Journal articles on the topic 'Property based tax'
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1
Banzhaf, H. Spencer, Ryan Mickey, and Carlianne Patrick. "Age-based property tax exemptions." Journal of Urban Economics 121 (January 2021): 103303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2020.103303.
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Wołowiec, Tomasz. "THE CONCEPT OF REAL ESTATE TAXATION BASED ON THE AD VALOREM PRINCIPLE." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2018): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9929.
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A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments. A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax. These are two distinct forms of taxation: one (ad valorem tax) relies upon the fair market value of the property being taxed for justification, and the other (special assessment) relies upon a special enhancement called a "benefit" for its justification.
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Skrzypek - Ahmed, Sylwia, and Tomasz Wołowiec. "THE CONCEPT OF REAL ESTATE TAXATION BASED ON THE AD VALOREM PRINCIPLE." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0437.
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The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the pros and cons of ad valorem real estate taxation in the context of the reform of the Polish real estate taxation system. A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This contrasts with a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible proper-ty. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and im-provements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real proper-ty is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial, and vacant real proper-ty. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occu-pied apartments.
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Palilingan, Verry Ronny. "INFORMATION SYSTEM MODEL OF WEBSITE-BASED TAX PAYMENT AND VILLAGE BUILDING." Ismart Edu: Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Informasi 2, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53682/ise.v2i2.3061.
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Property tax is one of the instruments in obtaining funding for village development. Property tax proceeds are used to finance development in the area. Good management is needed to maximize property tax revenue. This study aims to help the model to design and develop an e-village property tax information system. the method used is the description method and is used to model the system while the prototype method is used to build the e-village system. The testing stage uses the black box technique and the usability test to test the quality, usability, and reliability of the system functions that have been made. This research succeeded in building an e-village model that is efficient and can be used easily to carry out property tax transactions. the results of this study also help villagers easily obtain information and assist in the processing of village data that is structured, organized and to help calculate the amount of property tax costs to be paid. The conclusion of this study is that the system has been made to facilitate the community and village officials in calculating the property tax, managing and obtaining village information more effectively and efficiently.
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Liu, Zhi. "Land-based finance and property tax in China." Area Development and Policy 4, no. 4 (June 18, 2019): 367–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2019.1610333.
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Wołowiec, Tomasz. "LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF PROPERTY TAXATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." International Journal of Legal Studies ( IJOLS ) 1, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 231–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2179.
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A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on real estate that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the real estate property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Real estate properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments.
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Żywicka, Agnieszka, and Tomasz Wołowiec. "LEGAL AND THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PROPERTY TAXES." Review of European and Comparative Law 2627, no. 34 (December 31, 2016): 195–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.5076.
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A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible prop-erty. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residen-tial, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax. These are two distinct forms of taxation: one (ad valorem tax) relies upon the fair market value of the property being taxed for justification, and the other (special assessment) relies upon a special enhance-ment called a “benefit” for its justification
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Singh, Anu, Suraj Kumar Singh, Gowhar Meraj, Shruti Kanga, Majid Farooq, Nikola Kranjčić, Bojan Đurin, and Sudhanshu. "Designing Geographic Information System Based Property Tax Assessment in India." Smart Cities 5, no. 1 (March 16, 2022): 364–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities5010021.
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Property tax is the primary source of revenue for municipal bodies. In India, municipal corporations are facing issues in property tax collection, and the primary reason for it is a lack of count of assessed properties under its jurisdiction. Also, the storage of information on the properties is mainly based on manual efforts, which leads to data redundancy and failure to appropriate tax collection. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) consists of technology, personnel, and resources to create, maintain, visualize, search, and share geospatial data and services. The study has been carried out in the Hauz Khas Ward, South Delhi Municipal Corporation, Delhi. This paper aims to develop a spatial database for property tax management. It includes capturing the building footprint, road, land use such as parks, paved area, drains, and demarcation of boundaries such as locality slums, based on a regular grid net with a cell size of 250 m by 250 m. The generated geospatial database has been finally used to evaluate parameters for property tax calculation. Moreover, this spatial database can be organized as different models for any web-based application for municipal services. This study provides a working example of a GIS-based property tax collection solution for whole of India and other South-Asian countries.
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Perez, Avi. "Lack of Uniformity in the Israeli Property Tax System 1997–2017." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13120327.
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There are two different forms of property tax systems: value-based tax, which is used in most countries of the world, and area-based tax, which is used mainly in Central and Eastern Europe and developing countries in Africa. Area-based property tax provides more stable and predictable budget revenues. It is simpler to administer and scores worse on equity grounds from the perspective of the ability-to-pay principle of taxation. Against this background, Israel’s property tax system, known as Arnona, is complex, spatially diversified, and causes a lack of uniformity that leads to tax distortion. This paper’s primary purpose is to identify the weaknesses of Israeli property tax from 1997 to 2017 and indicate how to improve the property tax system. This paper is based on case studies from four of the most important cities in Israel: Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Haifa, and Beersheba, which have four different measurement methods for calculating property tax. Unique data were collected from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. According to this analysis, it was found that there are substantial differences in property tax between the four cities over the two decades analyzed. The main weakness is the lack of uniformity of the taxation system; the solution is to unify the measurement of real estate area for tax purposes using drone technology.
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Papavasilevská, Sandra. "Modified Area-based System in Czech Republic." Financial Law Review, no. 25 (1) (March 31, 2022): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996834flr.22.012.15662.
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Tax system in the Czech Republic and offers some specific suggestions for reform. In the long term, their taxation could be maintained. Many politicians not only in the Czech Republic believe that a higher property tax on real estate investments can solve the housing crisis. There are several examples showing that such a solution does not lead to the desired result. In many states, such a tax increase solved a certain "housing crisis". Such a solution is at all sensible and will ultimately not only disadvantage economically the socially weaker, who do not have the resources to get their own place. On the other hand, the overall taxation of investment housing could contribute to increasing revenues of municipal budgets without changing the budgetary allocation of taxes. The inclusion of elements of elementary equality and work with so-called local coefficients, possibly combined with the categorisation of immovable property as established in the Land Registry, appears to be a meaningful key to the solution. On the basis of these two groups or categories, differential taxation can be achieved for a wide range of properties without creating room for discussion about what is and is not an investment apartment [OECD 2010]. But there are two weaknesses in dealing with this, namely policy changes, where the increase in the coefficient is unpopular within local authorities, and that it will be quite different in this area. The area-based property tax has been gaining influence in developing and transitional countries around the world. This report first examines how the area-based tax is administered in thirty-eight countries according to statutes. Area-based assessment is more commonly used in rural areas than urban areas, for land than buildings, and with few adjustments. Over half the countries allow some local control [Fischel 2001: 17]. The paper presents an overview of the theoretical and practical experience of both the immovable property taxation forms (area-based and value-based) concerning the different aspects of micro and macroefficiency, equity and the “ability to pay” aspects as well as the fiscal and technical aspects, with the special emphasis on (post)transition economies – new EU members. The EU recommendations in this area, especially concerning the shift of tax burden from (labour) income to property, are pointed out. The comparative analysis of relevant taxation in the EU member countries is presented, pointing out that some of them, which have fulfilled the formal requirement of the recurrent taxes on immovable property introduction, still implement a simpler form – the area-based one. In particular, the article focuses on the definition of the tax system in the Czech Republic, and intentionally on the processing of property taxes. Inheritance, gift and acquisition taxes on immovable property, including their definition and the way in which they are transformed, are mentioned in particular in these property taxes. However, the main objective of the work was to approximate the property tax, in relation to value-based taxation or a modified area-based system. Attention is also focused on defining the pluses and minuses of these taxes, what advantages they are, what advantages they are not, and which of the countries uses which system of taxation. The work seeks to highlight why a system is used within the Czech Republic, including its benefits within the tax system.
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Eom, Tae Ho. "Does Home Rule Overrule the State`s Role? An Analysis of Property Tax Administration in New York State." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 21, no. 1 (August 31, 2006): 43–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps21104.
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This essay analyzes the property tax system in New York State. Based on historical and comparative analyses of three critical factors in property tax administration-assessment standards, revaluation, and assessing units-this study reveals that the current property tax administration structure has deep roots in the "home rule" tradition in New York State, making it hard to achieve intradistrict equity in property tax burden for some assessing units. The study concludes that the state's lack of active role undermines public faith in the property tax system and in local governments. The state should not be overruled by the local government politics based on home rule.
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Štucere, Sandra, and Gunita Mazūre. "Development of Immovable Property Tax in Latvia." Proceedings of the Latvia University of Agriculture 28, no. 1 (February 6, 2013): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10236-012-0015-0.
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Abstract Immovable property tax is one of the national taxes the administration of which is subjected to continuous changes. Frequent amendments to the law “On Immovable Property Tax” (1997) also evidence the mentioned changes. The procedure for tax calculation, tax base, and tax rates has been considerably changed in the course of time. The research provides a discussion on the changes in tax formation, development, and administration in Latvia to understand better the essence of immovable property tax. The research aim was to analyse the development of immovable property tax and the course of reforms for the period of 1998-2012. The research also studies the expected changes in the application of immovable property tax from the year 2013. It is envisaged to transfer the rights to local governments to determine the immovable property tax rates in their administrative territories within the range of 0.2-3% from 2013. The research concludes that frequent reforms of immovable property tax have promoted the development of a new, stable, and predictable methodology for the future application of immovable property tax in Latvia. The analysis of revenues from immovable property tax for the period of 2006-2011 is based on the annually growing significance of immovable property tax. The research suggests that immovable property tax is the only tax the revenues of which have increased within the period of 2009-2011 and the largest revenues from immovable property tax are collected in Riga City municipality comprising 53% of the total revenues from immovable property tax collected in Latvia.
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Baturan, Luka, and Goran Milošević. "Special tax on illegally acquired property." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, no. 4 (2020): 1453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-29960.
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The National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia has adopted the Law on Determining the Origin of Property and Special Tax. With the "new" legal solution on determining the origin of property and special tax, Serbia seeks to protect the fiscal and other interests of the state based on the income of natural persons caused by abuse resulting in the possession of property that cannot be justified by legal income. Since the Law on Determining the Origin of Property and Special Tax introduces a new "special tax", it an opportunity to define the basic contours of this tax, and to give guidelines for practical application, as well as for the possible correction of the Law.
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Felis, Paweł, Joanna Szlęzak-Matusewicz, and Henryk Rosłaniec. "Differentiation of Fiscal Effects of Local Tax Policy in Countries Using Area-Based Property Taxation: the Case of Poland." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, no. 3 (July 22, 2021): 521–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.3.521-541(2021).
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The paper addresses differences in financial effects of local tax policy. Its aim was to examine the effects of decisions taken within the realm of tax authority in a country which applies area-based property taxation. The paper validates the hypothesis, according to which the impact of local tax policy upon tax revenues of local units depends on the social and economic potential of regions (in Poland called “voivodeships”). We believe that municipalities (called “gminas” in Polish) are more active in pursuing local tax policy (i.e., in reducing property tax rates) in regions whose social and economic position is weaker. Statistical and econometric analyses confirmed our theoretical assumptions and provided the evidence that the hypothesis is correct. By using econometric models, in this paper we also succeeded in identifying variables which help in explaining the real scale of reductions of property tax rates.
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Carroll, Deborah A., and Christopher B. Goodman. "Assessing the Influence of Property Tax Delinquency and Foreclosures on Residential Property Sales." Urban Affairs Review 53, no. 5 (November 17, 2016): 898–923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087416678339.
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We examine the influence of property tax delinquency on the sale price of nearby homes from 2002 to 2013 using more than 46,000 residential property sales in a representative midwestern central city—Milwaukee, Wisconsin. After controlling for a number of property and neighborhood characteristics including nearby foreclosures, we find property tax delinquency has a significant influence on nearby home sales. The relationship is negative; one additional tax delinquent property within 250 m of a home sale is associated with a discounted sale price of 0.79% or approximately $1,085 on average. In addition, the influence of tax delinquent properties on home sale prices diminishes with distance, suggesting blight is the source of the discount. Based on these findings, the negative influence of tax delinquency is likely to be exacerbated in central cities where housing density is greater and delinquency is higher and more persistent than the surrounding suburbs, which has the potential to lead to fiscal distress as property taxes are the primary revenue source for cities. As such, we suggest a two-tiered approach for cities to mitigate the negative consequences of tax delinquency: a combination of policies to eliminate delinquency and also to help homeowners become financially stable.
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Chen, Jian, and David H. Downs. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 16, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 323–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100176.
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This paper examines real property tax as a determinant of tenure choice. The analysis is conducted in two stages. First, parameter estimates for a reduced-form homeownership model are obtained through multivariate logistic regression on data drawn from the U.S. Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Second, data from the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) is used to obtain predicted homeownership for China by using the SIPP-based model. Actual and predicted values of homeownership in China are presented, and the marginal effect of property tax is computed. Overall, we find that tenure choice is significantly influenced by property tax, even after controlling for a wide range of supply and demand considerations. Furthermore, and in the case of China, we show that the negative impact of property tax on homeownership may be mitigated by corresponding ownership incentives (e.g., tax policy). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to explicitly analyze property tax in this regard. Implications based on the empirical analysis are applicable to the evolution of property tax policy in China.
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Dowgier, Rafał. "The Polish system of property taxation." Prawo Budżetowe Państwa i Samorządu 9, no. 3 (November 22, 2021): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/pbps.2021.014.
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The purpose of this paper is to outline the Polish system of real estate taxation and main problems associated with its implementation. Despite socio-economic changes, this area of the tax system has not been reformed in recent years. Consequently, real estate tax in particular is a levy that presents great difficulties in assessment and collection. This is evidenced by the numerous rulings of administrative courts, which, in quantitative terms, place real estate tax right after value added tax. The study is primarily based on an analytical research method drawing on legal acts, the literature on the subject, and the achievements of judicature.
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Shcherbakova, I. G., and G. A. Khripko. "PROBLEMS OF TAXATION OF INDIVIDUAL PROPERTY IN THE UDMURT REPUBLIC." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 30, no. 1 (March 2, 2020): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2020-30-1-72-77.
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The tax on individual property is one of the local taxes of the tax system of the Russian Federation, which is established by regulatory legal acts of representative bodies of municipalities and is a source of income for local budgets. The share of property taxes received by local budgets is not more than 20 %, of which 17.5 % are income from land tax and 2.5 % are income from property tax of individuals. A feature of this tax is that its collection is determined solely by the characteristics of the property, regardless of the individual solvency of the taxpayer. From January 1, 2015 in the Udmurt Republic, the tax base for the tax on property of individuals is the cadastral value of real estate, before that the tax was calculated on the basis of the inventory value. In connection with the involvement of new real estate in the tax turnover and as a result of the cadastral valuation of real estate in the Udmurt Republic, there is an increase in the tax base and income tax on property of individuals. Despite this, the analysis of the property tax of individuals based on the cadastral value made it possible to identify a number of problems of its application in the Udmurt Republic, as well as identify possible solutions.
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Idrisov, Abdul-Khalim A. "DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR CALCULATING THE PROPERTY TAX DEDUCTION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 8/2, no. 128 (2022): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.08.02.002.
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this article discusses the issue of determining the size of the property tax deduction in the connection with changes in the real estate market in Russia. In the context of dynamically changing economic situation in the country, the problem of revising the current size of the property tax deduction becomes especially relevant. The author analyzed the dynamics of growth in real estate prices in Moscow and the size of the property tax deduction. Based on this analysis, it is proposed to use a special group of coefficients when calculating the size of the property tax deduction to ensure the equality of citizens of the Russian Federation in the right to receive property tax deductions.
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Beal-Hodges, Mary, Mary O. Borg, and Harriet A. Stranahan. "A Re-Examination Of The Property Tax Burden." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v14i2.9627.
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The property tax is the major source of own revenues for most city and county governments, yet economists have had very little definitive information to share with policymakers about the burden that it imposes on local citizens. This is because most previous studies of property taxes have used a Suits index analysis which does not allow for any independent variables other than income. We estimate a regression model using current income and various socio-demographic variables in order to take a more fine grained approach. We use data obtained from the Florida Department of Revenue from 326,976 single family homeowners in four northeast Florida counties geo-coded with the 2010 block group census data. We find that the property tax is regressive with respect to current income. With respect to demographic variables, we find that homeowners over the age of 65 pay a higher average tax rate based on their current incomes. African Americans pay a lower tax rate than other races based on their current income. When we combine income and demographic variables to predict the tax rate paid by a hypothetical low socio-economic status household versus a high socio-economic status household, we find that the high SES household pays a higher average tax rate. Thus, the demographic variables temper the regressivity of the property tax based on current income alone.
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Nugrahadi, Robi, Sarwono Sarwono, and Riyanto Riyanto. "PERENCANAAN PENGELOLAAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH SEKTOR PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN PERDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN DI KABUPATEN BLORA." JPSI (Journal of Public Sector Innovations) 2, no. 2 (August 5, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpsi.v2n2.p61-71.
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This research background is property tax management authority transfer by center government to local government according to the laws of local tax number 28 in 2009. The purpose is to make government financial independently and increase local revenue in property tax sector. Problem of that condition is local government must be set up many supporting factors, that is human resources especially property appraisal, computer and server tools, operating system and data base, compatibel files and service room, and exist budget to implement intensification and extensification tax program. Readiness of supporting factors are very influence optimization level of property tax revenue. According that condition, this research purpose is to analyse property tax management in Blora Regency so that from result of analysing can be arrange scenario planning which is consider uncertainty situation in future. Collecting data method of this research use Miles, Huberman, and Saldana method (2014), while scenario planning analysis use TAIDA method from Lindgren and Bandhold (2003). Result of this research is Government of Blora Regency has not maximaly implement property tax management yet. That condition based on empirical fact which is only one man appraisal to analyse NJOP with more than 500 thousand property tax object in Blora Regency. That situation cause property tax revenue not accordance with real potension.
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Jóźwiak, Edyta. "Taxation of property given into dependent possession by an entity subject to a property tax exemption." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum 21, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/aspal.7072.
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Motives: Does the real property owned by an entity subject to the real property tax exemption and placed in the dependent possession of another entity give rise to an obligation to pay the tax in the amount payable by the entrepreneur?Aim: In a situation where the property is in the possession of the entrepreneur, he is obliged to pay the highest amount of tax – in 2021, the rate of this tax is PLN 24, PLN 84 per m2. However, the Act on Local and Duties and Fees provides for certain exceptions for entities which, due to their activities, benefit from a tax exemption, because of which no funds are credited to the budget of a local government unit. Therefore, it can be concluded that the tax authorities want the largest possible number of properties to be taxed in the highest amount. Their task is facilitated by the fact that the provisions of tax law are not clear as to the definition of “seizure of real estate for conducting business activity”, which allows the tax authorities to freely decide what such activity is and what is not. Recently, an opinion has developed that the mere transfer of real estate into dependent possession based on a civil law contract justifies the statement that the entity conducts business activity. Therefore, the article in question attempts to answer the question whether, and if so, in what amount, the entity that benefits from the tax exemption is obliged to pay tax if it gives the property into dependent possession, and whether it is possible to use tax optimization and make the division of real estate for tax purposes?Results: The interpretation of the provisions of a.l.t. applied by the tax authorities to date, which boils down to the assumption that the mere fact of leasing real estate proves that business activity is being conducted and prejudges the loss of acquired right to tax exemption, is not justified in any way. In the provisions of the a.l.t., the legislator clearly indicates that the subjective use of the real property for purposes that entitle the entity to use the tax exemption is of significance. At the same time, when the tax exemption does not extend to part of the property, it is possible to subdivide it for tax optimisation purposes.
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Siroky, J., J. Krajcova, and J. Hakalova. "The taxation of agricultural land with the use of multi-criteria analysis." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 62, No. 5 (May 27, 2016): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/183/2015-agricecon.
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The issue of land taxation is currently often neglected in scientific articles despite the existence of the land taxation and property taxes in most countries of the European Union. This paper deals with a specific property tax in the Czech Republic – the tax on the acquisition of immovable property. The aim of the paper is, on the one hand, to characterise the tax on the acquisition of immovable property, its general principles and the classification in land taxation, and on the other hand, to analyse the possibilities of a tax entity for the tax base determination and the tax liability calculation. For this purpose, a model example of taxation of the transfer of immovable property for consideration is used, to which the method of the multi-criteria decision-making is applied as an opportunity to use the mathematical methods for the transactional property tax. Based on the method of the multi-criteria analysis of alternatives, it was found that in the model example, it was more advantageous for the tax entity to use the indicative value.
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林俊宏, 林俊宏, and 陳雪貞 Jim Lin. "探討土地增值稅與房地合一所得稅之稅額計算立法." 中正財經法學 20, no. 20 (January 2020): 123–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/207873752020010020003.
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鑒於近年來房地價格異常上漲，逐步造成房地持有人與租戶間貧富差距拉大，因過往稅制對房地上漲的利潤只課徵偏低的稅負，加速了社會對房地投機的心態，並使房地產價格居高不下，政府為抑制房價快速飆漲，進而修正稅制而實行房地合一所得稅制度，期盼此一制度能有利房價回歸至合理價位。修正前我國房地出售時，土地應課徵土地增值稅，房屋應併入課徵所得稅，理論上，土地增值屬財產交易所得之一種（機會稅），應課徵所得稅。但因為我國已將土地之增值部分課徵土地增值稅，故不再課徵綜合所得稅，因此土地增值稅與綜合所得稅乃採分離課稅的形式。然而分離課稅不能正確衡量納稅義務人之納稅能力，基於漲價歸公的理念，新制房地合一所得稅希藉以補足原土地增值稅未核課部分來抑制房價，但新制實施至今仍有許多未盡之處仍有待討論，因此本文特別針對土地增值稅與房地合一所得稅在課徵範圍、課徵稅率、土地現值計徵標準、稅額計算之優惠及扣除項目等加以比較研究，並提出本文看法。Due to the unusual increase of real property prices in the recent years, the wealth gap between the property holders and the tenants has gradually widened. In the past, the government merely imposed the lower property tax on the rising property profits, so that it has accelerated the social speculation on premises and let the real property prices remain high. For balancing the rapid rise in real property prices, the government had adjusted the property tax and implement the “Integrated Housing and Land Tax” in order to guide the real property price into a reasonable price. Before the implementation of the new tax on per real property transaction, the land should be subject to the old “Land Value Increment Tax,” and the house should be calculated into the income tax. However, the old separately calculation measures on real property tax cannot reflect the taxpayer’s taxability. Based on the idea of confiscating the land profit increase, the new tax has been used to supplement the untaxed part of the old tax to curb the real property prices. However, there are still some imperfect parts on the new tax, this article thus hopes to specifically address and compare the scope, rate, quotation standard, calculation discount and the deduction items between the new “Integrated Housing and Land Tax” and the old “Land Value Increment Tax.”
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Fassinou, Jonas, Pam Zahonogo, and Damas Hounsounon. "Analysis of Tax Compliance Determinants and Property Owners Socio-Economic Profile in Benin." African Multidisciplinary Tax Journal 2, no. 1 (2022): 224–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/amtj/v2/i1a12.
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Implementing efficient tax policy remains a central concern to leaders. Consequently, this article seeks to analyse the determinants of property tax compliance in Benin to ultimately establish the socio-economic profile of property owners. To achieve this, the article first regresses the partial proportional odds model to identify conditional and inf luential factors to taxpayers’ compliance. This is followed by an exploratory multiple component analysis to build a property tax compliance index to establish a socio-economic profile of property owners. The results from a representative sample of 4 575 individuals have shown that in the presence of factors that measure political and social inf luences, the probability that a taxpayer has good tax morale is estimated at 71,978 per cent. The property tax compliance index value sits at 3,076, confirming that Beninese property owners are mostly non-compliant. It was deduced from these results that the typical Beninese taxpayer is a “social taxpayer” strongly inf luenced by social norms. To improve the level of property tax compliance, the tax administrations of developing countries in general and that of Benin in particular, must implement a tax policy based on taxpayers’ profiles. Further studies on the determination of the optimal property tax rate are essential in order to quantitatively assess the extent to which mobilisation performance can be enhanced by taking taxpayers’ profiles into consideration.
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Belev, Sergej G., and Konstantin V. Vekerle. "RUSSIAN FEDERATION TAX EXPENDITURE EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS (BASED ON PROPERTY TAX DEDUCTION AND PREFERENTIAL VAT RATE)." Ars Administrandi (Искусство управления) 10, no. 4 (2018): 610–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-9173-2018-4-610-630.
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Degtyareva, Irina, Svetlana Lartseva, and Olga Shalina. "Assessment of the fiscal effectiveness of property taxes on individuals in Russia." Vestnik BIST (Bashkir Institute of Social Technologies), no. 2(55) (June 30, 2022): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47598/2078-9025-2022-2-55-170-177.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the fiscal efficiency of taxation of individuals with property taxes. The concept of fiscal efficiency is revealed, under which it is proposed to understand the ability of the tax to provide revenue to the budget (budget efficiency); the ability of the tax to stimulate economic growth; the fairness of the tax in relation to the tax base and subjects of taxation. Based on the statistical data of macroeconomic development, the collection of property taxes and the dynamics of the tax base, the fiscal efficiency of property taxes from individuals in Russia is calculated.
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Grover, Richard, Mika-Petteri Törhönen, Paul Munro-Faure, and Aanchal Anand. "Achieving successful implementation of value-based property tax reforms in emerging European economies." Journal of European Real Estate Research 10, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-06-2016-0027.
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Purpose This paper aims to report the findings of a study of nine countries in Europe and Central Asia (ECA) that have either recently introduced or are working towards the introduction of value-based recurrent property taxes. Although many countries have recurrent property taxes, often, they are not value-based and raise relatively little revenue. This paper examines the barriers to the introduction of value-based property taxes and discusses how they can be overcome. Design/methodology/approach Case studies of recurrent property taxation were undertaken for eight countries from the World Bank’s ECA region. The sample included countries at different stages in the development of value-based property tax systems. A ninth country, The Netherlands, which has a well-developed mass valuation system, was included for comparison. Findings Barriers to the introduction of value-based recurrent property taxes are technical and political or governance ones. The technical barriers include the comprehensiveness of property registration, the quality of transaction price data, the extent to which the valuation infrastructure meets internationally recognised standards and the quality of tax collection systems. The principal political and governance problems are the unpopularity of property taxes, the need to convince the public that they are fair and the lack of champions of property taxation in government. Research limitations/implications The case studies are drawn from the ECA region, but the issues raised apply in many other parts of the world. A case study approach produces rich data for each example that enables key issues to be explored in depth. Practical implications The study has identified issues and ways of approaching them that are relevant to countries seeking to introduce value-based recurrent property taxes so that they can learn from the experience of others. Originality/value The approach has enabled a systematic comparison between countries so that common experiences and issues are identified.
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Prots, Vasyl. "Features of property taxes and their role in the formation of local budget revenues." Socio-Economic Problems of the Modern Period of Ukraine, no. 1(135) (2019): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36818/2071-4653-2019-1-12.
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The extension of powers and functions of local self-government bodies in the context of financial decentralization should be accompanied by an appropriate increase of local taxes and fees to local budgets. Currently, property tax is a new element of the local taxation system and a financial tool for local governments. Since the property tax system is at an early stage in its development, there are a number of debatable issues, in particular, it is really necessary to assess the current system of property taxation in Ukraine, to investigate the fiscal role of property taxes and to outline directions for its improvement. The paper argues that in contrast to Ukraine, property taxes in many countries include the taxes on certain types of property, on net assets, on transfer of property ownership. The author proves that the taxation of property is based on the following principles: equivalence; solvency and equity; fiscal efficiency and financial capacity; security; performance. The analysis shows that since 2015, due to increased tax revenues, local taxes and fees have become the second largest source of local budgets. In 2015-2017 the largest share in the structure of property tax was paid for land 90-93%, the tax on real estate, other than land plot 4,6-8,3%, transport tax 0,8-2,7%. However, the greatest increase of revenues to local budgets accounted for the tax on real estate. The main factors of the growth of property tax since 2015 are due to the inclusion of land and transport taxes to property tax and the introduction of new ratios of indexation of normative monetary estimates for calculating land payments. The shortcomings of the system of property taxation are identified, namely: the level of urbanization of the territory where the object of taxation is located is not taken into account; the existing approach to taxing the area of immovable property, different from the land, does not take into account the degree of its physical depreciation; non-compliance with the principle of social equality and the imperfect mechanism of taxation of non-residential real estate of economic entities and individuals. The paper suggests to include irregular taxes into property taxes, that is, taxes on transfer of property: inheritance tax; gift tax. To determine the amount of real estate tax and land tax, the rates should be set as a percentage of the market value of the tax object, in order to simplify the process of taxes administering.
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BOGACHEV, Sergei V. "Special features of territorial tax incentives to accelerate economic growth." Finance and Credit 28, no. 12 (December 28, 2022): 2681–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/fc.28.12.2681.
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Subject. The article addresses special aspects of territorial tax incentives to accelerate economic growth Objectives. The aim is to identify the specifics of territorial tax incentives for economic growth and develop proposals to use them. Results. The study reveals features of territorial tax incentives for economic growth. The benefits are provided from own sources of budgets of subjects of the Federation and municipalities, i.e. property taxes (corporate property tax, land and transport taxes) and income tax. The privileges are available in preferential territories (SEZ, TASED, TAD) and are granted to industrial parks, technology parks, and those implementing regional investment projects (RIP) and special investment contracts (SPIC). The paper presents recommendations for using the identified specifics. They include a differentiated approach to the development of territorial tax incentives within non-subsidized and subsidized regions; assessment of the possibility of increasing the number of non-subsidized and low-subsidized budgets based on the principles of fiscal federalism; improving the administration and control, including the use of digital technologies, to ensure an accurate assessment of tax expenditures (lost income) of the property tax budget when making decisions on the application of territorial tax incentives. Conclusions. The recommendations are addressed to regional authorities and local self-governments for consideration and approval of projects of residents of preferential territories, business entities, RIP and SPIC that contribute to the acceleration of economic growth, specialists developing and improving tax incentives for economic growth.
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CHO, SEONG-HOON, JUHEE LEE, ROLAND K. ROBERTS, BURTON C. ENGLISH, EDWARD T. YU, TAEYOUNG KIM, and PAUL R. ARMSWORTH. "Evaluating a tax-based subsidy approach for forest carbon sequestration." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 3 (March 13, 2017): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000078.
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SUMMARYForest carbon sequestration plays an important role in reducing the build-up of greenhouse gases that are known to contribute to global climate change. However, private landowners will supply less carbon sequestration than would be socially desirable if they are unable to capture the economic value of sequestration. We examine the viability of offering landowners property tax subsidies for forest carbon sequestration (referred to as a ‘tax-based subsidy approach’). Waiving property taxes on forestland provides incentives for landowners to afforest non-forested land and/or sustain forests that are at risk of deforestation. We focus on 17 Tennessee counties and one Kentucky county, constituting one of 179 Bureau of Economic Analysis areas in the United States, as a case study. Higher forestland net return from waiving property taxes increases the share of forestland in the 18 counties, which in turn increases the accumulation of carbon in the forest ecosystem, suggesting that this is a viable approach. The annualized county-level cost of supplying forest carbon sequestration using a tax-based subsidy ranges between US$15.56 and US$563.58 per carbon tonne across the 18 counties. Relevant government agencies can use these estimates to target selected counties for more cost-effective adoption of the county-level tax-based subsidy approach.
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Upa, Vierly Ananta, and Frandy E. F. Karundeng. "PROPERTY SALES TAX AND BUYING INTEREST IN INDONESIA." Review of Behavioral Aspect in Organizations and Society 1, no. 2 (November 23, 2019): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32770/rbaos.vol1159-166.
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The Surabaya city government still applies the old rules, which do not implement a reduction in property sales tax rates. Data from the Office of Revenue and Financial Management (DPPK) The Surabaya city government noted, in 2015 the revenue from property sales tax reached Rp 825 billion. This is the reason behind the Surabaya city government's refusal to reduce property sales tax rates. Based on this, we want to examine whether the policies taken by the Surabaya government to not reduce property sales tax rates can affect the interest of the purchasing power of the people of Surabaya. The population in this study were all people residing in the city of Surabaya. The data collection technique carried out by the researcher was a purposive sampling technique. In this study, researchers used questionnaires as data collection techniques. The results showed that the decision of the Surabaya city government to reject the decline in property sales tax rates did not affect the people's buying interest in property in Surabaya
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Vylkova, E. S. "Improving the Property Taxation in the Russian Federation." Economics, taxes & law 12, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2019-12-1-127-135.
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In their search for new ways of recharging budget revenues, foreign countries repeatedly implement tax reforms including the area of property taxation.The subject of the researchis the state of property taxation in the Russian Federation and abroad.The purposes of the researchwere to study the trends in property tax reforms in the world and the Russian Federation; systematize the OECD experience in reforming property taxation; compare the Russian innovations in the field of corporate property taxation with the trends existing in OECD countries; assess of the adequacy of corporate property tax reforms carried out in Russia in recent years, and propose property tax innovations with account for advanced foreign experience based on OECD data, foreign and domestic publications. The share of property taxes in the Russian GDP is lower compared to the OECD average although it is higher than in the countries with the lowest value of this indicator, which means that the above shares can be increased as shown by a comprehensive analysis of both taxation practices in foreign countries and the socio-economic situation in Russia.It is concludedthat Russian innovations in the field of property taxation generally conform to the world trends both in terms of tax rates and the tax base formation procedure. The paper outlines the most significant areas of the property tax reform comprising a clear legislative distinction between movable and immovable property, reasoned definition of the real estate cadastral value taking into account the developments in the foreign and domestic economic literature on this issue.
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Leontev, E. V., and Yu V. Leontyeva. "Individual property tax to fund public transport." Journal of Tax Reform 7, no. 1 (2021): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/jtr.2021.7.1.087.
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Efficient and reliable public transport is of prime concern to city dwellers. To function efficiently, public transport generally needs subsidies from the state or local government. Our goal was to design and develop an alternative model of property tax that would provide financing for public transport. It was hypothesised that if the market value of real estate depends on the proximity of public transport, property tax can be a reliable source of financing for public transport. Based on the hedonic pricing theory, we used multiple regression to measure the impact of public transport proximity on the value of residential property. The data on the market value of property and property tax was taken from statistical tax reporting forms of the Federal Tax Service. The data on various public transport infrastructure facilities was used from the specialized open registers. We tested our alternative model of property tax, using the case of the Ekaterinburg Metro and the Tram and Trolleybus Company, through regression analysis of 7,685 objects of residential property in the City of Ekaterinburg. It was found that the efficiency of the underground service is higher than that of the city’s tram network. On the average, the proximity of underground stations increases the value of housing by over 6%. As predictive estimation of the amount of tax determined by the proximity of public transport showed, the alternative model of property tax is sufficient to cover capital expenditures of the city’s public transport operators and could, therefore, contribute to further expansion and modernization of the transport network.
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Široký, Jan, Danuše Nerudová, and Veronika Dvořáková. "The Quantification of the Significance of EATR Determinants: Evidence for EU Countries." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 2 (2017): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765020501.
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At present, corporate tax is applied in all EU Member States with the exception of Estonia. Nevertheless, the nominal corporate tax rate does not reflect the real tax burden. For determination of the effective tax burden for corporations, there are used effective corporate tax rates. The aim of the paper is to quantify the relation between the effective average corporate tax rate and nominal corporate tax rates, depreciations, loss compensation and selected investment incentives and to identify the significance of these factors based on the panel analysis. Based on the panel analysis it was found that effective average tax rate is only statistically dependant on nominal corporate tax rate, on tax loss compensation and on the depreciation tax rate of movable property, while in case of other factors, such as depreciation of immovable property, tax holidays and R&D incentives, the dependence is not statistically significant.
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Satria, Denny Novi, and Vonni Cristin. "Pengaruh Corporate Social Responsibility Proporsi Dewan Komisaris Independen Dan Frekuensi Rapat Komite Audit Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak." Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmiah Sosial Budaya 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47233/jppisb.v1i2.481.
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Tax avoidance is an effort by taxpayers to take advantage of the opportunities that exist in the tax law so that taxpayers can pay lower taxes. If tax evasion activities are carried out in accordance with tax laws, then these activities are legal and acceptable activities. This study aims to determine and analyze how much influence Tax Pressure (X1), Independent Commissioner (X2), has on Tax Avoidance (Y) in Construction, Property and Real Estate companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method used in this study is quantitative using secondary data in the form of annual financial statements of construction, property and real estate companies in the 2016-2020 period. The analysis technique used is panel data regression. Based on the results of research and analysis of Financial Pressure (X1) which is proxied by ROA has a significant effect on Tax Avoidance in Construction, Property and Real Estate companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and Independent Commissioners have no effect on Tax Avoidance in Construction, Property and Real Estate companies on the Stock Exchange. Indonesian Effect.
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Satria, Denny Novi, and Syafnil Fernanda. "Pengaruh Tekanan Keuangan Dan Komisaris Independen Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak." Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmiah Sosial Budaya 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 238–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47233/jppisb.v1i2.479.
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Tax avoidance is an effort by taxpayers to take advantage of the opportunities that exist in the tax law so that taxpayers can pay lower taxes. If tax evasion activities are carried out in accordance with tax laws, then these activities are legal and acceptable activities. This study aims to determine and analyze how much influence Tax Pressure (X1), Independent Commissioner (X2), has on Tax Avoidance (Y) in Construction, Property and Real Estate companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method used in this study is quantitative using secondary data in the form of annual financial statements of construction, property and real estate companies in the 2016-2020 period. The analysis technique used is panel data regression. Based on the results of research and analysis of Financial Pressure (X1) which is proxied by ROA has a significant effect on Tax Avoidance in Construction, Property and Real Estate companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and Independent Commissioners have no effect on Tax Avoidance in Construction, Property and Real Estate companies on the Stock Exchange. Indonesian Effect.
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Kimball, Joseph R. "Does There Need to Be a Texas Tea Party? Mineral Estate Taxation With Representation." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 16, no. 1 (October 2009): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v16.i1.5.
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The Texas Tax Code sets forth how all taxes in Texas should be levied and against what party or property on which the tax should be levied. In the instance of mineral estate taxation, however, a conflict resides in how the oil and gas terms are defined and how these definitions apply to taxing mineral estates. The courts, however, are in bed with the State in the taxation dilemma. The application of the tax code to mineral "interests" is quite a mathematical achievement whose methodology cannot be protested. So, as in the urban mineral estate, how does one protest the valuation of one's minerals when quite possibly that valuation falls outside the Texas Tax Code? As usual, the presumption falls on the side of the taxing authority, not the protester. Texas Property Tax Code specifically sets forth that "all real and tangible personal property . . . is taxable" based on its appraised fair market value. The Texas Property Tax Code also sets forth that mineral interests are classified as real property. The misidentification of property interests causes confusion, and thus Texas is taxing mineral interest owners on ordinary income versus market value, which in this Author's opinion, imposes a double taxation or a surreptitious income tax on the citizens of the State of Texas.
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Volchek, R. "DISCUSSION ASPECTS OF PROPERTY VALUATION FOR TAX PURPOSES." Аграрний вісник Причорномор'я, no. 94 (December 25, 2019): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37000/abbsl.2019.94.11.
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The author's vision on the process of estimating the value of real estate objects for the purposes of taxation is given. It is established, that the current norms of valuation of property for taxation purposes, established by the main regulator of valuation activity in Ukraine − the State Property Fund of Ukraine, deprive transparency the process of valuation of property in our state, and offset personal accounting judgments when assessing real estate. Opacity and distortion of the current norms of normative legal acts regulating the process of valuation of property and property rights in Ukraine, as well as the norms of the International Financial Reporting Standards (further − IFRS) 13 «Fair Value Measurement» during the valuation of real estate objects, consists, according our opinion, representatives of the State Property Fund of Ukraine during the approval of property valuation reports for tax purposes are based on the estimated value of the objects, which should be determined solely on the basis of the prices of real estate offers and solely by means of a comparative approach. But, IFRS 13 «Fair Value Measurement» and National Standard 1 «General Principles of Valuation of Property and Property Rights» demand to determine the value of objects of evaluation in three methods: costly, cost-effective and comparative. Recommendations are introduced, implementation of which will allow to observe the transparency and correctness of determining the value of property for tax purposes.
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Makarova, Ksenia Olegovna. "“De facto” single real estate complex as an object of taxation in the context of corporate property tax of." Налоги и налогообложение, no. 1 (January 2021): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-065x.2021.1.34707.
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The problem of qualification of property became urgent in 2019, when corporate property tax was levied on movable property. Tax authorities began to reclassify movable property into immovable property, using the terms and constructions of civil legislation. This article examines such legal constructs as a single real estate complex, and its impact upon taxation of corporate property. Special attention given to the following questions: 1. What objects can be incorporated into a single real estate complex? 2. Whether the range of objects united by a single technological network can be recognized as a single real estate complex, if the right to ownership is not registered as for a single immovable object in the uniform state register? Based on the analysis of the actual arbitration cases, it is concluded that the concept of a single real estate complex was completely revised by the tax authorities, and then by the courts, violating the goals pursued by the legislator, who tried to encourage corporations to renovate fixed assets, intentionally excluding movable property as the object of taxation in the context of corporate property tax. The author concludes that the interpretation of the terms of civil legislation proposed by tax authorities and established in case law led to unfeasibility of the goals set for the legislator, as well as to violation of the fundamental tax principles.
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Radvan, Michal, and Sandra Papavasilevská. "Abolition of Tax on Acquisition of Immovable Property: A Tool to Suppress the Negative Consequences of Covid-19 or a Politicum?" Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review 5, no. 2 (2020): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2020.2.4.
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The tax on acquisition of immovable property was abolished on September 26, 2020 in the Czech Republic. One of the reasons mentioned in the explanatory report to the Act was the statement that the abolition deals with the effects of this virus on society. The main aim of the article is to answer the question of whether the abolition of the tax on acquisition of immovable property is a tool to suppress the negative consequences of Covid-19 or a politicum. To get the answer, it is necessary to shortly describe the tax on acquisition of immovable property and its structural components and make a basic comparison with the other EU Member States. We also summarise the pros and cons of the tax and related findings of the Constitutional Court. As the property transfer tax is connected with the income tax and there were several amendments in the proposal, it is needed to analyse these changes. Based on the research, it is possible to conclude that the abolition of the tax on acquisition of immovable property is definitely not a tool to suppress the negative consequences of Covid-19; it is just a politicum: political parties believe that the abolition of the transfer tax brings them more voices in the elections.
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Shazmin, S. A. A., I. Sipan, M. Sapri, H. M. Ali, and F. Raji. "Property tax assessment incentive for green building: Energy saving based-model." Energy 122 (March 2017): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.12.078.
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Walden, John B., Harry L. Haney, and William C. Siegel. "Federal-State Death Tax Implications for Private Nonindustrial Forest Landowners in the Northeast." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/5.2.135.
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Abstract Tax planning is an important component of forest management. Management planning generally focuses on income and property taxes. Potential death taxes, however, are often overlooked, which can cause serious problems with the orderly transfer of forested property at death. This article examines key provisions of the federal death tax law, together with the death tax statutes of 13 northeastern states. A modal depicts the combined death tax levy—federal plus state—in these states for a specific planning strategy at the first spouse's death. A second model examines the total tax levy for three different strategies through the second spouse's death based on the property distribution at the first death. North. J. Appl. For. 5:135-141, June 1988.
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Wang, Pei, Kun Guo, Dan Ding, and Shuyi Li. "Property Rights, Tax Avoidance and Capital Structure: Data from China Stock Markets." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 11 (October 20, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n11p13.
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This paper investigates the influence of tax avoidance on capital structure based on share ownership under China’s economic system. Previous research has indicated that tax avoidance exits and has a potential effect on firms’ capital structure, but there is little literature focusing on this influence based on China’s economic system. In light of that, this paper uses A-share data of the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchange from 2007 to 2016 as samples to study the impact of tax avoidance on the capital structure based on China’s economic system. The results suggest that, firstly, there is a significant negative correlation between tax avoidance and the debt ratio of the listed companies; secondly, there is a significant difference in the effect of corporate tax avoidance on the debt ratio of different industries and different equity ownership. Besides, by regrouping the samples according to the share ownership and the degree of tax avoidance, it is revealed that China’s unique economic system would lead to an impact of tax avoidance on the capital structure that differs from other countries. Finally, it is found that there is a negative correlation between the degree of tax avoidance of the listed companies and the dynamic adjustment of assets-liability ratio through the extended study, further verifying that there is a substitution relationship between tax avoidance of the listed companies and their debt financing.
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Ela, Nate. "Use-Based Welfare: Property Experiments in Chicago, 1895–1935." Social Science History 43, no. 02 (2019): 319–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2019.12.
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Use-based welfare achieves redistribution by reallocating rights to use and benefit from idle resources, rather than through tax and transfer. How and why has this form of welfare provision emerged as an urban institution, and what affects whether it endures? This article compares projects to grant poor and unemployed Chicagoans access to land for gardens and small farms between 1895 and 1935, explaining how this form of social support came about through experiments with rules, norms, and forms of property. While social policy is typically understood as emerging through the realization of rights to public support, use-based welfare turns instead on efforts to create a legal privilege for the needy to use idle resources. During the Progressive Era and the Great Depression, this form of relief was pitched as both an alternative and a complement to welfare based on tax and transfer. Yet efforts to establish it as a permanent institution repeatedly failed, due to implementation challenges, opposition from people committed to treating land and food as commodities, and the nonemergence of a social movement to defend land access. Recognizing the historical dynamics of use-based welfare offers a new perspective on the contemporary resurgence of urban farming as a strategy for addressing unemployment and poverty.
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Bidanset, Paul, Michael McCord, Peadar Davis, and Mark Sunderman. "An exploratory approach for enhancing vertical and horizontal equity tests for ad valorem property tax valuations using geographically weighted regression." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction 24, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmpc-04-2019-0033.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to enhance the estimation of vertical and horizontal inequity within property valuation. Property taxation is a crucial source of finance for local government around the world – based on a presumptive tax base underpinned by estimates of property value, inaccurate real estate valuations used for such ad valorem or value-based property tax calculations potentially lead to a variety of costs, both financial and other, for tax payers and governments alike. More common are increased costs in time, staff and, in some cases, legal fees. Some governments are even bound by acceptability thresholds to promote fairness, equitability and overall government accountability with respect to valuation. Design/methodology/approach There exist a number of vertical inequity measurements that have undergone academic testing and scrutiny within the property tax industry since the 1970s. While these approaches have proved successful in detecting horizontal and vertical inequity, one recurring disadvantage pertains to measurement error/omitted variable bias, stemming largely from a failure to accurately account for location. A natural progression within property tax research is the application of a more spatially local weighted modelling approach to examine vertical and horizontal inequity. This research, therefore, specifies a geographically weighted regression (GWR) methodology to detect and measure vertical inequity in property valuations. Findings The findings show the efficacy of using more applied spatial approaches for vertical tax estimation and indeed the limitations of employing conditional mean estimates coupled with delineated boundaries for assessing property tax inequity. The GWR model findings highlight the more fluctuating nature of vertical inequity across the Belfast market for the apartment sector both in a progressive and regressive sense and at different magnitudes. Moreover, the results reveal spatial clustering in the effects and are indicative of systematic inequities related to location inferring that spatial (horizontal) tax inequities are not random. The findings further show increased GWR model predictability overall. Originality/value This research adds to the existing literature base for evaluating both vertical and horizontal inequity in value-based property taxation at the intra-neighbourhood level. This is accomplished by modifying the Birch–Sunderman approach by transforming the traditional OLS model architecture to a GWR model, thereby allowing coefficient estimates of inequity to vary not only across a jurisdiction, but also at a more local level, while incorporating property characteristic variables. This arguably allows assessors to identify specific geographical areas of concern, saving them money, time and resources on identifying, addressing and correcting for inequity.
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Grover, Richard, and Marek Walacik. "Property Valuation and Taxation for Fiscal Sustainability – Lessons for Poland." Real Estate Management and Valuation 27, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2019-0004.
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Abstract Research undertaken by the World Bank in Europe and the Central Asia Region indicates that there are four principal preconditions for introducing value-based recurrent property tax reforms: comprehensive property registration, a reliable source of data about the prices achieved in transactions, a valuation infrastructure that complies with internationally-recognized standards, and an efficient tax collection system. In spite of the arguments in favor of value-based recurrent property taxes, many countries raise revenue from recurrent property taxes using an area basis, and most countries raise relatively little revenue from recurrent property taxes. The paper has been written according to both the dogmatic-legal method and comparative method. It presents current solutions adopted in post-Soviet European countries in order to draw out recommendations and suggestions for Poland. The original reasoning for the paper is that, amongst many scientific papers concerning thorough debate of property tax systems, few have focused on post-Soviet countries and the issues that arise in transition countries. Most concern Western European or North American countries with different economies, politics, institutions, and histories to the Eastern ones. Authors of the paper believe that the article can fill the gap in discussions on the shape of the property tax system reform in Poland and the reforms carried out in Eastern Europe countries.
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Davidoff, Thomas, Paul Akaabre, and Craig Jones. "Policy Forum: The Prevalence of Low Income Tax Payments Among Owners of Expensive Homes in Vancouver and Toronto." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 70, no. 4 (2022): 843–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2022.70.4.pf.davidoff.
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In 2018, the top 5 percent of homes in Greater Vancouver, based on their property value, had a median value of $3.7 million, but the median owner of a home in this group paid income taxes of just $15,800. Using data from the Canadian Housing Statistics Program, the authors analyze the relationship between homeowners' income tax payments and the value of the homes they own. In metropolitan Toronto, the elasticity of non-corporate owners' income taxes paid with respect to property value appears to be in line with that in many US cities, at roughly 0.7. (A 10 percent increase in property value is on average associated with a 7 percent increase in income tax paid.) In metropolitan Vancouver, that same elasticity is only about 0.3 or 0.5, depending on whether the elasticity is calculated on the basis of medians or means, and would be at or near the bottom among US metropolitan areas. These results call into question the overall progressivity of taxation in Greater Vancouver. We provide mixed evidence concerning the role of foreign buyers in making Vancouver's income tax-property value relationship weak. In contrast to other Canadian and US metropolitan areas, Vancouver exhibited a particularly weak relationship between income tax and property value between 2011 and 2016. A modest minimum income tax based on property value could raise billions of dollars annually in both the Vancouver and Toronto metropolitan areas.
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Davis, Peadar, Michael J. McCord, William McCluskey, Erin Montgomery, Martin Haran, and John McCord. "Is energy performance too taxing?" Journal of European Real Estate Research 10, no. 2 (August 7, 2017): 124–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-06-2016-0023.
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Purpose Buildings contribute significantly to CO2 production. They are also subject to considerable taxation based on value. Analysis shows that while similar attributes contribute to both value and CO2 production, there is only a loose relationship between the two. If we wish to use taxation to affect policy change (drive energy efficiency behaviour), we are unlikely to achieve this using only the current tax base (value), or by increasing the tax take off this current tax base (unlike extra taxation of cigarettes to discourage smoking, for example). Taxation of buildings on the basis of energy efficiency is hampered by the lack of current evidence of performance. This paper aims to model the now-obligatory (at sale or letting) energy performance certificate (EPC) data to derive an acceptable appraisal model (marked to market, being the EPC scores) and deploys this to the entire population of properties. This provides an alternative tax base with which to model the effects of a tax base switch to energy efficiency and to understand the tax incidence effects of such a policy. Design/methodology/approach The research uses a multiplicative hedonic approach to model energy efficiency utilising EPC holding properties in a UK jurisdiction [Northern Ireland (NI)] as the sample. This model is then used to estimate discrete energy assessments for each property in the wider population, using attributes held in the domestic rating (property tax) database for NI (700,000+ properties). This produces a robust estimate of the EPC for every property in its current condition and its cost-effective improved condition. This energy assessment based tax base is further used to estimate a new millage rate and property tax bill (green property tax) which is compared against the existing property tax based on value to allow tax incidence changes to be analysed. Findings The findings show that such a policy would significantly redistribute the tax burden and would have a variety of expected and some unexpected effects. The results indicate that while assessing the energy performance of houses can be a complex process involving many parameters, much of the explanatory power can be achieved via a relatively small number of input variables, often already held by property tax jurisdictions. This offers the opportunity for useful housing stock modelling – such as the savings possible from power switching. The research also identifies that whilst urban areas display the expected “heat island” effect in terms of energy consumption, urban properties are on average more efficient than suburban/rural properties. This facilitates spatial targeting of policy messages and initiatives. Research limitations/implications Analogous with other studies, data deficiencies introduce the risk of omitted variable bias. Modelling of the energy efficiency in the sample is limited to property attributes that are available for the wider population of properties. While this limits the modelling exercise, it is a perennial issue facing mass appraisal worldwide (where knowledge of the transacted sample attributes generally exceeds knowledge of the unsold properties). That said, the research demonstrates the benefits of sharing data and improving knowledge of the housing stock, as taxation databases would be stronger, augmented with EPC-derived property attributes for example. Originality/value The EPC lead in time for wide residential coverage is likely to be considerable. The paper contributes to emerging literature and policy debate surrounding the effect, performance measurement and implementation of energy efficiency certification, through a greater understanding of the sectorial and geographical dispersion of energy efficiency. It provides high level research to help guide policy and decision-making, identifying key locales where there is more of a physical problem and locations where there is more to gain in terms of targeting energy improvement and/or encouraging behavioural change. The paper also allows a glimpse of the implications of a change towards a taxation regime based on energy efficiency, which contributes to the debate surrounding the “greening” of property based taxes.
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Gnat, Sebastian. "Powierzchniowy a katastralny system opodatkowania nieruchomości w Polsce." Studia BAS 1, no. 65 (2021): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/studiabas.2021.08.
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The article explores the economic aspects of area and value-based taxation of Polish real estate. It begins with the presentation of information on the conditions of property taxation in Poland. Next, a review of the research on the cadastral tax is provided, as well as the assumptions of the econometric model used for mass valuation of the analysed real estate. The main part of the article contains the results of the simulation of replacing the property tax with an ad valorem one. Particular attention is given to the impact of the cadastral tax rate on the revenues of municipalities and changes in the tax burden on individual properties. The main aim of this study was to show the importance of the proper setting of the ad valorem tax rate in the process of reforming the property taxation system.