Relevant bibliographies by topics / Proper drug use

Academic literature on the topic 'Proper drug use'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Proper drug use"

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Kim, Su Hyun, Hye-Kyung Jung, Ein-Soon Shin, Jin Seo Lee, Yon Ju Ryu, Kyoung Sup Hong, Soo Mee Bang, et al. "Guidelines for Safe Drug Use." Korean Journal of Medicine 96, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2021.96.3.225.

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Background/Aims: In Korea, medications are available by prescription from a physician, or can be purchased over-the-counter (OTC) without a prescription. Education regarding both prescribed and OTC drugs is important to minimize side effects and avoid drug abuse. The risk of side effects due to polypharmacy is increasing due to the growing number of elderly patients with comorbidities.Methods: There are various clinical guidelines for physicians, but it is difficult for patients and their caregivers to find published guidelines regarding drug use. In this regard, experts from nine subspecialties of internal medicine, geriatric medicine, and guideline development methodology formed a working group to develop guidelines for safe drug use under the Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee of the Korean Association of Internal Medicine.Results: The main contents of this guideline are 1) safe and effective drug administration, 2) the proper use of analgesics (acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), 3) the proper use of tranquilizers and sleeping pills to prevent drug abuse, 4) points to be aware of when taking multiple medications.Conclusions: The guidelines were developed for patients and their caregivers to understand the general principles and precautions for drug use, including commonly used painkillers, mood stabilizers, sleeping pills, and polypharmacy. These guidelines could also be used as educational materials for physicians, nurses, and healthcare workers to educate patients and their caregivers.
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Mahmood, Zahid, Muhammad Hanif Mengal, Sheraz Saleem, Haroon-ur Rashid, and Safirah Maheen. "IRRATIONAL DRUG USE;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 10 (October 6, 2017): 1489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.10.773.

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Objectives: To evaluate drug prescribing practices at Medical Unit, ICU andNephrology Unit, using WHO prescribing indicators, in order to promote rational drug use.Study Design: A retrospective cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: BolanMedical Complex Hospital Quetta, Pakistan, from July to December 2015. Methodology: Drugprescribing trends in 218 prescriptions were scrutinized thoroughly. Data was collected bywell-trained pharmacy personals by using prescriptions and prescription registration booksof patients. Descriptive statistics were calculated on SPSS version 16.0. Results: The averagenumber of drugs prescribed per prescription were 4.11 whereas, WHO recommends that itshould be 2.00 or less. Alternatively, percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and froman essential drug list were 14.73% and 78.35% while, in accordance with WHO it must be 100%and 70% correspondingly. On the other hand, percentage of encounters having antibiotics orinjections prescribed were 18.33% and 32.79% but according to WHO it should be20% or lessand 10%respectively. Nevertheless, proper diagnosis was stated in 89.44% of prescriptionsand 72.11% prescriptions had complete relevance between treatment and diagnosis. Alongwith, appropriate drug dosage and their administration was instituted in 65.16% of prescriptionsand 73.21% of prescriptions had accurate duration of therapy. Conclusion: The prescribingpatterns in Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta reflect the practice of polypharmacy, whichis more of an irrational type in contrast to WHO recommendations. Thus, there is an urge tobring about some interventions to improve the pharmacotherapy.
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ISE, Yuya, Mitsuko ONDA, Yoshihiko MIURA, Machiko SHIMAZAKI, Keiko KAWADA, Ken HAGIWARA, Shirou KATAYAMA, et al. "Contributions of Pharmacists through the Promotion of Proper Drug Use." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 127, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 1021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.127.1021.

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Shimomura, Hitoshi, and Takao Aoyama. "Drug-drug Interaction and Proper Use of Therapeutic Drugs for Pulmonary Mycobacterium Avium Complex Disease." Iryo Yakugaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences) 42, no. 12 (2016): 781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5649/jjphcs.42.781.

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Triyadi, Ramadhan, Akhmad Rokiban, and Anggun Carima. "EVALUASI PENGGUNAAN OBAT PADA PASIEN HIPERTENSI RAWAT JALAN DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM WISMA RINI PRINGSEWU TAHUN 2019." JFL: Jurnal Farmasi Lampung 9, no. 2 (March 13, 2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37090/jfl.v9i2.336.

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Abstract Hypertension is a non-communicable disease characterized by the increase of systolic blood pressure is >140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure is >90 mmHg. Hypertension is also the major risk factor of other cardiovascular disease. The incidence rate of hypertension with or without complications increases every year, so the potential for inaccurate use of drugs is increasing. The purpose of this research is to determine the characteristics of hypertension outpatients and the proper hypertension drug use in hypertension outpatients at Wisma Rini General Hospital Pringsewu in 2019 based on the proper patient, the proper indication, the proper drug, and the proper dose using the standard reference of Guidelines JNC VIII. This research is descriptive research, the data was collected retrospectively based on medical records. The sample collection technique in this research is using a purposive sampling technique. The results in this study obtained from 110 patient samples diagnosed with the hypertension showed that most of hypertension patients are women (55,46%), mostly aged 56-65 years old (40%), and the most taken hypertension drug is CCB group amlodipine with 78 patients (71%). The evaluation of antihypertensive drug use obtained is proper patient with 110 patients (100%), proper indication with 110 patients (100%), proper drug with 92 patients (75,6%), and proper dose with 110 patients (100%). Keywords: Antihypertensive, Hypertension, Accuracy drug use.
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Murakami, Nobuo. "4. Measures against Drug-resistant Bacteria and Proper Use of Antimicrobials." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 109, no. 3 (March 10, 2020): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.109.532.

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Yewale, Vijay N., and Dhanya Dharmapalan. "Promoting Appropriate Use of Drugs in Children." International Journal of Pediatrics 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/906570.

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Promotion of appropriate and safe drugs in children is the need of the hour globally. Pediatric population by itself is a spectrum of different physiologies with significant variation in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Unfortunately, 50–90% of drugs used in children today have never been actually studied in this population, and the results of drug studies done in adults are often extrapolated for use in children. Many medicines in pediatrics are off label or unlicensed. There is a spurt in drug resistance due to the overzealous prescription of antimicrobials not indicated, such as, using inadequate dosage or duration of drug regime leading to partially treated infections, using the wrong antimicrobial due to ignorance of causative organism, and finally using indigenous, irrational combinations. Availability of properly labeled and safe pediatric formulations, regular audit by pharmacists, judicious prescriptions, proper counseling about drug administration, surveillance of adverse effects, and pediatric drug trials can be the best possible interventions to offer appropriate medicines to children and thereby save millions of lives.
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Nakamura, Hideo, Kazuma Kawasaki, Mihoko Okada, and Takao Orii. "Support System for Integrating Proper Use-related Drug Information in Web Documents." Iryo Yakugaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences) 34, no. 11 (2008): 1051–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5649/jjphcs.34.1051.

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Homma, Masato. "Investigation of Adverse Effects and Drug-drug Interactions in a Case Series of Patients for Proper Use of Prescription Drugs." Iryo Yakugaku (Japanese Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences) 38, no. 3 (2012): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5649/jjphcs.38.154.

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Smith, Mickey, and Mary K. Smith. "Drug Use Themes for Teachers of Health." Journal of Drug Issues 18, no. 2 (April 1988): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268801800208.

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Content analysis was conducted on twenty-one curriculum guides used in state health instruction programs. In grades 9–12, the major emphasis was placed on the applications and on the dangers of the use of medications. In grades K-8, safety considerations such as proper storage received more attention. There was little information on the mechanism of action of medications, even though the audience for the guides includes teachers. Aside from frequent mention of the value of immunizations, the benefits of modern medicines received comparatively little attention. The pharmacist was the most frequently mentioned health professional.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Proper drug use"

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GALIMBERTI, FEDERICA. "STRATEGIES TO ASSESS AND PROMOTE APPROPRIATE DRUG PRESCRIBING AND USE AMONG ADULT OUTPATIENTS IN CAMPANIA AND LOMBARDY REGIONS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/694021.

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L'intervento farmacologico è un elemento essenziale nella promozione della salute. Tuttavia, il processo che prevede la formulazione di una diagnosi e la scelta di un trattamento appropriato è complesso e, spesso, molti farmaci vengono prescritti e/o assunti in modo inappropriato, specialmente nei pazienti anziani. La conseguenza più frequente è un incremento degli eventi avversi da farmaco, del tasso di ospedalizzazione e della mortalità, in parallelo a un utilizzo non razionale delle risorse assistenziali e una spesa sanitaria onerosa. Gli obiettivi primari della presente tesi sono stati: (1) indagare la pratica prescrittiva tra i medici di medicina generale (MMG) di due regioni italiane, (2) valutare l'uso appropriato del farmaco da parte dei loro pazienti, (3) sviluppare e implementare un intervento educativo e/o informativo su misura rivolto ai MMG e ai loro pazienti, al fine di promuovere l’appropriatezza prescrittiva e l’uso adeguato del farmaco. Nella presente tesi è stata descritta l’analisi al basale del progetto EDU.RE.DRUG (finanziato dall’Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco), che ha incluso tutti i MMG e i loro pazienti adulti (≥40 anni) di otto ASL/ATS in Campania e Lombardia (rispettivamente, 4.8 milioni e 4.7 milioni di soggetti adulti inclusi, di cui 1.6 milioni e 1.7 milioni avevano un’età ≥65 anni). Sono stati individuati una serie di indicatori espliciti di prescrizione (politerapia, consumo di alcune classi di farmaci, potenziali interazioni farmaco-farmaco, duplicati terapeutici, farmaci da evitare negli anziani secondo la lista ERD [lista EDU.RE.DRUG], carico anticolinergico e carico sedativo negli anziani) e d’uso del farmaco (aderenza alle terapie croniche) potenzialmente inappropriati, che sono stati, quando necessario, adattati al formulario farmaceutico italiano. Sono stati determinati in modo retrospettivo i tassi di prevalenza annui degli indicatori selezionati, utilizzando i database amministrativi sanitari delle ASL/ATS coinvolte, relativi agli anni 2014-2016. Nonostante alcune differenze a livello geografico e nei trend temporali, nel complesso sono stati osservati alti tassi di politerapia e consumo dei farmaci e un'elevata prevalenza di prescrizione inappropriata nel setting della medicina generale italiana. In dettaglio, dei soggetti anziani (over 65 anni) circa il 40-50% e il 10-20% ha ricevuto 5-9 farmaci e almeno 10 farmaci, rispettivamente; circa il 25-35% in Lombardia e il 50-65% in Campania aveva almeno una prescrizione inappropriata dei farmaci inclusi nella lista ERD; circa il 5-9% presentava un elevato carico anticolinergico; e meno del 2% mostrava un elevato carico sedativo. Inoltre, il 10-25% dei pazienti adulti era esposto ad almeno una potenziale interazione farmaco-farmaco, mentre il 3-7% ad almeno un duplicato terapeutico. Infine, è stato osservato un livello non ottimale di aderenza alle terapie croniche: per tutti i trattamenti a lungo termine analizzati, il livello medio di aderenza era di gran lunga inferiore all'80%, soglia sopra la quale il farmaco ha una ragionevole probabilità di raggiungere il massimo beneficio clinico. Questi risultati evidenziano una diffusa e profonda necessità di intervento per migliorare la qualità della prescrizione e dell’utilizzo dei farmaci. In questo contesto, le strategie implementate nell’ambito della presente tesi contribuiranno a definire il metodo più efficace per affrontare in maniera ottimale questa grave problematica.
Pharmacological intervention is an essential step in health promotion. However, the process of setting a diagnosis and choosing appropriate drug treatment is complex and lots of drugs are often prescribed and used in inappropriate ways, especially in elderly patients. The direct consequence is an increase of adverse drug events, hospitalization and mortality rates, along with healthcare resource wastage, and additional healthcare costs. Therefore, the main objectives of the present thesis were to: (1) deeply investigate the prescribing practice among general practitioners (GPs) in two Italian regions, (2) evaluate the appropriate drug use by their patients, (3) develop and administer tailored educational and/or informative intervention addressed to GPs and their patients, in order to promote appropriate drug prescribing and use. The present thesis was based on baseline data from the EDU.RE.DRUG project (funded by the Italian Medicines Agency), including all GPs and their adult patients (≥40 years) from eight local health units (LHUs) in Campania and Lombardy (respectively, 4.8 million and 4.7 million of adult subjects included, of which 1.6 million and 1.7 million were 65 years or older). We defined a set of explicit indicators for potential inappropriate prescription (polypharmacy, drug consumption, potential drug-drug interactions, therapeutic duplication , drug to be avoided in the elderly according to the ERD-list [EDU.RE.DRUG-list], anticholinergic and sedative load in the elderly) and drug use (adherence to chronic therapies) and we adapted them to the Italian drug formulary. Using administrative health-care databases from the involved LHUs, we retrospectively assessed the annual prevalence rates of the selected indicators during the period 2014-2016. Despite some remarkable geographical differences and time trend variability, overall we observed high rates of polypharmacy and drug consumption, and a high prevalence of inappropriate drug prescription in primary care setting in Italy. In particular, among older people (≥65 years) about 40-50% and 10-20% received 5-9 drugs and at least 10 drugs, respectively; around 25-35% in Lombardy and 50-65% in Campania were prescribed at least one inappropriate drug included in the ERD-list; nearly 5-9% had a high anticholinergic load; and less than 2% showed a high sedative load. Furthermore, 10-25% of adult patients were exposed to at least one potential drug-drug interaction, and 3-7% to at least one therapeutic duplicate. In addition, a suboptimal level of adherence to chronic therapies was observed: for all the long-term therapies analysed, the mean adherence level was far lower than 80%, which is the threshold above which the medication has a reasonable likelihood of achieving the most clinical benefit. These results highlight a widespread need for intervention to improve the quality of prescribing and drug use. In this regard, the strategies we implemented will contribute to define the optimal way to address this critical issue.
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Hlaváčová, Markéta. "Efektivnost procesu schvalování léčiv." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-10818.

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This diploma thesis focuses on drug approval efficiency. It is obvious that the drug approval process is lengthy and expensive. The question that arises is whether the length of the drug approval process, as well as associated costs, leads to better safety. The first part briefly summarizes the history of the drug regulation and the drug legislative in the Czech Republic. Also focuses on the theory of economic regulation and the theory of bureaucracy. The second part deals with the drug approval process for new drugs, describes preclinical and clinical testing in relation to the analysis of Sam Peltzman. The third part compares drug approval process in different markets. The last part summarizes off-label prescribing, especially in pediatric.
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Books on the topic "Proper drug use"

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Symposium on Promoting Proper Animal Drug Use (2nd 1989 Herndon, Va.). Proceedings of the Symposium on Promoting Proper Animal Drug Use: Developing an agenda for the nineties : held at Herndon, Virginia, September 21-22, 1989. Rockville, Md: Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1990.

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Stellwagen, Lindsey D. Use of forfeiture sanctions in drug cases. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1985.

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Livesay, Ed. Design, creation, and proper use of a drag device for the determination of drag factor. Jacksonville, Fla: Institute of Police Technology and Management, University of North Florida, 1999.

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Khor, Martin. Compulsory license and "government use" to promote access to medicines: Some examples. Penang, Malaysia: Third World Network, 2014.

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Orsov, Zlatimir. Zakon za sobstvenostta i polzuvaneto na zemedelskite zemi: Pravilnik za prilagane na zakona za sobstvenostta i polzuvaneto na zemedelskite zemi : drugi normativni aktove, reglamentirashchi pravnii͡a︡ rezhim na zemite i osŭshtestvi͡a︡vaneto na zemedelskoto proizvodstvo : komentar. Sofii͡a︡: Universitetsko izd-vo "Sveti Kliment Okhridski", 1991.

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Office, General Accounting. Asset forfeiture: Improved guidance needed for use of shared assets : report to the Chairman, Government Information, Justice, and Agriculture Subcommittee, Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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African Technology Policy Studies Network, ed. Assessment of possible intellectual property protection options of traditional knowledge system in Ethiopia: Special reference in herbal medicine for livestock. Nairobi, Kenya: African Technology Policy Studies Network, 2012.

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Assessment of possible intellectual property protection options of traditional knowledge system in Ethiopia: Special reference in herbal medicine for livestock. Nairobi, Kenya: African Technology Policy Studies Network, 2012.

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Office, General Accounting. Defense inventory: Opportunities exist to expand the use of Defense Logistics Agency best practices : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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Office, General Accounting. Defense inventory: Opportunities exist to expand the use of Defense Logistics Agency best practices : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Proper drug use"

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O’Meara, Anne T., Bernd-Uwe Sevin, and James Perras. "The Analysis of Drug-Induced Cell Cycle Perturbations by Flow Cytometry." In Analytical Use of Fluorescent Probes in Oncology, 157–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5845-3_16.

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Helt, Anna-Marija, Gary D. Kruh, and Kenneth D. Tew. "The Use of Fluorescent Probes in Characterizing Drug Resistance in Cultured Cells." In Analytical Use of Fluorescent Probes in Oncology, 339–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5845-3_36.

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Workman, Paul. "Reflections and Outlook on Targeting HSP90, HSP70 and HSF1 in Cancer: A Personal Perspective." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 163–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_11.

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Abstract This personal perspective focuses on small-molecule inhibitors of proteostasis networks in cancer—specifically the discovery and development of chemical probes and drugs acting on the molecular chaperones HSP90 and HSP70, and on the HSF1 stress pathway. Emphasis is on progress made and lessons learned and a future outlook is provided. Highly potent, selective HSP90 inhibitors have proved invaluable in exploring the role of this molecular chaperone family in biology and disease pathology. Clinical activity was observed, especially in non small cell lung cancer and HER2 positive breast cancer. Optimal use of HSP90 inhibitors in oncology will likely require development of creative combination strategies. HSP70 family members have proved technically harder to drug. However, recent progress has been made towards useful chemical tool compounds and these may signpost future clinical drug candidates. The HSF1 stress pathway is strongly validated as a target for cancer therapy. HSF1 itself is a ligandless transcription factor that is extremely challenging to drug directly. HSF1 pathway inhibitors have been identified mostly by phenotypic screening, including a series of bisamides from which a clinical candidate has been identified for treatment of ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma and potentially other cancers.
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Spoth, Richard, Cleve Redmond, W. Alex Mason, Lisa Schainker, and Lauren Borduin. "Research on the Strengthening Families Program for parents and youth 10-14: Long-term effects, mechanisms, translation to public health, PROSPER partnership scale up." In Handbook of adolescent drug use prevention: Research, intervention strategies, and practice., 267–92. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14550-016.

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Oswald, Stefan, Bernd Terhaag, and Werner Siegmund. "In Vivo Probes of Drug Transport: Commonly Used Probe Drugs to Assess Function of Intestinal P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) in Humans." In Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 403–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14541-4_11.

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Alotaibi, Manal, Khaled Albazli, Lina Bissar, and Hani Almoallim. "Perioperative Management of Patients with Rheumatic Diseases." In Skills in Rheumatology, 407–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8323-0_18.

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AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to present a simple approach to the assessment of patients with different rheumatologic diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis (RA), before undergoing orthopedic surgery. Perioperative assessment confirms an early diagnosis of the patient’s medical condition and comorbidities, overall health, and the assessment of the risk factors associated with the proposed interventions. Perioperative assessment allows for proper postoperative management of complications. It can also aid in the management of high-risk drugs used by rheumatologic patients such as disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD), antiplatelets, and corticosteroids. The assessment also supports postoperative plans and patient education [1–3].
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Aldeer, Murtadha, Mehdi Javanmard, Jorge Ortiz, and Richard Martin. "Monitoring Technologies for Quantifying Medication Adherence." In Quantifying Quality of Life, 49–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_3.

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AbstractMedication non-adherence is a prevalent, complex problem. Failure to follow medication schedules may lead to major health complications, which could reduce quality of life. Proper medication adherence is thus required in order to gain the greatest possible drug benefit during a patient’s treatment. Interventions have been proven to improve medication adherence if deviations are detected. This review focuses on recent advances in the field of technology-based medication adherence approaches and pays particular attention to their technical monitoring aspects. The taxonomy space of this review spans multiple techniques including sensor systems, proximity sensing, vision systems, and combinations of these. As each technique has unique advantages and limitations, this work describes their trade-offs in accuracy, energy consumption, acceptability and user’s comfort, and user authentication.
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Soria, Federico. "Ten Steps to Strategic Planning for the Urinary Stents of the Future." In Urinary Stents, 449–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04484-7_35.

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AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to present all the current knowledge related to urinary stents. As well as to describe the future lines of research and improvement that are needed in this field of knowledge. To this end, a decalogue is described in which the main lines of research are addressed, as well as the needs for improvement of urinary stents. This research pathway must begin with an adequate understanding the side effects and complications related to urinary stents. Another very important factor is to describe the proper indication for the use of urinary stents, because if it is possible to correct their use, their adverse effects will be avoided. This is currently complicated by the lack of medical consensus on this issue. It is clear that urology needs a great deal of development of biodegradable biomaterials and coatings, which prevent biofilm formation and stent encrustation. This is one of the most important fields of development for the years to come, due to the obvious hostility of urine to current biomaterials. The development of new and improved stent designs, as well as the ability of stents to deliver drugs into the urinary tract, are also much needed lines of research.
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Deer, Timothy R. "Intrathecal Drug Delivery: Overview of the Proper Use of Infusion Agents." In Raj's Practical Management of Pain, 945–54. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-032304184-3.50055-8.

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"Control of Drug Degradation." In Organic Chemistry of Drug Degradation, 262–77. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781849734219-00262.

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This final chapter provides a high level overview of the strategies for controlling drug degradation based on the understanding of the degradation pathways and mechanisms. The overview consists of thirteen discussion topics, which cover the strategies for controlling drug degradation from the perspectives of (1) early phase drug design and development, (2) consideration of multiple degradation pathways, (3) formulation development with regard to the use of antioxidants, preservatives, chelating agents, control of pH, variability of excipient impurities, and the use of excipients that shield or protect APIs from degradation, (4) the impact of manufacturing process, and (5) selection of proper packaging materials for the control of moisture, oxygen, and light induced degradation.
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Conference papers on the topic "Proper drug use"

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Azeez, Abolaji, Olubukola Yetunde Azeez, and Matthew Ayegboyin. "Breeding Drug Abusers: Patent Medicine Vendors Experiences in Semi-Urban Areas of Ibadan, Nigeria." In 28th iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary Research Conference AIUWA The Gambia. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v28n2p12.

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Indiscriminate drug use consistently constitutes a public health threat in developing countries including Nigeria. Therefore, the study explored PMVs’ experiences to understand the socio-economic factors accountable for the demand and dispensation of multiple drugs to clients. The study was exploratory and qualitative. Through respondents determined survey (RDS), four patent medicine vendors and one pharmacist were recruited into the study for in-depth interviews. The PMVs had at least 7 years’ experience and were aware of the restrictions guiding drugs they could sell. Although PMVs were prohibited from clerking clients lowincome households would constantly request for the multiple drugs especially to treat malaria and body pains. The clients reportedly wanted faster relief and cheaper therapy -as low as 100 naira i.e. 0.28$. Also, such choices were made to treat under-five children however, the PMVs reportedly exercised caution on this. Consequent to that, the PMVs advised their clients to consult a physician. The PMVs believed their services and products were less expensive. Also, the vendors relied on experience, accommodation of local languages, follow up and referral to gain more patronage. The public should be exposed to the danger of consuming multiple drugs to promote a positive attitude towards the proper use of drugs. Keyword: Indiscriminate drug use, treatment, Patent Medicine Vendors, Nigeria
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Anicescu, Maria-Cristina, Cristina-Elena Dinu-Pirvu, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Valentina Anuta, Razvan Mihai Prisada, Marina-Theodora Talianu, and Lacramioara Popa. "Preliminary analysis of emulsion-based formulations containing pumpkin seed oil and hemp seed oil for internal use." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.ii.1.

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With a long tradition in pharmaceutical design, emulsions are functional formulations that can maintain their adaptive power connected with the new formulation requirements. Hence, this study proposed preliminary assays concerning the obtaining of natural emulsions for oral administration, incorporating pumpkin seed oil and hemp seed oil as oil phases, with lecithin as emulsifying agent. Using emulsification method, O/W and W/O emulsions were prepared and characterized from a stability point of view considering organoleptic parameters, conductivity properties followed by an extensive superficial analysis by fitting two different goniometric approaches like contact angle and pendant drop models. The emulsions obtained were stable, homogeneous, their properties being reflected by composition. Conductivity values confirmed the type of emulsions, completing their profile. Superficial analysis revealed that lecithin can sustain a proper stability due to a variation of surface tension values around 25 mN/m. The mean contact angle values ranging between 31.87±0.51° and 44.01±5.48° defined an adequate wettability, being correlated with the internal structure. To conclude, this preliminary study offered important data concerning the stability of some emulsions for oral delivery, accessing natural biocompatible components. On this way, it can be created multifunctional systems with nutritional value, but also special vehicles designed for drug delivery.
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Zhang, Richard, Mary Zhao, Yucheng Jiang, Sophadeth Rithya, and Yu Sun. "Digiprescription: An Intelligent System to Enable Paperless Prescription using Mobile Computing and Natural-language Processing." In 10th International Conference on Advances in Computing and Information Technology (ACITY 2020). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2020.101504.

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Through our app, it is aimed to teach and tell the patients how to use the drug properly taking off the chances of putting their lives in danger, especially the elderly. It is also efficient to give patients these instructions as well as saving lots of paper. Because of the law, every drug that is given from the pharmacy to the user includes a receipt that lists information of, patient’s information, drug information, insurance information, directions on taking the medicine (black box warning issued by FDA), medication details on how it works, side effects, storage rules, and etc. These pieces of information are crucial to patients, where it tells them how to use the drug properly, but most people would throw these receipts away, which is a risk as well as a waste. Through using this app, the patient can efficiently get information on how to properly use the drug. This application is also helpful, where the user can choose to set reminders on when to eat this drug each week or month.
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Ansari, Mohammad Javed, Aziz Unnisa, Anshul Singh, Devvret Verma, Rahul Kanaoujiya, and Jose Luis Arias Gonzales. "Application of Porous Nanomaterials for Sustained and Targeted Drug Release." In International Conference on Recent Advancements in Biomedical Engineering. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-b2484c.

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Patients must take significant doses of drugs to acquire the therapeutic effects required for disease therapy due to the absence of selectivity and accessibility of medicinal molecules. Drugs contain a range of drug carriers that are available to transport therapeutic chemicals to the targeted issues in the body. Mesoporous materials are choice for overcoming the aforementioned issues and producing effects in a predictable and long-term way. Because of its chemical characteristics, thermal stability, & biocompatibility, mesophoric nanoparticles are commonly utilized as release reagents. The innovative silica mesophore technology allows for efficient drug loading and administration after the target site has been reached. The additives used to manufacture MSNs can affect the property of mesoporous materials, including pore width, porosity, drug load, and surface characteristics. The need for an active surface provides for surface treatment as well as the coupling of therapeutic substances. They are widely employed in the bio-medical industry for diagnosis, target medication administration, bio-sensing, cellular absorption, and so on. The purpose of this study is, to sum up the existing level of information about mesoporous nanomaterials and their applications in diverse healthcare sectors.
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Blanco, Letia, Panos S. Shiakolas, Pranesh B. Aswath, Christopher B. Alberts, Chris Grace, Kyle Godfrey, and Drew Patin. "A Thermoresponsive Hydrogel Based Controlled Drug Delivery Device." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88564.

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Thermoresponsive hydrogels exhibit the unique property of volume change as a function of change in temperature as they transition between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states. These hydrogels can be loaded with drug/protein and serve as reservoirs for drug/protein delivery applications. A hydrogel based device for controlled drug delivery is designed with a number of subsystems that are interfaced with LabVIEW for development of a functional device. The device was designed using analytical and finite element analysis procedures and fabricated. In this manuscript, the device design will be reviewed and discussed. A parametric study was performed to examine the device operation and performance as function of hydrogel heating/cooling temperature profiles. Subsequently, the device was employed in a series of experiments to examine the delivery of a protein as a function of thermal stimuli. The matrix used in this study was poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and the drug delivery nanoparticles carriers were poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide (PNIPAM) with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) around 40°C. The protein of choice was bovine serum albumin (BSA). The results of this study illustrate that the development of a multi-drug or therapeutic delivery device is possible and that individual drugs can be delivered on demand using a closed loop control system.
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Floryan, Jerzy M., and A. Mohammadi. "Super-Hydrophobic Effect in Single Phase Fluids." In ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2012-72422.

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Super-hydrophobic effect involves capture of gas bubbles in pores of a solid wall, which separates liquid from the solid, resulting in the reduction of the shear drag experienced by the liquid. This effect occurs in the presence of two phases. A similar effect might be produced by creating separation bubbles made of the same fluid through proper shaping of the surface. Use of transverse grooves with a sufficiently short wavelength creates the required flow topology. The shear drag decreases by up to 50% compared with the smooth wall but the interaction pressure drag increases, resulting in only minor reduction in the overall drag. Proper shaping of the grooves may reduce the interaction pressure drag.
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Lee, Bao-Ying, Ching-Wen Li, and Gou-Jen Wang. "A Microporous Chitosan/Collagen Composite Encapsulated Small Tube of Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide for Long-Acting Drug Release." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-50949.

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This study aims to develop a long-acting and implantable drug release device that can well control the release rate and concentration of the loaded drug. The proposed long-acting and implantable drug release device consists of a tubular nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) and the microporous chitosan/collagen composite encapsulated inside it. The nanopore size of the AAO tube can be arranged by the anodization parameters to adjust the release rate and concentration, while the microporous chitosan/collagen composite can provide the device with a long-acting release property. Fabrication results indicated that the AAO tube has a uniform pore arrangement with pore size around 50 nm. And the synthesized microporous chitosan/collagen composites composites containing 90% of chitosan had the highest moisture content; therefore were used as the drug carriers. Release experiments demonstrate that the proposed long-acting drug release device had released only less than 60% of the loading drug at the 16th release day.
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Lee, Yongku, Sangmo Koo, and Jung Yul Yoo. "Cell-Based Drug-Screening Method Using Total Internal Reflection Microscopy." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21199.

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We propose a cell-based method, which analyzes the adhesion of living cell and its substratum, as an alternative to animal experiment with regard to pharmacy industry. This is because cell viability has been well adopted to determine whether the environment of the cell is proper for its growth and development, which can be quantified by measuring the cell-to-substratum adhesion. However, conventionally measuring the adhesion is known as a very troublesome and time-consuming task which involves several times of manually washing-and-counting process. Therefore, in the proposed method, for the purpose of analyzing the cell-adhesion more conveniently and quantitatively, we adopted a total internal reflection microscopy (TIRFM) which can illuminate the cell contact within the adhesion region specifically and detect its fluorescence not being interrupted by other fluorescence from the cell body far from the substrate. Thus, we obtained time-series TIRFM images which showed that cell contacts were developing or decaying under various conditions; normal to toxic environment, which can represent various density conditions of drug candidate in screening for determining the most appropriate drug composition. Moreover, the present method can be used for commercializing cell-based microchip in drug screening industry — the money cow.
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Liu, Yaling, Kytai Nguyen, Manohara Mariyappa, Soujanya Kona, and Jifu Tan. "A Coupled Particle-Continuum Model of Nanoparticle Targeted Delivery Under Vascular Flow With Experimental Validation." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19035.

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Nanomedicine poses a new frontier in medical technology with the advantages of targeted delivery and patient specific design. In applications of nanoparticle targeted drug delivery, the delivery efficiency is controlled by the physical properties of the nanoparticle such as its size, shape, ligand density, as well as external environmental conditions such as flow rate and blood vessel diameter. Proper drug dosage choice relies on determination of the attachment and detachment rates of the nanoparticles at the active region and the understanding of the complex process of targeted drug delivery. A few particulate models have been proposed to study the adhesion individual spherical or non-spherical nanoparticles on receptor coated wall. Meanwhile, continuum convection-diffusion-reaction models have been widely used to calculate the drug concentration under various conditions, which usually assumes specific binding and de-binding constants. In reality, these binding and de-binding rates largely vary with physical properties of the particles and local flow conditions. However, there has not been any study that links the particulate level nanoparticle size and shape information to the system level bounded particle concentration. A hybrid particle binding dynamics and continuum convection-diffusion-reaction model is presented to study the effect of shear flow rate and particle size on binding efficiency. The simulated concentration of bounded nanoparticles agrees well with experimental results in flow chamber studies.
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Basile, Susan, Xiaopeng Zhao, and Mingjun Zhang. "Dynamics and Control of Electroporation." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-66468.

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Electroporation has become an important tool for drug delivery such as gene therapy. The technique uses electric pulses to create transient pores in the cell membrane. To ensure proper uptake of targeted molecules, it is essential to create sufficiently large pores, which remain open long enough. In this work, we explore evolution of the pores using dynamical analysis and control of electroporation based on a simplified two-dimensional model. A detailed bifurcation analysis reveals the existence of saddle-node bifurcations, which induce hysteresis into the system dynamics. The bifurcation analysis also sheds light on the relation between the applied voltage and the pore radius. Based on the dynamics and bifurcation analysis, we design a feedback control algorithm that is able to achieve any desired pore size. Numerical examples demonstrate the control strategy is robust. The control algorithm will improve the operation of electroporation in drug delivery.
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Reports on the topic "Proper drug use"

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Suleman, Fatima. Do additional services provided by pharmacists reduce healthcare costs or the demand for healthcare? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/170113.

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The role of pharmacists includes dispensing medication, and the packaging and compounding of prescriptions. But over the last two decades these responsibilities have expanded to include ensuring the proper use of medication as well as identifying, preventing and resolving drug-related problems. Pharmacists also promote health services and provide educational information.
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Venedicto, Melissa, and Cheng-Yu Lai. Facilitated Release of Doxorubicin from Biodegradable Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Florida International University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009774.

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Cervical cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death for women in the United States. The current treatment with chemotherapy drugs has significant side effects and may cause harm to healthy cells rather than cancer cells. In order to combat the potential side effects, nanoparticles composed of mesoporous silica were created to house the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX). The silica network contains the drug, and a pH study was conducted to determine the conditions for the nanoparticle to disperse the drug. The introduction of disulfide bonds within the nanoparticle created a framework to efficiently release 97% of DOX in acidic environments and 40% release in neutral environments. The denotation of acidic versus neutral environments was important as cancer cells are typically acidic. The chemistry was proved with the incubation of the loaded nanoparticle into HeLa cells for a cytotoxicity report and confocal imaging. The use of the framework for the anticancer drug was shown to be effective for the killing of cancerous cells.
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Collington, Rosie, and William Lazonick. Pricing for Medicine Innovation: A Regulatory Approach to Support Drug Development and Patient Access. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp176.

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The United States represents the world’s largest market for pharmaceutical drugs. It is also the only advanced economy in the world that does not regulate drug prices. There is no upper threshold for the prices of medicines in the United States. List prices are instead set by manufacturers in negotiation with supply-chain intermediaries, though some federal programs have degrees of discretion in price determinations. In practice, this deregulated system means that drug prices in the United States are generally far higher than in other advanced economies, adversely affecting patient accessibility and system affordability. In this paper, we draw on the “theory of innovative enterprise” to develop a framework that provides both a critique of the existing pricing system in the United States and a foundation for developing a new model of pricing regulation to support safety and effectiveness through drug development as well as accessibility and affordability in the distribution of approved medicines to patients. We introduce a regulatory approach we term “Pricing for Medicine Innovation” (PMI), which departs dramatically from the market-equilibrium assumptions of conventional (neoclassical) economics. The PMI approach recognizes the centrality of collective investments by government agencies and business firms in the productive capabilities that underpin the drug development process. PMI specifies the conditions under which, at the firm level, drug pricing can support both sustained investment in these capabilities and improved patient access. PMI can advance both of these objectives simultaneously by regulating not just the level of corporate profit but also its allocation to reinvestment in the drug development process. PMI suggests that although price caps are likely to improve drug affordability, there remain two potential issues with this pricing approach. Firstly, in an innovation system where a company’s sales revenue is the source of its finance for further drug development, price caps may deprive a firm of the means to invest in innovation. Secondly, even with adequate profits available for investment in innovation, a firm that is run to maximize shareholder value will tend to use those profits to fund distributions to shareholders rather than for investment in drug innovation. We argue that, if implemented properly, PMI could both improve the affordability of medicines and enhance the innovative performance of pharmaceutical companies.
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Johnson, Corey, Colton James, Sarah Traughber, and Charles Walker. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Implications in Neostigmine versus Sugammadex. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0005.

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Purpose/Background: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a frequent complaint in the postoperative period, which can delay discharge, result in readmission, and increase cost for patients and facilities. Inducing paralysis is common in anesthesia, as is utilizing the drugs neostigmine and sugammadex as reversal agents for non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers. Many studies are available that compare these two drugs to determine if neostigmine increases the risk of PONV over sugammadex. Sugammadex has a more favorable pharmacologic profile and may improve patient outcomes by reducing PONV. Methods: This review included screening a total of 39 studies and peer-reviewed articles that looked at patients undergoing general anesthesia who received non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers requiring either neostigmine or sugammadex for reversal, along with their respective PONV rates. 8 articles were included, while 31 articles were removed based on our exclusion criteria. These were published between 2014 and 2020 exclusively. The key words used were “neostigmine”, “sugammadex”, “PONV”, along with combinations “paralytic reversal agents and PONV”. This search was performed on the scholarly database MEDLINE. The data items were PONV rates in neostigmine group, PONV rates in sugammadex group, incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in neostigmine group, and incidence of postoperative analgesic consumption in sugammadex group. Results: Despite numerical differences being noted in the incidence of PONV with sugammadex over reversal with neostigmine, there did not appear to be any statistically significant data in the multiple peer-reviewed trials included in our review, for not one of the 8 studies concluded that there was a higher incidence of PONV in one drug or the other of an y clinical relevance. Although the side-effect profile tended to be better in the sugammadex group than neostigmine in areas other than PONV, there was not sufficient evidence to conclude that one drug was superior to the other in causing a direct reduction of PONV. Implications for Nursing Practice: There were variable but slight differences noted between both drug groups in PONV rates, but it remained that none of the studies determined it was statically significant or clinically conclusive. This review did, however, note other advantages to sugammadex over neostigmine, including its pharmacologic profile of more efficiently reversing non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs and its more favorable pharmacokinetics. This lack of statistically significant evidence found within these studies consequentially does not support pharmacologic decision-making of one drug in favor of the other for reducing PONV; therefore, PONV alone is not a sufficient rationale for a provider to justify using one reversal over another at the current time until further research proves otherwise.
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Zhao, Fangfang, Chunli Lu, Luying Chen, Yaxin Guo, Lijie Lu, Yuerong Jiang, Jianping Liu, and Keji Chen. Red yeast rice preparations for dyslipidemia: A protocol for an overview of systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0032.

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Review question / Objective: What is the quality of systematic reviews/meta-analysis of red yeast rice (RYR) preparations for dyslipidemia? What is the comparative benefit of red yeast rice preparations on dyslipidemia compared to other lipid-lowering drugs? Based on the current controversies in dyslipidemia guidelines and clinical practice, to explore the relative benefits of red yeast rice compared with other lipid-lowering drugs, we plan to perform an overview of existing SRs/MAs. Condition being studied: Red yeast rice (RYR) has been used as an alternative to statin therapy in treating patients with dyslipidemia, particularly in those considered to be statin intolerant due to statin-associated myalgia (SAM), and clinical studies suggest that RYR is well-tolerated, safe, and effective for cardiovascular disease (CVD) primary prevention. Several studies support the beneficial effect of RYR on blood lipid profiles. Dyslipidemia is a worldwide public health challenge because of its high prevalence, leading to significant economic and social burdens. Many systematic reviews (SRs) /meta-analysis (MAs) have been performed to prove the effects of RYR on dyslipidemia during the past several years. High-quality SRs/MAs can provide clinicians, patients, and other decision-makers with a reliable scientific basis. However, existing SRs/MAs showed varied and heterogeneous results.
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Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine, and Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.
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Lehotay, Steven J., and Aviv Amirav. Ultra-Fast Methods and Instrumentation for the Analysis of Hazardous Chemicals in the Food Supply. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699852.bard.

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Original proposal objectives: Our main original goal was to develop ultra-fast methods and instrumentation for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. We proposed to extend the QuEChERS approach to veterinary drugs and other contaminants, and conduct fast and ultra-fast analyses using novel 5MB-MS instrumentation, ideally with real samples. Background to the topic: The international trade of agricultural food products is a $1.2 trill ion annual market and growing. Food safety is essential to human health, and chemical residue limits are legislated nationally and internationally. Analytical testing for residues is needed to conduct risk assessments and regulatory enforcement actions to ensure food safety and environmental health, among other important needs. Current monitoring methods are better than ever, but they are still too time-consuming, laborious, and expensive to meet the broad food testing needs of consumers, government, and industry. As a result, costs are high and only a tiny fraction of the food is tested for a limited number of contaminants. We need affordable, ultra-fast methods that attain high quality results for a wide range of chemicals. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: This is the third BARD grant shared between Prof. Amirav and Dr. Lehotay since 2000, and continual analytical improvements have been made in terms of speed, sample throughput, chemical scope, ease-of-use, and quality of results with respect to qualitative (screening and identification) and quantitative factors. The QuEChERS sample preparation approach, which was developed in conjunction with the BARD grant in 2002, has grown to currently become the most common pesticide residue method in the world. BARD funding has been instrumental to help Dr. Lehotay make refinements and expand QuEChERS concepts to additional applications, which has led to the commercialization of QuEChERS products by more than 20 companies worldwide. During the past 3 years, QuEChERS has been applied to multiclass, multiresidue analysis of veterinary drug residues in food animals, and it has been validated and implemented by USDA-FSIS. QuEChERS was also modified and validated for faster, easier, and better analysis of traditional and emerging environmental contaminants in food. Meanwhile, Prof. Amirav has commercialized the GC-MS with 5MB technology and other independent inventions, including the ChromatoProbe with Agilent, Bruker, and FUR Systems. A new method was developed for obtaining truly universal pesticide analysis, based on the use of GC-MS with 5MB. This method and instrument enables faster analysis with lower LaDs for extended range of pesticides and hazardous compounds. A new approach and device of Open Probe Fast GC-MS with 5MB was also developed that enable real time screening of limited number of target pesticides. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: We succeeded in achieving significant improvements in the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply, from easy sample preparation approaches, through sample analysis by advanced new types of GC-MS and LCMS techniques, all the way to improved data analysis by lowering LaD and providing greater confidence in chemical identification. As a result, the combination of the QuEChERS approach, new and superior instrumentation, and the novel monitoring methods that were developed will enable vastly reduced time and cost of analysis, increased analytical scope. and a higher monitoring rate. This provides better enforcement, an added impetus for farmers to use good agricultural practices, improved food safety and security, increased trade. and greater consumer confidence in the food supply.
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Chen, Yona, Jeffrey Buyer, and Yitzhak Hadar. Microbial Activity in the Rhizosphere in Relation to the Iron Nutrition of Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613020.bard.

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Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the soil, but since it forms insoluble hydroxides at neutral and basic pH, it often falls short of meeting the basic requirements of plants and microorganisms. Most aerobic and facultative aerobic microorganisms possess a high-affinity Fe transport system in which siderophores are excreted and the consequent Fe complex is taken up via a cognate specific receptor and a transport pathway. The role of the siderophore in Fe uptake by plants and microorganisms was the focus of this study. In this research Rhizopus arrhizus was found to produce a novel siderophore named Rhizoferrin when grown under Fe deficiency. This compound was purified and its chemical structure was elucidated. Fe-Rhizoferrin was found to alleviate Fe deficiency when applied to several plants grown in nutrient solutions. It was concluded that Fe-Rhizoferrin is the most efficient Fe source for plants when compared with other among microbial siderophores known to date and its activity equals that of the most efficient synthetic commercial iron fertilizer-Fe EDDHA. Siderophores produced by several rhizosphere organisms including Rhizopus Pseudomonas were purified. Monoclonal antibodies were produced and used to develop a method for detection of the siderophores produced by plant-growth-promoting microorganisms in barley rhizosphere. The presence of an Fe-ferrichrome uptake in fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. was demonstrated, and its structural requirements were mapped in P. putida with the help of biomimetic ferrichrome analogs. Using competition experiments, it was shown that FOB, Cop B and FC share at least one common determinant in their uptake pathway. Since FC analogs did not affect FOB or Cop-mediated 55Fe uptake, it could be concluded that these siderophores make use of a different receptor(s) than FC. Therefore, recognition of Cop, FOB and FC proceeds through different receptors having different structural requirements. On the other hand, the phytosiderophores mugineic acid (MA and DMA), were utilized indirectly via ligand exchange by P. putida. Receptors from different biological systems seem to differ in their structural requirements for siderophore recognition and uptake. The design of genus- or species-specific drugs, probes or chemicals, along with an understanding of plant-microbe and microbe-microbe relationships as well as developing methods to detect siderophores using monoclonal antibodies are useful for manipulating the composition of the rhizosphere microbial population for better plant growth, Fe-nutrition and protection from diseases.
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