Academic literature on the topic 'Property trusts'
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Journal articles on the topic "Property trusts"
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Parkinson, Patrick. "RECONCEPTUALISING THE EXPRESS TRUST." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 3 (December 11, 2002): 657–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302001769.
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This article argues that the express trust should be understood as a species of obligation rather than as a means of organising the ownership of property. Two propositions seem fundamental to the traditional understanding of the trust as an aspect of property law. Firstly, in the nature of the trust, there must be a separation of legal and beneficial ownership. Secondly, there must be trust property. Neither is necessarily true. With many discretionary trusts and other recognised types of express trust it is impossible to locate the beneficial estate. Furthermore, the requirement for there to be trust property is, on closer analysis, a requirement of certainty of obligation in relation to specific subject-matter within which the trust property can be located.The article explores the implications of understanding the trust as a species of obligation. It allows all express trusts, including charitable trusts, to be explained as resting on the same fundamental concepts. The trust in the common law world may still be distinguished from contract and from the civil law forms of the trust. This new conceptualisation also illuminates what is the irreducible core content of the trust. The article concludes with a new definition of the express trust.
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Lee, Joyman. "The Nature of the Beneficiary’s Interest in English, Japanese and Quebec Trusts." European Review of Private Law 29, Issue 4 (September 1, 2021): 611–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2021032.
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In the English trust, the beneficiary is viewed as the substantive owner of property held under trust, even as the trustee holds legal title to the property and is the only party who is able to perform the legal functions associated with ownership. In the mixed legal systems of Quebec and of Japan, the juristic pathways to the beneficiary’s substantive ownership are vastly different. In the case of Japan, arguably the ‘patrimony’ conception is applicable, whereas in Quebec the new ‘ownerless’ trust departed significantly from the problems associated with the trustee’s ‘ownership’ of property under the old trust. The article submits that the ability of the beneficiary to enforce his interests independently from other parties is crucial to the trust’s ability to achieve broadly similar effects to English law. From an English perspective, it is vital that civilian trusts recognize and accommodate the differences inherent in the beneficiary’s rights to due administration and to the economic enjoyment of property.
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Van Dyk, Herman, and Danie Calitz. "An Analysis Of The Risks Associated With Estate Duty In Retaining Control Over Trust Assets." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 5 (September 1, 2016): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i5.9766.
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The use of trusts to minimise estate duty and other taxes has recently come under scrutiny from government. The DTC has proposed amendments to income tax legislation to serve as a deterrent against using trusts to avoid estate duty. Such amendments will, however, only discourage the use of trusts if the trust assets generate a significant amount of income and the donor of the assets or the beneficiaries of the trust have little or no other taxable income.The objective of this paper is to identify the estate duty risks associated with retaining control over trust assets. It was concluded that trust assets are only at risk of being included as deemed property in the estate of a deceased person where such person had, immediately prior to death, the legal competence to dispose of such property for the benefit of himself or his estate and that the conduct of the planner was not a relevant consideration in determining whether trust assets could be deemed property. However, the conduct of the estate planner with respect to trust assets could potentially lead to the inclusion of the property as actual property in his estate, particularly in circumstances where the trust was his alter ego and trust property was treated as his own, where the trust arrangement is regarded as simulated or where there was no intention to create a trust.
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Nobles, Richard. "Pensions as property." Legal Studies 14, no. 3 (November 1994): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.1994.tb00508.x.
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The overwhelming majority of employees who are members of occupational pension schemes belong to what are called ‘defined benefit’ schemes. These schemes provide for their members to receive a benefit defined by reference to a member’s salary at the date of their retirement or, if they change jobs, the salary paid just prior to their leaving. This article examines the rights of the members of defined benefit schemes. In particular, it considers claims by scheme members that the pension funds which secure their pensions represent their deferred pay, and that these funds are, in some meaningful sense, their property. The article argues that whilst the law of trusts may appear at first sight to lend support to the members’ claims, developments within the law of trusts, coupled with the underlying contradiction in the meaning of ownership in trust law, has made it difficult for the courts to recognise the members’ claims.
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Peart, Nicola. "The Property (Relationships) Act 1976 and Trusts: Proposals for Reform." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 47, no. 3 (November 1, 2016): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v47i3.4792.
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Trusts often have the effect of undermining the social aims of the Property (Relationships) Act 1976. In the absence of legislative action, the courts have been sympathetic to a range of arguments aimed at accessing trust assets that would have been subject to division between the parties but for the trust. None of these judicial responses adequately addresses the current deficiencies of the Property (Relationships) Act or the potential detriment to trusts and their beneficiaries. This paper considers a range of potential reforms and argues that any reform should seek to strike a balance between the social aims of a relationship property regime and the right of owners to structure their property interests as they wish.
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Newell, Graeme, Ting Hwa, and Peter Acheampong. "Listed Property Trusts in Malaysia." Journal of Real Estate Literature 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2002.12090104.
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Abdullah, Luqman, Nor Fahimah Mohd Razif, Muhammad Ikhlas Rosele, Abdul Karim Ali, and Noor Naemah Abdul Rahman. "Muslim’s trust property issues in Malaysia: A preliminary study." Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research 7, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jeeir.v7i2.8766.
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Wealth or property is an essential part of Muslim life whether it is related to religious affairs or life preservation. Therefore, the trust property management aspect should be emphasized in preserving the benefits of society, especially Muslims. For this reason, this study will review the management of Muslim property trusts in Malaysia and issues related to it. This study was conducted based on a qualitative approach in identifying issues that arose in the management of property trusts. The findings show that there are some issues especially in the management of zakat, waqf, bequeathal and inheritance have become polemic and debate in Malaysia. These issues need to be assessed and resolved from the perspective of Islamic law.
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Saksonov, Vladyslav, and Kostyantyn Romashchenko. "Legal structure “law of trusts” in the civil legislation of Ukraine." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-2-120-126.
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The article gives the legal characteristics of the newly introduced structure "law of trusts" in the civil legislation of Ukraine. The current status and possible prospects for the development of this legal institution in our state are clarified. In particular, the two-fold character of the legal nature and the ambiguity of the assessment of “law of trusts” were noted. Firstly, as a type (Article 546 of the Civil Code of Ukraine) and a method (Article 597 of the Civil Code of Ukraine) of guaranteeing the fulfillment of an obligation. Secondly, as a special type of property right (Article 316 of the Civil Code of Ukraine). Moreover, in all senses, the "law of trusts" causes numerous comments by specialists, which causes controversy and the necessity for further changes. The right of trust should be considered in a broad understanding of the significance of this legal phenomenon. It may include the transfer of property rights for the purpose of managing it in the interests of a fiduciary (fiducia cum amico), and the transfer of property rights in order to ensure the fulfillment of a loan obligation (fiducia cum creditore). Therefore, the idea of limiting at the legislative level of this phenomenon of an exclusively interim function is doubtful and may have long-term consequences with a further understanding of this legal phenomenon and the implementation of foreign practices. The introduction at the legislative level of the institution of trusts as a type and method of ensuring the fulfillment of an obligation with an attempt to provide him with dual content of a legal nature is nothing more than an attempt to replace the content with a form. The legal construction of law of trusts introduced by the legislator is, by its legal nature, a surrogate for mortgages in its “super form”. In it, the lender is “facilitated” by the mechanism of foreclosure on property, through ownership of the title. Trust property as a type and method of ensuring fulfillment of an obligation cannot be considered as a special type of property right without a doctrinal and legislative review of the content of the owner’s eligibility. At the legislative level, it would be more successful to implement the evolutionary form of trust - title support as a way to ensure fulfillment of an obligation without “obscuring” in its nature the attributes of this type of right to things as property right, albeit with the provision of a special type of property. Trust property as a way to ensure the fulfillment of an obligation (title security) should be consid-ered as a type of right to things to another's property, and not as a special type of property right with a defect in the content of eligibility.
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Cameron, Edwin. "Constructive Trusts in South African Law: The Legacy Refused." Edinburgh Law Review 3, no. 3 (September 1999): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.1999.3.3.341.
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This paper was first presented on 19 October 1996 at a joint seminar of the Scottish Law Commission and the Faculty of Law, University of Edinburgh, on the subject of constructive trusts. Although trusts are a distinctively Common Law institution, seemingly incompatible with Civilian concepts of property, trust law has been received in the mixed South African legal system. But constructive trusts have found no place in South African trust law, in the view of the author, rightly so. Much of the work performed by the constructive trust can be achieved through the law of obligations, while the acceptance of the institution can produce anomalous results in insolvency.
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Clarry, Daniel. "FIDUCIARY OWNERSHIP AND TRUSTS IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 63, no. 4 (October 2014): 901–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589314000463.
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AbstractOwnership is an essential feature of trusts that serves as a useful analytical and comparative tool in order to cross legal traditions and compare different legal institutions, which to a greater or lesser extent serve similar socio-economic and legal functions. The concentration on ownership enables one to burrow down into the normative roots of different legal traditions. This article comprises three substantive parts: first, characterizing ownership and the manner in which this concept distinguishes the civil and common law traditions; second, contextualizing ownership in relation to trusts from different legal systems; and, third, conceptualizing some contemporary challenges arising out of the divergent nature of ownership in the phenomenology of the trust paradigm, the value of the trust to comparative law and its effect on the civil law as a distinct tradition. It is argued that trusts necessarily involve the fiduciary administration of property and that ‘fiduciary ownership’ is a better shorthand description of the encumbered nature of trust property, rather than ‘dual’ or ‘split’ ownership, which is misleading and mistaken.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Property trusts"
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Tan, Yen Keng, University of Western Sydney, College of Law and Business, and of Construction Property and Planning School. "Strategic investment issues for listed property trusts." THESIS_CLAB_CPP_Tan_Y.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/623.
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In the context of Listed Property Trusts (LPTs), three strategic investment issues have received considerable prominence in recent years. This thesis focuses on both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of these three strategic investment issues. 1/ the role of international property in LPTs 2/ the effect of stapled-securities management structure 3/ the performance of property securities funds. The three investment issues are assessed in some detail. The findings of the research suggest that the addition of international LPTs in the Australian LPT portfolio has resulted in significant diversification gains. The findings of the mixed-asset portfolio analysis suggest adding international LPTs to the Australian mixed-asset portfolio.Portfolio performance improved considerably. Mixed-asset portfolio performance is further enhanced when direct property is included. It is evident from the study that the property research discussed has led to the development of new LPT methodologies and a fuller understanding of the investment dynamics of the LPT sector in Australia.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Coghlan, Julian. "An analysis of property trusts in Australia /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecc676.pdf.
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Tan, Yen Keng. "Strategic investment issues for listed property trusts." Thesis, View thesis, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/623.
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In the context of Listed Property Trusts (LPTs), three strategic investment issues have received considerable prominence in recent years. This thesis focuses on both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of these three strategic investment issues. 1/ the role of international property in LPTs 2/ the effect of stapled-securities management structure 3/ the performance of property securities funds. The three investment issues are assessed in some detail. The findings of the research suggest that the addition of international LPTs in the Australian LPT portfolio has resulted in significant diversification gains. The findings of the mixed-asset portfolio analysis suggest adding international LPTs to the Australian mixed-asset portfolio.Portfolio performance improved considerably. Mixed-asset portfolio performance is further enhanced when direct property is included. It is evident from the study that the property research discussed has led to the development of new LPT methodologies and a fuller understanding of the investment dynamics of the LPT sector in Australia.
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Tan, Yen Keng. "Strategic investment issues for listed property trusts /." View thesis, 2004. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20050223.131622/index.html.
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Makatsane, Ntseno P. "A performance comparison of specialised (industrial) and non-specialised real estate investment trusts in South Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30049.
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There is a belief that anything that is specialised tends to outperform the diversified counterparts and this study investigates if this proposition applies in the property industry, specifically the REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust) market in South Africa (SA). The norm is to apply a quantitative methodology when assessing performance but this study follows a qualitative approach in comparing the overall performance between specialised and diversified REITs in SA using non-quantitative metrics. A mix of specialised and diversified REITs in SA were sampled and a multiple case study analysis was done after interviewing senior management in four REITs. A total of four interviews were done with five respondents across four cases. These cases were then analysed using thematic analysis. The respondents were asked questions relating to the REIT they are working for, industrial specialised and diversified REITs performance and the SA property market as a whole. The overall findings suggest that diversified REITs may outperform the specialised REITs in SA currently however, this conclusion depends on a lot of factors. These factors include the analysis time of reference, the economic status of the country (for example, recession), the size of the REIT, the company gearing level, how that specific sector is performing at that particular time relative to others and the management efficiency level. The growth of e-commerce plays a vital role as a factor as well because it is said to be replacing the brick and mortar retail industry therefore, its influence affects the specialised industrial sector performance. For further research, a similar study with a quantitative approach can be considered in order to add to the SA REIT body of knowledge. Furthermore, research on the performance of property companies before and after attaining REIT status could be investigated to determine the REIT status effect on the company. To add on to the SA REIT literature, performance between REITs in different sectors and provinces could be explored.
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Olcese, Tomás. "Formação histórica da real property law> inglesa: tenures,estates, equity & trusts." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-29082013-140556/.
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A real property law inglesa é um tema pouco estudado na tradição jurídica de base romanística, e menos ainda no Brasil. Mesmo a literatura comparatística tem minimizado, ou mesmo omitido, o estudo abrangente das fontes inglesas ao analisar o tema, resultando na ausência de trabalhos escritos desde uma perspectiva do direito privado continental que analisem com maior profundidade os principais elementos formativos dos direitos reais sobre bens imóveis de matriz inglesa. As referências e alusões ao sistema do common law, contudo, são hoje cada vez mais freqüentes nos ordenamentos de matriz civilística, principalmente em razão da maior interação entre ordenamentos pertencentes a sistemas jurídicos de tradição histórica diversa. Portanto, para estabelecer diálogos relevantes, deve-se dedicar atenção especial aos principais elementos de formação do sistema de direito inglês, de modo a desvendar sua particular estrutura e terminologia. O primeiro passo para estabelecer esse diálogo é conhecer os elementos que deram origem ao sistema do common law. Dado o forte vínculo do direito inglês com a sua história, torna-se necessário o estudo da real property law por meio de uma análise das suas fontes históricas que revele tanto a estrutura conceitual quanto o sentido das expressões e dos institutos mais típicos do sistema do common law. É esse estudo que pretendemos realizar neste trabalho, mediante a análise da formação histórica das tenures, dos estates, da equity e dos trusts. Uma pesquisa baseada nas fontes relativas à formação da real property law traz a vantagem adicional de fornecer uma visão ampla acerca da natureza e o funcionamento do sistema do common law como um todo, na medida em que o desenvolvimento primário do direito inglês esteve associado à estrutura dos direitos reais sobre bens imóveis na Inglaterra. Desse contexto derivam, em larga medida, as particularidades e as características que tornam o sistema do common law, em muitos aspectos, diverso dos sistemas jurídicos de tradição romanística. A busca por uma aproximação entre os sistemas pertencentes a essas duas tradições jurídicas exige uma compreensão dos elementos que deram origem à diversidade entre elas. Nossa proposta é, justamente, identificar esses elementos e torná-los compreensíveis desde uma perspectiva civilística, por meio de uma análise das fontes inglesas mais relevantes para o tema.English real property law is not a subject very often studied in the legal tradition based on Roman law, and even less so in Brazil. Even comparative writers have tended to minimize, if not altogether omit, a comprehensive study of the English sources when discussing the subject, resulting in a lack of literature, written from the perspective of continental private law, that analyses in greater depth the main formative elements of the law of real property based on the English legal model. The references and allusions to the common law legal system, however, have become increasingly more frequent in civil law contexts, largely due to the greater degree of interaction between legal systems belonging to different historical traditions. Thus, in order to establish meaningful dialogues, special attention must be given to the main factors that shaped the English legal system, thereby unveiling its specific structure and terminology. The firs step towards establishing such a dialogue is to understand the elements that gave birth to the common law legal system. Given the strong connection English law has with its history, it is necessary to study the real property law through an analysis of its historical sources, which will reveal the conceptual structure and the meaning of the most typical expressions and institutions of the English legal system. That is the task undertaken herein, to be accomplished through the study of the historical inception of the doctrine of tenures, the doctrine of estates, equity and trusts. A study based on the sources regarding the formation of the real property law brings the additional advantage of providing a broad outlook on the nature and operation of the English legal system as a whole, as the primary development of English law was associated to the structure of rights over land in England. That context is the cause, to a large extent, of the peculiarities and characteristics that make the English legal system, in many ways, different from legal systems based on Roman law. The pursuit for a closer interaction between the legal systems that belong to those two legal traditions requires an understanding of the elements that determined their differences. The object of this research is to identify those elements and make them comprehensible from a civilian perspective, by means of an analysis of the most relevant English sources on the subject.
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Daniels, Joseph A. "Securitizing spectacle : property, real estate investment trusts, and the financialization of retail space in Singapore." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55203.
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In this thesis I explore several intersections of the work on financialization, urbanization, the real estate financial nexus, and spectacle urbanism. Taking the recently formed Singapore real estate investment trust (REIT) market as its case, this thesis contributes to efforts to build out our understanding of the consequences of urban financialization: among them, argued here, being the production of ‘spectacle urbanism’ as an everyday experience in retail spaces. Entangled within state initiatives to develop Singapore as a leading financial center, the REIT market was initiated in 2002 as part of a wider effort to deepen financial markets in the city-state. Its existence has become a current political issue in parliament, manifestly centered upon the politics over claims to property and its seeming capture by financial actors as a “purely financial asset”. And it is here that the thesis begins in Chapter 1 to outline the contemporary relevance of this study. In Chapter 2 I argue that urbanizing financialization—that is to concern ourselves with financialization and urbanization as interdependent processes—is necessary for understanding the spatial dynamics of financialization. The strategic starting point is to focus upon the material and spatial processes that enable property to be treated as a “pure financial asset”. In Chapter 3, drawing upon interviews conducted in the Singaporean REIT market, I demonstrate the material and spatial process that REIT managers concern themselves with to realize property as a ‘pure financial asset’, guided by the notion of producing liquidity or ‘unlocking value’. Chapter 4 considers the effects of these processes and argues that a constructive dialogue is to be had between the work on spectacle urbanism and financialization. I argue that not only does financialization accelerate spectacle urbanism, but that this in turn largely sustains urban financialization in a recursive process. Finally, the thesis concludes with a reflection upon the implications of the empirical chapters and the ‘politics’ of this research—highlighting the urgency of future research on the role of the state in creating these infrastructures of financialization.Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate
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Rickens, Carl. "An investigation into South African property unit trusts: do active managers add value to investors?" Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33011.
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Active vs passive management is a central debate within asset management, with active managers promising superior market beating performance after fees through their superior knowledge and stock selection. This study investigates the performance of 34 South African property unit trusts over multiple periods between 2005 and 2018. Fund performance was evaluated using three risk-adjusted measures, namely the Sharpe ratio, information ratio and Jensen's alpha, in order to determine whether there is significant outperformance amongst the funds. The benchmark used to compare performance was the South African Listed Property index (SAPY), which is the most common and well established proxy for the South African property market. The sample was divided into three periods, long term 2005-2018, medium term 2008-2018 and short term 2015-2018. In all periods, outperformance of active funds were shown to be inconclusive, with only a small number of funds showing significant positive alphas and significantly high Sharpe and information ratios. A small number of funds achieved outperformance across multiple periods. On average significant outperformance was uncommon and inconsistent. Furthermore, a number of funds achieved significant underperformance over multiple periods, with inferior risk-adjusted returns and alphas compared to the benchmark. However, the volatility of fund returns were shown to be less than the benchmark on average in all periods, indicating that active managers were able to reduce volatility compared to the benchmark. In the more recent short term period, performance of the active funds were especially low with many negative alphas' present. The best performing fund across multiple periods was shown to be a risk parity portfolio of property stocks, which achieved significantly higher returns whilst having lower volatility than the benchmark and other funds. Ultimately the results suggest that active managers in the sector do not provide sufficient evidence for outperformance. Hence investors are better of making use of passive indices or a risk parity portfolio if they are looking for exposure to South African listed property. This is in line with other international studies which have also found that active management in the property industry does not provide significant and consistent outperformance. These results provide useful insight to property investors in South Africa and contribute to the debate between active vs passive management within the financial literature.
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Mtonga, Edwin Madalo. "A critical appraisal of the current anti-money Laundering laws of Malawi with specific focus on trusts." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5190.
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Kishore, Rohit, University of Western Sydney, College of Law and Business, and of Construction Property and Planning School. "The Impact of size and value effects on listed property trust performance." THESIS_CLAB_CPP_Kishore_R.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/468.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to determine whether size and book value to market value (BV/MV) effects dominate the property effects in the return generating process for Listed Property Trusts (LPTs) in Australia.The study endeavours to answer a critical question regarding listed property investment vehicles. That is, are they stocks or property? The approach, however, differs from previous studies in that it avoids utilising direct property data because of the inherent valuation-smoothing problems.Instead, it develops unique specialised indices for LPTs by size and BV/MV ratios. The analyses are conducted in four different ways. Amongst other findings, it is suggested that the two well known stock market effects, namely size and BV/MV effects, are significant in LPT returns. As such, by way of inference, it is suggested that property effects in LPT returns are subsumed under the effects of these two factors. The findings support the hybrid-asset hypothesis for LPTs; that is, LPTs are an asset class of its own, sharing to an extent, the characteristics of both shares and property direct.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Books on the topic "Property trusts"
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Ayers, Kerry. Trusts and relationship property. Wellington, N.Z: Thomson/Brookers, 2003.
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Steven, Andrew J. M., author, ed. Property, trusts and succession. Haywards Heath, West Sussex: Bloomsbury Professional, 2013.
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I, Moralejo Imbernón Nieves, ed. Property and trust law in Spain. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law International, 2011.
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Aristi, Rafael Sánchez. Property and trust law in Spain. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2014.
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Alain, Verbeke, ed. Property and trust law. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000.
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Chorney, Marc A. Trusts in divorce property divisions. Denver, CO: Continuing Legal Education in Colorado, 2011.
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Habdas, Magdalena. Property and trust law in Poland. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2015.
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Property and trust law in Ireland. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2012.
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Passinhas, Sandra. Property and trust law in Portugal. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2012.
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Property and trust law in New Zealand. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Property trusts"
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Kim, Jongchul. "Person, Property, and Trusts." In Modern Money and the Rise and Fall of Capitalist Finance, 108–30. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003052210-7.
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Newell, Graeme. "Listed Property Trusts in Australia." In Global Trends in Real Estate Finance, 46–63. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444315301.ch4.
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"Relevant property trusts." In Inheritance Tax 2021/22. Bloomsbury Professional, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781526518507.chapter-010.
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Pearce, Robert, and Warren Barr. "5. Constitution of trusts." In Pearce & Stevens' Trusts and Equitable Obligations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198745495.003.0005.
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This chapter covers the constitution of trusts. A trust can be created in two ways: by the owner of property becoming a trustee himself or herself or by transferring property to someone else, and, at the same time, imposing a trust on them. In the first instance, a trust will be created if the person who holds the legal title to property free of any existing trust effectively declares themselves trustee of it in favour of specified beneficiaries. On the other hand, if the legal owner of property, the settlor, wishes to subject it to a trust in favour of beneficiaries, but does not wish to serve as trustee themselves, they can create a trust by transferring the property to someone else. In such circumstances, the original owner ceases to have any interest in the property, and the transferee of the property receives it as trustee subject to the trust obligations.
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Barr, Warren, and John Picton. "6. Constitution of trusts." In Pearce & Stevens' Trusts and Equitable Obligations, 139–69. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198867494.003.0006.
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This chapter covers the constitution of trusts. A trust can be created in two ways: by the owner of property becoming a trustee himself or herself or by transferring property to someone else, and, at the same time, imposing a trust on them. In the first instance, a trust will be created if the person who holds the legal title to property free of any existing trust effectively declares themselves trustee of it in favour of specified beneficiaries. On the other hand, if the legal owner of property, the settlor, wishes to subject it to a trust in favour of beneficiaries, but does not wish to serve as trustee themselves, they can create a trust by transferring the property to someone else. In such circumstances, the original owner ceases to have any interest in the property, and the transferee of the property receives it as trustee subject to the trust obligations.
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Davies, Paul S., and Graham Virgo. "4. Creation of Express Trusts." In Equity & Trusts, 117–70. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198821830.003.0004.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses the formality requirements that must be met in the creation of express trusts. As an example, a declaration of an express trust over land is presented here, which formally requires signed writing. Trusts created by a will also need to satisfy formality requirements and must be constituted by title to the trust property being vested in the trustee. A trust can be constituted using two mutually exclusive methods: by declaration of oneself as a trustee or by transfer of property to trustees. Neither half-secret nor fully secret trusts will comply with statutory formality requirements but, subject to the fulfilment of certain conditions, they will be regarded as valid to ensure that the statutory formalities are not used as an instrument of fraud.
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Virgo, Graham. "5. Formalities." In The Principles of Equity & Trusts, 115–54. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198854159.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the processes for creating an express trust, which involves two processes. The first involves possible formality requirements relating to the creation of the trust itself, particularly involving trusts of land and testamentary trusts. It also considers how a trust may be valid despite failure to satisfy these requirements, notably where a statute is being used as an instrument of fraud or where a secret trust is recognized. The second process involves the formality requirements which need to be satisfied to ensure that title to property is vested in the trustees, so that the trust is constituted. Constitution of the trust is considered where a settlor declares themself as a trustee and where another party is declared as a trustee. The chapter also examines when Equity may intervene where a trust has not been properly constituted or where a gift has not been validly transferred to a donee.
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Virgo, Graham. "5. Formalities." In The Principles of Equity & Trusts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198804710.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the processes for creating an express trust, which involves two processes. The first involves possible formality requirements relating to the creation of the trust itself, particularly involving trusts of land and testamentary trusts. It also considers how a trust may be valid despite failure to satisfy these requirements, notably where a statute is being used as an instrument of fraud or where a secret trust is recognized. The second process involves the formality requirements which need to be satisfied to ensure that title to property is vested in the trustees, so that the trust is constituted. Constitution of the trust is considered where a settlor declares themself as a trustee and where another party is declared as a trustee. The chapter also examines when Equity may intervene where a trust has not been properly constituted or where a gift has not been validly transferred to a donee.
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Watt, Gary. "8. Constructive trusts and informal trusts of land." In Trusts & Equity, 259–316. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198854142.003.0008.
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Constructive trusts differ from express trusts in many ways. Whereas an express trust gives effect to an owner’s intention to transfer a beneficial interest in his property, a constructive trust may be imposed directly contrary to the owner’s intentions. Another distinction between an express trust and a constructive trust is that the former is unenforceable unless it is evidenced in writing, whereas the latter is created and operates without formality. However, express and constructive trusts, by their very nature as trusts, have a number of similar features, the most fundamental being the presence of ascertainable property, in which a beneficiary has a proprietary interest for which the trustee is personally liable to account. This chapter examines the nature, operation, and variety of constructive trusts, and also considers one special category of constructive trusts: informal trusts of land. In addition, it discusses commonwealth jurisdictions and proprietary estoppel.
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Watt, Gary. "8. Constructive trusts and informal trusts of land." In Trusts & Equity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198804697.003.0008.
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Constructive trusts differ from express trusts in many ways. Whereas an express trust gives effect to an owner's intention to transfer a beneficial interest in his property, a constructive trust may be imposed directly contrary to the owner's intentions. Another distinction between an express trust and a constructive trust is that the former is unenforceable unless it is evidenced in writing, whereas the latter is created and operates without formality. However, express and constructive trusts, by their very nature as trusts, have a number of similar features, the most fundamental being the presence of ascertainable property, in which a beneficiary has a proprietary interest for which the trustee is personally liable to account. This chapter examines the nature, operation, and variety of constructive trusts, and also considers one special category of constructive trusts: informal trusts of land. In addition, it discusses commonwealth jurisdictions and proprietary estoppel.
Conference papers on the topic "Property trusts"
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"AUSTRALIAN LISTED PROPERTY TRUSTS IN LIGHT OF THE SUB-PRIME CRISIS." In 15th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2008. ERES, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2008_291.
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"Performance Differences in Property Type Diversified Versus Specialised Real Estate Investment Trusts." In 14th Annual European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2007. ERES, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2007_347.
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"The effects of management structure on the performance of listed property trusts." In 11th European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2004. ERES, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2004_217.
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"Testing Managerial Performance: A Study of Shareholder Wealth Effects In Acquisitions of Property Portfolios by Real Estate Investment Trusts." In 9th European Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 2002. ERES, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2002_142.
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Bezkhodarnov, Vladimir V., Tatiana I. Chichinina, Mikhail O. Korovin, and Valeriy V. Trushkin. "Prediction of Reservoir Properties from Seismic Data by Multivariate Geostatistics Analysis." In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206595-ms.
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Abstract A new technique has been developed and is being improved, which allows, on the basis of probabilistic and statistical analysis of seismic data, to predict and evaluate the most important parameters of rock properties (including the reservoir properties such as porosity and permeability), that is, oil saturation, effective thicknesses of reservoirs, their sand content, clay content of seals, and others; it is designed to predict the reservoir properties with sufficient accuracy and detail, for subsequent consideration of these estimates when evaluating hydrocarbon reserves and justifying projects for the deposits development. Quantitative reservoir-property prediction is carried out in the following stages: –Optimization of the graph ("scenario") of seismic data processing to solve not only the traditional structural problem of seismic exploration, but also the parametric one that is, the quantitative estimation of rock properties.–Computation of seismic attributes, including exclusive ones, not provided for in existing interpretation software packages.–Estimation of reservoir properties from well logs as the base data.–Multivariate correlation and regression analysis (MCRA) includes the following two stages: Establishing correlations of seismic attributes with estimates of rock properties obtained from well logs.Construction of multidimensional (multiple) regression equations with an assessment of the "information value" of seismic attributes and the reliability of the resulting predictive equations. (By the "informative value" we mean the informativeness quality of the attribute.)–Computation and construction of the forecast map variants, their analysis and producing the resultant map (as the most optimal map version) for each predicted parameter.–Obtaining the resultant forecast maps with their zoning according to the degree of the forecast reliability. The MCRA technique is tested by production and prospecting trusts during exploration and reserves’ estimation of several dozen fields in Western Siberia: Kulginskoye, Shirotnoye, Yuzhno-Tambaevskoye, etc. (Tomsk Geophysical Trust, 1997-2002); Dvurechenskoe, Zapadno-Moiseevskoe, Talovoe, Krapivinskoe, Ontonigayskoe, etc. (TomskNIPIneft, 2002–2013).
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Wang, Xiao, Ziwei Zhang, Jing Wang, Peng Cui, and Shiqiang Yang. "Power-law Distribution Aware Trust Prediction." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/495.
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Trust prediction, aiming to predict the trust relations between users in a social network, is a key to helping users discover the reliable information. Many trust prediction methods are proposed based on the low-rank assumption of a trust network. However, one typical property of the trust network is that the trust relations follow the power-law distribution, i.e., few users are trusted by many other users, while most tail users have few trustors. Due to these tail users, the fundamental low-rank assumption made by existing methods is seriously violated and becomes unrealistic. In this paper, we propose a simple yet effective method to address the problem of the violated low-rank assumption. Instead of discovering the low-rank component of the trust network alone, we learn a sparse component of the trust network to describe the tail users simultaneously. With both of the learned low-rank and sparse components, the trust relations in the whole network can be better captured. Moreover, the transitive closure structure of the trust relations is also integrated into our model. We then derive an effective iterative algorithm to infer the parameters of our model, along with the proof of correctness. Extensive experimental results on real-world trust networks demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method over the state-of-the-arts.
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Wu, Qitian, Lei Jiang, Xiaofeng Gao, Xiaochun Yang, and Guihai Chen. "Feature Evolution Based Multi-Task Learning for Collaborative Filtering with Social Trust." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/538.
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Social recommendation could address the data sparsity and cold-start problems for collaborative filtering by leveraging user trust relationships as auxiliary information for recommendation. However, most existing methods tend to consider the trust relationship as preference similarity in a static way and model the representations for user preference and social trust via a common feature space. In this paper, we propose TrustEV and take the view of multi-task learning to unite collaborative filtering for recommendation and network embedding for user trust. We design a special feature evolution unit that enables the embedding vectors for two tasks to exchange their features in a probabilistic manner, and further harness a meta-controller to globally explore proper settings for the feature evolution units. The training process contains two nested loops, where in the outer loop, we optimize the meta-controller by Bayesian optimization, and in the inner loop, we train the feedforward model with given feature evolution units. Experiment results show that TrustEV could make better use of social information and greatly improve recommendation MAE over state-of-the-art approaches.
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"Linkages between Property Trust Performance and Property Market Returns." In Real Estate Society Conference: ERES Conference 1995. ERES, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres1995_170.
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Patterson, Nicholas, Michael Hobbs, and Jemal Abawajy. "Virtual Property Theft Detection Framework: An Algorithm to Detect Virtual Propety Theft in Virtual World Environments." In 2012 IEEE 11th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/trustcom.2012.296.
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Manulis, M., and M. Steiner. "UPBA: User-Authenticated Property-Based Attestation." In 2011 Ninth Annual International Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pst.2011.5971972.
Full textReports on the topic "Property trusts"
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Feldman, David, Michael Mendelsohn, and Jason Coughlin. Technical Qualifications for Treating Photovoltaic Assets as Real Property by Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1046324.
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Batt, Rosemary, Eileen Applebaum, and Tamar Katz. The Role of Public REITs in Financialization and Industry Restructuring. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp189.
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Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are important but little studied financial actors that control over $3.5 trillion in gross assets and over 500,000 properties in the U.S. Yet they have been largely ignored because tax rules define them as ‘passive investors.’ The evidence in this report shows that they are actually financial actors that aggressively buy up property assets and manage them to extract wealth at taxpayers’ expense. This study identifies the powerful impact that REITs, as owners of the real estate that houses productive enterprises, have had on operating companies and on the US economy more generally. It draws on case study evidence from markets where REITs have a major presence – nursing homes, hospitals, and hotels. The tax treatment of REITs has facilitated a growing and worrying influence on health care markets in particular at taxpayer expense.
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Schroeder, Benjamin B., and Vicente J. Romero. Development of Uncertainty and Material Property "Truth" Models and Results for Cantilever Beam End-to-End UQ Problem. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1527324.
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She, Ruifeng, and Yanfeng Ouyang. Generalized Link-Cost Function and Network Design for Dedicated Truck-Platoon Lanes to Improve Energy, Pavement Sustainability, and Traffic Efficiency. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-037.
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Recent development of autonomous and connected trucks (ACT) has provided the freight industry with the option of using truck platooning to improve fuel efficiency, traffic throughput, and safety. However, closely spaced and longitudinally aligned trucks impose frequent and concentrated loading on pavements, which often accelerates pavement deterioration and increases the life cycle costs for the highway agency. Also, effectiveness of truck platooning can be maximized only in dedicated lanes; and its benefits and costs need to be properly balanced between stakeholders. This paper proposes a network-design model to optimize (i) placement of dedicated truck-platoon lanes and toll price in a highway network, (ii) pooling and routing of ACT traffic from multiple origins and destinations to utilize these lanes, and (iii) configuration of truck platoons within these lanes (e.g., lateral displacements and vehicle separations). The problem is formulated as an integrated bi-level optimization model. The upper level makes decisions on converting existing highway lanes into dedicated platoon lanes, as well as setting user fees. The lower-level decisions are made by independent shippers regarding the choice of routes and use of platoon lanes vs. regular lanes; and they collectively determine truck traffic in all lanes. Link-cost functions for platoon lanes are obtained by simultaneously optimizing, through dynamic programming, pavement-rehabilitation activities and platoon configuration in the pavement's life cycle. A numerical case study is used to demonstrate the applicability and performance of the proposed model framework over the Illinois freeway system. It is shown that the freight traffic is effectively channelized on a few corridors of platoon lanes and, by setting proper user fees to cover pavement-rehabilitation costs, systemwide improvements for both freight shippers and highway agencies can be achieved.
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Buttigieg, Pier Luigi. Guidance on Versioning of Digital Assets. HMC Office, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/hmc_publ_04.
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Versioning of data and metadata is a crucial - but often overlooked - topic in scientific work. Using the wrong version of a (meta)data set can lead to drastically difference outcomes in interpretation, and lead to substantial, propagating downstream errors. At the same time, past versions of (meta)data sets are valuable records of the research process which should be preserved for transparency and complete reproducibility. Further, the final version of (meta)data sets may actually include errors that previous versions did not. Thus, careful version control is the foundation for trust in and broad reusability of research and operational (meta)data. This document provides an introduction to the principles of versioning, technical recommendations on how to manage version histories, and discusses some pitfalls and possible solutions. In the first part of this document, we present examples of change processes that require proper management and introduce popular versioning schemes. Finally, the document presents recommended practices for researchers as well as for infrastructure developers.
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Megersa, Kelbesa. Tax Transparency for an Effective Tax System. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.070.
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This rapid review examines evidence on the transparency in the tax system and its benefits; e.g. rising revenue, strengthen citizen/state relationship, and rule of law. Improvements in tax transparency can help in strengthening public finances in developing countries that are adversely affected by COVID-19. The current context (i.e. a global pandemic, widespread economic slowdown/recessions, and declining tax revenues) engenders the urgency of improving domestic resource mobilisation (DRM) and the fight against illicit financial flows (IFFs). Even before the advent of COVID-19, developing countries’ tax systems were facing several challenges, including weak tax administrations, low taxpayer morale and “hard-to-tax” sectors. The presence of informational asymmetry (i.e. low tax transparency) between taxpayers and tax authorities generates loopholes for abuse of the tax system. It allows the hiding of wealth abroad with a limited risk of being caught. Cases of such behaviour that are exposed without proper penalty may result in a decline in the morale of citizens and a lower level of voluntary compliance with tax legislation. A number of high-profile tax leaks and scandals have undermined public confidence in the fairness of tax systems and generated a strong demand for effective counteraction and tax transparency. One of the key contributing factors to lower tax revenues in developing countries (that is linked to low tax transparency) is a high level of IFFs. These flows, including international tax evasion and the laundering of corruption proceeds, build a major obstacle to successful DRM efforts. Research has also identified an association between organisational transparency (e.g. transparency by businesses and tax authorities) and stakeholder trust (e.g. between citizens and the state). However, the evidence is mixed as to how transparency in particular influences trust and perceptions of trustworthiness.
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Thomas, Sandy, Peter Gregory, Sarah O’Brien, Catriona McCallion, Ben Goodall, Chun-Han Chan, and Paul Nunn. Rapid Evidence Review 1 on the Critical Appraisal of Third-Party Evidence. Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.elm525.
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The Food Standards Agency (FSA) always seeks to ensure that itsrecommendations are made on the best-available evidence. Following a request from the FSA Chair, the Science Council have sought to provide a framework that can guide those seeking to submit uncommissioned evidence to the FSA on its scientific principles and standards.The Science Councils proposed framework is based on the principles of quality, trustand robustness. By being transparent about the FSA’s minimal expectations, we aim to help those who wish to submit evidence, typically in an effort to fill a perceived evidence gap orchange a relevant policy or legislation. The framework also seeks to provides assurance to others on the processes in place within the FSA to assess evidence it receives.When the FSA receives evidence, it will: be transparent about how the evidence is assessed and used to develop its evidence base, policy recommendations and risk communication; assess evidence in its proper context using the principles of quality, trust and robustness; seek to minimise bias in its assessments of evidence by using professional protocols, its SACs, peer review and/or multi-disciplinary teams be open and transparent about the conclusions it has reached about any evidence submitted to it.
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Balali, Vahid, Arash Tavakoli, and Arsalan Heydarian. A Multimodal Approach for Monitoring Driving Behavior and Emotions. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1928.
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Studies have indicated that emotions can significantly be influenced by environmental factors; these factors can also significantly influence drivers’ emotional state and, accordingly, their driving behavior. Furthermore, as the demand for autonomous vehicles is expected to significantly increase within the next decade, a proper understanding of drivers’/passengers’ emotions, behavior, and preferences will be needed in order to create an acceptable level of trust with humans. This paper proposes a novel semi-automated approach for understanding the effect of environmental factors on drivers’ emotions and behavioral changes through a naturalistic driving study. This setup includes a frontal road and facial camera, a smart watch for tracking physiological measurements, and a Controller Area Network (CAN) serial data logger. The results suggest that the driver’s affect is highly influenced by the type of road and the weather conditions, which have the potential to change driving behaviors. For instance, when the research defines emotional metrics as valence and engagement, results reveal there exist significant differences between human emotion in different weather conditions and road types. Participants’ engagement was higher in rainy and clear weather compared to cloudy weather. More-over, engagement was higher on city streets and highways compared to one-lane roads and two-lane highways.
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Huang, Haohang, Erol Tutumluer, Jiayi Luo, Kelin Ding, Issam Qamhia, and John Hart. 3D Image Analysis Using Deep Learning for Size and Shape Characterization of Stockpile Riprap Aggregates—Phase 2. Illinois Center for Transportation, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-017.
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Riprap rock and aggregates are extensively used in structural, transportation, geotechnical, and hydraulic engineering applications. Field determination of morphological properties of aggregates such as size and shape can greatly facilitate the quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) process for proper aggregate material selection and engineering use. Many aggregate imaging approaches have been developed to characterize the size and morphology of individual aggregates by computer vision. However, 3D field characterization of aggregate particle morphology is challenging both during the quarry production process and at construction sites, particularly for aggregates in stockpile form. This research study presents a 3D reconstruction-segmentation-completion approach based on deep learning techniques by combining three developed research components: field 3D reconstruction procedures, 3D stockpile instance segmentation, and 3D shape completion. The approach was designed to reconstruct aggregate stockpiles from multi-view images, segment the stockpile into individual instances, and predict the unseen side of each instance (particle) based on the partial visible shapes. Based on the dataset constructed from individual aggregate models, a state-of-the-art 3D instance segmentation network and a 3D shape completion network were implemented and trained, respectively. The application of the integrated approach was demonstrated on re-engineered stockpiles and field stockpiles. The validation of results using ground-truth measurements showed satisfactory algorithm performance in capturing and predicting the unseen sides of aggregates. The algorithms are integrated into a software application with a user-friendly graphical user interface. Based on the findings of this study, this stockpile aggregate analysis approach is envisioned to provide efficient field evaluation of aggregate stockpiles by offering convenient and reliable solutions for on-site QA/QC tasks of riprap rock and aggregate stockpiles.
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Avis, William. Drivers, Barriers and Opportunities of E-waste Management in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.016.
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Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices and consumer appetite for better products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on e-waste management in Africa. This report provides an overview of constitutes e-waste, the environmental and health impacts of e-waste, of the barriers to effective e-waste management, the opportunities associated with effective e-waste management and of the limited literature available that estimate future volumes of e-waste. Africa generated a total of 2.9 million Mt of e-waste, or 2.5 kg per capita, the lowest regional rate in the world. Africa’s e-waste is the product of Local and imported Sources of Used Electronic and Electrical Equipment (UEEE). Challenges in e-waste management in Africa are exacerbated by a lack of awareness, environmental legislation and limited financial resources. Proper disposal of e-waste requires training and investment in recycling and management technology as improper processing can have severe environmental and health effects. In Africa, thirteen countries have been identified as having a national e-waste legislation/policy.. The main barriers to effective e-waste management include: Insufficient legislative frameworks and government agencies’ lack of capacity to enforce regulations, Infrastructure, Operating standards and transparency, illegal imports, Security, Data gaps, Trust, Informality and Costs. Aspirations associated with energy transition and net zero are laudable, products associated with these goals can become major contributors to the e-waste challenge. The necessary wind turbines, solar panels, electric car batteries, and other "green" technologies require vast amounts of resources. Further to this, at the end of their lifetime, they can pose environmental hazards. An example of e-waste associated with energy transitions can be gleaned from the solar power sector. Different types of solar power cells need to undergo different treatments (mechanical, thermal, chemical) depending on type to recover the valuable metals contained. Similar issues apply to waste associated with other energy transition technologies. Although e-waste contains toxic and hazardous metals such as barium and mercury among others, it also contains non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium and precious metals such as gold and copper, which if recycled could have a value exceeding 55 billion euros. There thus exists an opportunity to convert existing e-waste challenges into an economic opportunity.