Relevant bibliographies by topics / Property propagation

Academic literature on the topic 'Property propagation'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Property propagation"

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Zheng, Guoliang, Lili Wan, Tiefeng He, Qingyang Wu, and Xuhui Zhang. "The Propagation Characteristics of Circular Airy Beams with Propagational Fractional-Order Optical Vortices." Photonics 11, no. 1 (January 7, 2024): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics11010064.

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We investigate the propagation properties of circular Airy beams (CABs) with propagational fractional-order optical vortices (OVs). The superposition of the phase singularity and polarization singularity from a vortex vector beam (VVB) plays a significant role in creating a propagational fractional vortex beam. Propagational fractional vortex beams can be considered as a superposition of left and right circularly polarized vortex beams with different integer topological charges (TCs). We study the propagation characteristics of two kinds of propagational fractional vortex CABs, and the results show that both of the two kinds of beams can stably propagate in free space, and they exhibit an “abruptly auto-focusing” property and “self-healing” property during the propagation. The intensity distribution of the first kind of propagational fractional vortex CAB has an odd number of petals (2m + 1), while the second kind of beam has a crescent-shaped intensity distribution. The influence of turbulence on the beam propagation through atmosphere under different turbulence strengths is also numerically studied in this paper. A fractional vortex CAB with an initial radius r0 = 10 mm can retain its shape after propagating 20 m when the atmospheric refractive-index structure constant CN2=0.2×10−12m−2/3. Our results are expected to broaden the application of CABs.
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Ma Liang, 马亮, 吴逢铁 Wu Fengtie, and 蒲继雄 Pu Jixiong. "Beam propagation property of helical axicon." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 23, no. 6 (2011): 1479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20112306.1479.

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Yang, Jun Ru, Z. Q. Li, C. Z. Huang, X. F. Wang, and G. C. Wang. "Research on the Propagation of the Crack Inclined across the Interface in the Cermet Cladding Part." Materials Science Forum 697-698 (September 2011): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.697-698.430.

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A new comparative propagation property parameter CP suitable to judge the propagation of the interface crack in the cladding part is proposed. The propagation criterion for the crack inclined across the interface is established. The theoretical research on the CPxA and CPxB of this interface crack propagating in the clad and substrate separately is carried out. The propagation law of the interface crack in the cermet cladding part is investigated with an example. The research results show that, within the ranges of the studied parameters, CPxA is bigger than CPxB, and that the crack initially propagates in the clad.
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Yang, J. R., X. F. Wang, Y. K. Zhang, Z. Q. Li, and C. Z. Huang. "Research on the Propagation of the Crack Parallel to and Lying on the Interface in the Cermet Cladding Part." Advanced Materials Research 426 (January 2012): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.426.287.

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Taking the interface crack in the cermet cladding part as the study object, a new comparative propagation property parameter (CPPP) CP suitable to judge the interface crack propagation direction in the cladding part is proposed. The interface crack propagation criterion is established. Based on it, the theoretical research on the parameters (CP1, CP2 and CPi) for the crack parallel to and lying on the interface propagating to the clad, to the substrate, and along the interface is carried out. The interface crack propagation law is investigated with an example. The research results show that the crack will more easily deflect to the clad.
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Zhu, Kaicheng, Jie Zhu, Qin Su, and Huiqin Tang. "Propagation Property of an Astigmatic sin–Gaussian Beam in a Strongly Nonlocal Nonlinear Media." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010071.

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Based on the Snyder and Mitchell model, a closed-form propagation expression of astigmatic sin-Gaussian beams through strongly nonlocal nonlinear media (SNNM) is derived. The evolutions of the intensity distributions and the corresponding wave front dislocations are discussed analytically and numerically. It is generally proved that the light field distribution varies periodically with the propagation distance. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the astigmatism and edge dislocation nested in the initial sin-Gaussian beams greatly influence the pattern configurations and phase singularities during propagation. In particular, it is found that, when the beam parameters are properly selected, a vortex beam with perfect doughnut-shaped profile can be obtained for astigmatic sin-Gaussian beams with two-lobe pattern propagating in SNNM.
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NAKAMURA, Shu. "Semiclassical singularities propagation property for Schrödinger equations." Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 61, no. 1 (January 2009): 177–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2969/jmsj/06110177.

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Chatterjee, A., A. Sarkar, Sourav Bhattacharya, P. Mukherjee, N. Gayathri, and P. Barat. "Markov property of continuous dislocation band propagation." Physics Letters A 372, no. 22 (May 2008): 4016–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2008.03.013.

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Xu, Yonggen. "Sine hollow beam and its propagation property." Optik 125, no. 14 (July 2014): 3465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2014.01.067.

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Pieprzyk, J. P. "Error propagation property and application in cryptography." IEE Proceedings E Computers and Digital Techniques 136, no. 4 (1989): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-e.1989.0036.

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Torrence, R. J. "Wave equations with the characteristic propagation property." Journal of Mathematical Physics 27, no. 7 (July 1986): 1750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.527039.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Property propagation"

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Davis, Paul. "Process/property interactions in the new polyethylenes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391720.

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KENNEDY, BRIDGET ROSE. "MODELING PULSE PROPAGATION IN LOSS COMPENSATED MATERIALS THAT EXHIBIT THE NEGATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX PROPERTY." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193641.

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Rapid development in nanofabrication has led to the design of new materials with very unusual properties. The exhibition of negative and zero indices of refraction are among the most striking properties of these materials, which have become the focus of intensive research worldwide. The potential for applications that is possible due to the new light manipulation capabilities of these materials has been the driving force behind this research. Most of the research in this field has primarily been experimental while the theoretical studies have mainly been limited to computer modeling, which in itself is a challenging problem. This research requires considerable computational resources and the development of new computer algorithms.The origin of the unusual properties in these materials comes from the combination of dielectric host materials with metallic nanosructures. These materials are often referred to as nanocomposite metamaterials. The plasmonic resonance in properly engineered metallic nanostructures gives rise to the resonant interaction of the incident electromagnetic field with metamaterials in such a way as to stimulate a magnetic permeability and an electric permittivity with negative real parts. The resonant nature of this phenomenon leads to considerable losses in metamaterials, which has made the study of loss compensation one of the key subjects in this field.The two techniques of loss compensation in metamaterials are considered in this dissertation. One of these techniques consists of doping the host material with active atoms. In the second technique, loss compensation is achieved by embedding these active atomic inclusions directly into the nanostructures. This dissertation presents the derivation of the systems of governing equations and studies the coherent pulse amplification for both cases.
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Ouagne, Pierre. "Fracture property changes with oxidation and irradiation in nuclear graphites." Thesis, University of Bath, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341675.

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Li, Jinxia. "THE EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE AND TEXTURE ON HIGH CYCLE FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF AL ALLOYS." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/522.

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High cycle fatigue tests were carried out on a medium strength continuous casting AA 5754 Al alloy, and new generation high strength AA 2026 and AA 2099 Al alloys. The effect of texture on fatigue properties and short crack behavior were studied. The strengthening mechanisms were also thoroughly investigated for the two high strength alloys.Texture played an important role in the anisotropy of fatigue strength for the AA 5754 Al alloy. Being a solution strengthened alloy, it had a fatigue strength of 120% σy. High strength Al alloys had a strong tendency for planar slip due to the high density of coherent and shearable precipitates in the alloys. Texture was a key factor controlling the crack initiation and propagation. The crack path and the possible minimum twist angles were measured using EBSD and calculated theoretically by a crystallographic model. Based on the micro-texture measured by EBSD, the crack paths were predicted for the AA 2099 alloy and confirmed by the observed values.The excellent balance of superior fatigue properties and high tensile strength of AA 2026 and AA 2099 was attributed to the reduced population of Fe-containing particles, homogeneously distributed precipitates and dislocations. The addition of Zr coupled with the optimized thermo-mechanical treatment strongly restrained the recrystallization, refined the grain structure and promoted the homogenization of the precipitates. Moreover, the retainment of the deformation texture developed during the hot extrusion provided significant orientation strengthening in the high strength Al alloys.Fatigue cracks tended to initiate at coarse second phase particles on sample surfaces and the crack population varied markedly with the applied stresses in the high strength Al alloys. The relationship between of the crack population and the applied stress level was studied and quantified by a Weibull distribution function. Since the measured cracknumbers were associated with the crack initiate sites (i.e., the weakest links) in an alloy, the fatigue weakest-link density, which is defined as the crack population per unit area when stress close to the ultimate tensile stress, and the weakest-link strength distribution can all be calculated and regarded as a property of the studied materials.
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Paris, Pierre-Henri. "Identity in RDF knowledge graphs : propagation of properties between contextually identical entities." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS132.

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En raison du grand nombre de graphes de connaissances et, surtout, de leurs interconnexions encore plus nombreuses à l'aide de la propriété owl:sameas, il est devenu de plus en plus évident que cette propriété est souvent mal utilisée. En effet, les entités liées par la propriété owl:sameas doivent être identiques dans tous les contextes possibles et imaginables. Dans les faits, ceci n'est pas toujours le cas et induit une détérioration de la qualité des données. L'identité doit être considérée comme étant dépendante d'un contexte. Nous avons donc proposé une étude à large échelle sur la présence de la sémantique dans les graphes de connaissances, puisque certaines caractéristiques sémantiques permettent justement de déduire des liens d'identités. Cette étude nous a amenés naturellement à construire une ontologie permettant de donner la teneur en sémantique d'un graphe de connaissances. Nous avons aussi proposé une approche de liage de données fondée à la fois sur la logique permise par les définitions sémantiques, et à la fois sur la prédominance de certaines propriétés pour caractériser la relation d'identité entre deux entités. Nous nous sommes aussi intéressés à la complétude et avons proposé une approche permettant de générer un schéma conceptuel afin de mesurer la complétude d'une entité. Pour finir, à l'aide des travaux précédents, nous avons proposé une approche fondée sur les plongements de phrases permettant de calculer les propriétés pouvant être propagées dans un contexte précis. Ceci permet l'expansion de requêtes SPARQL et, in fine, d'augmenter la complétude des résultats de la requête
Due to a large number of knowledge graphs and, more importantly, their even more numerous interconnections using the owl:sameas property, it has become increasingly evident that this property is often misused. Indeed, the entities linked by the owl:sameas property must be identical in all possible and imaginable contexts. This is not always the case and leads to a deterioration of data quality. Identity must be considered as context-dependent. We have, therefore, proposed a large-scale study on the presence of semantics in knowledge graphs since specific semantic characteristics allow us to deduce identity links. This study naturally led us to build an ontology allowing us to describe the semantic content of a knowledge graph. We also proposed a interlinking approach based both on the logic allowed by semantic definitions, and on the predominance of certain properties to characterize the identity relationship between two entities. We looked at completeness and proposed an approach to generate a conceptual schema to measure the completeness of an entity. Finally, using our previous work, we proposed an approach based on sentence embedding to compute the properties that can be propagated in a specific context. Hence, the propagation framework allows the expansion of SPARQL queries and, ultimately, to increase the completeness of query results
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Ding, Xiaobin. "Development of a Rock Expert System (RES) for Evaluating Rock Property Values and Utilization of Three Dimensional Particle Flow Code (PFC3D) to Investigate Rock Behavior." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293428.

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This research consists of two main parts: development of a rock expert system (RES) as an easy-to-use and effective tool for evaluating rock properties, and modification and utilization of the three-dimensional Particle Flow Code (PFC3D) to analyze rock behavior. Because of different reasons, it is often difficult to obtain the rock property values directly. As an alternative, typical values and empirical correlations are often used to evaluate the rock property values. However, the typical values and empirical correlations come in various forms and are scattered in different sources. It is often difficult, time-consuming or even impossible for an engineer to find appropriate information to estimate the required rock properties. So in the first part of the research, the RES was developed as an easy-to-use and effective tool for evaluating rock properties by conducting detailed review and evaluation of well determined values and empirical correlations of rock properties in the published literature, and developing a central database and data application tools. The study of RES demonstrates the storage of rock property values and correlations is strongly applicable and the web based data application tool is effective to use and easy expandable. Considering its granular nature, the discrete element method (DEM) has been widely adopted to analyze the mechanical behavior of rock. The Particle Flow Code (PFC) is one of the most popular DEM softwares. The basic idea of PFC is to treat rock as an assembly of bonded particles that follow the law of motion and consider the model behavior dominated by the formation and interaction of micro cracks developed within the particle-particle cement (bond). Unlike the continuum methods, PFC can deal with the natural process from micro cracking to macro failure, without predefining a failure criterion for the rock. However, there are still issues related to the application of PFC to analyze different rock problems. For example, so far, most of the studies use PFC2D although many of the problems are three dimensional and should be better simulated with PFC3D. It is also found that the simulations using the default PFC parallel bond model extremely underestimate the ratio of unconfined compressive strength to tensile strength (UCS/T). So in the second part of the research, the important aspects related to the application of PFC3D, including model scale, particle size distribution and contact model, were studied, a new contact model was developed for addressing the limitation of the default PFC3D on obtaining unrealistically low UCS/T ratios, and finally the new contact model was used to investigate rock fracture initiation and propagation.
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Tran, Duy Chau. "Propriétés diélectriques de liquides isolants d'origine végétale pour applications en haute tension." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10017.

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Pour des raisons autant écologiques qu'économiques ou techniques, des huiles de base d'esters naturels ont été utilisées pour remplacer de l'huile minérale dans les appareillages basse et moyenne tensions. Ce travail consiste en étude de caractérisation d'un mélange des esters naturels de faible viscosité (RS50) basant sur l'huile de colza pour les applications dans les transformateurs haute tension. L'influence des facteurs humidité, température, teneur en particules ainsi que vieillissement thermique sur ses propriétés diélectriques telles que : permittivité, conductivité, pertes et rigidité électrique sous tension alternative a été mise en évidence. La RS50 présente une solubilité de l'eau élevée, la conductivité, la permittivité et les pertes plus élevées que celles de l'huile minérale mais ces différences sont réduites dans des huiles vieillies. Sa rigidité électrique en tension alternative est similaire à l'huile minérale, même après le vieillissement. Pourtant, une analyse des phénomènes de préclaquage et de claquage dans des configurations particulières ont montré que les esters naturels sont moins favorables pour les applications à haute tension que l'huile minérale. Parallèlement, des études méthodologiques ont été effectuées. L'intérêt d'une application de la méthode de mesure spectroscopique fréquentielle à la caractérisation des isolants liquides est la mise en évidence et la validité des conditions de mesure de la rigidité électrique du liquide isolant, ce qui est traditionnellement imposé suivant les normes, a été discutée
For the environmental, economic or technical reasons, oils based on natural esters were used to replace mineral oil in electrical equipments in low and medium voltage. This work consists on characterization of a mixture (RS50) of low viscosity natural esters based on rapeseed oil for applications in high voltage transformers. The influence of humidity, temperature, particle content and thermal aging on its dielectric properties such as permittivity, conductivity, losses and electrical strength was highlighted. The RS50 has a high-water solubility, its conductivity, permittivity and losses are both higher than those of mineral oil but these differences are reduced in aged oils. Its electrical strength is similar to mineral oil even after aging. However, an analysis more precise of prebreak down and breakdown phenomena in specific configurations have shown that natural esters are less favorable for high voltage applications than mineral oil. In parallel, a methodological study was carried out. Advantage of using the frequency spectroscopy measuring method for the characterization of insulating liquids is highlighted. The validity of conditions for the dielectric strength measurement in the liquid insulation, which is traditionally imposed following the standards, was also discussed
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Zhang, Daili. "Multi-agent based control of large-scale complex systems employing distributed dynamic inference engine." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33963.

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Increasing societal demand for automation has led to considerable efforts to control large-scale complex systems, especially in the area of autonomous intelligent control methods. The control system of a large-scale complex system needs to satisfy four system level requirements: robustness, flexibility, reusability, and scalability. Corresponding to the four system level requirements, there arise four major challenges. First, it is difficult to get accurate and complete information. Second, the system may be physically highly distributed. Third, the system evolves very quickly. Fourth, emergent global behaviors of the system can be caused by small disturbances at the component level. The Multi-Agent Based Control (MABC) method as an implementation of distributed intelligent control has been the focus of research since the 1970s, in an effort to solve the above-mentioned problems in controlling large-scale complex systems. However, to the author's best knowledge, all MABC systems for large-scale complex systems with significant uncertainties are problem-specific and thus difficult to extend to other domains or larger systems. This situation is partly due to the control architecture of multiple agents being determined by agent to agent coupling and interaction mechanisms. Therefore, the research objective of this dissertation is to develop a comprehensive, generalized framework for the control system design of general large-scale complex systems with significant uncertainties, with the focus on distributed control architecture design and distributed inference engine design. A Hybrid Multi-Agent Based Control (HyMABC) architecture is proposed by combining hierarchical control architecture and module control architecture with logical replication rings. First, it decomposes a complex system hierarchically; second, it combines the components in the same level as a module, and then designs common interfaces for all of the components in the same module; third, replications are made for critical agents and are organized into logical rings. This architecture maintains clear guidelines for complexity decomposition and also increases the robustness of the whole system. Multiple Sectioned Dynamic Bayesian Networks (MSDBNs) as a distributed dynamic probabilistic inference engine, can be embedded into the control architecture to handle uncertainties of general large-scale complex systems. MSDBNs decomposes a large knowledge-based system into many agents. Each agent holds its partial perspective of a large problem domain by representing its knowledge as a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). Each agent accesses local evidence from its corresponding local sensors and communicates with other agents through finite message passing. If the distributed agents can be organized into a tree structure, satisfying the running intersection property and d-sep set requirements, globally consistent inferences are achievable in a distributed way. By using different frequencies for local DBN agent belief updating and global system belief updating, it balances the communication cost with the global consistency of inferences. In this dissertation, a fully factorized Boyen-Koller (BK) approximation algorithm is used for local DBN agent belief updating, and the static Junction Forest Linkage Tree (JFLT) algorithm is used for global system belief updating. MSDBNs assume a static structure and a stable communication network for the whole system. However, for a real system, sub-Bayesian networks as nodes could be lost, and the communication network could be shut down due to partial damage in the system. Therefore, on-line and automatic MSDBNs structure formation is necessary for making robust state estimations and increasing survivability of the whole system. A Distributed Spanning Tree Optimization (DSTO) algorithm, a Distributed D-Sep Set Satisfaction (DDSSS) algorithm, and a Distributed Running Intersection Satisfaction (DRIS) algorithm are proposed in this dissertation. Combining these three distributed algorithms and a Distributed Belief Propagation (DBP) algorithm in MSDBNs makes state estimations robust to partial damage in the whole system. Combining the distributed control architecture design and the distributed inference engine design leads to a process of control system design for a general large-scale complex system. As applications of the proposed methodology, the control system design of a simplified ship chilled water system and a notional ship chilled water system have been demonstrated step by step. Simulation results not only show that the proposed methodology gives a clear guideline for control system design for general large-scale complex systems with dynamic and uncertain environment, but also indicate that the combination of MSDBNs and HyMABC can provide excellent performance for controlling general large-scale complex systems.
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Nouy, Anthony. "Contributions à la quantification et à la propagation des incertitudes en mécanique numérique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nantes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00422364.

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La quantification et la propagation des incertitudes dans les modèles physiques apparaissent comme des voies essentielles vers l'amélioration de la prédiction de leur réponse. Le développement d'outils de modélisation des incertitudes et d'estimation de leur impact sur la réponse d'un modèle a constitué un axe de recherche privilégié dans de nombreux domaines scientifiques. Cette dernière décennie, un intérêt croissant a été porté à des méthodes numériques basées sur une vision fonctionnelle des incertitudes. Ces méthodes, couramment baptisées ``méthodes spectrales stochastiques'', sont issues d'un mariage fructueux de l'analyse fonctionnelle et de la théorie des probabilités.

Reposant sur des bases mathématiques fortes, les méthodes spectrales de type Galerkin semblent constituer une voie prometteuse pour l'obtention de prédictions numériques fiables de la réponse de modèles régis par des équations aux dérivées partielles stochastiques (EDPS). Plusieurs inconvénients freinent cependant l'utilisation de ces techniques et leur transfert vers des applications de grande taille : le temps de calcul, les capacités de stockage mémoire requises et le caractère ``intrusif'', nécessitant une bonne connaissance des équations régissant le modèle et l'élaboration de solveurs spécifiques à une classe de problèmes donnée. Un premier volet de mes travaux de recherche a consisté à proposer une stratégie de résolution alternative tentant de lever ces inconvénients. L'approche proposée, baptisée méthode de décomposition spectrale généralisée, s'apparente à une technique de réduction de modèle a priori. Elle consiste à rechercher une décomposition spectrale optimale de la solution sur une base réduite de fonctions, sans connaître la solution a priori.

Un deuxième volet de mes activités a porté sur le développement d'une méthode de résolution d'EDPS pour le cas où l'aléa porte sur la géométrie. Dans le cadre des approches spectrales stochastiques, le traitement d'aléa sur l'opérateur et le second membre est en effet un aspect aujourd'hui bien maîtrisé. Par contre, le traitement de géométrie aléatoire reste un point encore très peu abordé mais qui peut susciter un intérêt majeur dans de nombreuses applications. Mes travaux ont consisté à proposer une extension de la méthode éléments finis étendus (X-FEM) au cadre stochastique. L'avantage principal de cette approche est qu'elle permet de traiter le cas de géométries aléatoires complexes, tout en évitant les problèmes liés au maillage et à la construction d'espaces d'approximation conformes.

Ces deux premiers volets ne concernent que l'étape de prédiction numérique, ou de propagation des incertitudes. Mes activités de recherche apportent également quelques contributions à l'étape amont de quantification des incertitudes à partir de mesures ou d'observations. Elles s'insèrent dans le cadre de récentes techniques de représentation fonctionnelle des incertitudes. Mes contributions ont notamment porté sur le développement d'algorithmes efficaces pour le calcul de ces représentations. En particulier, ces travaux ont permis la mise au point d'une méthode d'identification de géométrie aléatoire à partir d'images, fournissant une description des aléas géométriques adaptée à la simulation numérique. Une autre contribution porte sur l'identification de lois multi-modales par une technique de représentation fonctionnelle adaptée.
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Boutahar, Jaouad. "Méthodes de réduction et de propagation d'incertitudes : application à un mùodèle de Chimie-Transport pour la modélisation et la stimulation des impacts." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2004. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007557.

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Dans une modélisation intégrée des impacts, l'objectif est de tester plusieurs scénarios d'entrées de modèle et/ ou d'identifier l'effet de l'incertitude des entrées sur les sorties de modèle. Dans les deux cas, un grand nombre de simulations de modèle sont nécessaires. Cela reste bien évidemment infaisable avec un modèle de Chimie-Transport à cause du temps CPU demandé. Pour surmonter cette difficulté, deux approches ont été étudiées dans cette thèse. La première consiste à construire un modèle réduit. Deux techniques ont été utilisées : la première est la méthode POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition) liée au comportement statistique du système. La seconde méthode est une méthode efficace de prétabulation fondée sur la troncature d'un développement multivariables de la relation Entrées/ sorties associé au modèle. La seconde est relative à la réduction du nombre de simulations demandé par la méthode Monte-Carlo classique de propagation d'incertitude. La technique utilisée ici est basée sur une représentation d'une sortie de modèle incertaine comme un développement de polynômes orthonormaux de variables d'entrées. Un autre point clé dans la modélisation intégrée d'impacts est de développer des stratégies de réduction des émissions en calculant des matrices de transfert sur plusieurs années de simulation. Une méthode efficace de calcul de ces matrices a été ainsi développée, notamment en définissant des scénarios "chimiquement" représentatifs. L'ensemble de ces méthodes a été appliqué au modèle POLAIR3D, modèle de Chimie-Transport développé dans le cadre de cette thèse
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Books on the topic "Property propagation"

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Wanhill, R. J. H. Damage tolerance property comparisons for 2000 and 8000 series aluminium plate alloys. Amsterdam: National Aerospace Laboratory, 1995.

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Di chan ying xiao chuan bo mo shi yu ye wu zhi dao: The model of real estate propagation and guide to the operation. Guangzhou: Guangdong jing ji chu ban she, 2006.

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Vuolanto, Ville. Child and Parent in Roman Law. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.37.

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This chapter concentrates on the issues in which the Roman jurisdiction of the Empire intervened in the relationships between parents and their (minor) children. It discusses the ownership and use of the property of the children, the consequences of legal incapacity of the children, guardianship, limits of patria potestas and filial and parental duties. Children were to be constantly under someone else’s authority. This meant not only restrictions in managing property, and in incapacity to represent oneself or others, but also some privileges. Moreover, while patria potestas was an important tool in organising family finances, in propagating Romanness and proper family relationships during the Roman Empire, it was not without limits. The powers of the fathers were balanced by the requirement of pietas between parents and the children.
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Chimenti, Dale, Stanislav Rokhlin, and Peter Nagy. Physical Ultrasonics of Composites. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195079609.001.0001.

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Physical Ultrasonics of Composites is a rigorous introduction to the characterization of composite materials by means of ultrasonic waves. Composites are treated here not simply as uniform media, but as inhomogeneous layered anisotropic media with internal structure characteristic of composite laminates. The objective here is to concentrate on exposing the singular behavior of ultrasonic waves as they interact with layered, anisotropic materials, materials which incorporate those structural elements typical of composite laminates. This book provides a synergistic description of both modeling and experimental methods in addressing wave propagation phenomena and composite property measurements. After a brief review of basic composite mechanics, a thorough treatment of ultrasonics in anisotropic media is presented, along with composite characterization methods. The interaction of ultrasonic waves at interfaces of anisotropic materials is discussed, as are guided waves in composite plates and rods. Waves in layered media are developed from the standpoint of the "Stiffness Matrix", a major advance over the conventional, potentially unstable Transfer Matrix approach. Laminated plates are treated both with the stiffness matrix and using Floquet analysis. The important influence on the received electronic signals in ultrasonic materials characterization from transducer geometry and placement are carefully exposed in a dedicated chapter. Ultrasonic wave interactions are especially susceptible to such influences because ultrasonic transducers are seldom more than a dozen or so wavelengths in diameter. The book ends with a chapter devoted to the emerging field of air-coupled ultrasonics. This new technology has come of age with the development of purpose-built transducers and electronics and is finding ever wider applications, particularly in the characterization of composite laminates.
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Hörnle, Julia. Internet Jurisdiction Law and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806929.001.0001.

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Jurisdiction is the foundational concept for both national laws and international law as it provides the link between the sovereign government and its territory, and ultimately its people. The internet challenges this concept at its root: data travels across the internet without respecting political borders or territory. This book is about this Jurisdictional Challenge created by internet technologies. The Jurisdictional Challenge arises as civil disputes, criminal cases, and regulatory action span different countries, rising questions as to the international competence of courts, law enforcement, and regulators. From a technological standpoint, geography is largely irrelevant for online data flows and this raises the question of who governs “YouTubistan.” Services, communication, and interaction occur online between persons who may be located in different countries. Data is stored and processed online in data centres remote from the actual user, with cloud computing provided as a utility. Illegal acts such as hacking, identity theft and fraud, cyberespionage, propagation of terrorist propaganda, hate speech, defamation, revenge porn, and illegal marketplaces (such as Silkroad) may all be remotely targeted at a country, or simply create effects in many countries. Software applications (“apps”) developed by a software developer in one country are seamlessly downloaded by users on their mobile devices worldwide, without regard to applicable consumer protection, data protection, intellectual property, or media law. Therefore, the internet has created multi-facetted and complex challenges for the concept of jurisdiction and conflicts of law. Traditionally, jurisdiction in private law and jurisdiction in public law have belonged to different areas of law, namely private international law and (public) international law. The unique feature of this book is that it explores the notion of jurisdiction in different branches of “the” law. It analyses legislation and jurisprudence to extract how the concept of jurisdiction is applied in internet cases, taking a comparative law approach, focusing on EU, English, German, and US law. This synthesis and comparison of approaches across the board has produced new insights on how we should tackle the Jurisdictional Challenge. The first three chapters explain the Jurisdictional Challenge created by the internet and place this in the context of technology, sovereignty, territory, and media regulation. The following four chapters focus on public law aspects, namely criminal law and data protection jurisdiction. The next five chapters are about private law disputes, including cross-border B2C e-commerce, online privacy and defamation disputes, and internet intellectual property disputes. The final chapter harnesses the insights from the different areas of law examined.
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Amarullah, Amarullah, Mardhiana Mardhiana, Willem Willem, and Nurul Chairiyah. Dasar Agronomi. Syiah Kuala University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52574/syiahkualauniversitypress.217.

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The world of agriculture promises development prospects both from the point of view of region, commodity and cultivation technology. The urgency of Agronomy is to recognize, understand the ins and outs of plants, and their breeding activities. Furthermore, food crops, plantations, fruit, vegetables, spices, and even flowers require a proper and adequate technique of propagation of planting material and growing media for plants to grow and develop into production. Modern plant cultivation technology with all its developments has become a practical plant management option such as tabulampot, hydroponics, silviculture and aeroponics also requires knowledge and skills, all of which are summarized and presented in "Basic Agronomy". Books with rich knowledge and benefits for humans and their lives, described in simple and easy-to-understand language, related to the history of agriculture and agronomy, the origin and distribution center of plants, conditions for growth and reproduction, cultivation techniques, harvest and post-harvest, technological developments. cultivation. The existence of this book is expected to answer people's curiosity about the world of agriculture, especially plant cultivation, from the selection of commodities, planting materials and growing media, planting to maintenance and even harvesting and post-harvest handling.
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Abercrombie, John. The Propagation and Botanical Arrangements of Plants and Trees, Useful and Ornamental, Proper for Cultivation in Every Department of Gardening; ... ... in Two Volumes. ... of 2; Volume 2. Gale Ecco, Print Editions, 2018.

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Buist, Robert 1805-1880. Rose Manual [microform]: Containing Accurate Descriptions of All the Finest Varieties of Roses, Properly Classed in Their Respective Families, Their Character and Mode of Culture, with Directions for Their Propagation, and the Destruction Of... Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.

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Book chapters on the topic "Property propagation"

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Gopalakrishnan, Srinivasan, and Saggam Narendar. "Material Property and Nonlocal Scale Parameter Estimation for Carbon Nanotubes." In Wave Propagation in Nanostructures, 71–119. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01032-8_5.

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Cena, Federica, Silvia Likavec, and Francesco Osborne. "Property-Based Interest Propagation in Ontology-Based User Model." In User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, 38–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31454-4_4.

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Kobayashi, Toshiyuki. "Propagation of Multiplicity-Freeness Property for Holomorphic Vector Bundles." In Lie Groups: Structure, Actions, and Representations, 113–40. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7193-6_6.

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Tatsumi, Keiji, Tetsuzo Tanino, and Masao Fukushima. "Global Convergence Property of Error Back-Propagation Method for Recurrent Neural Networks." In Operations Research/Management Science at Work, 227–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0819-9_15.

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Barnett, Lee A., and Armin Biere. "Non-clausal Redundancy Properties." In Automated Deduction – CADE 28, 252–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79876-5_15.

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AbstractState-of-the-art refutation systems for SAT are largely based on the derivation of clauses meeting some redundancy criteria, ensuring their addition to a formula does not alter its satisfiability. However, there are strong propositional reasoning techniques whose inferences are not easily expressed in such systems. This paper extends the redundancy framework beyond clauses to characterize redundancy for Boolean constraints in general. We show this characterization can be instantiated to develop efficiently checkable refutation systems using redundancy properties for Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs). Using a form of reverse unit propagation over conjunctions of BDDs, these systems capture, for instance, Gaussian elimination reasoning over XOR constraints encoded in a formula, without the need for clausal translations or extension variables. Notably, these systems generalize those based on the strong Propagation Redundancy (PR) property, without an increase in complexity.
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Wüthrich, Mario V., and Michael Merz. "Deep Learning." In Springer Actuarial, 267–379. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12409-9_7.

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AbstractThe core of this book are deep learning methods and neural networks. This chapter considers deep feed-forward neural (FN) networks. We introduce the generic architecture of deep FN networks, and we discuss universality theorems of FN networks. We present network fitting, back-propagation, embedding layers for categorical variables and insurance-specific issues such as the balance property in network fitting, as well as network ensembling to reduce model uncertainty. This chapter is complemented by many examples on non-life insurance pricing, but also on mortality modeling, as well as tools that help to explain deep FN network regression results.
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Sharma, Ankit, Tianhang Zhang, and Gaurav Dwivedi. "Façade Fires in High-Rise Buildings: Challenges and Artificial Intelligence Solutions." In Sustainable Structures and Buildings, 77–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46688-5_6.

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AbstractIn recent decades, there has been an increased demand for tall buildings to meet the needs of modern urbanization. However, the construction challenges and greater fuel loads involved have resulted in frequent fire incidents, causing significant losses in terms of life and property. This has led engineers and researchers around the world to develop safety measures. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend the physics behind fire and smoke propagation in high-rise buildings and take steps to prevent their future occurrence. This also greatly aids in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the Paris Agreement, specifically goal 11, i.e., make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. This chapter presents an overview of characteristics for understanding high-rise building fires with a particular focus on façades. It has been further divided into different sections. First, basic terminology of façades and fire growth curve is discussed followed by design fire scenarios. Next, characteristics and mechanisms of façade fires are explained. Finally, the solution to adopt artificial intelligence (AI)/deep learning technologies for early warning and fire risk assessment is introduced. AI can be used to simulate fire scenarios, helping architects and engineers design efficient fire safety systems.
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Yan, S., R. Müller, and B. Ravani. "Phase Field Simulations for Fatigue Failure Prediction in Manufacturing Processes." In Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Physical Modeling for Virtual Manufacturing Systems and Processes, 16–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35779-4_2.

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AbstractFatigue failure is one of the most crucial issues in manufacturing and engineering processes. Stress cycles can cause cracks to form and grow over time, eventually leading to structural failure. To avoid these failures, it is important to predict fatigue crack evolution behavior in advance. In the past decade, the phase field method for crack evoluation analysis has drawn a lot of attention for its application in fracture mechanics. The biggest advantage of the phase field model is its uniform description of all crack evolution behaviors by one evolution equation. The phase field method simultaneously models crack nucleation and crack propagation which will be particularly useful manufacturing problems. In this work, we show that the phase field method is capable to reproduce the most important fatigue features, e.g., Paris’ law, mean stress effect, and load sequence effects. For efficient computing, a “cycle”- “time” transformation is introduced to convert individual cycle numbers into a continuous time domain. In order to exploit the symmetry property of the demonstrated examples, a phase field model in cylindrical coordinates is presented. Finally, the fatigue modeling approach presented is applied to study a cold forging process in manufacturing.
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Hong, Chunlei, Shasha Zhang, Siwei Chen, Da Lin, and Zejun Xiang. "More Accurate Division Property Propagations Based on Optimized Implementations of Linear Layers." In Information Security and Cryptology, 212–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88323-2_11.

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Hustad, Kristian Gregorius, Ena Ivanovic, Adrian Llop Recha, and Abinaya Abbi Sakthivel. "Conduction Velocity in Cardiac Tissue as Function of Ion Channel Conductance and Distribution." In Computational Physiology, 41–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05164-7_4.

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AbstractIon channels on the membrane of cardiomyocytes regulate the propagation of action potentials from cell to cell and hence are essential for the proper function of the heart. Through computer simulations with the classical monodomain model for cardiac tissue and the more recent extracellular-membrane-intracellular (EMI) model where individual cells are explicitly represented, we investigated how conduction velocity (CV) in cardiac tissue depends on the strength of various ion currents as well as on the spatial distribution of the ion channels. Our simulations show a sharp decrease in CV when reducing the strength of the sodium (Na+) currents, whereas independent reductions in the potassium (K1 and Kr) and L-type calcium currents have negligible effect on the CV. Furthermore, we find that an increase in number density of Na+ channels towards the cell ends increases the CV, whereas a higher number density of K1 channels slightly reduces the CV. These findings contribute to the understanding of ion channels (e.g. Na+ and K+ channels) in the propagation velocity of action potentials in the heart.
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Conference papers on the topic "Property propagation"

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Nakashima, T. "Time Scaling Analysis of Jitter Propagation Property." In 20th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications - Volume 1 (AINA'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aina.2006.327.

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Gao, Zhihui, Siji Guo, and Yaoming Liu. "Analysis of target property by laser-polarization propagation." In AeroSense '97, edited by Firooz A. Sadjadi. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.277141.

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McLean, J. S., H. Foltz, and R. Sutton. "Directional dependence of the minimum phase property of antenna transfer functions." In Propagation Conference (LAPC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2009.5352462.

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Yilmaz, Tuba, and Yang Hao. "Sensing of dielectric property alterations in biological tissues at microwave frequencies." In Propagation Conference (LAPC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lapc.2011.6114108.

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Burlacu-Zane, Anca, Andreea Nicolescu, and Nicolae Tapus. "Alias property propagation and reuse after variable scope change." In 2011 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Computer Communication and Processing (ICCP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccp.2011.6047911.

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-L. Auriault, J. "Wave propagation in multiscale porous media." In EAGE/SEG Research Workshop on Reservoir Rocks - Understanding reservoir rock and fluid property distributions - measurement, modelling and applications. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201406750.

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Fujimoto, M., and T. Hori. "Improved convergence property of adaptive array in mobile environment." In IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium, 2004. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2004.1332061.

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Tang, Kangsong, Shuangchun Wen, Kaiming You, and Hua Yang. "Propagation property of high-power laser beam through spatial filter." In Photonics Asia 2004, edited by Dianyuan Fan, Ken-ichi Ueda, and Jongmin Lee. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.575722.

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Pi, Kaichen, Yuanzhong Kuang, Yuan Xiao, and Xiang Zhang. "Study on propagation property of self-focusing pin-like beams." In Sixteenth National Conference on Laser Technology and Optoelectronics, edited by Jianqiang Zhu, Weibiao Chen, Pu Wang, Zhenxi Zhang, and Jianrong Qiu. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2602872.

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Tsutsui, Minoru, Taka Nakatani, Munetoshi Kamitani, and Toshiyasu Nagao. "Polarization and propagation property of electromagnetic pulses in the earth." In IGARSS 2011 - 2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2011.6049261.

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Reports on the topic "Property propagation"

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Wilson, D., Michael Shaw, Vladimir Ostashev, Michael Muhlestein, Ross Alter, Michelle Swearingen, and Sarah McComas. Numerical modeling of mesoscale infrasound propagation in the Arctic. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45788.

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The impacts of characteristic weather events and seasonal patterns on infrasound propagation in the Arctic region are simulated numerically. The methodology utilizes wide-angle parabolic equation methods for a windy atmosphere with inputs provided by radiosonde observations and a high-resolution reanalysis of Arctic weather. The calculations involve horizontal distances up to 200 km for which interactions with the troposphere and lower stratosphere dominate. Among the events examined are two sudden stratospheric warmings, which are found to weaken upward refraction by temperature gradients while creating strongly asymmetric refraction from disturbances to the circumpolar winds. Also examined are polar low events, which are found to enhance negative temperature gradients in the troposphere and thus lead to strong upward refraction. Smaller-scale and topographically driven phenomena, such as low-level jets, katabatic winds, and surface-based temperature inversions, are found to create frequent surface-based ducting out to 100 km. The simulations suggest that horizontal variations in the atmospheric profiles, in response to changing topography and surface property transitions, such as ice boundaries, play an important role in the propagation.
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Gill. L51675 Effects of Weldment Property Variations on the Behavior of Line Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010133.

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A steel weldment is a composite of zones or layers of different microstructures that possess different material properties. The zones include the base metal (or the sections of pipe), the weld metal, and a complex heat-affected zone (HAZ) of base metal that has been exposed to a variety of thermal cycles resulting in varying microstructures. The material properties of primary concern with respect to the mechanical behavior of the pipe are the stress-strain response (the constitutive properties) and the resistance to initiation and propagation of cracks or tears in the presence of a crack, notch, or other stress concentrator (the fracture toughness properties). Most of the experimental data on the behavior of welds with significant discontinuities were obtained from test specimens with surface or through-thickness notches or cracks. These data typically show an increase in load or nominal ductility for overmatched welds and a decrease in load or nominal ductility for undermatched welds. However, there are cases where the presence of a soft zone may enhance the nominal ductility and cases where overmatched welds will decrease the nominal ductility. The latter is especially likely in a girth weld with a circumferential crack in the HAZ.
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Weeks, Timothy "Dash." DTPH56-13-X-000013 Modern High-Toughness Steels for Fracture Propagation and Arrest Assessment-Phase II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012037.

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NIST work developed processes to identify the stress/strain/crack velocity conditions for unstable high-rate ductile crack propagation found in a full-scale pipeline burst test and duplicate those conditions in a medium-scale test. With modeling to validate conditions and assumptions used in reducing the scale of the tests. A medium-scale test to elucidate material property data necessary to qualify high-strength high-toughness steels based on the correlation to large-scale tests. Parametric determination of the material properties governing fracture propagation or arrest-ability was developed. This will assist researchers to determine a relevant and effective small-scale test (or tests) that provides enough information for material selection, design, reliability, as well as integrity and risk assessment. Pipe evaluated includes API5L X70 and X80 pipe. The strain was measured by a three-dimensional digital image correlation system. This project takes a phased approach with complementary research in successive phases beginning with a road map to systematically fill gaps in knowledge and understanding of the problem of unstable high-rate ductile running failures in pipelines. This report is structured to highlight the problem statement with respect to the current state of the art understanding, define knowledge gaps and present the plan, and progress toward meeting the objective. The following sections specifically cover the effort to develop and inform a constitutive material model necessary for the structural model of the medium-scale test. The material testing required to inform the constitutive material model is presented. Conclusions of this phase of the project are also presented in addition to the proposed work in Phase III of the project.
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Buttigieg, Pier Luigi. Guidance on Versioning of Digital Assets. HMC Office, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/hmc_publ_04.

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Versioning of data and metadata is a crucial - but often overlooked - topic in scientific work. Using the wrong version of a (meta)data set can lead to drastically difference outcomes in interpretation, and lead to substantial, propagating downstream errors. At the same time, past versions of (meta)data sets are valuable records of the research process which should be preserved for transparency and complete reproducibility. Further, the final version of (meta)data sets may actually include errors that previous versions did not. Thus, careful version control is the foundation for trust in and broad reusability of research and operational (meta)data. This document provides an introduction to the principles of versioning, technical recommendations on how to manage version histories, and discusses some pitfalls and possible solutions. In the first part of this document, we present examples of change processes that require proper management and introduce popular versioning schemes. Finally, the document presents recommended practices for researchers as well as for infrastructure developers.
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Bray, Jonathan, Ross Boulanger, Misko Cubrinovski, Kohji Tokimatsu, Steven Kramer, Thomas O'Rourke, Ellen Rathje, Russell Green, Peter Robertson, and Christine Beyzaei. U.S.—New Zealand— Japan International Workshop, Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movement Effects, University of California, Berkeley, California, 2-4 November 2016. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/gzzx9906.

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There is much to learn from the recent New Zealand and Japan earthquakes. These earthquakes produced differing levels of liquefaction-induced ground movements that damaged buildings, bridges, and buried utilities. Along with the often spectacular observations of infrastructure damage, there were many cases where well-built facilities located in areas of liquefaction-induced ground failure were not damaged. Researchers are working on characterizing and learning from these observations of both poor and good performance. The “Liquefaction-Induced Ground Movements Effects” workshop provided an opportunity to take advantage of recent research investments following these earthquake events to develop a path forward for an integrated understanding of how infrastructure performs with various levels of liquefaction. Fifty-five researchers in the field, two-thirds from the U.S. and one-third from New Zealand and Japan, convened in Berkeley, California, in November 2016. The objective of the workshop was to identify research thrusts offering the greatest potential for advancing our capabilities for understanding, evaluating, and mitigating the effects of liquefaction-induced ground movements on structures and lifelines. The workshop also advanced the development of younger researchers by identifying promising research opportunities and approaches, and promoting future collaborations among participants. During the workshop, participants identified five cross-cutting research priorities that need to be addressed to advance our scientific understanding of and engineering procedures for soil liquefaction effects during earthquakes. Accordingly, this report was organized to address five research themes: (1) case history data; (2) integrated site characterization; (3) numerical analysis; (4) challenging soils; and (5) effects and mitigation of liquefaction in the built environment and communities. These research themes provide an integrated approach toward transformative advances in addressing liquefaction hazards worldwide. The archival documentation of liquefaction case history datasets in electronic data repositories for use by the broader research community is critical to accelerating advances in liquefaction research. Many of the available liquefaction case history datasets are not fully documented, published, or shared. Developing and sharing well-documented liquefaction datasets reflect significant research efforts. Therefore, datasets should be published with a permanent DOI, with appropriate citation language for proper acknowledgment in publications that use the data. Integrated site characterization procedures that incorporate qualitative geologic information about the soil deposits at a site and the quantitative information from in situ and laboratory engineering tests of these soils are essential for quantifying and minimizing the uncertainties associated site characterization. Such information is vitally important to help identify potential failure modes and guide in situ testing. At the site scale, one potential way to do this is to use proxies for depositional environments. At the fabric and microstructure scale, the use of multiple in situ tests that induce different levels of strain should be used to characterize soil properties. The development of new in situ testing tools and methods that are more sensitive to soil fabric and microstructure should be continued. The development of robust, validated analytical procedures for evaluating the effects of liquefaction on civil infrastructure persists as a critical research topic. Robust validated analytical procedures would translate into more reliable evaluations of critical civil infrastructure iv performance, support the development of mechanics-based, practice-oriented engineering models, help eliminate suspected biases in our current engineering practices, and facilitate greater integration with structural, hydraulic, and wind engineering analysis capabilities for addressing multi-hazard problems. Effective collaboration across countries and disciplines is essential for developing analytical procedures that are robust across the full spectrum of geologic, infrastructure, and natural hazard loading conditions encountered in practice There are soils that are challenging to characterize, to model, and to evaluate, because their responses differ significantly from those of clean sands: they cannot be sampled and tested effectively using existing procedures, their properties cannot be estimated confidently using existing in situ testing methods, or constitutive models to describe their responses have not yet been developed or validated. Challenging soils include but are not limited to: interbedded soil deposits, intermediate (silty) soils, mine tailings, gravelly soils, crushable soils, aged soils, and cemented soils. New field and laboratory test procedures are required to characterize the responses of these materials to earthquake loadings, physical experiments are required to explore mechanisms, and new soil constitutive models tailored to describe the behavior of such soils are required. Well-documented case histories involving challenging soils where both the poor and good performance of engineered systems are documented are also of high priority. Characterizing and mitigating the effects of liquefaction on the built environment requires understanding its components and interactions as a system, including residential housing, commercial and industrial buildings, public buildings and facilities, and spatially distributed infrastructure, such as electric power, gas and liquid fuel, telecommunication, transportation, water supply, wastewater conveyance/treatment, and flood protection systems. Research to improve the characterization and mitigation of liquefaction effects on the built environment is essential for achieving resiliency. For example, the complex mechanisms of ground deformation caused by liquefaction and building response need to be clarified and the potential bias and dispersion in practice-oriented procedures for quantifying building response to liquefaction need to be quantified. Component-focused and system-performance research on lifeline response to liquefaction is required. Research on component behavior can be advanced by numerical simulations in combination with centrifuge and large-scale soil–structure interaction testing. System response requires advanced network analysis that accounts for the propagation of uncertainty in assessing the effects of liquefaction on large, geographically distributed systems. Lastly, research on liquefaction mitigation strategies, including aspects of ground improvement, structural modification, system health monitoring, and rapid recovery planning, is needed to identify the most effective, cost-efficient, and sustainable measures to improve the response and resiliency of the built environment.
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