Relevant bibliographies by topics / Property in war

Academic literature on the topic 'Property in war'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Property in war"

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Azzam, Mounir, Valerie Graw, Eva Meidler, and Andreas Rienow. "Enhancing Property Valuation in Post-War Recovery: Integrating War-Related Attributes into Real Estate Valuation Practices." Smart Cities 7, no. 4 (July 5, 2024): 1776–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7040069.

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In post-war environments, property valuation encounters obstacles stemming from widespread destruction, population displacement, and complex legal frameworks. This study addresses post-war property valuation by integrating war-related considerations into the ISO 19152 Land Administration Domain Model, resulting in a valuation information model for Syria’s post-war landscape, serving as a reference for property valuation in conflict-affected areas. Additionally, property valuation is enhanced through visualization modeling, aiding the comprehension of war-related attributes amidst and following conflict. We utilize data from a field survey of 243 Condominium Units in the Harasta district, Rural Damascus Governorate. These data were collected through quantitative interviews with real estate companies and residents to uncover facts about property prices and war-related conditions. Our quantitative data are analyzed using inferential statistics of mean housing prices to assess the impact of war-related variables on property values during both wartime and post-war periods. The analysis reveals significant fluctuations in prices during wartime, with severely damaged properties experiencing notable declines (about −75%), followed by moderately damaged properties (about −60%). In the post-war phase, rehabilitated properties demonstrate price improvements (1.8% to 22.5%), while others continue to depreciate (−55% to −65%). These insights inform post-war property valuation standards, facilitating sustainable investment during the post-war recovery phase.
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Azmi, Fatin Afiqah Md, and Nurul Hana Adi Maimun. "Patterns in Number of Property Transactions of Pre-War Shophouse Case Study: Penang, Malacca, and Kelantan." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GATR-GJBSSR) 10, no. 2 (June 29, 2022): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2022.10.2(1).

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Objective - Economic sustainability of heritage property can be measured through an active property transaction of a pre-war shophouse in the study areas. This paper investigates the breakdown of a number of pre-war shophouse transactions in Penang, Malacca, and Kelantan. Methodology/Technique – The documentary method notably the Annual Property Market Report was collected and analysed. Finding – The results demonstrated that in Penang, the pre-war shophouse sub-sector saw mixed movements in the number of transactions while the commercial property-like pre-war shophouse sub-market was generally stable in Malacca and in Kelantan’s commercial sub-sector, the pre-war shophouse performed moderately in the review period. Novelty – These patterns of a number of property transactions of a pre-war shophouse in three study areas proved that the heritage property has a sustainable market value. Type of Paper: Review JEL Classification: D23, D29. Keywords: Economic Thought; Heritage; Market Value; Property Transaction; Real Estate; Sustainable Reference to this paper should be referred to as follows: Azmi, F.A.M; Maimun, N.H.A. (2022). Patterns in Number of Property Transactions of Pre-War Shophouse Case Study: Penang, Malacca and Kelantan, GATR-Global J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Review, 10(2), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2022.10.2(1)
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Stubblefield, Emily, and Sandra Joireman. "Law, Violence, and Property Expropriation in Syria: Impediments to Restitution and Return." Land 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2019): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8110173.

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After eight years of civil war, parts of Syria are now free from conflict. In recognition of the return to peace, the government officially welcomes back all who fled the country to escape violence. Yet, a pattern of property expropriation supported by the government during the war limits the ability of some to return and reclaim their homes and businesses. We argue here that intentional changes to law and policy regarding property rights during the war has led to asset losses for members of groups opposed to the government and created a barrier to property restitution and the return of these groups. We examine legal documents and secondary sources identifying government actions and their impact, noting the proliferation of laws that systematically erode the property rights of people who lack proximity, legal status, and regime allies. As the results of these laws manifest after the war, a disproportionate number of Syrians who opposed the government will find themselves without the houses, land, and property they held before the war began.
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Pearce, Joshua M. "Leveraging Intellectual Property to Prevent Nuclear War." Safety 8, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety8030055.

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Although international law forbids nuclear attacks, only nine states have mutually assured destruction available to prevent direct attacks against themselves, while non-nuclear states have few substantive options to deter a nuclear attack. This study analyzes the economic impacts of a theoretical international agreement that eliminates patent rights for any nuclear aggressor (i.e., free global compulsory licensing of all intellectual property (IP) for a nuclear aggressor). The results found that all but one of the nuclear states would have a significant economic disincentive to start a nuclear attack if the proposal was put into force. Payback times ranged from 1.2 to 40 years, where the entire GDP of a nuclear aggressor would be needed to offset the loss for aggression, indicate such a mechanism as a whole would be an effective nuclear deterrent. This method would not be universally effective without ensuring all nuclear states are members of the international economy and IP processes. With the growth of open-source products and reduced value of patents, this mechanism does have a limited effectiveness time. Currently it appears to be a policy trajectory worthy of future work that can enhance safety from nuclear threat without causing harm to countries of goodwill.
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Rieber, Alfred J. "Landed Property, State Authority, and Civil War." Slavic Review 47, no. 1 (1988): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498836.

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Gardner, James N. "The Supreme Court's war on intellectual property." Nature Biotechnology 18, no. 1 (January 2000): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/71772.

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Van Houtte, Hans. "Mass Property Claim Resolution in a Post-War Society: The Commission for Real Property Claims in Bosnia and Herzegovina." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 48, no. 3 (July 1999): 625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300063466.

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The restoration of the pre-war property fights of displaced persons and refugees is critical to restore the peace.This is particularly true for Bosnia and Herzegovina. The devastating impact of the war which ravaged Bosnia from 1992 until 1995 has left a third of the housing stock destroyed or otherwise uninhabitable. The systematic practice of ethnic cleansing forced Bosniacs, Croats and Serbs to seek shelter in areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina where their ethnic group was in the majority or to seek refuge abroad.1 More than half the 4.5 million the pre-war population of Bosnia and Herzegovina fled their homes in search of safety during the course of the war. According to recent estimates from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, over 800,000 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina are still abroad today.2 Within Bosnia and Herzegovina, more than 800,000 people remain displaced from their pre-conflict homes.3
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Łopatecki, Karol. "ZAWŁASZCZENIE NIERUCHOMOŚCI NA PRZYKŁADZIE DZIAŁAŃ WOJENNYCH Z POCZĄTKU XVII WIEKU W RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ OBOJGA NARODÓW. Z BADAŃ NAD PRAWEM ZDOBYCZY WOJENNEJ W EPOCE NOWOŻYTNEJ." Zeszyty Prawnicze 16, no. 4 (May 14, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2016.16.4.04.

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Property Requisition: A Case Study of early 17th-Century Military Operations for Research on the Early Modern Law on War TrophiesSummary This article is on the requisitioning of property by soldiers stationing on enemy territory. The author presents the law on war trophies in force in Poland-Lithuania in 1609–1619, when the country was at war against the Grand Duchy of Muscovy. In particular he examines a protestation lodged by Stanisław Galiński, a Mazovian nobleman. This document provides evidence that pursuant to the Polish-Lithuanian law of war abandoned property could be lawfully requisitioned providing the party taking possession of the vacant real estate became its effective holder by taking over its management. This theory is confirmed by a 1613 parliamentary resolution which allowed for the confiscation of requisitioned property from soldiers who could not prove their title to tenure on these grounds. The legal situation of requisitioned properties was similar to that of property held by the Muscovite boyars of the Smolensk region, who were granted a conditional endorsement of tenure, with the recognition of a title in fee simple subject to enfeoffment by the king.
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Babie, Paul. "Reflections on Private Property as Ego and War." International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique 30, no. 4 (February 11, 2017): 563–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11196-017-9505-1.

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Unruh, Jon. "Property Restitution Laws in a Post-War Context: The Case of Mozambique." African Journal of Legal Studies 1, no. 3 (2005): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221097312x13397499736183.

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AbstractPost-war reconstruction environments involve particular contexts within which legal reform must operate in order to facilitate the peace process, recovery, and development. Land and property restitution after a war is an important but difficult issue for the integrity of the process, given the chaotic rights environment created by war and the limited financial, personnel, and institutional resources of governments recovering from war. This article examines Mozambique's experience with the creation of a land and property restitution legal regime within a post-war context that includes: a) strong restitution desires by very divided segments of the population that differ markedly in literacy, access to the state, allegiance during the war, attachment to legitimate authority, and tenure system; b) a history of changing and failed land policy; and c) the extreme lack of state capacity needed to manage a formal restitution program. After setting out the history of the war and land policy in Mozambique, the article examines restitution claims, and describes how the land law reform has attempted to produce a legal environment whereby many complex restitution cases could be 'self managed.'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Property in war"

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Nielsen, Beatrice Helena Date. "War on Culture: The Destruction of Cultural Property During Civil Wars." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579303.

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Acts of violence against civilians during conflict is a topic that has been examined increasingly in the literature on civil war. However, a systematic study on the destruction of cultural and religious sites as a strategic means to achieve territorial control has not yet been explored. I examine this aspect of civilian targeting in this project, and I argue that in many cases, combatants use cultural property as a tool to gain territory, coerce civilians, public perception, and degrade the social fabric of a given religion or population. In preliminary research, I have observed that destruction of a population‘s cultural property indicates and precurses a willingness to destroy human lives. Through a cross-national empirical analysis of civil wars in Iraq and Syria after 1990, I anticipate that the destruction of culturally significant objects and sites is not collateral damage during civil war, but rather intentional actions through which combatants achieve and exert power.
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Foxton, David Andrew. "Property, liberty and obligation : the judicial role in the Great War." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367528.

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Kochavi, Shir. "Salvage to restitution : 'heirless' Jewish cultural property in Post-World War II." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18622/.

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Despite the extensive research over the past twenty years on Holocaust related restitution, little is known about the disposal process of ‘heirless’ Jewish cultural property at Central Collecting Points (CCPs) in Germany. This thesis follows the involvement of two institutions in this process: the Bezalel Museum in Jerusalem and the Jewish Museum in New York. In the early 1950s, both museums were used as repositories for a large number of the items shipped from Germany by the staff of the Jewish Cultural Reconstruction (JCR) that was responsible for the allocation of ‘heirless’ Jewish property. By analyzing primary sources from the personal archive of the first director of the Bezalel Museum, Mordecai Narkiss, I will demonstrate the conflicting viewpoints of Narkiss and the JCR personnel that led to the eventual sale of a portion of the objects. After the traumatic events of the Holocaust strengthened the Zionist concept identifying Israel as the only place for the Jewish people, Narkiss went to Europe to find and ship to Israel remaining Jewish cultural objects. This was one aspect of a larger salvage project that several cultural organizations in Israel and in the USA promoted at the time. Narkiss’s unique approach called for the incorporation of all items made or owned by Jews into the category of Jewish art. The foundations for this all-inclusive view are explored through the development of the idea of Kinnus, or ingathering, of cultural artefacts of a people, which stressed the importance of Jewish cultural heritage and shifted in the post-Holocaust years to salvage and later to restitution. Relying on the post-war interpretation of these three leading concepts, Kinnus, salvage and restitution demonstrate the influence of the Holocaust on the formation of the collections of both museums.
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Birch, Thomas. "The provenance and technology of Iron Age war booty from southern Scandinavia." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210816.

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Across southern Scandinavia are some 30 known weapon depositions made in former lakes from the Roman Iron Age (0-375 CE), seven of which are large-scale war booty sacrifices entailing material culture from whole defeated armies. The major weapon deposits contain spears, lances, shields, swords, knives and other militaria, representing a colossal sum of iron – at one site, some 6000 objects totalling 500kg of iron metal. This thesis presents an enquiry into the provenance of the iron used to make these weapons. The aim was to learn more about the origins of the armies through provenancing their weapons. Using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), as well as other analytical techniques, this study analysed 13 lances, a single spear and 10 knives from two of the main weapon deposits, and was able to demonstrate regional and subregional provenance hypotheses for each item. The results demonstrate that the iron used in weapon manufacture originated from across Scandinavia, notably Norway and Jutland. The sampled weapons were studied metallographically, showing the lances to be highly standardised weapon products made in a single workshop by distinguished crafstpeople. The knives reflect a diverse range of construction methods associated with localised non-specialist manufacture. The results were used to support an existing 'band of brothers' theory, instigating that the armies were made up of individuals from across Scandinavia (represented by their personal items) who were issued standardised war gear as part of a larger collective force. In order to provenance the iron weapons, it was necessary to develop a robust analytical method. This involved studying the behaviour of trace elements in experimental smelting systems to improve the existing methodology by further validation and refinement. The results from the method development are deemed to be a significant step in iron provenance studies in archaeology.
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Daniel, Marko. "Art and propaganda : the battle for cultural property in the Spanish Civil War." Thesis, University of Essex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285847.

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Bastos, Maria Ines S. R. "Winning the battle to lose the war? : the US/Brazilian dispute over the 'informatics' policy." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386155.

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Jackson, Andrew John. "Rural property rights and the survival of historic landed estates in the late twentieth century." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1349887/.

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This thesis examines the evidence for the decline and survival of historic landed estates since the end of the nineteenth century. The focus is on the processes of adaptation undergone by those estates that have survived over the post-war period. These processes are described in this study as a 'compromise' of 'traditional' landed estate characteristics. The particular approach taken by this research is to focus on the manipulation of property rights as a way of comprehending estate survival strategies. The work observes how various forms of legislation and the emergence of other powerful interest groups have acted to increasingly constrain the rights of rural landowners. A conceptual framework indicates how wide-ranging political, economic and social changes, and alterations to family circumstances, are reflected in the changing division and sub-division of owner, occupier and user rights over historic landed estates. The research is based on a micro-level investigation of an estate in south-east Devon. It examines how the political activities of the estate's owners represent attempts made by them to publicise their position and to defend their property rights. Subsequently, the study investigates the evolution of the estate over the post-war period in terms of its ownership and management, size, occupancy, economic activities, and local relations. Particular attention is paid to a series of 'critical' moments when changing circumstances required the formulation of major survival strategies. The study examines the central place of property rights and their accompanying responsibilities, observing how the allocation and re-allocation of property rights has become particularly fluid, complex and contested, and how the manipulation of property rights represents the response of estate owners to both opportunities and threats. The findings of the case study are also considered more broadly, that is, in relation to the position of rural landowners in general in the late twentieth century countryside
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Baillie, Britt Alexandra. "The wounded church : war, destruction and reconstruction of Vukovar's religious heritage." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609351.

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Mora, Agathe Camille. "Rough justice : an ethnography of property restitution and the law in post-war Kosovo." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31296.

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This thesis is an ethnography of the practice of property restitution in post-war Kosovo. The site of the largest European Union rule of law mission (EULEX) outside its member states, Kosovo is a paradigmatic case of liberal interventionism and state building under the banner of human rights. The thesis is based on 14 months (May 2012 to July 2013) of multi-sited, ethnographic fieldwork in and around the Kosovo Property Agency (KPA), the administrative, mass claims mechanism put in place by the UN to adjudicate war-related property claims between 2006 and 2016. Working with claimants and respondents, administrative clerks, national and international lawyers, commissioners and Supreme Court judges, this study presents novel insights into the everyday workings of the law from within an institution that remained largely closed to the public eye. I investigate the ways in which property, and property rights were reconfigured in post-war Kosovo through the processing of claims at the KPA. To understand how restitution worked, I probe the practices of technical-legal knowledge production by examining key moments of mass claims adjudication: the reframing of grievances in the language of the law, the making of institutional, legal knowledge, the legal analysis of files, and the implementation of decisions. Through this, I look at the consequences of the juridification of normative ideals (human rights and the rule of law) on the restitution process, its protagonists, and the law itself. My ethnographic material suggests rethinking the value of binary analyses of victims and perpetrators, the universal and the vernacularised, 'law of the books' and 'law in action', the extraordinary and the ordinary, and traces the everyday production of 'rough justice'. Building on current debates in anthropology of law on the bureaucratisation of human rights, transitional justice, and legal practice, my research reveals the tensions between the ideals of human rights that underpin the process of property restitution and the legal and political realities of transition.
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Hofacker, Emanuel C. "Rückführung illegal verbrachter italienischer Kulturgüter nach dem Ende des 2. Weltkriegs Hintergründe, Entwicklung und rechtliche Grundlagen der italienischen Restitutionsforderungen /." Berlin : De Gruyter Recht, 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/57223182.html.

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Books on the topic "Property in war"

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Oh, Ingyu, Chris Rowley, and Yong Wook Jun. War on Family Property Rights. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003356080.

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Deming, Frederick L. Disposal of southern war plants. [Washington, D.C.]: National Planning Association, 1987.

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Bart, Delmartino, and Houtte H. van, eds. Post-war restoration of property rights under international law. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

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Turku, Helga. The Destruction of Cultural Property as a Weapon of War. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57282-6.

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The protection of cultural property in armed conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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Wildfire and Americans: How to save lives, property, and your taxes. New York: Hill and Wang, 2006.

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Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. L & R Dept. Historical Branch., ed. British policy towards enemy property during and after the Second World War. London: Foreign & Commonwealth Office, General Services Command, 1998.

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Joseph, Farah, ed. This land is our land: How to end the war on private property. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

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Justice, International Court of. Case concerning certain property (Liechtenstein v. Germany). The Hague]: International Court of Justice, 2009.

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Kennedy, Roger G. Wildfire and Americans: How to save lives, property, and your tax dollars. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Property in war"

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Porflidtt, Bernardo Alarcón. "The ‘Pisco War'." In Transboundary Heritage and Intellectual Property Law, 151–65. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003345237-9.

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Frey, Bruno S. "Property Rights in Prisoners of War." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law, 1565–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-74173-1_298.

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Yoo, Taeyoung, and Yunsung Koh. "Remains on the board: outside directors' behaviour and their survival chance in Korean firms." In War on Family Property Rights, 87–110. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003356080-5.

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Kim, Changsu, Jong-Hun Park, Jiyoon Kim, and Youngjoo Lee. "The shadow of a departing CEO: outsider succession and strategic change in a business group." In War on Family Property Rights, 65–86. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003356080-4.

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Oh, Ingyu, Soon Suk Yoon, and Hyo Jin Kim. "The end of rent sharing: corporate governance reforms in South Korea." In War on Family Property Rights, 16–37. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003356080-2.

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Oh, Ingyu, Chris Rowley, and Yong Wook Jun. "Inertia: Stalled governance reforms in the Korean chaebols amid economic maturation." In War on Family Property Rights, 1–15. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003356080-1.

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Fitzgerald, Robert, and Ji Woong Kang. "Open Access: Transforming Korean business? Foreign acquisition, governance and management after the 1997 Asian crisis." In War on Family Property Rights, 111–29. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003356080-6.

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Han, JungYun. "Successors' discretion and corporate restructuring in family firms in South Korea: from an institutional perspective." In War on Family Property Rights, 38–64. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003356080-3.

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Smyth, Jim. "‘Rumours of War’: the Catholic Agitation, 1791–3." In The Men of No Property, 52–78. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26653-1_4.

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Turku, Helga. "Cultural Property as a Weapon of War." In The Destruction of Cultural Property as a Weapon of War, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57282-6_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Property in war"

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Dalzero, Silvia. "Remains, Debris and Ruins of the War Setting From Decontamination Issues and Disposal to the Configuration of New Landscapes." In 1st Annual International Conference on Urban Planning and Property Development (UPPD 2015). Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2425-0112_uppd15.26.

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UHLIR, PAUL F. "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN DIGITAL INFORMATION IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD CONTEXT: A SCIENCE POLICY PERSPECTIVE. SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 25th Session. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812797001_0065.

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Illarionov, Oleksandr. "RELOCATION OF ENTERPRISES AND THEIR PROPERTY FROM THE WAR ZONE: ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS." In 2nd International Conference on Relationship between public administration and business entities management. Scientific Center of Innovative Researches OÜ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36690/rpabm-2022-233.

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Жердева, Ю. А. "Demobilization of the Russian Front of the First World War: Concept and Scope." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.024.

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В статье рассматривается понятие демобилизации на материалах Русского фронта Первой мировой войны и дается характеристика масштабов демобилизации русской армии в конце 1917 – начале 1918 г. Демобилизация здесь понимается как комплексный процесс, охватывающий не только численный состав армии, но также ее ресурсы (военное имущество) и животных (лошадей). Основными источниками исследования являются фонды Российского государственного военно-исторического архива (РГВИА) и статистические материалы отдела военной статистики Центрального статистического управления. Методологической основой исследования, помимо принципов историзма и объективности, стали историко-сравнительный подход и экологическая история. Автор показывает, что ключевым принципом демобилизации русской армии стала трехчленная формула: «люди – лошади – имущество», которая отражала приоритеты демобилизации, выработанные Ставкой. На статистическом материале показывается сложность оценки масштаба демобилизации для современного исследователя, приводятся различные данные численности армии и конского состава, подлежавшего демобилизации. Оценка масштаба демобилизации позволяет проследить два противоположных тренда: численность людского состава и конского состава армии неуклонно уменьшалась в конце 1917 – начале 1918 г., сокращая объем демобилизации и требуемых для нее ресурсов, а объем военного имущества, напротив, оставался стабильным и к концу 1917 г. достиг невиданных для всего периода войны показателей. Соответственно, демобилизация людского и конского состава, отягощенная дезертирством войск и голоданием лошадей, должна была пройти проще и менее болезненно, чем демобилизация военного имущества, которое не просто увеличивалось в размерах, но и оказалось без охраны и транспорта в условиях бегства с фронта солдат и железнодорожного кризиса. The article examines the concept of demobilisation on the materials of the Russian front of the First World War and characterises the scale of demobilisation of the Russian army in late 1917 – early 1918. Demobilisation is understood here as a complex process, covering not only the numerical composition of the army, but also its resources (military property) and animals (horses in the first place). The main sources of the study are the fonds of the Russian State Military History Archive (RGVIA) and statistical materials of the Military Statistics Department of the Central Statistical Office. The methodological basis of the study, in addition to the principles of historicism and objectivity, is the historical-comparative approach and environmental history. The author shows that the key principle of demobilisation of the Russian army became the three-member formula: «men – horses – property», which reflected the priorities of demobilisation developed by the Stavka. The statistical material shows the difficulty of estimating the scale of demobilisation, which the modern researcher is facing, and provides different data on the number of army and horse personnel subject to demobilisation. The author concludes that the assessment of the scale of demobilization allows us to trace two opposite trends: the number of men and horses in the army steadily decreased in late 1917 – early 1918, reducing the volume of demobilization and the resources required for it, while the volume of military property, on the contrary, remained stable and by the end of 1917 reached unprecedented figures for the entire period of the war. Accordingly, the demobilization of manpower and horses, burdened by desertion of troops and starvation of horses, should have been easier and less painful than the demobilization of military property, which not only increased in size, but also found itself without protection and transport in the conditions of soldiers fleeing from the front and the railway crisis.
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Kulakova, V. D. "The impact of the new actuarial function on the legal regime of property of insurance companies." In SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS IN LAW AMIDST THE IMPACT OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR ON THE LEGAL SYSTEM. Baltija Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-409-2-10.

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Cambio, R. "IP ware for neural networks." In IEE Seminar on Intellectual Property. IEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:20000416.

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Przewiezlikowska, Anna. "Right-of-way for Transmission Facilities as Regulation of Legal Relationships Regarding Real Estate between the Real Estate Owner and the Transmission Entity." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.233.

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In Poland, after World War II, most of the technical infrastructure was built based on a construction permit, and without a legal title to a given real property. Therefore, a necessity arose for the regulation of property rights where technical infrastructure was built. For the establishment of the right-of-way for transmission facilities it is essential to regulate the legal relationships between the owner of the real estate and the transmission entity and their entry into the land and mortgage register. The extent of the granted right-of-way determines the value of consideration for the owner of the encumbered property. This study analyzes the rules for the determination, establishment and surveying preparation of the right-of-way for various types of transmission facilities. First a thorough examination of the legal status of the real property was required and then the extent of the necessary right-of-way to be established for the given facilities was analyzed. The next stage of the study involved determining the extent of the rights-of-way and appropriate protective zones for the networks pursuant to the relevant technical guidelines. The analysis revealed significant diversity of legal regulations on the establishment of the right-of-way for the specific types of public utilities.
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Bal, Oğuz. "Theoretical Foundations of Privatization and Results in Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00614.

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Liberal economic order, businesses efficiency, productivity and profitability, competition for work is present in accordance with the principles defended private property order. As sistematical the main foundations of economic liberalism created by Adam Smith. Then, his prenciples developed by evolving Classic School, continued to the sovereignty until the Great Depression of 1929. I.World War took place in an environment dominated by Classical Ekol During, and after the war, from the principles of Classical School had not doubt. In 1936, John Maynard Keynes, the basic assumptions of the classical school refused. Following the II. World War; the 1950s and 1960s,sounds of the proponents of the liberal principles, was not strong as much as Keynesians. In the 1970s, emerged the world's most developed economy ABD, the high unemployment and inflation. Until 1973, wasn’t confronted with a serious crisis. Content of the neo-liberal economic policies between 1975-1980 was adopted. Since the 1980s, heavily affecting the world economy started to implement neoliberal policies. Acceleration of privatization, taxes, discounts for large scale unemployment, increase monetary measures to keep inflation under control was applied. In this article, on eight chapters were created. In the chapters, concept, scope and content, historical background of privatization, investigated material causes that give rise to privatization, the basic bases of privatization, the ideological foundations of privatization. Privatization aims were discussed, and was given examples of countries is characterized by intense privatization. The general results and in Turkey latests cases were discussed.
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Ibrahim, Thomas, and Claudio Vekstein. "Appropriate, Adapt, Inhabit: The Recreation of Public Space in the Republic of Georgia." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.32.

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The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the beginning of the difficult deconstruction of the regime and ideology which controlled the East for the majority of the 20th Century. In the Republic of Georgia, Soviet collapse catalyzed a series of ethnically prompted conflicts and civil war which prevented the unification of the country under a national agenda, thus creating fertile ground for corruption, privatization and sale of public space. The earliest example of the corrupt transfer of property was the sale of the former Palace of Rituals, in Tbilisi, to Georgian oligarch Badri Patarkatsishvili, which is still primarily used as a private residence by his family. After the Rose Revolution in 2003, Georgia faced rapid institutional reforms under President Mikheil Saakashvili, who legitimized his regime by unifying regions that continuously identified as Georgian (excluding territories Abkhazia and S. Ossetia), collecting revenues via taxation, and attracting the foreign investment that Georgia desperately neede
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Zhao, Na, Yajing Xu, and Huimin Xu. "WAP topology property analysis: Comparison with WWW." In Multimedia Technology (IC-BNMT 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbnmt.2011.6155970.

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Reports on the topic "Property in war"

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Lewis, Dustin, Gabriella Blum, and Naz Modirzadeh. Indefinite War: Unsettled International Law on the End of Armed Conflict. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, February 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/yrjv6070.

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Can we say, definitively, when an armed conflict no longer exists under international law? The short, unsatisfying answer is sometimes: it is clear when some conflicts terminate as a matter of international law, but a decisive determination eludes many others. The lack of fully-settled guidance often matters significantly. That is because international law tolerates, for the most part, far less violent harm, devastation, and suppression in situations other than armed conflicts. Thus, certain measures governed by the laws and customs of war—including killing and capturing the enemy, destroying and seizing enemy property, and occupying foreign territory, all on a possibly large scale—would usually constitute grave violations of peacetime law. This Legal Briefing details the legal considerations and analyzes the implications of that lack of settled guidance. It delves into the myriad (and often-inconsistent) provisions in treaty law, customary law, and relevant jurisprudence that purport to govern the end of war. Alongside the doctrinal analysis, this Briefing considers the changing concept of war and of what constitutes its end; evaluates diverse interests at stake in the continuation or close of conflict; and contextualizes the essentially political work of those who design the law. In all, this Legal Briefing reveals that international law, as it now stands, provides insufficient guidance to precisely discern the end of many armed conflicts as a factual matter (when has the war ended?), as a normative matter (when should the war end?), and as a legal matter (when does the international-legal framework of armed conflict cease to apply in relation to the war?). The current plurality of legal concepts of armed conflict, the sparsity of IHL provisions that instruct the end of application, and the inconsistency among such provisions thwart uniform regulation and frustrate the formulation of a comprehensive notion of when wars can, should, and do end. Fleshing out the criteria for the end of war is a considerable challenge. Clearly, many of the problems identified in this Briefing are first and foremost strategic and political. Yet, as part of a broader effort to strengthen international law’s claim to guide behavior in relation to war and protect affected populations, international lawyers must address the current confusion and inconsistencies that so often surround the end of armed conflict.
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Enscore, Susan, Adam Smith, and Megan Tooker. Historic landscape inventory for Knoxville National Cemetery. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40179.

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This project was undertaken to provide the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Cemetery Administration with a cultural landscape survey of Knoxville National Cemetery. The 9.8-acre cemetery is located within the city limits of Knoxville, Tennessee, and contains more than 9,000 buri-als. Knoxville National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on 12 September 1996, as part of a multiple-property submission for Civil War Era National Cemeteries. The National Cemetery Administration tasked the U.S. Army Engineer Re-search and Development Center-Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (ERDC-CERL) to inventory and assess the cultural landscape at Knoxville National Cemetery through creation of a landscape development context, a description of current conditions, and an analysis of changes over time to the cultural landscape. All landscape features were included in the survey because according to federal policy on National Cemeteries, all national cemetery landscape features are considered to be contributing elements.
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Knudson, Marcus D., and Michael Paul Desjarlais. Equation of state and transport property measurements of warm dense matter. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1001017.

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Kostopoulos, Angelo, and Elena Panaritis. Guyana Property Rights Study. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006627.

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As part of an overarching effort to better identify the problems faced today by low-income people and by those with limited access to basic housing, this paper assesses the property rights system in Guyana and the way it affects the real estate/property/ land market and the overall security of the wealth base of individuals. The assessment is based on the methodology of Reality Check Analysis (RCA). RCA allows for a breakdown and mapping of the variables that have contributed to the current bottlenecks in Guyana and as well as poverty, malaise, and lack of affordable housing. With RCA it is possible to identify the correct questions that lead to the appropriate answers regarding policy recommendations.
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Delbridge, Victoria. Enhancing the financial position of cities: Evidence from Hargeisa. UNHabitat, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-igc-wp_2022/4.

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The City of Hargeisa, despite being in the very early stages of enhancing its financial position, has achieved significant reform in just a few years since its democratic establishment in 2002. The successes achieved are even more remarkable, considering the fragile context of Somaliland after 30 years of civil war within Somalia, which left widespread destruction and devastation in the city. This is compounded by Somaliland’s lack of recognition as a sovereign state by the international community. The case provides an illustrative example of leveraging urbanisation to raise municipal revenues for public service delivery, and in building local government legitimacy to better deliver to the populace. Given the context, the reforms are those that are easy to implement and effective, including the application of a simple digitised accounting and billing system, and a fit-for-purpose area-based property tax system. Where other cities have struggled to service more people with a stagnant revenue base, Hargeisa’s reforms have meant that population growth has resulted in increased revenues from property taxes and daily vendor collections. At the same time, private contributions of land on the peri-urban fringes offer an opportunity for in-kind land value capture and planned development in the future. Their successes are reinforced by the legitimacy built through participatory governance, which demonstrates what is achievable when communities, local government and the private sector work together. While Hargeisa has made progress on the basics of own-source revenue, much more is yet to be done to finance future development. Local government capital expenditure, for instance, is often far below what is budgeted. This is influenced by public demand for current and visible service delivery over and above less visible long-term investments. Furthermore, due to Somaliland’s internationally unrecognised status as an independent country, Hargeisa received limited development assistance when compared to other cities in similar contexts. However, a small coordinated effort through a coalition of UN agencies has fundamentally shaped some of the city’s reforms. As the country begins to formalise its financial sector, opening up to commercial banking and international investment, development support will be needed to ensure local governments and the private sector are able to capitalise on the opportunities this presents.
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Tiku, Pussegoda, and Luffman. L52031 In-Situ Pipeline Mechanical Property Characterization. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011133.

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The focus in the present study was to establish whether there is a reasonable correlation between the Charpy Vee Notch (CVN) toughness and the non-destructive Potential Difference (PD) measurements of ferritic-pearlitic steels having a range of CVN toughness values. Complete material characterization was carried out for six steels procured for this program. The characterization included chemical analysis, microstructural information, tensile properties and CVN transition curves. In addition, most of the data including the CVN transition curves were available for five suitable pipe line steels from a recent publication in the literature.
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Jha, Deepika, Manish Dubey, and Amlanjyoti Goswami. Urban Land and Property Record Systems in India: The Case and Agenda for Reform. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/ulprsicar11.2023.

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It is widely acknowledged that land and property record systems in India merit attention and have the potential to enable ease of doing business, infrastructure development and security of tenure. However, while improvements in land and property record systems in rural areas have drawn significant attention over the years, improvements in urban land and property record systems have not received the same emphasis for a variety of reasons. This policy brief dwells on the case for reforming the country’s urban land and property record systems, takes stock of the current status of the same and core gaps therein, and proposes a way forward.
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Wilson, Nicole, and Leah Rosenzweig. Growth or Goods: Examining Tax Morale Among Property Owners in Lagos. Institute of Development Studies, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.016.

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What motivates property owners to pay taxes in places where state enforcement is weak? Using an online experiment among property owners in Lagos, Nigeria, we evaluate the extent to which different appeals increase respondents’ tax morale, their willingness to pay taxes if there is no enforcement, and attitudes about government enforcement of tax collection. Respondents were randomly assigned to read either a vignette emphasising the role of property tax revenue in contributing to economic growth and increased property values, or one highlighting that tax revenue is used for public goods and services benefiting all residents. The growth message made respondents significantly more favourable towards enforcement of tax collection, but there was no difference in willingness to pay between the two treatment conditions. We also look at heterogeneity across class identification and attitudes toward redistribution, and find that support for a more equal society reduces the advantage of the growth appeal.
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Rydberg, Mats. Cypher schema constraints proposal. Linked Data Benchmark Council, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54285/ldbc.kkhm1756.

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This Cypher Improvement Proposal (CIP) and an accompanying presentation was drafted to summarize a design for property graph schema constraints discussed in the Cypher Language Group of Neo4j in 2016 and presented to the openCypher community in 2017
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Pisani, William, Dane Wedgeworth, Michael Roth, John Newman, and Manoj Shukla. Exploration of two polymer nanocomposite structure-property relationships facilitated by molecular dynamics simulation and multiscale modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46713.

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Polyamide 6 (PA6) is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic used in many engineering applications due to good strength, stiffness, mechanical damping, wear/abrasion resistance, and excellent performance-to-cost ratio. In this report, two structure-property relationships were explored. First, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene (G) were used as reinforcement molecules in simulated and experimentally prepared PA6 matrices to improve the overall mechanical properties. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with INTERFACE and reactive INTERFACE force fields (IFF and IFF-R) were used to predict bulk and Young's moduli of amorphous PA6-CNT/G nanocomposites as a function of CNT/G loading. The predicted values of Young's modulus agree moderately well with the experimental values. Second, the effect of crystallinity and crystal form (α/γ) on mechanical properties of semi-crystalline PA6 was investigated via a multiscale simulation approach. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center's micromechanics software was used to facilitate the multiscale modeling. The inputs to the multiscale model were the elastic moduli of amorphous PA6 as predicted via MD and calculated stiffness matrices from the literature of the PA6 α and γ crystal forms. The predicted Young's and shear moduli compared well with experiment.
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