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Academic literature on the topic 'Propagation favorable'

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Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Propagation favorable"

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Makarewicz, Rufin, and Katsuko Masuda. "Highway noise under favorable conditions of generation and propagation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) 19, no. 3 (1998): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.19.181.

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Masouros, Christos, and Michail Matthaiou. "Space-Constrained Massive MIMO: Hitting the Wall of Favorable Propagation." IEEE Communications Letters 19, no. 5 (May 2015): 771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2015.2409832.

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Cheng, Yifeng, Lu Wang, and Tim Li. "Causes of Interdecadal Increase in the Intraseasonal Rainfall Variability over Southern China around the Early 1990s." Journal of Climate 33, no. 21 (November 1, 2020): 9481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0047.1.

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AbstractThe southern China (SC) summer rainfall exhibits prominent intraseasonal variability, which exhibits a significant increase in the early 1990s with the turning point at 1993. The SC intraseasonal rainfall events could be divided into three categories according to different propagations, including the southward-propagating (SP) events, the northwestward-propagating (NWP) events, and the northward-propagating (NP) events. This study explores the causes of the observed interdecadal increase in the intraseasonal rainfall variability over SC by comparing the SC intraseasonal rainfall events of each category between the former decadal period (P1) and the later decadal period (P2). The result indicates that such interdecadal change is due to the more frequent NP events coming from the South China Sea (SCS). Based on the moisture and vorticity budget analysis, it is revealed that the summer mean southerly wind in the middle to lower troposphere is the dominant factor of the northward propagation over the SCS, as it could induce positive meridional moisture and vorticity advection anomalies ahead of the convection. A marked interdecadal enhancement of the summer mean southerly wind over the SCS is the cause of more frequent occurrence of NP events over SC, as it provides more favorable conditions for the northward propagation. The change of the atmospheric instability over the SCS where the NP convection perturbation originates was also investigated, but no significant change was found.
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Anarakifirooz, Elham, and Sergey Loyka. "Favorable Propagation for Massive MIMO With Circular and Cylindrical Antenna Arrays." IEEE Wireless Communications Letters 11, no. 3 (March 2022): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lwc.2021.3132255.

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Fathy, Abdallah, Fatma Newagy, and Wagdy Refaat Anis. "Performance Evaluation of UWB Massive MIMO Channels With Favorable Propagation Features." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 147010–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2946335.

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LaBelle, J. "High-latitude propagation studies using a meridional chain of LF/MF/HF receivers." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 5 (April 8, 2004): 1705–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-1705-2004.

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Abstract. For over a decade, Dartmouth College has operated programmable radio receivers at multiple high-latitude sites covering the frequency range 100-5000kHz with about a 1-s resolution. Besides detecting radio emissions of auroral origin, these receivers record characteristics of the ionospheric propagation of natural and man-made signals, documenting well-known effects, such as the diurnal variation in the propagation characteristics of short and long waves, and also revealing more subtle effects. For example, at auroral zone sites in equinoctial conditions, the amplitudes of distant transmissions on MF/HF frequencies are often enhanced by a few dB just before they fade away at dawn. The polarization and/or direction of the arrival of ionospherically propagating signals in the lower HF range (3-5MHz) show a consistent variation between pre-midnight, post-midnight, and pre-dawn conditions. As is well known, magnetic storms and substorms dramatically affect ionospheric propagation; data from multiple stations spanning the invariant latitude range 67-79° reveal spatial patterns of propagation characteristics associated with magnetic storms and substorms. For example, in the hours preceding many isolated substorms, favorable propagation conditions occur at progressively lower latitudes as a function of time preceding the substorm onset. For some of these effects, explanations follow readily from elementary ionospheric physics, but understanding others requires further investigation.Key words. Magnetospheric physics (annual phenomena) – Radio science (ionosphere propagation; radio-wave propagation)6
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Bashkuev, Yuri, and Mikhail Dembelov. "Modeling of the Propagation of LF–MF–SF Bands Electromagnetic Waves on Arctic Paths." Infocommunications and Radio Technologies 6, no. 1 (August 18, 2023): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2587-9936.2023.06.1.05.

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The article demonstrates that the conditions of LF–MF–SF bands electromagnetic wave propagation over the “ice-sea” structure with highly inductive impedance are more favorable than over the sea without ice because of the appearance of surface electromagnetic waves (SEW). It was determined that the conditions of radio wave propagation over ice paths depend on a frequency, ice thickness and distance from the transmitter within the 100 kHz – 5 MHz range on the paths with ice thickness from 0.6 to 2.7 meters.
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Nuss, Wendell A. "Synoptic-Scale Structure and the Character of Coastally Trapped Wind Reversals." Monthly Weather Review 135, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr3267.1.

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Abstract Coastally trapped wind reversals that occur along the U.S. West Coast have been described in numerous other studies. The synoptic-scale environment and the forcing of a coastally trapped Kelvin wave are highly linked in the development of these wind reversals. However, not all wind reversals appear to behave like propagating Kelvin waves and the analysis of coastal buoy observations for three years indicates that different types of disturbances occur. Both propagating disturbances and nonpropagating disturbances occur with similar frequencies. While the synoptic-scale characteristics associated with propagating and nonpropagating wind reversals are sometimes rather subtle, several distinct differences occur that suggest a direct link between the coastal dynamics and the synoptic-scale forcing. Synoptic forcing characterized by persistent low-level offshore flow favors the development of propagating disturbances, while weak, nonsustained offshore flow characterizes nonpropagating disturbances. These differences support the idea that propagating events represent a favorable interaction between the synoptic-scale forcing and the excitation and propagation of Kelvin waves, whereas nonpropagating events either represent a less favorable interaction or are simply trapped ageostrophic flow due to the synoptic scale without a Kelvin wave response. These dynamic differences imply different stratus behavior, which is important to forecasters.
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Chen, Zheng, and Emil Bjornson. "Channel Hardening and Favorable Propagation in Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Stochastic Geometry." IEEE Transactions on Communications 66, no. 11 (November 2018): 5205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2018.2846272.

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Loyka, Sergey, and Mahdi Khojastehnia. "Comments on “On Favorable Propagation in Massive MIMO Systems and Different Antenna Configurations”." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 185369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2960025.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Propagation favorable"

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Gholamipourfard, Roya. "Cell-Free massive MIMO receiver design and channel estimation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS285.

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Les systèmes sans fil de la prochaine génération doivent répondre à la demande croissante de débits de données de plus en plus élevés à des prix très compétitifs et être capables de s'adapter efficacement à une vaste gamme dynamique de services, d'applications et de types de dispositifs attendus dans un avenir proche. Les systèmes sans fil ultra-denses envisagent des UD-DAS basés sur des antennes distribuées à distance. Toutefois, ni les systèmes d'antennes distribuées ni la technologie MIMO massive ne permettront de répondre aux demandes de débit de données croissantes de la prochaine génération de communications sans fil, en raison des interférences intercellulaires et des grandes variations de qualité de service. Pour faire face à ces limitations, les réseaux au-delà de la 5G doivent entrer dans le paradigme sans cellule, où l'absence de limites de cellules atténue les interférences intercellulaires et les problèmes de transfert, mais pose également de nouveaux défis. La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'analyse des propriétés de propagation favorables des systèmes MIMO massifs CF dans des conditions asymptotiques. L'information sur l'état du canal dans les systèmes MIMO massifs, tant cellulaires que CF, joue un rôle majeur dans l'amélioration des performances du système. Par conséquent, dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, nous abordons le problème de la contamination des pilotes dans les systèmes MIMO massifs CF. Enfin, dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, nous proposons un algorithme MP basé sur le principe EP pour conduire itérativement la méthode semi-aveugle bayésienne pour l'estimation du canal et la détection des données
Next generation wireless systems shall satisfy the increasing demand of higher and higher data rates at very competitive prices as well as be able to efficiently accommodate for and adapt to a huge dynamic range of services, applications, and types of devices expected in the near. Appealing architectural solutions have been leveraged on ultra-densification of antennas. Ultra-dense wireless systems envision ultra-dense distributed antenna systems (UD-DAS) based on remote distributed antennas empowered by the e-cloud. However, neither DAS nor massive MIMO technology will meet the increasing data rate demands of the next generation wireless communications due to the inter-cell interference and large quality of service (QoS) variations. To address these limitations, beyond-5G networks need to enter the cell-free (CF) paradigm, where the absence of cell boundaries mitigates the inter-cell interference and handover issues but also causes new challenges. One of the major issues in the large-scale networks such as CF massive MIMO systems is complexity at the receivers. In this regard, first part of this thesis is devoted to analyzing the favorable propagation properties of CF massive MIMO systems in asymptotic conditions. Channel state information (CSI) in massive MIMO systems, both cellular and CF, plays a major role in improving the system performance. Therefore, in the second part of this thesis, we address the pilot contamination problem in CF massive MIMO systems. Finally, in the last part of this thesis, we propose an MP algorithm based on the EP principle to iteratively conduct the Bayesian semi-blind method for channel estimation and data detection in CF massive systems
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Huang, Meng. "On the Identification of Favorable Data Profile for Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Assessment with Consideration of Usage Patterns in Electric Vehicles." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu15748487783319.

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Book chapters on the topic "Propagation favorable"

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Güray, Ersan, and Recep Birgül. "Determination of Favorable Time Window for Infrared Inspection by Numerical Simulation of Heat Propagation in Concrete." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 577–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64349-6_46.

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Yang, Zhe, and Abbas Mohammed. "Reducing Complexity and Achieving Higher Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Network Communications by Using High Altitude Platforms." In Wireless Sensor Networks and Energy Efficiency, 329–38. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0101-7.ch015.

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In this chapter, a novel approach is explored to employ high-altitude platforms (HAPs) to remove the relaying burden and/or de-centralize coordination from wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The approach can reduce the complexity and achieve energy efficiency in communications of WSNs, whereby applications require a large-scale deployment of low-power and low-cost sustainable sensors. The authors review and discuss the main constraints and problems of energy consumptions and coordination in WSNs. The use of HAPs in WSNs provides favorable communication links via predominantly line of sight propagation due to their unique position and achieves benefits of reduced complexity and high energy efficiency, which are crucial for WSN operations.
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Mwalongo, Marko, and Kilavo Hassan. "Massive MIMO-Based Network Planning and Performance Evaluation for High Speed Broadband Connection in Rural Areas of Tanzania." In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 305–16. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6471-4.ch016.

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The need for high speed broadband connection in rural areas is inevitable since services like e-governance, virtual classrooms, telemedicine, video-on-demand, home entertainment, etc. are needed. However, in order to provide broadband services, service providers must incur high deployment costs and wait for long time for return on investments. Thus, massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) with its favorable propagation phenomenon can be exploited as an alternative to boost signal coverage in rural areas while providing high speed broadband connection. In this chapter, planning and performance evaluation for massive MIMO network has been conducted for rural areas in Tanzania. Infovista and MATLAB tools were used for network simulation. The results show that massive MIMO network at 5MHz bandwidth performs better in terms of RSRP and SINRu when compared to 10 MHz and 20MHz channel bandwidths.
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Al-Mssallem, Muneera Q., Krishnananda P. Ingle, Gopal W. Narkhede, S. Mohan Jain, Penna Suprasanna, Gholamreza Abdi, and Jameel M. Al-Khayri. "Hassawi Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Nutraceutical Properties, In Vitro Culture and Genomics." In In Vitro Propagation and Secondary Metabolite Production from Medicinal Plants: Current Trends (Part 1), 142–68. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815165227124010010.

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An indigenous reddish-brown landrace rice of the indica variety known as Hassawi rice (Oryza sativa L.) is cultivated in Saudi Arabia. This rice variety has both nutritive and non-nutritive bioactive components that have therapeutic potential and promote favorable metabolic profiles. Hassawi rice has health advantages that should be further investigated, especially for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. There is a direct need for the conservation and improvement of this important germplasm source. Breeding efforts are limited, although a couple of hybrids were developed. Biotechnology approaches offer effective tools for crop genetic improvement. In this direction, in vitro regeneration of this crop has been developed that enabled the evaluation of abiotic stress factors. Furthermore, recent genomic studies revealed that Hassawi rice harbors novel alleles for salinity tolerance. This chapter reviews the research carried out on Hassawi rice in relation to nutritional and health benefits as well as secondary metabolites bioactivity and progress made on in vitro culture and genomics.
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Kofi Osei, Isaac, Edward Adzesiwor Obodai, and Denis Worlanyo Aheto. "Biofouling of the Mangrove Oyster (Crassostrea tulipa, Lamarck, 1819) Cultivation: The West African Perspective." In Agricultural Sciences. IntechOpen, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.114324.

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Oyster, Crassostrea tulipa cultivation in the West African subregion is largely carried out in estuarine and mangrove ecosystems on a small scale. These coastal water bodies generally present favorable biotic and abiotic conditions that impact positively oyster propagation. Some environmental factors including coastal flooding, eutrophication, and biofouling could hamper the culture of oysters in the wild. Biofouling is the attachment of organisms to the object of interest. It is also described as unwanted living things that occupy the same ecological niche as the desired species, causing harm by contesting for available food and living space, which is crucial in the culture of oysters where the biofoulers have deleterious effect on the growth and survival of oysters. The injurious impact of biofouling could result in en masse mortalities or reduced growth rate. Interventions to mitigate the effect will result in increased cost of operation, thereby making the business less profitable. However, existing studies in West Africa Indicate that fouling organisms may have no harmful impact on C. tulipa cultivation. Good water quality, a well-managed culture system, and adoption of best practices in post-harvest handling will enhance the production of oysters to provide food and nutrition security, livelihoods, and employments.
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Farhana, Nikhat, Ripudaman M. Singh, Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed, Thouheed Ansari, Abdul Rahamanulla, Ayesha Sultana, Treesa P. Varghese, Ashwini Somayaji, and Abdullah Khan. "Seed Biology and Phytochemistry for Sustainable Future." In Seed Biology Updates [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106208.

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The ranking of seeds represents remarkable transition phase for photosynthasis and sexual reproduction, this phase is complex & successful method for sexual reproduction in vascular plants. As we know that seed containe the genetic repository of past & potential for its perpetuation in the future. The dormancy in seeds induced by desciccation & the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) till the condition in growth become favorable. The well developed seeds eliminates requirement of water during sexual reproduction & allows fertilization events to occur over long distances. Germination of seeds in particular situation and season is determines the interaction between dormancy and relating factors like phytochemical development to give healthy bioactives, which strongly influence on the termination of dormancy or initiatin of germination and seedling in many plant species like photo-hormons, light, temperature, water, neutrients and mechanical cuse. Seeds of particular plants needs difreent pretreatment to give vigor seedlings even in production so far. The entiteled chapter represents amulgumation of agriculturists and life scientists. Recent significant progress has been endorsed in seed physiology to solve the practical issues constantly associated with the seeds. The aim & objective of this articale is to enlighten the reader, not only about the different aspects of the seed physiology it also includes the development of bioactive (secondary metabolites) in the healthy seeds. This resorce of pice will help researcher to sencitize about the type of healthy bioactive available in the shalls of seedlings. This could be the reason to isolate the biomolecules from a well evaluate seeds, seed evalution not only the sorce to get healthy crops in agricultural scince it also helps so for a phytochemist to get theuraputicaly active biomolecules, without destroying the nature, which could be the value added thought to combat with the burning issues associated with the existing situation (COVID Omicron, viral infection and all kinds of disorder associated with the immune system). Henceforth, endorsed personage to give real-time attention to plant propagation, particularly for indigenous tree species and seedling multiplication should be regarded as a primary need to make not only a sustainable environment but also become a treasure to fulfill the needs of industry application in the field of agriculture plus R & D.
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Conference papers on the topic "Propagation favorable"

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Miller, Chelsea, Peter J. Smith, Pawel A. Dmochowski, Harsh Tataria, and Andreas F. Molisch. "Favorable Propagation with User Cluster Sharing." In 2020 IEEE 31st Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pimrc48278.2020.9217231.

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Gholami, Roya, Laura Cottatellucci, and Dirk Slock. "Favorable Propagation and Linear Multiuser Detection for Distributed Antenna Systems." In ICASSP 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9053449.

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Dardari, Davide. "Channel Hardening, Favorable Equalization and Propagation in Wideband Massive MIMO." In 2019 27th European Signal Processing Conference (EUSIPCO). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/eusipco.2019.8902768.

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Zhang, Jianhua, Lei Tian, Ruijie Xu, Zhen Zhang, and Jian Zhang. "Favorable Propagation with Practical Angle Distributions for mmWave Massive MIMO Systems." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccw.2019.8756994.

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Anarakifirooz, Elham, and Sergey Loyka. "Favorable Propagation for Wideband Massive MIMO with Non-Uniform Linear Arrays." In 2022 17th Canadian Workshop on Information Theory (CWIT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cwit55308.2022.9817666.

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Eddine Hajri, Salah, Juwendo Denis, and Mohamad Assaad. "Enhancing Favorable Propagation in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Through Spatial User Grouping." In 2018 IEEE 19th International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/spawc.2018.8445847.

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Sun, Yanliang, Lei Tian, Jianhua Zhang, Linyun Wu, and Ping Zhang. "On asymptotic favorable propagation condition for massive MIMO with co-located user terminals." In 2014 International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wpmc.2014.7014907.

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Gholami, Roya, Laura Cottatellucci, and Dirk Slock. "Channel Models, Favorable Propagation and MultiStage Linear Detection in Cell-Free Massive MIMO." In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit44484.2020.9174420.

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Musgrave, Patrick F., Austin A. Phoenix, Mohammad I. Albakri, and Pablo A. Tarazaga. "Generating Structure-Borne Traveling Waves Favorable for Applications." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2225.

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Abstract Structure-Borne Traveling Waves (SBTWs) have significant promise as a means of underwater propulsion, drag reduction, and solid-state motion. However, there is poor understanding of how to tailor SBTWs favorable for these applications. This study establishes guidelines and a straight-forward method for generating favorable SBTWs on two-dimensional (2D) surfaces. SBTWs are a novel traveling wave generation method that take advantage of a surface’s inherent structural properties (i.e. mode shapes and natural frequencies). Due to this novel mechanism, SBTWs have significant advantages over other traveling wave methods. This includes active variability (propagation direction, frequency, wavelength), no reliance on complex control mechanisms, and a minimal actuation footprint (small size and weight). SBTWs utilize the two-mode excitation method, whereby a surface is harmonically excited at two locations with a phase offset between them. Due to the phase offset, participating mode shapes superimpose to yield steady-state traveling waves that do not reflect at the boundaries. A SBTW at a given frequency has an optimal phase offset that maximizes the quality; however, high quality does not ensure favorability for a specific application. For propulsion and solid-state motion applications, favorable SBTWs are those that have a uniform propagation direction and consistent amplitude. Using a previously validated electro-mechanical model of a 2D plate, this study demonstrates the generation of SBTWs favorable for such applications. It is shown that the frequency bandwidth can be divided into regions, and each region is classified as generating favorable or unfavorable SBTWs. The favorability of each region is defined by which mode shapes participate. Two guidelines are established that define which combinations of mode shapes yield favorable SBTWs. These guidelines are fundamental in nature, implying that they can be extended to generate favorable SBTWs on any thin-walled surface. This signifies that geometries with tailored SBTWs can be designed to target specific applications (e.g. underwater propulsion, drag reduction, and solid-state motion).
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Polishchuk, A. Ya, Jean Dolne, Feng Liu, M. Zevallos, B. Das, and R. R. Alfano. "Fermat Photons: Paths Propagation and Imaging in Turbid Media." In Advances in Optical Imaging and Photon Migration. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/aoipm.1996.pmst14.

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Photon diffusion on the velocity sphere describes photon migration in highly forward scattering media. The non-Euclidean diffusion leads to the concept of the most favorable photon paths described by Generalized Fermat Principle for turbid media. Experimental results are compared to theoretical predictions. Application of Fermat photons to imaging will be discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Propagation favorable"

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Rose, Luo, and Minachi. ZZ44154 Circumferential Guided Waves for Defect Detection in Tar Coated Pipe. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010958.

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The study reports on circumferential guided wave inspection potential and propagation in a tar coated pipe. A computer code based on a matrix technique was developed to calculate the circumferential guided wave dispersion curves and wave structures in a viscoelastic multi-layered pipe. Experiments utilizing the SwRI Magnetostrictive ILI inspection technique were conducted under different coating conditions. There was a favorable agreement with theory. This study provides an insight into attenuation effect, ways to improve propagation distance, and a baseline for further studies on wave scattering, defect classification and sizing.
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Samish, Michael, K. M. Kocan, and Itamar Glazer. Entomopathogenic Nematodes as Biological Control Agents of Ticks. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7568104.bard.

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This research project was aimed to create a basis for the use of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae an Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of ticks. The specific objectives were to determinate: 1) Nematode virulence to various. 2) Host-parasite interactions of nametodes and ticks. 3) Effect of environmental factors of tick habitats on nematode activity. 4) To test nematodes (anti tick activity) in defined field trials. Throughout the project 12 nematode strains from five species were tested in laboratory assays against all developmental stages of eight tick species. All tick species were found susceptible to nematode infection. The nematode strains the IS-5 and IS-12 of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were found to be the most virulent. Engorged adults, particularly females, were the most susceptible stages. Despite the high susceptibility, ticks are not suitable hosts for nematode development and propagation. Entomopathogenic namatodes enter ticks and kill them by releasing the symbiotic bacteria from their foregut. Under favorable conditions, i.e. moist soil, moderate temperature (22-27oC) and sandy soil, nematode efficacy against B. annulatus engorged females was very high (>5% w/w) and high animal manure concentration in soil adversely effect nematode efficacy. In field trails, nematodes were effective when soil moisture was maintained at high levels. The results indicate that under favorable conditions the nematodes show promise as a biological control method for ticks. However, we still face several potential obstacles to the use of nematodes under less favorable conditions.
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