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Journal articles on the topic 'Properties Tuning'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Mfoumou, Etienne, Martin Tango, and Pak Kin Wong. "Tuning Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Properties For Biomedical Applications." Advanced Materials Letters 10, no. 2 (December 19, 2018): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2019.2130.

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2

Koo, Sonya J., and Samuel L. Pfaff. "Fine-Tuning Motor Neuron Properties." Neuron 35, no. 5 (August 2002): 823–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00870-x.

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3

Joshi, Chakra P., Megalamane S. Bootharaju, and Osman M. Bakr. "Tuning Properties in Silver Clusters." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 6, no. 15 (July 20, 2015): 3023–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00934.

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4

Yin, Longwei, and Yoshio Bando. "Optimizing properties by tuning morphology." Nature Materials 4, no. 12 (December 2005): 883–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1544.

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5

Joshi, Hira, and S. Annapoorni. "Tuning Optical Properties in Nanocomposites." International Journal of Nanoscience 19, no. 04 (February 12, 2020): 1950026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x19500261.

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Metal nanostructures and noble metal-based nanostructures, in particular, exhibit plasmonic resonance in the visible region. The resonance absorption can be tuned by varying the size of nanoparticle and the external matrix in which the plasmonic materials are embedded. Mie’s theory has been used to demonstrate the shift in the plasmonic resonance in gold nanoparticles embedded in different dielectric media. Two model systems, viz. Au–ZnO and Au–Al2O3, prepared by sputtering on quartz substrates were used to study the optical absorption. The plasmonic peaks were observed to be red shifted in Au–Al2O3 and Au–ZnO, as is also supported by Mie formalism. The dielectric constant of the external matrix viz., Al2O3 and ZnO, estimated using the experimental and the Mie simulations are 3.05 and 1.83, respectively.

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6

Liao, Yu Xi, Hong Bao Li, Xi Chen, Qiao Sheng Zhang, Yi Wen Wang, and Xiao Xiang Zheng. "Tracking Time Variant Neuron Tuning Properties of Brain Machine Interfaces." Applied Mechanics and Materials 461 (November 2013): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.461.654.

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Tuning properties of neurons, which represent how information is encoded in neural firing, are well accepted as time variant. For a steady-performed brain machine interface (BMI), the decoding algorithm should be able to catch this change in time. Unfortunately, an assumption-less tuning property is too complicate to trace. Simplifying the tuning curve to linear or exponential one may lose important information. We propose to approximate the tuning curve with multiple Gaussian functions, and modeled the non-stationary tuning curves by the changes on the Gaussian parameters. Applied on in vivo neural data when the monkey is performing a 2-dimension tracking task, we found the non-stationary tuning properties can be tracked by the changes on parameters of Gaussian components, which greatly decreases the number of parameters need to be observed. Following this idea, we can design an adaptive method by updating parameters of tuning model.

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7

Kolhatkar, Arati, Andrew Jamison, Dmitri Litvinov, Richard Willson, and T. Lee. "Tuning the Magnetic Properties of Nanoparticles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 14, no. 8 (July 31, 2013): 15977–6009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms140815977.

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8

Ahmed, E. M., H. R. Alamri, S. M. Elghnam, O. Eldarawi, T. E. Tawfik, A. M. Mahmoud, S. E. Elwan, O. M. Hemeda, M. A. Hamad, and G. A. Hussein. "Tuning Magnetocaloric Properties for La1 – xSrxCoO3." Physics of the Solid State 63, no. 11 (November 2021): 1601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783421100024.

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9

KISHIMOTO, Toshiki, Kuniyasu IMAMURA, and Masahiro ITOH. "Tuning Properties of SFG in KTP." Review of Laser Engineering 20, no. 4 (1992): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2184/lsj.20.4_274.

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10

Liao, Zhaoliang, Peng Gao, Shane Stadler, Rongying Jin, Xiaoqing Pan, E. W. Plummer, and Jiandi Zhang. "Tuning properties of columnar nanocomposite oxides." Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 4 (July 22, 2013): 043112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4816596.

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11

Sun, L., Y. Hao, C. L. Chien, and P. C. Searson. "Tuning the properties of magnetic nanowires." IBM Journal of Research and Development 49, no. 1 (January 2005): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1147/rd.491.0079.

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12

Ney, V., S. Ye, T. Kammermeier, K. Ollefs, A. Ney, T. C. Kaspar, S. A. Chambers, F. Wilhelm, and A. Rogalev. "Tuning the magnetic properties of films." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 322, no. 9-12 (May 2010): 1232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.04.024.

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13

Schiller, Jennifer L., and Samuel K. Lai. "Tuning Barrier Properties of Biological Hydrogels." ACS Applied Bio Materials 3, no. 5 (April 23, 2020): 2875–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.0c00187.

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14

Musial-Siwek, Monika, Alexander Karabadzhak, Oleg A. Andreev, Yana K. Reshetnyak, and Donald M. Engelman. "Tuning the insertion properties of pHLIP." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1798, no. 6 (June 2010): 1041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.08.023.

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15

Lloyd, Gareth O., and Jonathan W. Steed. "Anion-tuning of supramolecular gel properties." Nature Chemistry 1, no. 6 (August 2, 2009): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchem.283.

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16

Srivastava, G. P. "Tuning phonon properties in thermoelectric materials." Reports on Progress in Physics 78, no. 2 (January 13, 2015): 026501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/78/2/026501.

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17

Kwon, A. R., V. Neu, V. Matias, J. Hänisch, R. Hühne, J. Freudenberger, B. Holzapfel, L. Schultz, and S. Fähler. "Tuning functional properties by plastic deformation." New Journal of Physics 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2009): 083013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/11/8/083013.

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18

Yang, L., G. D. Pollak, and C. Resler. "GABAergic circuits sharpen tuning curves and modify response properties in the mustache bat inferior colliculus." Journal of Neurophysiology 68, no. 5 (November 1, 1992): 1760–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.68.5.1760.

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1. The influence of bicuculline on the tuning curves of 65 neurons in the inferior colliculus of the mustache bat was investigated. Single units were recorded with multibarrel electrodes where one barrel contained bicuculline, an antagonist specific for gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA)A receptors. Fifty-nine tuning curves were recorded from units that were sharply tuned to 60 kHz, the dominant frequency of the bat's orientation call, but six tuning curves were also recorded from units tuned to lower frequencies and whose tuning curves were broader than the 60 kHz cells. Tuning curves were constructed from peristimulus time (PST) histograms obtained over a wide range of frequency-intensity combinations. Thus tuning curves, PST histograms evoked by frequencies within the tuning curve, and rate-level functions at the best frequency were obtained before iontophoresis of bicuculline and compared with the tuning curves and response properties obtained during the administration of bicuculline. 2. Three general types of tuning curves were obtained: 1) open tuning curves that broadened on both the high- and low-frequency sides with increasing sound level; 2) level-tolerant tuning curves in which the width of the tuning curve remained uniformly narrow with increasing sound level; and 3) upper-threshold tuning curves, which did not discharge to high-intensity tone bursts at the best frequency, thereby creating closed or folded tuning curves. 3. One major finding is that GABAergic inhibition plays an important role in sharpening frequency tuning properties of many neurons in the mustache bat inferior colliculus. In response to blocking GABAergic inputs with bicuculline, the tuning curves broadened in 42% of the neurons that were sharply tuned to 60 kHz. The degree of change in most units varied with sound level: tuning curves were least affected, or not affected at all, within 10 dB of threshold and showed progressively greater changes at higher sound levels. These effects were seen in units that had open, level-tolerant, and upper-threshold tuning curves. 4. A second key result is that bicuculline affected rate-level functions and/or temporal discharge patterns in many units. Bicuculline transformed the rate-level functions of 13 cells that originally had nonmonotonic rate level functions, from strongly nonmonotonic into weakly nonmonotonic or monotonic functions. It also changed the temporal discharge patterns in 22 cells, and the changes were often frequency specific.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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19

Dimos, Konstantinos. "Tuning Carbon Dots’ Optoelectronic Properties with Polymers." Polymers 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121312.

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Due to their unique properties of photoluminescence, biocompatibility, photostability, ease of preparing, and low cost, carbon dots have been studied extensively over the last decade. Soon after their discovery, it was realized that their main optical attributes may be protected, enhanced, and tuned upon proper surface passivation or functionalization. Therefore, up to date, numerous polymers have been used for these purposes, resulting to higher-quality carbon dots regarding their quantum yield or further emission-related aspects and compared to the primitive, bare ones. Hence, this review aims to clarify the polymers’ role and effect on carbon dots and their features focusing on the quality characteristics of their photoluminescence upon passivation or functionalization. Given in fact the numbers of relevant publications, emphasis is given on recent articles capturing the latest advances for polymers in carbon dots for expanding emission lifetimes, advancing quantum yields, tuning emission wavelengths, enhancing specific spectral range absorption, and tailoring optoelectronic properties in general.

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20

Chatkunakasem, Paweesinee, Panisa Luangjuntawong, Aphiwat Pongwisuthiruchte, Chuanchom Aumnate, and Pranut Potiyaraj. "Tuning of HDPE Properties for 3D Printing." Key Engineering Materials 773 (July 2018): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.773.67.

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The objective of this study is to improve high density polyethylene (HDPE) properties for 3D printing by addition of graphene and low density polyethylene (LDPE). Graphene was prepared by modified Hummer’s method. The prepared graphene was characterized by the infrared spectroscopy and the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Graphene/HDPE and LDPE/HDPE composites were successfully prepared through the melt-blending technique using a twin-screw extruder. The melt flow index (MFI) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were employed to characterize neat HDPE and the modified HDPE. FTIR and XRD results show that graphite was successfully changed into graphene completely and MFI of graphene/HDPE and LDPE/HDPE decreased as the amount of graphene and LDPE in the composite blends increased. DSC results show that the addition of low crystalline polymers can reduce a crystallization temperature and crystallinity content.

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21

Guzelturk, Burak, Onur Erdem, Murat Olutas, Yusuf Kelestemur, and Hilmi Volkan Demir. "Stacking in Colloidal Nanoplatelets: Tuning Excitonic Properties." ACS Nano 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2014): 12524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn5053734.

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22

An, Jihyun, and Nathaniel L. Rosi. "Tuning MOF CO2Adsorption Properties via Cation Exchange." Journal of the American Chemical Society 132, no. 16 (April 28, 2010): 5578–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja1012992.

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23

Baldassarri H. v. H., G., F. Ranalli, M. Bissiri, V. Gaspari, A. Polimeni, M. Capizzi, A. Nucara, et al. "Hydrogen Tuning of (InGa)(AsN) Optical Properties." Acta Physica Polonica A 100, no. 3 (September 2001): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/aphyspola.100.373.

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24

Al-Galiby, Qusiy H., Hatef Sadeghi, Laith A. Algharagholy, Iain Grace, and Colin Lambert. "Tuning the thermoelectric properties of metallo-porphyrins." Nanoscale 8, no. 4 (2016): 2428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5nr06966a.

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25

Blagoveshchenskiy, Yu V., N. V. Isaeva, M. A. Sinaiskiy, A. B. Ankudinov, and V. A. Zelensky. "Tuning the Properties of Refractory Carbide Nanopowders." Inorganic Materials: Applied Research 9, no. 5 (September 2018): 924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2075113318050039.

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26

Battaglia, Stefano, Noelia Faginas-Lago, Thierry Leininger, and Stefano Evangelisti. "Tuning the magnetic properties of beryllium chains." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 11 (2019): 6080–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp07159d.

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27

Hawkins, Ashley M., Melanie E. Tolbert, Brittany Newton, Todd A. Milbrandt, David A. Puleo, and J. Zach Hilt. "Tuning biodegradable hydrogel properties via synthesis procedure." Polymer 54, no. 17 (August 2013): 4422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.06.010.

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28

Wenger, Oliver S., Markus Wermuth, and Hans U. Güdel. "Chemical tuning of transition metal upconversion properties." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 341, no. 1-2 (July 2002): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(02)00034-8.

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29

Devi, Elangbam Chitra, and Ibetombi Soibam. "Tuning the magnetic properties of a ferrimagnet." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 469 (January 2019): 587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.09.034.

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30

Price, Nicholas S. C., John A. Greenwood, and Michael R. Ibbotson. "Tuning properties of radial phantom motion aftereffects." Vision Research 44, no. 17 (August 2004): 1971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.04.001.

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31

Michalska, Martyna, Francesca Gambacorta, Ralu Divan, Igor S. Aranson, Andrey Sokolov, Philippe Noirot, and Philip D. Laible. "Tuning antimicrobial properties of biomimetic nanopatterned surfaces." Nanoscale 10, no. 14 (2018): 6639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nr00439k.

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32

Zhang, Lijuan, Maria D'Acunzi, Michael Kappl, Arnout Imhof, Alfons van Blaaderen, Hans-Jürgen Butt, Robert Graf, and Doris Vollmer. "Tuning the mechanical properties of silica microcapsules." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 12, no. 47 (2010): 15392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cp00871k.

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33

Edwards, M., K. Vallam, and K. Kalia. "Tuning properties of local-motion pooling units." Journal of Vision 8, no. 6 (March 26, 2010): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/8.6.386.

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34

Della Sala, Paolo, Carmen Talotta, Tonino Caruso, Margherita De Rosa, Annunziata Soriente, Placido Neri, and Carmine Gaeta. "Tuning Cycloparaphenylene Host Properties by Chemical Modification." Journal of Organic Chemistry 82, no. 18 (August 29, 2017): 9885–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.7b01588.

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35

Groult, Sophie, and Tatiana Budtova. "Tuning structure and properties of pectin aerogels." European Polymer Journal 108 (November 2018): 250–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.048.

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36

Thevenard, L., L. Largeau, O. Mauguin, A. Lemaître, and B. Theys. "Tuning the ferromagnetic properties of hydrogenated GaMnAs." Applied Physics Letters 87, no. 18 (October 31, 2005): 182506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2126147.

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37

Dallos, Timea, Manuel Hamburger, and Martin Baumgarten. "Thiadiazoloquinoxalines: Tuning Physical Properties through Smart Synthesis." Organic Letters 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2011): 1936–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol200250e.

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38

Wolak, Mason A., Craig J. Thomas, Nathan B. Gillespie, Robert R. Birge, and Watson J. Lees. "Tuning the Optical Properties of Fluorinated Indolylfulgimides." Journal of Organic Chemistry 68, no. 2 (January 2003): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo026374n.

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39

Li, Guofeng, Mira Josowicz, and Jiří Janata. "Tuning of Electronic Properties in Conducting Polymers." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 66, no. 8 (2001): 1208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20011208.

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Structural and electronic transitions in poly(thiophenyleneiminophenylene), usually referred to as poly(phenylenesulfidephenyleneamine) (PPSA) upon electrochemical doping with LiClO4 have been investigated. The unusual electrochemical behavior of PPSA indicates that the dopant anions are bound in two energetically different sites. In the so-called "binding site", the ClO4- anion is Coulombically attracted to the positively charged S or N sites on one chain and simultaneously hydrogen-bonded with the N-H group on a neighboring polymer chain. This strong interaction causes a re-organization of the polymer chains, resulting in the formation of a networked structure linked together by these ClO4- Coulombic/hydrogen bonding "bridges". However, in the "non-binding site", the ClO4- anion is very weakly bound, involves only the electrostatic interaction and can be reversibly exchanged when the doped polymer is reduced. In the repeated cycling, the continuous and alternating influx and expulsion of ClO4- ions serves as a self-organizing process for such networked structures, giving rise to a diminishing number of available "non-binding" sites. The occurrence of these ordered structures has a major impact on the electrochemical activity and the morphology of the doped polymer. Also due to stabilization of the dopant ions, the doped polymer can be kept in a stable and desirable oxidation state, thus both work function and conductivity of the polymer can be electrochemically controlled.

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40

Crespo, Patricia, Patricia de la Presa, Pilar Marín, Marta Multigner, José María Alonso, Guillermo Rivero, Félix Yndurain, José María González-Calbet, and Antonio Hernando. "Magnetism in nanoparticles: tuning properties with coatings." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 25, no. 48 (November 7, 2013): 484006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/25/48/484006.

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41

Tang, Qing, Zhen Zhou, and Zhongfang Chen. "Graphene-related nanomaterials: tuning properties by functionalization." Nanoscale 5, no. 11 (2013): 4541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nr33218g.

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42

Galliani, Daniela, Simone Battiston, and Dario Narducci. "Tuning PEDOT:Tos Thermoelectric Properties Through Nanoparticle Inclusion." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 1579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2017.13719.

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43

Chizhik, Alexander, Julian Gonzalez, Paula Corte-Leon, Arcady Zhukov, and Andrzej Stupakiewicz. "Tuning of Magnetic Properties of Magnetic Microwires." IEEE Magnetics Letters 9 (2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lmag.2018.2860940.

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44

Zhou, Jing C., Stanislav Tsoi, Christopher M. Spillmann, Jawad Naciri, and Banahalli Ratna. "Tuning mechanical properties of liquid crystalline nanoparticles." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 368, no. 1 (February 2012): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2011.11.043.

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45

Reczyński, Mateusz, Koji Nakabayashi, and Shin-ichi Ohkoshi. "Tuning the Optical Properties of Magnetic Materials." European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 2020, no. 28 (June 16, 2020): 2669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.202000428.

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46

Wellman, Sydney M. J., and Rebecca A. Jockusch. "Tuning the Intrinsic Photophysical Properties of Chlorophylla." Chemistry - A European Journal 23, no. 32 (April 10, 2017): 7728–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201605167.

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47

Ray, Upamanyu, Zhenqian Pang, and Teng Li. "Programming material properties by tuning intermolecular bonding." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 21 (December 7, 2022): 210703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123058.

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Conventional strategies for materials design have long been used by leveraging primary bonding, such as covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds, between constituent atoms. However, bond energy required to break primary bonds is high. Therefore, high temperatures and enormous energy consumption are often required in processing and manufacturing such materials. On the contrary, intermolecular bonds (hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, imine bonds, etc.) formed between different molecules and functional groups are relatively weaker than primary bonds. They, thus, require less energy to break and reform. Moreover, intermolecular bonds can form at considerably longer bond lengths between two groups with no constraint on a specific bond angle between them, a feature that primary bonds lack. These features motivate unconventional strategies for the material design by tuning the intermolecular bonding between constituent atoms or groups to achieve superior physical properties. This paper reviews recent development in such strategies that utilize intermolecular bonding and analyzes how such design strategies lead to enhanced thermal stability and mechanical properties of the resulting materials. The applications of the materials designed and fabricated by tuning the intermolecular bonding are also summarized, along with major challenges that remain and future perspectives that call for further attention to maximize the potential of programming material properties by tuning intermolecular bonding.

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48

Dong, Zhao Gang, Ying Zhang, and Y. C. Soh. "A Dynamic Model of Two-Beam Tuning Fork." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.337.

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The shear force detection by using a tuning fork plays a key role in the implement all kinds of scanning probe microscopes. This paper presents primary results of modeling dynamics of a tuning fork. The obtained model considers not only the piezoelectric properties and mechanical properties of the tuning fork, but also the electric-mechanical coupling between the two prongs of the tuning fork. It has been shown by theoretical studies and experiment results that the theoretical model can fit the amplitude and phase responses of a tuning fork.

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49

Zhao, Jing, Kerstin Kipp, Carl Gaspar, Urs Maurer, Xuchu Weng, Axel Mecklinger, and Su Li. "Fine Neural Tuning for Orthographic Properties of Words Emerges Early in Children Reading Alphabetic Script." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 11 (November 2014): 2431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00660.

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The left-lateralized N170 component of ERPs for words compared with various control stimuli is considered as an electrophysiological manifestation of visual expertise for written words. To understand the information sensitivity of the effect, researchers distinguish between coarse tuning for words (the N170 amplitude difference between words and symbol strings) and fine tuning for words (the N170 amplitude difference between words and consonant strings). Earlier developmental ERP studies demonstrated that the coarse tuning for words occurred early in children (8 years old), whereas the fine tuning for words emerged much later (10 years old). Given that there are large individual differences in reading ability in young children, these tuning effects may emerge earlier than expected in some children. This study measured N170 responses to words and control stimuli in a large group of 7-year-olds that varied widely in reading ability. In both low and high reading ability groups, we observed the coarse neural tuning for words. More interestingly, we found that a stronger N170 for words than consonant strings emerged in children with high but not low reading ability. Our study demonstrates for the first time that fine neural tuning for orthographic properties of words can be observed in young children with high reading ability, suggesting that the emergent age of this effect is much earlier than previously assumed. The modulation of this effect by reading ability suggests that fine tuning is flexible and highly related to experience. Moreover, we found a correlation between this tuning effect at left occipitotemporal electrodes and children's reading ability, suggesting that the fine tuning might be a biomarker of reading skills at the very beginning of learning to read.

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50

McKEEFRY, D. J., P. V. McGRAW, C. VAKROU, and D. WHITAKER. "Chromatic adaptation, perceived location, and color tuning properties." Visual Neuroscience 21, no. 3 (May 2004): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523804213426.

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We have studied the influence of chromatic adaptation upon the perceived visual position of a test stimulus using a Vernier alignment task. Maximum and minimum offsets in spatial position are generated when the adapting and test stimuli lie on the same and orthogonal axes in MBDKL color space, respectively. When the test stimuli lie on intermediate color axes, the measured positional shifts decrease as a function of the angular separation in color space (φ) from the adapting stimulus. At low stimulus contrasts, these shifts follow a sinusoidal function of φ and exhibit broad chromatic tuning and can be accounted for by a model in which the centroid is extracted from the linear combination of after-image, formed by the adapting stimulus, and the test stimulus. Such linear, broadband behavior is consistent with the response properties of chromatic neurons in the precortical visual pathway. At high contrast, and when adaptation gets closer to the S/(L+M) axis, the tuning functions become narrower and require sinusoids raised to increasingly higher exponents in order to describe the data. This narrowing of chromatic tuning is consistent with the tuning properties of chromatic neurons in the striate cortex, and implies the operation of a nonlinear mechanism in the combination of cone outputs.

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