Academic literature on the topic 'Proportion of whole-word proximity'

Attempts to measure phonological acquisition have largely focused on segments, with less effort made to examine whole-word productions. This article proposes four measures designed to estimate a child's whole-word abilities: 1. the PHONOLOGICAL MEAN LENGTH OF UTTERANCE, a measure of whole-word complexity for both child and target words, 2. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD PROXIMITY, a measure of the proximity between the child's word and its target form, 3. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD CORRECTNESS, a measure of the number of words produced correctly relative to the sample size, and 4. the PROPORTION OF WHOLE-WORD VARIABILITY, a measure of how often a child produces words in distinct phonological shapes. The central measure is the Phonological Mean Length of Utterance, which can be used to identify a child's stage of acquisition, to assess proximity to target words, and to evaluate the complexity of words. The value of the new measures will be demonstrated through preliminary applications to a range of contexts; i.e. monolingual children acquiring English (five children, 0;11 to 1;5), Cantonese (one child, 1;7), and Spanish (5 children, 2;2 to 2;11), bilingual children acquiring Hungarian-English (one child, 2;0) and Spanish-English (3 children, 2;4 to 2;11), children with phonological impairment (eighteen children, 2;11 to 5;3), and children with cochlear implants (six children, 4;5 to 7;11).

In this study, the authors compared the phonological accuracy and patterns of sound change of boys with fragile X syndrome, boys with Down syndrome, and typically developing mental-age-matched boys. Participants were 50 boys with fragile X syndrome, ages 3 to 14 years; 32 boys with Down syndrome, ages 4 to 13 years; and 33 typically developing boys, ages 2 to 6 years, who were matched for nonverbal mental age to both the boys with fragile X syndrome and the boys with Down syndrome. All participants were administered a standardized articulation test, and their sound accuracy, phonological process, and proportion of whole-word proximity scores were analyzed. Although boys with fragile X syndrome were delayed in their speech development, they did not differ from the typically developing, mental-age-matched boys in the percentage of correct early-, middle-, and late-developing consonants; phonological processes; or whole-word proximity scores. Furthermore, boys with fragile X syndrome had fewer errors on early-, middle-, and late-developing consonants; fewer syllable structure processes; and higher whole-word proximity scores than did boys with Down syndrome. Boys with Down syndrome also were delayed in their speech development, yet their phonological inventories, occurrences of phonological processes, and proportion of whole-word proximity scores indicated greater delays in their phonological development than the younger, typically developing boys. These results suggest that males with fragile X syndrome display phonological characteristics in isolated words similar to younger, typically developing children, whereas males with Down syndrome show greater delays as well as some developmental differences compared with both the males with fragile X syndrome and typically developing males.

Tourists base a significant portion of their decisions on the perception they have of a place, which is formed over a protracted period of time and serves as the foundation for word-of-mouth marketing. It is uncommon to talk about how to include travellers’ word-of-mouth into tourism research. At the same time, the perception of a travel place has an impact on the entire travel experience as well as posttravel behaviour. This research investigates the impact of tourist destination image on travellers’ word-of-mouth communication, and it builds a model of travellers’ tourism awareness word-of-mouth communication based on the dual perspectives of cognition and emotion. The study demonstrates that the age of tourists accounted for the biggest proportion—up to 84.3%—among the three parameters influencing word-of-mouth communication among tourists. Second, the highest percentage for tourists’ educational attainment is 61.1%; third, the highest percentage for tourists’ occupation is 55.4%, demonstrating that age is the primary factor. The kind and strength of visitors’ emotional reactions to the environment at their destination are determined by their emotions and the surrounding environment. Integration, which is reflected in tourists’ tolerance and proximity to the destination environment, is the cognitive assessment of their perception of the location.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a diagnostic challenge in forensic medicine. In a relatively large proportion of the SCDs, the deaths remain unexplained after autopsy. This challenge is likely caused by unknown disease mechanisms. Changes in DNA methylation have been associated with several heart diseases, but the role of DNA methylation in SCD is unknown. In this study, we investigated DNA methylation in two SCD subtypes, sudden unexplained death (SUD) and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). We assessed DNA methylation of more than 850,000 positions in cardiac tissue from nine SUD and 14 SUDEP cases using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. In total, six differently methylated regions (DMRs) between the SUD and SUDEP cases were identified. The DMRs were located in proximity to or overlapping genes encoding proteins that are a part of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) showed that the DNA methylation alterations were not caused by genetic changes, while whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS) showed that DNA methylation was associated with expression levels of the GSTT1 gene. In conclusion, our results indicate that cardiac DNA methylation is similar in SUD and SUDEP, but with regional differential methylation in proximity to GST genes.

Objective Phonological Mean Length of Utterance (PMLU), a quantitative measure for assessing phonological skills, is a diagnostic and clinical criterion in phonological development. Moreover, it is an indicator showing the efficacy of the intervention. The PMLU is a word level measure that can be calculated on the child’s transcribed speech sample (transcription). To calculate PMLU, all consonants and vowels of the child’s produced words, and target words (standard production of words in native adults) are individually scored. The proportion of Whole-Word Proximity (PWP), another phonological quantitative measure, includes the ratio of the produced PMLU to the targeted word PMLU. PWP indirectly reflects the intelligibility of speech. Since languages are distinctive in syllabic and phonological structures, PMLU should be studied as a language-specific measure. PMLU has specifically been designed to assess phonological skills in spontaneous speech. Spontaneous speech sampling methods are advantageous since they consider the effect of morphological and syntactic skills, length, and complexity of words, and they could show the normal development of word complexity. This study was conducted to determine PMLU and PWP in 48 to 60 months old Persian-speaking children with Isfahani accents and to compare them in story generation and conversation sampling methods. The potential sensitivity of PMLU to growth was also examined. Materials & Methods This is an observational and cross-sectional study that was conducted for one year in 2016 in Isfahan City, Iran. A total of 100 children (51 boys and 49 girls) aged 48-60 months participated in story generation sampling, and 67 children (32 boys and 35 girls) participated in conversation sampling. The participants were selected from 261 kindergartens under the supervision of the Welfare Organization of Isfahan Province using the convenience sampling method. After completing the consent form and considering the inclusion criteria, conversation and story-generation samples were collected. Audio samplings were done in the same room using the same software (Clear Record Litev. 2.1). Raters transcribed the first 50 words of the recorded speech samples. Finally, we used the formula to calculate the target PMLU and child PMLU based on the normal production of an adult who speaks Persian with an Isfahani accent and the child’s production, respectively. To evaluate inter-rater reliability, raters randomly transcribed 20% of all samples to recalculate values. Participants’ story generation and conversation scores were entered into SPSS16 separately. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to examine the data distribution. Based on the data distribution, paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were used to compare measurements, and the Pearson and Spearman tests were used to investigate the associations. Results Child PMLU, target PMLU, and PWP measures of the story generation method were 8.794, 8.811, 0.998, and those of the conversation method were 9.068, 9.093, and 0.998, respectively. Correlation test results showed significant relationship between age and PWP in story generation (r=0.308) and conversation (r=0.313). Comparing child PMLU in story generation and conversation showed a significant relationship between child PMLU in both sampling methods (P=0.000). The result of the target PMLU comparison in two methods of story generation and conversation (P=0.000) was significant. PWP did not significantly differ between the two sampling methods (P=0.973). The inter-rater reliability was calculated at 0.70. Conclusion This study can be used as a basis for quantitative studies in the field of children’s phonological assessment using Persian whole words. However, longitudinal studies in different age groups with a high level of evidence in this field can convince therapists to use whole-word measures in clinics.

The American Public Transportation Association's use of a “land use multiplier” as part of its methodology for calculating greenhouse gas reduction from transit has increased interest in methodologies that quantify the impact of transit systems on land use and vehicle miles traveled. Such transit leverage, however, is frequently evaluated for urbanized areas, although transit systems serve only a small proportion of those areas. If transit leverage is stronger in areas closer to transit stations, studies based on larger geographies may underestimate land use and travel behavior effects in transit-served areas. A geographic information system–based data set was developed to understand better the leverage effects associated with the mature and extensive Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority transit system in areas proximate to its stations throughout Metropolitan Boston. The region was divided into the subregion that was transit-proximate (within a half mile of a rapid transit station or key bus route), the portion that was commuter rail–proximate, and the remaining 93.3% of the region that was not proximate to high-frequency transit. Households in the transit-proximate subregion were significantly more likely to commute by transit (and walking or biking), less likely to own a car, and drove fewer miles than households in the non-transit-served areas of the region. Commuter rail–proximate areas, although denser than the region as a whole, exhibited more driving and car ownership than regional averages. Given these spatial and modal variations, future efforts to understand transit leverage should separately evaluate land use and travel effects by mode and proximity to transit stations.

67 Background: Structural rearrangements in cancers genomes have the potential to disrupt normal gene function and result in a selective growth advantage, either by inactivating tumour suppressors or creating novel gene fusions with oncogenic gain-of-function. Specific fusion genes identified to date are found in particular tumor types rather than being present in all cancers suggesting there are tissue-specific mechanisms underlying these events. The most well-known fusion event in prostate cancer is TMPRSS2-ERG. Recent studies have suggested that androgen receptor may play a role in the formation of TMPRSS2-ERG fusions, bringing the two loci in close proximity in the nucleus and facilitating DNA strand break and repair along with AR associated enzymes. Methods: To explore this mechanism more comprehensively, we performed whole-genome sequencing of 14 prostate cancers from seven patients as well as paired whole blood controls. Results: Across the cancer genomes we identified approximately 4,500 high confidence DNA breakpoints and found that a large proportion of these breakpoints were in close proximity to curated androgen receptor binding sites. Furthermore, when we examined breakpoints in 11 other cancers from the TCGA and ICGC projects, we identified a similar association with androgen (and estrogen) receptor binding sites specifically in hormone-dependent tumour types, suggesting a role for steroid hormone receptors in the formation of cancer driving structural rearrangements. In addition, in at least one patient, the formation of a novel gene fusion contributed directly to the lethal evolution of his tumour. Conclusions: These data suggest that the androgen receptor drives genome wide breakpoints and novel fusion events in prostate cancer.

Background and Objective. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with repeat blood donation. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study carried out among blood donors aged 18–65 years in northern Tanzania. The questionnaire was administered among 454 participants through the phone. Results. Of the 454 participants, the proportion of repeat donation was 63.9%. In the backward logistic regression analysis, the significant predictors were living in Arusha which had lower odds of repeat donation compared to those living in Kilimanjaro. Knowledge of time interval between donations increased odds of repeating donations. High intention increased odds of repeat donation compared to low intention. Altruistic score had minor effect on increasing odds of repeating donation. Conclusion. Repeat blood donation is affected by proximity of donating site, awareness of the blood donation interval, intention to donate, and experience on previous donation. We recommend continuous education concerning blood donors and donation among health workers and society as a whole; this will create awareness on motivational factors for repeat donations.

Potato, Solanum tuberosum L., one of the most commonly cultivated horticultural crops throughout the world, is susceptible to a variety of herbivory insects. In the present study, we evaluated the consequence of feeding by the sap-sucking insect Halyomorpha halys on potato leaf photosynthetic efficiency. By using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging methodology, we examined photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry in terms of feeding and at the whole leaf area. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in potato’s defence response mechanism immediately after feeding was also assessed. Even 3 min after feeding, increased ROS generation was observed to diffuse through the leaf central vein, probably to act as a long-distance signalling molecule. The proportion of absorbed energy being used in photochemistry (ΦPSII) at the whole leaf level, after 20 min of feeding, was reduced by 8% compared to before feeding due to the decreased number of open PSII reaction centres (qp). After 90 min of feeding, ΦPSII decreased by 46% at the whole leaf level. Meanwhile, at the feeding zones, which were located mainly in the proximity of the leaf midrib, ΦPSII was lower than 85%, with a concurrent increase in singlet-excited oxygen (1O2) generation, which is considered to be harmful. However, the photoprotective mechanism (ΦNPQ), which was highly induced 90 min after feeding, was efficient to compensate for the decrease in the quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII). Therefore, the quantum yield of non-regulated energy loss in PSII (ΦNO), which represents 1O2 generation, remained unaffected at the whole leaf level. We suggest that the potato PSII response to sap-sucking insect feeding underlies the ROS-dependent signalling that occurs immediately and initiates a photoprotective PSII defence response to reduce herbivory damage. A controlled ROS burst can be considered the primary plant defence response mechanism to herbivores.

Thirty-seven adult female moose ( Alces alces) from 2 distinct but adjacent populations in Elk Island National Park (EINP), Alberta, Canada (19 in north EINP and 18 in south EINP), were fitted with mortality-sensing VHF radio-collars, and radio signals were acquired daily to ascertain mortality status. At capture, serum, whole blood, and feces were collected; pregnancy was determined; teeth were aged by visual inspection; and a portion of liver was assessed by ultrasound examination. Postmortem examination was conducted on 20 suitable carcasses. Clinical pathological abnormalities, including eosinophilia, polycythemia, elevated levels of liver enzymes in serum, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell distribution, and liver damage as seen in ultrasound images occurred only in moose from north EINP. Infected moose had 4.7 ± 4.8 Fascioloides magna flukes per liver (mean ± SD). The proportion of moose pregnant at capture was similar in both populations (74% in north EINP, 61% in south EINP). Proportional mortality was significantly higher in moose from the north (68%) than the south (32%). Fascioloides magna was associated as a cause of death in 7 of 14 (50%) moose in the north where cause of death was determined, while predation ( n = 1), acute toxemic syndrome ( n = 3), dystocia ( n = 1), and roadkill and undetermined causes ( n = 3) were additional causes of mortality. F. magna was associated with poor body condition and was a major cause of mortality in north EINP but not south EINP, despite very similar habitat and proximity, suggesting a significant role for these flukes in affecting health and viability of naturally infected moose populations.

The concept of practice-oriented learning is not used very consistently in contemporary literature. There are numerous and non-uniform descriptions of what it is. This contribution revolves around what it can be. The literature describes this mainly as an attempt to marry theory and practice and create a more comprehensive understanding. Integration is a frequently used word and often it is the vocational practice that is meant by practice. Nor does Norwegian parliamentary report no. 16 from 2016/17 give anything but a relatively superficial glance of the fact that active students learn the most and best when they experience proximity to people’s reality and when its scenarios are naturally integrated into the teaching. I suggest that we question our applied concepts and grasp the experience, and see it in the light of implicit and explicit knowledge, tacit or articulated knowledge, internalism and externalism, and participant and spectator – well-known concepts in epistemology. I look at what the student «does and undergoes» in her/his learning process as a tool for realizing the knowledge on the inside and searching outside it with the goal of placing it within the whole. The exchange between inside and outside is important for understanding the practice as a phenomenon – from thinking about it, to thinking and acting with it.

Abstract: The article will examin one of Le Corbusier's more emblematic works: the Ronchamp Chapel. The aim is to discover some of the intentionalities hidden within the design of this work by the swiss architect. It will start with the following considerations of Le Corbusier about the Ronchamp chapel:“it began with the acoustics of the landscape taking the four horizons as a reference...to respond to these horizons, to accomodate them, shapes were created…” And: “ Shapes make noise and silence; some speak and others listen...”And again: “ Ear can see proportions. It's possibile to hear the music of visual proportion” (Le Corbusier). The article sustains that the church is nothing but a giant acoustic machine dedicated to Virgin Mary which main purpose is the listening of the prayers. Infact in the Christian religion Mary is the very vehicle between God and man , she has a human but also divine nature since she is the mother of Jesus. To get in contact with the divine it is necessary to pray Mary, she can listen to man's prayers but she can also pass down God's word to man. In support of this hypothesis there stands an analogy between the chapel's map and the image section of a human ear, highlighting the coincidence between the altar position and that of cochlea, which shape is so dear to le Corbusier that he makes use of it very often in his work. Keywords: Ronchamp; acoustic landscape; human ear, architecture as chrystallized music. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.719