in different age groups with a high level of evidence in this field can convince therapists to use whole-word measures in clinics.
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Pollack, Stephanie, Anna Gartsman, Timothy Reardon, and Meghna Hari. "Reshaping the Region." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2537, no. 1 (January 2015): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2537-04.
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The American Public Transportation Association's use of a “land use multiplier” as part of its methodology for calculating greenhouse gas reduction from transit has increased interest in methodologies that quantify the impact of transit systems on land use and vehicle miles traveled. Such transit leverage, however, is frequently evaluated for urbanized areas, although transit systems serve only a small proportion of those areas. If transit leverage is stronger in areas closer to transit stations, studies based on larger geographies may underestimate land use and travel behavior effects in transit-served areas. A geographic information system–based data set was developed to understand better the leverage effects associated with the mature and extensive Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority transit system in areas proximate to its stations throughout Metropolitan Boston. The region was divided into the subregion that was transit-proximate (within a half mile of a rapid transit station or key bus route), the portion that was commuter rail–proximate, and the remaining 93.3% of the region that was not proximate to high-frequency transit. Households in the transit-proximate subregion were significantly more likely to commute by transit (and walking or biking), less likely to own a car, and drove fewer miles than households in the non-transit-served areas of the region. Commuter rail–proximate areas, although denser than the region as a whole, exhibited more driving and car ownership than regional averages. Given these spatial and modal variations, future efforts to understand transit leverage should separately evaluate land use and travel effects by mode and proximity to transit stations.
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Corcoran, Niall, Geoff Macintyre, Matthew Hong, Clare Slogget, Haroon Naeem, Marek Cmero, John Pedersen, et al. "Using whole-genome sequencing to implicate the androgen receptor as the predominant driver of DNA breakpoints and fusion events in prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2014): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.4_suppl.67.
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67 Background: Structural rearrangements in cancers genomes have the potential to disrupt normal gene function and result in a selective growth advantage, either by inactivating tumour suppressors or creating novel gene fusions with oncogenic gain-of-function. Specific fusion genes identified to date are found in particular tumor types rather than being present in all cancers suggesting there are tissue-specific mechanisms underlying these events. The most well-known fusion event in prostate cancer is TMPRSS2-ERG. Recent studies have suggested that androgen receptor may play a role in the formation of TMPRSS2-ERG fusions, bringing the two loci in close proximity in the nucleus and facilitating DNA strand break and repair along with AR associated enzymes. Methods: To explore this mechanism more comprehensively, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 14 prostate cancers from seven patients as well as paired whole blood controls. Results: Across the cancer genomes we identified approximately 4,500 high confidence DNA breakpoints and found that a large proportion of these breakpoints were in close proximity to curated androgen receptor binding sites. Furthermore, when we examined breakpoints in 11 other cancers from the TCGA and ICGC projects, we identified a similar association with androgen (and estrogen) receptor binding sites specifically in hormone-dependent tumour types, suggesting a role for steroid hormone receptors in the formation of cancer driving structural rearrangements. In addition, in at least one patient, the formation of a novel gene fusion contributed directly to the lethal evolution of his tumour. Conclusions: These data suggest that the androgen receptor drives genome wide breakpoints and novel fusion events in prostate cancer.
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Mauka, Wilhellmuss I., Michael J. Mahande, Sia E. Msuya, and Rune N. Philemon. "Factors Associated with Repeat Blood Donation at the Northern Zone Blood Transfusion Centre in Tanzania." Journal of Blood Transfusion 2015 (December 13, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/717653.
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Background and Objective. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with repeat blood donation. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study carried out among blood donors aged 18–65 years in northern Tanzania. The questionnaire was administered among 454 participants through the phone. Results. Of the 454 participants, the proportion of repeat donation was 63.9%. In the backward logistic regression analysis, the significant predictors were living in Arusha which had lower odds of repeat donation compared to those living in Kilimanjaro. Knowledge of time interval between donations increased odds of repeating donations. High intention increased odds of repeat donation compared to low intention. Altruistic score had minor effect on increasing odds of repeating donation. Conclusion. Repeat blood donation is affected by proximity of donating site, awareness of the blood donation interval, intention to donate, and experience on previous donation. We recommend continuous education concerning blood donors and donation among health workers and society as a whole; this will create awareness on motivational factors for repeat donations.
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Sperdouli, Ilektra, Stefanos S. Andreadis, Ioannis-Dimosthenis S. Adamakis, Julietta Moustaka, Eleni I. Koutsogeorgiou, and Michael Moustakas. "Reactive Oxygen Species Initiate Defence Responses of Potato Photosystem II to Sap-Sucking Insect Feeding." Insects 13, no. 5 (April 24, 2022): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050409.
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Potato, Solanum tuberosum L., one of the most commonly cultivated horticultural crops throughout the world, is susceptible to a variety of herbivory insects. In the present study, we evaluated the consequence of feeding by the sap-sucking insect Halyomorpha halys on potato leaf photosynthetic efficiency. By using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging methodology, we examined photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in terms of feeding and at the whole leaf area. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in potato’s defence response mechanism immediately after feeding was also assessed. Even 3 min after feeding, increased ROS generation was observed to diffuse through the leaf central vein, probably to act as a long-distance signalling molecule. The proportion of absorbed energy being used in photochemistry (ΦPSII) at the whole leaf level, after 20 min of feeding, was reduced by 8% compared to before feeding due to the decreased number of open PSII reaction centres (qp). After 90 min of feeding, ΦPSII decreased by 46% at the whole leaf level. Meanwhile, at the feeding zones, which were located mainly in the proximity of the leaf midrib, ΦPSII was lower than 85%, with a concurrent increase in singlet-excited oxygen (1O2) generation, which is considered to be harmful. However, the photoprotective mechanism (ΦNPQ), which was highly induced 90 min after feeding, was efficient to compensate for the decrease in the quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII). Therefore, the quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO), which represents 1O2 generation, remained unaffected at the whole leaf level. We suggest that the potato PSII response to sap-sucking insect feeding underlies the ROS-dependent signalling that occurs immediately and initiates a photoprotective PSII defence response to reduce herbivory damage. A controlled ROS burst can be considered the primary plant defence response mechanism to herbivores.
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Shury, Todd K., Margo J. Pybus, Nick Nation, Normand L. Cool, and W. James Rettie. "Fascioloides magna in Moose (Alces alces) From Elk Island National Park, Alberta." Veterinary Pathology 56, no. 3 (January 27, 2019): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985818823776.
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Thirty-seven adult female moose ( Alces alces) from 2 distinct but adjacent populations in Elk Island National Park (EINP), Alberta, Canada (19 in north EINP and 18 in south EINP), were fitted with mortality-sensing VHF radio-collars, and radio signals were acquired daily to ascertain mortality status. At capture, serum, whole blood, and feces were collected; pregnancy was determined; teeth were aged by visual inspection; and a portion of liver was assessed by ultrasound examination. Postmortem examination was conducted on 20 suitable carcasses. Clinical pathological abnormalities, including eosinophilia, polycythemia, elevated levels of liver enzymes in serum, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell distribution, and liver damage as seen in ultrasound images occurred only in moose from north EINP. Infected moose had 4.7 ± 4.8 Fascioloides magna flukes per liver (mean ± SD). The proportion of moose pregnant at capture was similar in both populations (74% in north EINP, 61% in south EINP). Proportional mortality was significantly higher in moose from the north (68%) than the south (32%). Fascioloides magna was associated as a cause of death in 7 of 14 (50%) moose in the north where cause of death was determined, while predation ( n = 1), acute toxemic syndrome ( n = 3), dystocia ( n = 1), and roadkill and undetermined causes ( n = 3) were additional causes of mortality. F. magna was associated with poor body condition and was a major cause of mortality in north EINP but not south EINP, despite very similar habitat and proximity, suggesting a significant role for these flukes in affecting health and viability of naturally infected moose populations.
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Marks, Claire, and Charlotte M. Deane. "Increasing the accuracy of protein loop structure prediction with evolutionary constraints." Bioinformatics 35, no. 15 (December 10, 2018): 2585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bty996.
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Abstract Motivation Accurate prediction of loop structures remains challenging. This is especially true for long loops where the large conformational space and limited coverage of experimentally determined structures often leads to low accuracy. Co-evolutionary contact predictors, which provide information about the proximity of pairs of residues, have been used to improve whole-protein models generated through de novo techniques. Here we investigate whether these evolutionary constraints can enhance the prediction of long loop structures. Results As a first stage, we assess the accuracy of predicted contacts that involve loop regions. We find that these are less accurate than contacts in general. We also observe that some incorrectly predicted contacts can be identified as they are never satisfied in any of our generated loop conformations. We examined two different strategies for incorporating contacts, and on a test set of long loops (10 residues or more), both approaches improve the accuracy of prediction. For a set of 135 loops, contacts were predicted and hence our methods were applicable in 97 cases. Both strategies result in an increase in the proportion of near-native decoys in the ensemble, leading to more accurate predictions and in some cases improving the root-mean-square deviation of the final model by more than 3 Å. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Parrotta, John A., Dwight D. Baker, and Maurice Fried. "Changes in dinitrogen fixation in maturing stands of Casuarinaequisetifolia and Leucaenaleucocephala." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-190.
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Biological dinitrogen fixation in Casuarinaequisetifolia J.R. & G. Forst. and Leucaenaleucocephala (Lam.) de Wit was evaluated using the 15N-enrichment technique under field conditions in single-species and mixed-species plantings (with a nonfixing reference species, Eucalyptus ×robusta J.E. Smith) between 1.0 and 3.5 years of age in Puerto Rico. Following periodic labelling of trenched and untrenched plantation quadrats with 15N-enriched ammonium sulfate, analyses of foliar and whole-tree (weighted average) N-isotopic ratios and total biomass N were used to estimate the proportion of nitrogen derived from biological dinitrogen fixation (PNDFA) and total nitrogen derived from fixation (TNDFA) in C. equisetifolia and L. leucocephala. The 15N-enrichment technique yielded accurate estimates of dinitrogen fixation in maturing stands of these two tree species provided the reference species (Eucalyptus) was grown in close proximity to the N-fixing species in trenched, mixed-species plots. Changes in the 15N/14N ratio of soil-available nitrogen in single-species plots of the N-fixing and reference were found to yield inaccurate estimates of dinitrogen fixation in the single-species plots of C. equisetifolia and L. leucocephala after 2 years of age. The results confirm earlier findings that foliar sampling is a useful nondestructive alternative to whole-tree biomass sampling for the 15N-enrichment protocol. Between 1.0 and 3.5 years after plantation establishment, PNDFA in C. equisetifolia remained relatively constant between 50 and 60%, while PNDFA in L. leucocephala declined from nearly 100% at 1 year to less than 40% at 3.5 years. The rate of dinitrogen fixation (kg•ha−1•year−1) did not decline as the stands matured. Cumulative dinitrogen fixation (TNDFA) estimates at 3.5 years were very similar between species: 73 in C. equisetifolia and 74 kg N•ha−1•year−1 in L. leucocephala.
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Wu, Xueyuan, Chi-kin Law, and Paul Yip. "A Projection of Future Hospitalisation Needs in a Rapidly Ageing Society: A Hong Kong Experience." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 6, 2019): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030473.
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To assess the impact of ageing on hospitalisation in a rapidly ageing society. A study using retrospective and prospective data was conducted using hospitalisation data with age-specific admission rates in the period from 2001–2010 and demographic data from the period of 2001–2066 by the United Nations. The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) with a 7 million population experiences extreme low fertility (1.1 children per woman) and long life expectancy (84 years old). Days of hospitalisation: For the period 2010–2066, the length of stay (LOS) in the age group 85+ is projected to increase by 555.3% while the LOS for the whole population is expected to increase by only 134.4% and by ageing only. In 2010, the proportion in the LOS contributed to by the oldest age group (85+) was 15%. In 2066, this proportion is projected to nearly triple (42%). Around 70% of the projected days of hospitalisation would be taken by people aged 75 years and above. It is projected that this phenomenon would be converted to a more balanced structure when the demographic transition changes into a more stable distribution. Apparently, the impact of ageing on the public hospital system has not been well understood and prepared. The determined result provides insight into monitoring the capacity of the hospital system to cope with a rapidly changing demographic society. It provides empirical evidence of the impact of ageing on the public hospitalisation system. It gives a long term projection up to the year 2066 while the situation would be different from the transient period of 2016–2030. The analysis adopts a fixed rate approach, which assumes the LOS to be only driven by demographic factors, while any improvements in health technologies and health awareness are not accounted for. Only inpatient data from the Hospital Authority were used, nonetheless, they are the best available for the study. Due to the limitation of data, proximity to death is not controlled in conducting this analysis.
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HARMELIN, J. G., G. BITAR, and H. ZIBROWIUS. "High xenodiversity versus low native diversity in the south-eastern Mediterranean: bryozoans from the coastal zone of Lebanon." Mediterranean Marine Science 17, no. 2 (February 12, 2016): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.1429.
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Because of its location in the warmest corner of the Mediterranean, its proximity to the northern entrance of the Suez Canal, i.e. the gateway for massive exotic biota introduction into the Mediterranean, the occurrence of high shipping activity and strong human pressure, the Lebanese coastal zone is an area that is exceptionally well-suited for investigating the effects of these extreme conditions on Mediterranean biodiversity. Bryozoans, which are among the main components of sessile communities, reflect dramatically the impact of these particular conditions. Their assemblages, sampled by diving along the whole coast of Lebanon during a pluriannual programme, mainly between 1999 and 2003, consist of 93 species (12 Cyclostomata, 2 Ctenostomata, 79 Cheilostomata). The native part of this bryozoan fauna exhibits low diversity, with an unexpected absence of many taxa, from family to species level, which are very common in the rest of the Mediterranean. It is also characterized by a high proportion of endemic species, in contrast with the general eastward trend of decreasing endemicity observed in the Mediterranean, and by the strong presence of 'southern' thermophilic species. With 27 non-indigenous species, xenodiversity is exceptionally high, particularly in the cheilostome pool (26 species), but was likely undersampled. Moreover, one may assume that new non-indigenous bryozoans (NIB) are now established along the Levantine coasts. This trend is expected to increase in the near future with the intensification of surface water warming and boost of shipping activity and propagule flux generated by the expansion of the Suez Canal.
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Mitnitski, Arnold B., Alexander J. Mogilner, and Kenneth Rockwood. "Accumulation of Deficits as a Proxy Measure of Aging." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.58.
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This paper develops a method for appraising health status in elderly people. A frailty index was defined as the proportion of accumulated deficits (symptoms, signs, functional impairments, and laboratory abnormalities). It serves as an individual state variable, reflecting severity of illness and proximity to death. In a representative database of elderly Canadians we found that deficits accumulated at 3% per year, and show a gamma distribution, typical for systems with redundant components that can be used in case of failure of a given subsystem. Of note, the slope of the index is insensitive to the individual nature of the deficits, and serves as an important prognostic factor for life expectancy. The formula for estimating an individual�s life span given the frailty index value is presented. For different patterns of cognitive impairments the average within-group index value increases with the severity of the cognitive impairment, and the relative variability of the index is significantly reduced. Finally, the statistical distribution of the frailty index sharply differs between well groups (gamma distribution) and morbid groups (normal distribution). This pattern reflects an increase in uncompensated deficits in impaired organisms, which would lead to illness of various etiologies, and ultimately to increased mortality. The accumulation of deficits is as an example of a macroscopic variable, i.e., one that reflects general properties of aging at the level of the whole organism rather than any given functional deficiency. In consequence, we propose that it may be used as a proxy measure of aging.
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Serra, Matteo, Laetitia Collet, Mattia Rediti, Frédéric Lifrange, David Venet, Xiaoxiao Wang, Delphine Vincent, et al. "Abstract P1-05-03: Integrating spatial transcriptomics and high-resolution morphological annotation to investigate tumor heterogeneity and PAM50 molecular subtyping in lobular breast cancer." Cancer Research 82, no. 4_Supplement (February 15, 2022): P1–05–03—P1–05–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p1-05-03.
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Abstract Background: Invasive lobular breast carcinoma (ILC) represents 5 to 15% of all invasive breast cancers (BCs). Here, we aim to investigate inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity in terms of microenvironment composition, PAM50 molecular classification and proliferation (genomic grade index [GGI]) by combining spatial transcriptomics (ST) and accurate morphological annotation. Methods: Spatial RNA sequencing (Visium - 10X Genomics) was performed on frozen tumor samples from 15 primary estrogen receptor positive, HER2-negative ILC patients with long-term follow up. Hematoxylin/eosin slides were morphologically annotated integrating manual and machine learning-based approaches reaching single-cell resolution (QuPath software). The relative histomorphological categories (HC) composition of each spot across the ST slide was computed as percentage of pixels, while the level of proximity of different HC was evaluated computing the proportion of co-occurring HC at each spot. The PAM50 subtypes (AIMS R package) and GGI were computed on spots containing at least 40% of tumor (merging all the spots belonging to each sample [pseudo-bulk] for PAM50, while calculating mean and standard deviation [SD] across spots for GGI). PAM50 was also computed on the pseudo-bulk of the whole set of spots per sample. Wilcoxon and Spearman rank tests were used to compare continuous variables and assess correlations. Results: Out of 15 tumors, 7 were T2 or T3, 6 were node positive at diagnosis and 14 were grade 2. Four patients experienced disease relapse. Morphological annotation revealed that an average (per patient) of 20.3% (5.6-46.7%), 65.9% (45.5-83.5%) and 6.5% (0.0-27.1%) of the spots corresponded to tumor, stroma and fat tissue respectively. Larger tumors (T2-3 vs T1) presented a higher proportion of fat tissue and tumor cells, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. The levels and spatial variability of proliferation, measured using GGI, were higher in T2-3 compared to T1 tumors (p = 0.072 and 0.040, respectively). Of note, higher spatial variability of proliferation was also associated with node-positive tumors (p = 0.066). By computing the PAM50 classification using the pseudo-bulk, 9 samples were classified as luminal A, 1 as luminal B and 5 as normal-like. Of interest, when focusing on the tumor enriched spots, 60% of the samples previously classified as normal-like were re-classified as luminal A. Samples from patients who relapsed showed a higher fraction of fat tissue at the level of the whole slide (14.4% vs 3.5%; p = 0.018), with an increased co-localization of fat tissue and tumor cells at the spot level as well as higher proliferation values, although not significant. Conclusions: High proportion of fat tissue together with higher co-localization of fat tissue with tumor cells are associated with poor outcome in ILC. Higher spatial variability of proliferation is associated with larger tumors, lymph node positivity and recurrence. The proportion of stroma and fat tissue affected substantially the PAM50 classification of the tumors. Further validation is needed. Citation Format: Matteo Serra, Laetitia Collet, Mattia Rediti, Frédéric Lifrange, David Venet, Xiaoxiao Wang, Delphine Vincent, Ghizlane Rouas, Danai Fimereli, David Gacquer, Andrea Joaquin Garcia, Isabelle Veys, Ligia Craciun, Denis Larsimont, Miikka Vikkula, François Duhoux, Françoise Rothé, Christos Sotiriou. Integrating spatial transcriptomics and high-resolution morphological annotation to investigate tumor heterogeneity and PAM50 molecular subtyping in lobular breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-05-03.
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Ingram, David, and Kelly D. Ingram. "A Whole-Word Approach to Phonological Analysis and Intervention." Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 32, no. 4 (October 2001): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2001/024).
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This paper introduces a whole-word approach to phonological analysis and then demonstrates the use of the approach by conducting an analysis and outlining treatment recommendations for a child with a phonological disability. Rationale for using a whole-word approach and also for defining phonological typologies are presented using the view that children are word oriented and use different patterns to acquire their phonological systems. New measures for word complexity and target proximity are explained, and four components of a phonological analysis are outlined and subsequently demonstrated.
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Hoang-Minh, Lan, Fernanda Pohl-Guimarães, Angelie Rivera-Rodriguez, Seth Currlin, Kevin Otto, Carlos Rinaldi, and Duane Mitchell. "EXTH-42. QUANTITATIVE BIODISTRIBUTION OF ADOPTIVELY TRANSFERRED T CELLS IN BRAIN TUMOR-BEARING MICE." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_6 (November 2019): vi91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz175.374.
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Abstract SIGNIFICANCE Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has emerged as the most effective treatment strategy against advanced malignant melanoma, eliciting remarkable objective clinical responses in up to 75% of patients with refractory metastatic disease, including those with lesions within the central nervous system. Importantly, immunologic surrogate endpoints that correlate with treatment outcome have been identified in these patients, with clinical responses being dependent on the migration of transferred T cells to sites of tumor growth. OBJECTIVE We investigated the biodistribution of exogenously administered T cells in a murine model of glioblastoma at whole body, organ, and cellular levels. METHODS T cells were isolated from the spleens of DsRed transgenic C57BL/6 mice and injected intravenously, after in vitro expansion and activation, in murine KR158B glioma-bearing mice. To determine transferred T cell spatial distribution, brains, lymph nodes, hearts, lungs, spleens, livers, kidneys and stomachs were isolated for active clearing, immunostaining, and 3D imaging using light sheet microscopy, or processed for fluorescent immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging. Transferred T cell quantification in various organs was performed using flow cytometry, 2D optical imaging (IVIS), and magnetic particle imaging (MPI) after ferucarbotran nanoparticle labeling. T cell distribution was also assessed in vivo using IVIS and MPI. RESULTS The spleen, liver, and lungs accounted for more than 90% of transferred T cells in the body. The proportion of DsRed T cells in tumor-bearing brains was found to be very low, hovering below 1% (and representing ~15% of total tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes). Transferred T cells mostly concentrated at the periphery of the tumor mass and in proximity to blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS The success of ACT immunotherapy for brain tumors likely requires optimization of delivery route, dosing regimen, and modification of tumor-specific lymphocyte trafficking and effector functions in order to achieve maximal penetration and persistence at sites of invasive tumor growth.
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Hoang-Minh, Lan, Angelie Rivera-Rodriguez, Fernanda Pohl-Guimarães, Seth Currlin, Christina Von Roemeling, Paul Castillo-Caro, Kevin Otto, Carlos Rinaldi, and Duane Mitchell. "IMMU-31. QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC T CELLS TO ORTHOTOPIC GLIOMA." Neuro-Oncology 22, Supplement_2 (November 2020): ii111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.461.
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Abstract SIGNIFICANCE Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has emerged as the most effective treatment against advanced malignant melanoma, eliciting remarkable objective clinical responses in up to 75% of patients with refractory metastatic disease, including within the central nervous system. Immunologic surrogate endpoints correlating with treatment outcome have been identified in these patients, with clinical responses being dependent on the migration of transferred T cells to sites of tumor growth. OBJECTIVE We investigated the biodistribution of intravenously or intraventricularly administered T cells in a murine model of glioblastoma at whole body, organ, and cellular levels. METHODS gp100-specific T cells were isolated from the spleens of pmel DsRed transgenic C57BL/6 mice and injected intravenously or intraventricularly, after in vitro expansion and activation, in murine KR158B-Luc-gp100 glioma-bearing mice. To determine transferred T cell spatial distribution, the brain, lymph nodes, heart, lungs, spleen, liver, and kidneys of mice were processed for 3D imaging using light-sheet and multiphoton imaging. ACT T cell quantification in various organs was performed ex vivo using flow cytometry, 2D optical imaging (IVIS), and magnetic particle imaging (MPI) after ferucarbotran nanoparticle transfection of T cells. T cell biodistribution was also assessed in vivo using MPI. RESULTS Following T cell intravenous injection, the spleen, liver, and lungs accounted for more than 90% of transferred T cells; the proportion of DsRed T cells in the brains was found to be very low, hovering below 1%. In contrast, most ACT T cells persisted in the tumor-bearing brains following intraventricular injections. ACT T cells mostly concentrated at the periphery of tumor masses and in proximity to blood vessels. CONCLUSIONS The success of ACT immunotherapy for brain tumors requires optimization of delivery route, dosing regimen, and enhancement of tumor-specific lymphocyte trafficking and effector functions to achieve maximal penetration and persistence at sites of invasive tumor growth.
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Cannell, Belinda, Ken Pollock, Stuart Bradley, Ron Wooller, William Sherwin, and Jennifer Sinclair. "Augmenting mark–recapture with beach counts to estimate the abundance of little penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 38, no. 6 (2011): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr11042.
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Context Penguin Island supports the largest colony of little penguins in Western Australia. It is subjected to a suite of anthropogenic threats because of its proximity to an increasing urban population. For effective management of the colony, it is necessary to not only have knowledge of the size of the colony, but also the population trend of the colony. Aims To demonstrate a new cost-effective method of estimating the island-wide population of penguins on Penguin Island. Methods We estimated the island-wide population by combining mark–recapture sampling over 2 years on part of the island and beach counts of penguins arriving at night around the entire island. We estimated the abundance using closed population models, allowing for sex and time effects in capture probabilities. We had four capture occasions in 2008 only, and so considered heterogeneity of capture probabilities (Mh), using the Chao heterogeneity moment estimator. The proportion of all penguins counted that arrived at the four mark–recapture sites was then used to inflate the population estimate for the whole island. Key results In all, 62% of all penguins counted used the four mark–recapture sites. In 2007, there were an estimated 2369 ± 198 penguins, and 1543 ± 82 in 2008. When capture heterogeneity was allowed for in 2008, this estimate increased to 2069 ± 172. Conclusions Fewer eggs were laid and all measures of breeding performance were lower in 2008 than in 2007. Hence, the lower population estimate is most likely to represent fewer birds attempting to breed. However, further work on population estimates is required to determine whether capture heterogeneity occurs in both good and poor breeding years. Capture rates were affected by the presence of a full moon and high tides. Implications The estimate of the population can be used as part of the basis of a long-term monitoring program needed for effective management of the penguin colony. However, such studies must be coincident with the monitoring of a suite of reproductive and foraging parameters if short-term impacts of threats are to be recognised and well managed.
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Gand, Kari, Derrek Helmin, Shawnda Johnson, Susan E. Kline, and Alison Galdys. "2416. Effect of Sequential Universal Bleach Cleaning and Best Practice Alerts on Clostridioides difficile Infection Rates." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2094.
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Abstract Background A gap analysis prompted consideration of expanded bleach disinfection beyond rooms housing patients in isolation for Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) and emphasis on CD testing stewardship at the University of Minnesota Medical Center (UMMC), a tertiary care center spanning two campuses in close proximity with adult patients on the East Bank (EB), adult and pediatric patients on West Bank (WB). Methods An electronic best practice advisory (BPA) went live in April 2018 on both the EB and WB (Figure 1). The BPA first discourages CD testing in the event of a prior positive within 10 days or a prior negative within 7 days. Second, the BPA discourages CD testing in patients with fewer than 3 loose stools in a 24 hour period, who have received laxatives in the last 48 hours, or who lack CDI symptoms (fever > 38C, abdominal pain, or leukocytosis > 11,000). Providers can bypass the BPA based on clinical judgment; those who override the BPA are provided just-in-time education via email. Following a successful pilot in three wards, the EB Environmental Services (ES) team expanded the use of bleach to include all terminal cleaning regardless of isolation status in June 2018 (Figure 1). Daily cleaning on the EB was excluded from universal bleach utilization, as were daily and terminal cleaning on the WB. CD testing throughout the study period occurred via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the toxin B gene. ES performance, assessed by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence testing, and hand hygiene rates were unchanged throughout the study period. Results Adult-only hospital-onset (HO)-CDI rates decreased during the study period on both hospital campuses, with the EB exhibiting a greater decrease, (Fig 1), while community-onset (CO) and community-onset healthcare facility associated (CO-HCFA) rates remained steady during the study period (Fig 3). Whole-house (adult and pediatric) CD testing was largely unchanged while the proportion of tests triggering the BPA decreased (Fig 2). Conclusion Universal bleach utilization during terminal cleaning combined with an electronic BPA were associated with decreased adult HO-CDI rates. However, the BPA did not impact CD testing rates, suggesting that decreased HO-CDI rates may be unattributable to testing stewardship. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Djeric, Snezana, and Aleksandar Kostic. "The effect of family size on processing Serbian nouns." Psihologija 40, no. 1 (2007): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0701133d.
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In two lexical decision experiments the effect of family size was investigated for Serbian nouns. In the first experiment there were 15 nouns of low and 15 nouns of high family size, while in the second experiment 50 nouns that cover the whole range of family size spectrum were presented. In both experiments family size accounts for significant proportion of explained variance of response latencies. In multiple regression the effect of family size is significant over and above word frequency and word length, while frequency and word length do not account for significant proportion of variance over and above family size.
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Rao, Rojukurthi Sudhakar. "Pre-Historic Intra-Continental Africa-India Proximity Series on VedicPeriod-Earth: A Function of PANS-Domain and OMLAR-Codomain." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 04, no. 01 (2023): 1134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2023.4135.
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This is study of Africa-India Proximity on the Vedic-period-Earth by means of the specific knowledge of the Greek word Pan with implied sense of All/Entire/Whole. No wonder, Pan alone counts on the Vedic Universe of OMLAR (Ocean, Mountain, Land, Atmosphere, Rock) giving rise to the irrevocable four Pans’ Panthalassa, Pantheism, Pangaea and Pangenesis. Also, it accounts for all continental Geographies / Humans / Creatures for Proximity Series in research lookout. Proximity Series’ insight is escalated viewing from all-inclusive-breathed-out Vedic Knowledge elevating Earth as Super Vedic Conceptacle (SVC) bringing into play exponential power of Pan for material comprehension. Overall, the crux of matter is four Pans being invokers of SVC which functions as the many-one relationship between Pan’s domain of above four irrevocables and OMLAR-codomain.
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Kaur, Jaspreet, Amarjeet Kaur, and Jaspreet Singh. "Nutritional evaluation and utilisation of composite whole flours for making functional cookies rich in β-glucan and isoflavones." British Food Journal 119, no. 4 (April 3, 2017): 909–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2016-0308.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the bioactive ingredients of whole flours of oat, maize and soyabean, utilise them for developing functional cookies and evaluate their physical and nutritional quality parameters. Design/methodology/approach Cookies were prepared from blends of whole flours of wheat, oats, maize and full fat soyabean. Whole wheat and oat flours were blend in different proportions (100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60 and 20:80 and 0:100, wheat:oat, w/w) and supplemented with quality protein maize (QPM) and full fat soyabean flours, at 10 per cent (w/w) each, of the total blend. Cookies were studied for their physical attributes, proximate and nutritional compositions. A significant (p=0.05) increase in spread ratio, crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre contents of the cookies was observed with increase in the proportion of oat flour in the blend. Findings Cookies prepared from blend containing QPM and soyabean flours had higher antioxidant activity than control whole wheat cookies. An increase in extractable β-glucan content and in-vitro protein digestibility was also observed with the increase in the proportion of oat flour. The highest overall acceptability was observed for cookies prepared from blends having a wheat–oat proportion of 60:40. These cookies also had a 17.5 per cent higher genistein content as compared to their raw flour blend. Higher genistein levels were observed in the composite cookies. Originality/value The cookies prepared from composite whole flours rich in isoflavones and β-glucan reflect their potential as a new functional food for the prevention and management of diseases such as cancers, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.
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Cruz, Joana, Guangquan Li, Maria Jose Aragon, Peter A. Coventry, Rowena Jacobs, Stephanie L. Prady, and Piran C. L. White. "Association of environmental and socioeconomic indicators with serious mental illness diagnoses identified from general practitioner practice data in England: A spatial Bayesian modelling study." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): e1004043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004043.
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Background The evidence is sparse regarding the associations between serious mental illnesses (SMIs) prevalence and environmental factors in adulthood as well as the geographic distribution and variability of these associations. In this study, we evaluated the association between availability and proximity of green and blue space with SMI prevalence in England as a whole and in its major conurbations (Greater London, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester, Leeds, and Newcastle). Methods and findings We carried out a retrospective analysis of routinely collected adult population (≥18 years) data at General Practitioner Practice (GPP) level. We used data from the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) on the prevalence of a diagnosis of SMI (schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder and other psychoses, and other patients on lithium therapy) at the level of GPP over the financial year April 2014 to March 2018. The number of GPPs included ranged between 7,492 (April 2017 to March 2018) to 7,997 (April 2014 to March 2015) and the number of patients ranged from 56,413,719 (April 2014 to March 2015) to 58,270,354 (April 2017 to March 2018). Data at GPP level were converted to the geographic hierarchy unit Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) level for analysis. LSOAs are a geographic unit for reporting small area statistics and have an average population of around 1,500 people. We employed a Bayesian spatial regression model to explore the association of SMI prevalence in England and its major conurbations (greater London, Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester, Leeds, and Newcastle) with environmental characteristics (green and blue space, flood risk areas, and air and noise pollution) and socioeconomic characteristics (age, ethnicity, and index of multiple deprivation (IMD)). We incorporated spatial random effects in our modelling to account for variation at multiple scales. Across England, the environmental characteristics associated with higher SMI prevalence at LSOA level were distance to public green space with a lake (prevalence ratio [95% credible interval]): 1.002 [1.001 to 1.003]), annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (1.014 [1.01 to 1.019]), and closeness to roads with noise levels above 75 dB (0.993 [0.992 to 0.995]). Higher SMI prevalence was also associated with a higher percentage of people above 24 years old (1.002 [1.002 to 1.003]), a higher percentage of ethnic minorities (1.002 [1.001 to 1.002]), and more deprived areas. Mean SMI prevalence at LSOA level in major conurbations mirrored the national associations with a few exceptions. In Birmingham, higher average SMI prevalence at LSOA level was positively associated with proximity to an urban green space with a lake (0.992 [0.99 to 0.998]). In Liverpool and Manchester, lower SMI prevalence was positively associated with road traffic noise ≥75 dB (1.012 [1.003 to 1.022]). In Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester, there was a positive association of SMI prevalence with distance to flood zone 3 (land within flood zone 3 has ≥1% chance of flooding annually from rivers or ≥0.5% chance of flooding annually from the sea, when flood defences are ignored): Birmingham: 1.012 [1.000 to 1.023]; Liverpool and Manchester: 1.016 [1.006 to 1.026]. In contrast, in Leeds, there was a negative association between SMI prevalence and distance to flood zone 3 (0.959 [0.944 to 0.975]). A limitation of this study was because we used a cross-sectional approach, we are unable to make causal inferences about our findings or investigate the temporal relationship between outcome and risk factors. Another limitation was that individuals who are exclusively treated under specialist mental health care and not seen in primary care at all were not included in this analysis. Conclusions Our study provides further evidence on the significance of socioeconomic associations in patterns of SMI but emphasises the additional importance of considering environmental characteristics alongside socioeconomic variables in understanding these patterns. In this study, we did not observe a significant association between green space and SMI prevalence, but we did identify an apparent association between green spaces with a lake and SMI prevalence. Deprivation, higher concentrations of air pollution, and higher proportion of ethnic minorities were associated with higher SMI prevalence, supporting a social-ecological approach to public health prevention. It also provides evidence of the significance of spatial analysis in revealing the importance of place and context in influencing area-based patterns of SMI.
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Scarpino, Shelley E., Carol Scheffner Hammer, Brian Goldstein, Barbara L. Rodriguez, and Lisa M. Lopez. "Effects of Home Language, Oral Language Skills, and Cross-Linguistic Phonological Abilities on Whole-Word Proximity in Spanish-English–Speaking Children." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 28, no. 1 (February 21, 2019): 174–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_ajslp-18-0050.
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Kehl, John, Brett Waring, Robyn Smith, and David Nalder. "Multiple Use Management Planning in Queensland, Australia: the Koombooloomba Ecotourism Project (a case study)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 152, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2001.0123.
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Queensland, Australia's second largest state, has 4 million hectares of publicly owned state forest, managed for multiple use. The government and the community expect state forest management to protect biodiversity, landscapes, cultural heritage values and water quality. State forests are also available for a wide range of commercial and non-commercial uses including timber harvesting, honey production, eco-tourism,grazing, mining, quarrying, education, scientific research, military training and recreation. A proportion of this estate is located throughout Queensland's coastal zone, in close proximity to the major population centres. In the coastal mountains in particular, the juxtaposition of high conservation values, commercial timber, recreation and eco-tourism demands precipitates conflict over forest use and presents a challenge for multiple use planning systems. Beginning in 1986, state forest planning utilised a system called Management Priority Area Zoning (MPAZ). This was a manual system which partitioned forestry land into primary priority use zones with a variety of secondary uses permitted. Decisions were made by professional foresters without public input. Although many of the concepts in MPAZ are still valid,such an autocratic approach is no longer acceptable. In 1998, development began on a new forest planning system known as MUMPS (Multiple Use Management Planning System). It is broadly based on MPAZ, but incorporates GIS and decision-support technology coupled with the capacity for structured community participation. MUMPS is designed to operate on a scale of 50 000 to 100 000 ha, with the planning area subdivided into 100 to 150 planning units. At its analytical core, MUMPS is a phased process for forming a steering committee: collation of site-specific data, assessment and evaluation of a number of forest uses, procedures for gauging and incorporating community and stakeholder values and a process for examining management and compatibility as well as the preparation of a draft and final plan. To ensure its effectiveness, MUMPS is being developed in an iterative manner with field trials based on MUMPS modules and concepts, while the whole system is being integrated and refined. The Koombooloomba Ecotourism Project is one of these MUMPS trials. The site of the trial is a tropical, mountainous region in northern Queensland, partly in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. It includes an hydro-electric dam within publicly owned native forest and encompasses a number of key values including the world heritage rainforest, conservation,hydro-power generation, indigenous culture, timber,eco-tourism and recreation. In this case, MUMPS took over a stalled, unstructured planning process. The MUMPS process reinvigorated the earlier planning project, broadened the assessed values and resulted in a management plan. The case study demonstrates how forest managers, the community (including traditional Aboriginal land-owners),commercial tourism, recreationists and the hydro-electricity industry can cooperate in the sustainable management of a listed World Heritage mountain forest area. Issues associated with the methodology, community involvement and management implications are discussed and analysed.
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Akinjayeju O, Okoli HF, and Bello BF. "Optimization of proximate composition, physico-chemical properties and mineral profiles of ‘Garri’, soy-cake and millet flour blends for potential functional dough meal." International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 022–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2021.1.1.0020.
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This study investigated effects of varying proportions of “Garri”, soy cake and whole millet flours on proximate composition, physico-chemical properties and mineral profiles of their blends as potential material for preparation of functional dough meal. Blends were optimized for protein (10-20%) and fibre (3-5%), using Design Expert Version 6.0.8. and variables “garri” (56-65%), soy cake (13-24%) and whole millet (11-22%) flours, which generated 14 blends. 100% ‘garri’ flour and three blends with highest protein and fibre contents were evaluated for proximate composition, physico-chemical properties and mineral profiles including mineral safety index of selected minerals. Protein and fibre contents of blends increased with increased proportions of soy cake and millet flours. Protein contents of blends increased (15.55–15.83%), while carbohydrate reduced (73.73–74.06% significantly (p < 0.05), compared to 100% “garri” flour (2.11% and 92%), respectively. 100% “garri” flour had significantly (p < 0.05) higher values for most functional and pasting parameters, compared to the blends, but no significant (p > 0.05) difference among the blends for most pasting properties. Swelling index correlated positively with both carbohydrate content and water absorption (r = 0.60). There was significant (p < 0.05) difference between mean calculated and standard MSI values for all minerals, while sample GSM-1 had highest calculated MSI values for all minerals except Ca and Na. Varying proportions of “garri”, soy cake and millet flours significantly (p < 0.05) altered the proximate composition, functional properties and mineral profiles of the blends but did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect most pasting parameters.
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de Groot, Annette M. B. "The Priming of Word Associations: A Levels-of-Processing Approach." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 39, no. 4 (November 1987): 721–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748708401811.
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Four experiments are reported in which the magnitude of the associative-priming effect is manipulated by varying both the experimental task and the conditions within a given task. The between-task manipulation involved a comparison of priming effects in length categorization on the one hand and lexical decision on the other. The within-task manipulation involved varying the type of letter strings presented as the nonword stimuli in lexical decisions. Pseudowords and two types of orthographically illegal letter strings—namely, consonant strings and random letter strings—served as nonwords. Finally, the effect of varying the proportion of pseudowords to illegal nonwords across four sets of experimental materials was investigated. On the whole, these within-and between-task manipulations turned out to be very effective ways of affecting the size of the associative-priming effect. Also, the size of the lexicality effect (the difference between the RTs to word and nonword stimuli) varied systematically with these within-and between-task manipulations. The results are discussed in relation to both Shulman and Davison's (1977) parallel-processing model and Balota and Chumbley's (1984) account of lexical decision.
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Zhang, Xin, Ke Zhao, Jiabao He, Andy Peng Xiang, and Qifa Liu. "Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve the Structure and Function of the Graft-Versus-Host Disease Receptor Thymus: CCR9 Plays an Important Role in Its Homing Thymus." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 5599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-125307.
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Background: Insufficient thymic function of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) receptors results in continuous production of alloreactive T cells, which leads to the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), especially chronic GVHD (cGVHD). We have previously found that patients with acute GVHD (aGVHD) treated with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have increased thymic output and decreased incidence of cGVHD, thus hypothesized that MSCs may reduce the incidence of cGVHD by remodeling the thymus. Chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), the receptor that specifically guides migration of T-lineage precursors into thymus, is also expressed on MSCs, and thus may be a key factor mediating MSCs homing to the thymus. This in turn allows MSCs to reduce GVHD by repairing thymus tissue structure and saving thymus function. Methods: We carried out studies in a murine GVHD model of fully MHC-mismatched myeloablative bone marrow transplantation (C57BL/6 to BALB/c), a model that can observe the prolongation of aGVHD to cGVHD. We randomly divided GVHD mice into four groups, including three MSCs treated groups and one untreated group. CCR9 over-expressed (MSC/CCR9+), knocked-down (MSC/CCR9-) and empty-load MSCs (MSC/Control) were generated and administrated intravenously at dose of 5 × 105 cells/infusion at 7th and 21th day post HCT to the treated groups respectively to compare their thymic homing ability, and therapeutic effects of GVHD with the untreated group. Clinical scores were recorded once every five days to evaluate GVHD symptoms. Mice of MSCs treated groups and the untreated group were sacrificed at 30d, 45d and 60d after HCT. Thymuses of each group were collected and assessed for size and weight before being manufactured into frozen sections or thymic single-cell suspension. We then analyzed the number and distribution of MSCs in the thymus of the treated groups to assess the role of CCR9 in thymic homing, and analyzed the expression of thymic T cells subsets (CD4+CD8-, CD4-CD8+, CD4+CD8+ T, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregs), thymic epithelial cells (TECs) substes (CD45-CD326+Ly51+ cortical TECs and CD45-CD326+UEA-1+ medullary TECs) and the level of T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) in thymus among the four groups to evaluate the repair effect of MSCs for thymus. Radiation-pretreated murine TECs were cultured alone or co-cultured with murine MSCs in vitro to assess the effect of MSCs on damaged TECs. Results: The infusion of MSC/CCR9+ potently alleviated the clinical signs of GVHD and prolonged the survival of GVHD mice (P<0.05 versus MSC/CCR9- and untreated group). Significant increases in thymus size and weight were observed in the MSC/CCR9+ group, as well as the number of total thymocytes and the more organized cortical medullary structure compared to the other groups. MSCs enter the thymus from the microvascular region at the cortex-medium junction. MSC/CCR9+ were found to appear in the cortex-medium junction of thymus in a greater amount 24 hours after the first infusion, then distribute throughout the whole thymus and relocate in proximity with TECs 48 hours thereafter. MSC/Control could be observed in the cortical and cortex-medium junction, whereas MSC/CCR9- was observed only in the cortex-medium junction with a small amount of distribution. Immunofluorescence of thymus frozen sections showed that, compared with other groups, TECs had decreased apoptosis and significantly increased proliferation and maturation levels in MSC/CCR9+ group, indicating MSCs potently repaired injured TECs and promoted their proliferation and maturation. The number of TECs and its proportion of thymus stroma were significantly improved, including cortical TEC and medullary TECs. As for thymocyte, MSC/CCR9+ infusion significantly increased the number and proportion of CD4+CD8+T cells and Tregs, which were reported deficiency in GVHD thymus. Furthermore, MSC/CCR9+ administration resulted in a remarkable increase in the levels of TRECs in the thymocyte at 45d and 60d after HCT (P<0.05 versus MSC/CCR9- and untreated group). In vitro study showed co-cultured TECs had a decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation compared to TECs cultured alone. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that CCR9 plays an important role in guiding migration of MSCs to thymus and thus highly intensify their issue repair and immunomodulatory effect to rescue thymus function in GVHD model. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Javed, Shabnam, Amna Shoaib, and Zaid Mehmood. "PROXIMATE, MACRO ELEMENTAL AND GC-MS ANALYSIS OF SORBARIA TOMENTOSA." JOURNAL OF WEED SCIENCE RESEARCH 27, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.28941/pjwsr.v27i1.930.
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Sorbaria tomentosa (LindI.) of family Rosaceae, is a wild, medicinal, ornamental, large, woody plant locally known as “Karhee or Berre”, native to Pakistan. Proximate composition gives important information to assess the suitability of medicinal flora or their extracts taken orally by the trivial communities. In the current study, different proximate parameters like carbohydrate, ash, protein, moisture content and fat, along with carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur were analyzed in whole plant of S. tomentosa. The results revealed the occurrence of considerable proportion of carbohydrates (52%) and protein (23.80%). Moisture, fat and ash contents were found in small content 6.25, 2.02 and 0.20%, respectively. Elemental analysis displayed the greater content of carbon (44.92%) followed by content of hydrogen (6.16%), nitrogen (5.17%) and sulphur (0.43%). GC-MS analysis of n-hexane fraction of S. tomentosa led to identification of five compounds viz., 3, 13-Dimethylpentadecanoic acid (1), 2, 4-Dimethyltetradecanoic acid (2), 2, 4-Heptadecadienoic acid; Etester (3), 2-Butylcyclopropanedodecanoic acid (4) and Heptadecanoic acid; Et ester (5). Toxicity tests, further isolation and identification of active constituents of test weed could confirm the discovery of novel plant drugs and safety in administration.
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Orhevba, Bosede Adelola, and Yahaya Ndanaimi. "Proximate and Sensory Properties of Wheat-Cocoyam (Colocasia Esculenta) Composite Bread." European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 3, no. 3 (June 7, 2021): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.3.297.
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In this study, samples of composite breads were produced from wheat and cocoyam flour blends using D-optimal design mixture, in the following proportions: 95:5, 90:10, 85:15. Bread sample which contained 100% wheat flour was also produced and this served as the control. The bread samples obtained were subjected to proximate and sensory analysis. The following results were obtained for the whole wheat flour bread: moisture (27.65%), protein (11.33%), crude fibre (0.59%), ash content (0.78%, fat (8.19%) and carbohydrate content (53.69%), respectively. While the composite bread samples had the moisture, protein, crude, ash, fat and carbohydrate in the following ranges:17.93-23.63%, 7.16-10.83%, 0.59-0.88%, 0.47-0.98%, 4.43-7.81% and 55.94-1.31%, respectively. The sensory tests carried out on the bread samples indicated that there was no significant difference between the whole wheat bread and the composite bread samples for flavour, crumb appearance and taste. However, for texture, overall preference and crust colour properties of the bread samples, significant differences were observed. From the study, it can be concluded that wheat flour can be substituted with cocoyam flour and bread samples made from this combination (up to 15% cocoyam flour inclusion) were acceptable. It was observed that the 100% wheat flour bread is the most acceptable, followed by the 5% cocoyam flour composite bread samples. Usage of cocoyam flours in bread baking can contribute significantly to enhancing nutrition and curbing the rising cost of bread.
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Gicas, Kristina M., William G. Honer, Robert S. Wilson, Patricia A. Boyle, Sue E. Leurgans, Julie A. Schneider, and David A. Bennett. "Association of serial position scores on memory tests and hippocampal-related neuropathologic outcomes." Neurology 95, no. 24 (November 3, 2020): e3303-e3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010952.
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ObjectiveTo determine whether serial position scores in verbal memory differentiate hippocampal-related neuropathologic outcomes, we examined these associations in a sample of older adults without dementia who underwent autopsy.MethodsWe used data from the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a longitudinal clinical–pathologic cohort study of community-dwelling adults. A total of 701 participants (mean age 82.7, 71.2% female) completed baseline cognitive evaluations and underwent brain autopsy to identify pathologic Alzheimer disease (AD), TDP-43 inclusions (defining limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy [LATE]), and hippocampal sclerosis. The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease word list memory test immediate recall trials provided serial position scores, which index the proportion of words recalled from the beginning (primacy scores) and end (recency scores) of a word list. Binary and ordinal logistic regressions examined associations between serial position scores and neuropathologic outcomes. Secondary outcomes included Alzheimer dementia and mild cognitive impairment proximate to death.ResultsPrimacy and recency scores were uncorrelated (r = 0.07). Each SD of better primacy score was associated with lower likelihood of neuropathologic changes (24% lower LATE, 31% lower pathologic AD, 37% lower hippocampal sclerosis). For pathologic AD, better baseline primacy scores were associated with a 36% lower likelihood of comorbidity with LATE or hippocampal sclerosis. Primacy scores better discriminated between clinical diagnoses proximate to death, including those with mild cognitive impairment compared to no impairment. Recency scores showed weaker or no associations.ConclusionsPrimacy scores may be particularly sensitive markers of AD and related hippocampal neuropathologies. The differential predictive value of serial position scores suggests they offer complementary information about disease outcomes in addition to the routinely used total recall scores.
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Faes, Jolien, and Steven Gillis. "Intraword Variability in Children With Cochlear Implants: The Long-Term Development up to 5 Years of Age and a Comparison With Children With Normal Hearing." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 27, no. 2 (May 3, 2018): 706–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_ajslp-16-0130.
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Purpose This study evaluates intraword or token-to-token variability in the spontaneous speech of Dutch-speaking children with cochlear implants (CIs) longitudinally up to 5 years of age in comparison with intraword variability in age-matched peers with normal hearing (NH). Method Spontaneous speech samples of 9 children with CI were collected longitudinally up to age 5. The data of the NH control group consisted of cross-sectional recordings. Children's word productions were categorized into 4 response types of the variability score (consistent correct, consistent incorrect, variable with hits, variable with no hits), and the proportion of whole-word variation (PWV) was calculated. Results PWV was high in both groups of children but decreased with age. All response types of the variability score appeared in both groups. Children with CI were significantly more variable than their peers with NH up to age 4, but this difference has disappeared by age 5. Longer words had a higher PWV and were more often consistent incorrect and variable. Conclusions Intraword variability was characteristic of children with CI's spontaneous speech productions as it was in children with NH, and a similar factor (word length) affected variability in production. Group comparisons showed higher rates of intraword variability in children with CI, but they seemed to catch up with their peers with NH by age 5.
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Wafula, EN, D. Malavi, D. Mbogo, L. Mwaura, M. Moyo, and T. Muzhingi. "Proximate composition and vitamin A contribution of biofortified orange fleshed sweet potato value added products." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 22, no. 4 (June 15, 2022): 20215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.109.21605.
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Orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) is rich in provitamin A carotenoids and can thus be utilized to tackle Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Puree with high amounts of β-carotene processed from OFSP roots is currently being incorporated in baked products such as bread, cakes, biscuits, and buns. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional composition of OFSP puree supplemented food products, that is, bread, buns, flakes, cakes, biscuits, muffins, soft cookies, golden biscuits and whole wheat flour bread. The composite products made from OFSP puree were analyzed for β-carotene content and proximate analysis. The highest concentration of β-carotene (19.86 mg/100g) was obtained in OFSP flakes. The concentration in buns with 20% puree was 0.58 mg/100g, while bread with 35% puree had a concentration of 3.02 mg/100g. Biscuits, cookies and cakes with high puree of 40% had β-carotene concentrations of 2.39, 1.83, and 2.30 mg/100g respectively. These concentrations are lower than in bread with 35% puree, and we see different proportions of ingredients and other factors such as cooking method, duration of cooking also play a major role in the final β-carotene concentration of the products. The total Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) for the OFSP products were significantly different with bread (35% puree) having a higher concentration of 216.67 µg/100g and OFSP buns (20% puree) having a lower concentration of 41.19 µg/100g. Orange fleshed sweet potato flakes had the highest concentration of 1443.2 µg/100g and whole wheat flour bread having the least of 6.9 µg/100g. The moisture content, total ash, crude fiber, crude fat, crude protein, and carbohydrate content of the OFSP products varied between 2.4-29.7%, 0.7-2.4%, 1.0-4.5%, 0.7-18.1%, 5.1-7.9% and 50.7-83.7%, respectively. The findings of this study show that different proportions of OFSP puree: wheat flour is not the only determinant on the final β-carotene concentration of the different OFSP products, the type and quantity of ingredients used, cooking time and method also contribute to the VA content. Diversification of OFSP food products helps increase its consumption and its added value. Key words: Beta-carotene, Orange fleshed sweet potato, puree, Sweet potato, Vitamin A
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Wang, Wei-Chun, Liang-Tien Hsieh, Gowri Swamy, and Silvia A. Bunge. "Transient Neural Activation of Abstract Relations on an Incidental Analogy Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 33, no. 1 (January 2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01622.
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Although a large proportion of the lexicon consists of abstract concepts, little is known about how they are represented by the brain. Here, we investigated how the mind represents relations shared between sets of mental representations that are superficially unrelated, such as car–engine and dog–tongue, but that nonetheless share a more general, abstract relation, such as whole–part. Participants saw a pair of words on each trial and were asked to indicate whether they could think of a relation between them. Importantly, they were not explicitly asked whether different word pairs shared the same relation, as in analogical reasoning tasks. We observed representational similarity for abstract relations in regions in the “conceptual hub” network, even when controlling for semantic relatedness between word pairs. By contrast, we did not observe representational similarity in regions previously implicated in explicit analogical reasoning. A given relation was sometimes repeated across sequential word pairs, allowing us to test for behavioral and neural priming of abstract relations. Indeed, we observed faster RTs and greater representational similarity for primed than unprimed trials, suggesting that mental representations of abstract relations are transiently activated on this incidental analogy task. Finally, we found a significant correlation between behavioral and neural priming across participants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate relational priming using functional neuroimaging and to show that neural representations are strengthened by relational priming. This research shows how abstract concepts can be brought to mind momentarily, even when not required for task performance.
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Kundu, Bornali, Amy Penwarden, Joel M. Wood, Thomas A. Gallagher, Matthew J. Andreoli, Jed Voss, Timothy Meier, et al. "Association of functional magnetic resonance imaging indices with postoperative language outcomes in patients with primary brain tumors." Neurosurgical Focus 34, no. 4 (April 2013): E6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.2.focus12413.
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Object Functional MRI (fMRI) has the potential to be a useful presurgical planning tool to treat patients with primary brain tumor. In this study the authors retrospectively explored relationships between language-related postoperative outcomes in such patients and multiple factors, including measures estimated from task fMRI maps (proximity of lesion to functional activation area, or lesion-to-activation distance [LAD], and activation-based language lateralization, or lateralization index [LI]) used in the clinical setting for presurgical planning, as well as other factors such as patient age, patient sex, tumor grade, and tumor volume. Methods Patient information was drawn from a database of patients with brain tumors who had undergone preoperative fMRI-based language mapping of the Broca and Wernicke areas. Patients had performed a battery of tasks, including word-generation tasks and a text-versus-symbols reading task, as part of a clinical fMRI protocol. Individually thresholded task fMRI activation maps had been provided for use in the clinical setting. These clinical imaging maps were used to retrospectively estimate LAD and LI for the Broca and Wernicke areas. Results There was a relationship between postoperative language deficits and the proximity between tumor and Broca area activation (the LAD estimate), where shorter LADs were related to the presence of postoperative aphasia. Stratification by tumor location further showed that for posterior tumors within the temporal and parietal lobes, more bilaterally oriented Broca area activation (LI estimate close to 0) and a shorter Wernicke area LAD were associated with increased postoperative aphasia. Furthermore, decreasing LAD was related to decreasing LI for both Broca and Wernicke areas. Preoperative deficits were related to increasing patient age and a shorter Wernicke area LAD. Conclusions Overall, LAD and LI, as determined using fMRI in the context of these paradigms, may be useful indicators of postsurgical outcomes. Whereas tumor location may influence postoperative deficits, the results indicated that tumor proximity to an activation area might also interact with how the language network is affected as a whole by the lesion. Although the derivation of LI must be further validated in individual patients by using spatially specific statistical methods, the current results indicated that fMRI is a useful tool for predicting postoperative outcomes in patients with a single brain tumor.
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Rammell, C. Sophia, Diana Van Lancker Sidtis, and David B. Pisoni. "Perception of formulaic and novel expressions under acoustic degradation." Mental Lexicon 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 234–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.16019.ram.
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Abstract Background: Formulaic expressions, including idioms and other fixed expressions, comprise a significant proportion of discourse. Although much has been written about this topic, controversy remains about their psychological status. An important claim about formulaic expressions, that they are known to native speakers, has seldom been directly demonstrated. This study tested the hypothesis that formulaic expressions are known and stored as whole unit mental representations by performing three perceptual experiments. Method: Listeners transcribed two kinds of spectrally-degraded spoken sentences, half formulaic, and half novel, newly created expressions, matched for grammar and length. Two familiarity ratings, usage and exposure, were obtained from listeners for each expression. Text frequency data for the stimuli and their constituent words were obtained using a spoken corpus. Results: Participants transcribed formulaic more successfully than literal utterances. Usage and familiarity ratings correlated with accuracy, but formulaic utterances with low ratings were also transcribed correctly. Phrase types differed significantly in text frequency, but word frequency counts did not differentiate the two kinds of expressions. Discussion: These studies provide new converging evidence that formulaic expressions are encoded and processed as whole units, supporting a dual-process model of language processing, which assumes that grammatical and formulaic expressions are differentially processed.
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DOĞAN, Burcu, and Erdem HĠLAL. "THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S PROFESSION: ANKARA PROVINCIAL RESEARCH." ATLAS JOURNAL 7, no. 44 (September 24, 2021): 2243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31568/atlas.771.
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In our country, the accoutancy profession gained legal status on 13 June 1989 with the law numbered 3568. For more than 30 years, the requirements of the profession have been shaped by the law numbered 3568 for the activities of the accounting profession to keep up with the times. The audit profession and accountants were questioned after the accounting scandals that shook the whole World in the 2000. After the scandals in the profession, necessary steps were taken for the advent of the profession in our country as well as in the Word. The aim of this study is to examine the changes in the number of people who prefer in the light of these developments in the profession. İn light of the developments in the World, as a result of the increasing importance of the independent auditor’s profession, it is to determine the number of female auditors who perform the financial consultancy and subsequently continue their activities as auditors. Working in Ankara is the reason for choosing not constitute a significant proportion of the total number of financial advisory and auditing profession in Turkey. İn this study revealed how less female independent auditors perform this profession compared to male professionals. For this purpose, Ankara were examined by determining the number of women in proportion to the number of auditors and independent auditors in Turkey are given.
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Martin, Randall, Kaliramesh Siliveru, Jason Watt, Paul Blodgett, and Sajid Alavi. "Pilot Scale Roller Milling of Chickpeas into a De-Hulled Coarse Meal and Fine Flour." Processes 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 2328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112328.
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Chickpeas and other high protein plants are becoming increasingly popular. Traditionally, attrition or hammer mills are used for milling chickpeas. However, the use of roller mills on chickpeas has not been extensively researched. This study compared pilot-scale milling trials involving whole Kabuli compared to split and de-hulled Desi chickpeas. A flow sheet was designed and optimized for meal production with minimal co-product flour produced. Milling yields, particle size, and proximate analysis data were recorded. The optimum flow sheet consisted of 4 break passages, 2 smooth roll passages, and 4 purifiers. Results showed whole Kabuli chickpeas had a higher meal yield, at 63.8%, than split Desi seeds, at 54.1%; with both percentages proportional to the weight of milled seed. The remaining 36.2% or 45.9% consisted of co-product flour, feed streams and process losses. Both meals had an average particle size between 600 and 850 microns and both flours had a bimodal particle size distribution with peaks at 53 and 90–150 microns. The use of purifiers facilitated better separation of hull and resulted in lower crude fiber levels in the Kabuli meal. Proximate analysis trends were similar for both chickpea meals with higher protein (~2% more), crude fiber (~1% more) and ash (0.1–0.3% more) in the meal compared to the co-product flour. The co-product flour had substantially higher total starch (~15% more) than the meal. The results of this research can be used to modify wheat mills to process chickpeas.
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Badenhorst, Charlotte, Cláudia Santos, Juan Lázaro-Martínez, Barbara Białecka, Mihai Cruceru, Alexandra Guedes, Renato Guimarães, et al. "Assessment of Graphitized Coal Ash Char Concentrates as a Potential Synthetic Graphite Source." Minerals 10, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10110986.
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Coal ash char concentrates from four countries (Portugal, Poland, Romania, and South Africa) were prepared, characterised, and graphitized under the scope of the Charphite project (Third ERA-MIN Joint Call (2015) on the Sustainable Supply of Raw Materials in Europe). Coal ash chars may be a secondary raw material to produce synthetic graphite and could be an alternative to natural graphite, which is a commodity with a high supply risk. The char concentrates and the graphitized material derived from the char concentrates were characterised using proximate analysis, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction (structural), Raman microspectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, scanning electron microscopy, and petrographic analyses to determine if the graphitization of the char was successful, and which char properties enhanced or hindered graphitization. Char concentrates with a lower proportion of anisotropic particles and a higher proportion of mixed porous particles showed greater degrees of graphitization. It is curious to see that embedded Al2O3 minerals, such as glass and clay, influenced graphitization, as they most likely acted as catalysts for crystal growth in the basal direction. However, the graphitized samples, as a whole, do not compare well against a reference natural graphite sample despite some particles in select char concentrates appearing to be graphitized following graphitization.
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Goldstein, Brian A., and Ferenc Bunta. "Positive and negative transfer in the phonological systems of bilingual speakers." International Journal of Bilingualism 16, no. 4 (December 2, 2011): 388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006911425817.
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The present study examines the phonological skills of bilingual children, taking language use and proficiency into consideration, and compares their skills to monolingual peers. The main research question is whether bilingual children who have parent-reported language use and proficiency measures commensurate with those of their monolingual peers have phonological skills comparable to their monolingual peers. METHOD. Thirty typically developing Spanish- and English-speaking children participated in this study who were matched on age and language use and proficiency (10 monolingual English, mean age: 5;10; 10 monolingual Spanish, mean age: 5;10, and 10 bilingual, mean age: 6;0). The independent variable was language status (bilingual versus monolingual), and the dependent measures included phonological whole-word measures, segmental accuracy measures, and phonological patterns. RESULTS. Bilingual children did not differ from their monolingual peers on any of the Spanish measures, except on accuracy for stops, on which the monolinguals outperformed their bilingual peers. However, bilingual children outperformed their monolingual English-speaking peers on Proximity, PVC, PCC-R, and PCC for nasals. Moreover, bilingual children displayed lower frequencies-of-occurrence on phonological patterns than their English-speaking monolingual peers: weak syllable deletion, spirantization, and fronting. DISCUSSION. The findings of our study indicate that bilingual children may have an advantage over their monolingual peers when it comes to select phonological skills when language use and proficiency are controlled for.
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Venanzi, Ilaria, and Filippo Ubertini. "Free Vibration Response of a Frame Structural Model Controlled by a Nonlinear Active Mass Driver System." Advances in Civil Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/745814.
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Active control devices, such as active mass dampers, are mainly employed for the reduction of wind-induced vibrations in high-rise buildings, with the final aim of satisfying vibration serviceability limit state requirements and of meeting appropriate comfort criteria. When such active devices, normally operating under wind loads associated with short return periods, are subjected to seismic events, they can experience large amplitude vibrations and exceed stroke limits. This may lead to a reduced performance of the control system that can even worsen the performance of the whole structure. In this paper, a nonlinear control strategy based on a modified direct velocity feedback algorithm is proposed for handling stroke limits of an active mass driver (AMD) system. In particular, a suitable nonlinear braking term proportional to the relative AMD velocity is included in the control law in order to slowdown the device in the proximity of the stroke limits. Experimental and numerical free vibration tests are carried out on a scaled-down five-story frame structure equipped with an AMD to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
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Razmaitė, Violeta, Vidmantas Pileckas, Saulius Bliznikas, and Artūras Šiukščius. "Fatty Acid Composition of Cannabis sativa, Linum usitatissimum and Camelina sativa Seeds Harvested in Lithuania for Food Use." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081902.
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The objective of this study was to determine species-associated differences in the seed proximate and fatty acid composition of three traditional oil crop species, hemp (Cannabis sativa), flax (Linum usitatissimum), and camelina (Camelina sativa), and the sowing season of camelina harvested under Lithuanian farming conditions for food use. Camelina seeds had the highest (p < 0.001) content of protein, oil, and sugar contents compared to both dehulled hemp and flax seeds. The amounts of protein and oil in camelina seeds were considerably increased by their summer cultivar, which showed higher (p < 0.001) contents of protein and oil than winter cultivars. However, the highest and lowest (p < 0.001) fiber content was found in flax seeds and camelina seeds, respectively. Camelina seeds showed considerably higher and lower (p < 0.001) proportions of total monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, respectively, compared with hemp and flax. The summer cultivar of camelina had higher (p < 0.001) proportions of saturated (SFA) and MUFA and lower proportions of PUFA compared with winter cultivars. Hemp seeds had the highest and lowest (p < 0.001) proportions of PUFA and MUFA, respectively. The n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in hemp seeds is optimal (3.79), whereas the use of flax and camelina seeds with their n-6/n-3 ratios of 0.28 and 0.48, respectively, can significantly improve this ratio in the overall diet. The properties of oil crop seeds showed that whole seeds of hemp, flax, and camelina are potentially highly beneficial to human health.
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Pinna, Baingio, and Katia Deiana. "New conditions on the role of color in perceptual organization and an extension to how color influences reading." Psihologija 47, no. 3 (2014): 319–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi1403319p.
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Color is one among many attributes that are involved in the similarity principle. Grouping by color is believed to be less effective when compared with other attributes such as shape and luminance. The main purpose of this work is to explore the role played by color in determining visual grouping and wholeness, not only in relation to further similarity attributes but also to other principles such as proximity, good continuation and past experience. Conditions, different from those used by Gestalt psychologists, were chosen, and aimed to understand how color can influence visual organization and through it, other perceptual and complex processes such as reading and visual word recognition. In fact, involving cognitive and metacognitive domains, permits exploration of broader issues concerning perception, memory, knowledge, representation and learning, where color can express its biological advantages for humans more clearly. These processes can be assimilated to the Gestalt past experience considered as a principle of its own kind not fully explored in relation to the other principles. As a consequence, these conditions allow color to be pitted against past experience and against a number of principles at the same time. The results demonstrated that color can strongly influence grouping, shape and the process of segmentation of words involved in the reading task. Therefore, color not only is one among the many principles of grouping but an essential component for the foundation of the more complex organization aimed at creating wholeness, part-whole formation and fragmentation.
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Agu, HO, JA Ayo, and AIO Jideani. "Evaluation of the quality of malted acha-soy breakfast cereal flour." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 15, no. 72 (December 7, 2015): 10542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.72.15275.
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Breakfast cereals are increasingly in demand for health reasons and are primarily made from different cereal grains. Acha (Digitaria exilis Stapf) cereal grain and malted soybean flours (MSFs) were used in the ratio 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40 to produce five Acha-soy breakfast cereal (ASC) products. Acha grains were cleaned, washed, dried, milled and sieved through 600 μm sieve to obtain wholemeal flour. The soybean was soaked (24 hr), drained, germinated (96 hr), dried using cabinet drier at 60oC for 8 hr, devegetated, winnowed, dry milled and sieved to obtain flour. The quality of ASC flour products was assessed in terms of proximate analysis, energy content and microbial analysis. Significant differences (p<0.05) existed in all the proximate and energy compositions. There was a general increase in protein, fat and ash contents as the proportion of malted soybean increased while crude fibre, moisture and carbohydrate contents decreased. The energy contents increased with increase in the proportion of malted soybean. Microbial analysis showed no count at first week for both bacteria and fungi. Microbial growth began during the second week after production and increased with storage time. Sensory evaluation was conducted on gruel (thin porridge) made from ASC products. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in aroma, flavour, texture and overall acceptability amongst the products. A general decrease existed in the mean scores of the breakfast gruel in all the parameters monitored with increase in MSF. Whole meal Acha breakfast gruel (100%) had the highest mean values except in flavour while ASC gruel (60:40%) had the lowest mean value in all the parameters. Gruel made from 10 and 20% MSFs had the best sensory qualities. These resultsshowed the potential utilization of this unique cereal grain (Acha/fonio) in enriched breakfast cereal production targeting diabetic individuals and the efforts made to introduce a semifinished Acha product in the market.
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Waters, Gloria S., David Caplan, and Carol Leonard. "The Role of Phonology in Reading Comprehension: Implications of the Effects of Homophones on Processing Sentences with Referentially Dependent Categories." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 44, no. 2 (February 1992): 343–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724989243000064.
Full textAbstract:
Two experiments investigated whether phonological representations are activated in the processing of anaphors in reading, and if they are, whether they play a role in the initial (first-pass) processing of the sentence or in review (second-pass) processes. Subjects made sentence acceptability judgements for sentences that contained either verb-gaps or indefinite and personal pronouns (overt anaphors). All sentences contained homophones. Half of the semantically unacceptable sentences were phonologically plausible if the homophones were inserted in the gap (e.g. The children sleighed in the winter, and the murderer in cold blood) or used as the referent of the pronoun (e.g. There is a sale on at the store and I have one at the boat). The other half of the semantically unacceptable sentences were phonologically implausible. In both experiments, half of the subjects saw the sentences under normal viewing conditions (whole sentence condition); for the other half of the subjects the words of each sentence were presented sequentially in the centre of the video screen at the rate of 250 msec/word (RSVP condition). A large proportion of the phonologically implausible sentences in the first experiment contained phrases in the second clause which resulted in semantic “oddities” (e.g. The children sleighed in the winter, and the murderer in the jar); the sentences in Experiment 2 did not contain such oddities. In Experiment 1 subjects made more errors on the phonologically plausible than implausible unacceptable sentences with both verb-gaps and pronouns in the whole sentence but not in the RSVP condition. There was no effect of phonological plausibility in Experiment 2. As the effect of phonological plausibility was only seen in the whole sentence condition, and only when the sentences contained semantic oddities, these data suggest that phonological information was not used in the first-pass analysis of the sentence, but rather when the subject re-read the sentence to find the referent.
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Nabil, Bouchra, Rachida Ouaabou, Mourad Ouhammou, Lamia Essaadouni, and Mostafa Mahrouz. "Functional Properties, Antioxidant Activity, and Organoleptic Quality of Novel Biscuit Produced by Moroccan Cladode Flour “Opuntia ficus-indica”." Journal of Food Quality 2020 (March 27, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3542398.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to develop a novel biscuit by supplementing cladode flour (CF) into whole-wheat flour (WWF) at different proportions 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Proximate analysis revealed that CF had a high amount of ash (11.9%) and dietary fiber (41.04%). Major minerals determined by ICP-MS were calcium (4.47 g/100 g); potassium (1.25 g/100 g); magnesium (1.46 g/100 g); and trace elements such as zinc (1.77 mg/100 g), copper (0.95 mg/100 g), and selenium (148.5 μg/100 g). The analysis of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity showed high values (649.88 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g; 399.16 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g; and 72.37%, respectively). HPLC was used to identify four phenolic acids (gallic, ferulic, syringic, and caffeic acids) and only one flavonoid (rutin) in cladode flour. Biscuit hardness, L∗, and a∗ color values decreased corresponding to the incorporation level of CF. Sensory evaluation showed that the substitution level (up to 25%) is ideal to prepare an acceptable bio-biscuit. Cladode flour could be very useful for the food industry as a source of bioactive compounds with technological potential and nutritional and antioxidant properties.
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Palese, Alvisa, Maddalena Peghin, Valentina Bressan, Margherita Venturini, Valentina Gerussi, Giulia Bontempo, Elena Graziano, Erica Visintini, and Carlo Tascini. "One Word to Describe My Experience as a COVID-19 Survivor Six Months after Its Onset: Findings of a Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 4954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19094954.
Full textAbstract:
The COVID-19 pandemic emotionally affected the lives of patients cared for in different settings. However, a comprehensive view of the whole experience as lived by survived patients, from the onset of the disease and over time, is substantially unknown to date. A descriptive qualitative design was implemented according to the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Adult patients (=1067) cared for during the first wave (March/April 2020) capable of answering an interview and willing to participate were interviewed (=397) by phone with an interview guide including open- and closed-ended questions. In this context, they were asked to summarise with a metaphor their entire COVID-19 experience at six months. Then, the emotional orientation (positive, neutral, or negative) of the metaphors expressed was identified. The participants were mainly female (206; 51.9%), with an average age of 52.6 years (CI 95% 50.4–53.6), reporting a mild severity of COVID-19 disease at the onset (261; 65.7%) and the perception of being completely healed (294; 70%) at six months. The patients summarised their experiences mainly using negative-oriented (248; 62.5%) metaphors; only 54 (13.6%) reported positive-oriented metaphors and a quarter (95; 23.95) neutral-oriented metaphors. Nearly all positive-oriented metaphors were reported by patients with symptoms at the onset (53; 98.1%), a significantly higher proportion compared to those reporting negative- (219; 88.3%) and neutral–oriented (78; 82.1%) metaphors (p = 0.014). While no other clinical features of the disease were associated, among females, significantly more negative-oriented metaphors emerged. Moreover, neutral-oriented metaphors were reported by younger patients (49.5 years, CI 95% 64.11–52.92) as compared to those negative and positive that were reported by more mature patients (53.9; CI 95% 52.04–55.93 and 54.8; CI 95% 50.53–59.24, respectively) (p = 0.044). Nurses and healthcare services require data to predict the long-term needs of patients. Our findings suggest that, for many patients, the COVID-19 lived experience was negative over time.
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Dopieralska, Patrycja, Joanna Barłowska, Anna Teter, Jolanta Król, Aneta Brodziak, and Piotr Domaradzki. "Changes in Fatty Acid and Volatile Compound Profiles during Storage of Smoked Cheese Made from the Milk of Native Polish Cow Breeds Raised in the Low Beskids." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112103.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated changes in the proximate chemical composition and profiles of fatty acids and volatile compounds of 12 smoked cheeses made from the milk of native Polish cow breeds used in Beskid Niski. Analyses were performed during the shelf life i.e., in the 1st, 21st, 42nd and 69th day of storage. Studies have shown that thanks to smoking and vacuum-packing, the chemical composition of cheese remained stable throughout the whole shelf-life. Up until the 21st day of storage, there were no statistically significant changes in the profile of fatty acids as well as volatile compounds. Changes were observed only after the mentioned storage time. After 21 days, there was a significant (p < 0.05) and steady decrease (up to day 69) in the proportion of odd-chain (by about 36%), branched-chain (by about 17%) and unsaturated fatty acids (by slightly over 1%). Among unsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05), however, there was a significant increase in the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids (by 5%) and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids of nearly 12%. Storage lowered (by 47% in the 69th day of storage) the content of the conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), as well as lowered the n6 to n3 fatty acids ratio. During the 69 days of storage, the content of carboxylic acids increased to more than 50%. In the period from the 42nd to 69th day of cheese storage, the content of butyric acid and hexanoic acids increased twofold, whereas that of octanoic acid increased more than tenfold. Fifty-four volatile compounds were identified in the cheese. The largest group was ketones (34%), whose level decreased during storage, with 2-butanone, 3-hydroxy- (acetoin) and 2-butanone predominating. The research found that due to their low odor threshold, carboxylic acids may have negatively affected the flavor profile of the cheese.