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Journal articles on the topic 'Propagation and distribution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Clark, Robert M., Walter M. Grayman, and Richard M. Males. "Contaminant Propagation in Distribution Systems." Journal of Environmental Engineering 114, no. 4 (August 1988): 929–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1988)114:4(929).

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2

Habib, Walid E., and Allen C. Ward. "Causality in constraint propagation." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 11, no. 5 (November 1997): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400003346.

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AbstractThis paper defines, for use in design, rules for propagating “distribution constraints” through relationships such as algebraic or vector equations. Distribution constraints are predicate logic statements about the values that physical system parameters may assume. The propagation rules take into account “variation source causality”: information about when and how the values are assigned during the design, manufacturing, and operation of the system.

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3

Golubev, É. A. "Distribution propagation in estimating measurement uncertainty." Measurement Techniques 51, no. 2 (February 2008): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11018-008-9014-4.

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4

Huang, Yan, Yangsheng Yuan, Xianlong Liu, Jun Zeng, Fei Wang, Jiayi Yu, Lin Liu, and Yangjian Cai. "Propagation of Optical Coherence Vortex Lattices in Turbulent Atmosphere." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 2476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122476.

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Propagation properties in the turbulence atmosphere of the optical coherence vortex lattices (OCVLs) are explored by the recently developed convolution approach. The evolution of spectral density distribution, the normalized M 2 -factor, and the beam wander of the OCVLs propagating through the atmospheric turbulence with Tatarskii spectrum are illustrated numerically. Our results show that the OCVLs display interesting propagation properties, e.g., the initial Gaussian beam distribution will evolve into hollow array distribution on propagation and finally becomes a Gaussian beam spot again in the far field in turbulent atmosphere. Furthermore, the OCVLs with large topological charge, large beam array order, large relative distance, and small coherence length are less affected by the negative effects of turbulence. Our results are expected to be used in the complex system optical communications.

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Zhu, Kaicheng, Jie Zhu, Qin Su, and Huiqin Tang. "Propagation Property of an Astigmatic sin–Gaussian Beam in a Strongly Nonlocal Nonlinear Media." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010071.

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Based on the Snyder and Mitchell model, a closed-form propagation expression of astigmatic sin-Gaussian beams through strongly nonlocal nonlinear media (SNNM) is derived. The evolutions of the intensity distributions and the corresponding wave front dislocations are discussed analytically and numerically. It is generally proved that the light field distribution varies periodically with the propagation distance. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the astigmatism and edge dislocation nested in the initial sin-Gaussian beams greatly influence the pattern configurations and phase singularities during propagation. In particular, it is found that, when the beam parameters are properly selected, a vortex beam with perfect doughnut-shaped profile can be obtained for astigmatic sin-Gaussian beams with two-lobe pattern propagating in SNNM.

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Makarov, P. V., Yu A. Khon, and A. Yu Peryshkin. "Slow deformation fronts: model and features of distribution." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 9, no. 3 (October 9, 2018): 755–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2018-9-3-0370.

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Our study aimed at investigating the origin and development of ‘slow’ movements in a solid body/medium under loading and studying the role of such movements in the occurrence of critical states, i.e. sources of destruction in a stable solid medium. Computerized modeling was conducted to simulate the evolution of the stress-strain state and the formation of slow deformation waves in a loaded medium. We have developed and justified a mathematical model of the loaded elastoplastic medium, which demonstrates the joint generation and propagation of ordinary stress waves (propagating with the velocity of sound) and slow deformation waves of the inelastic nature. The propagation rates of the latter are 5–7 orders of magnitude lower than the velocity of sound. The features of slow deformation wave propagation in the solid media are investigated. In the model, slow deformation waves interact under certain conditions as solitons and penetrate each other. Considering the properties, they are similar to both solitons satisfying the solutions of the non-linear Korteweg – de Vries equation and kinks satisfying the solutions of the sin-Gordon equation. Slow deformation fronts are actively involved into the formation of sources of destruction and provide an effective mechanism for the transfer and redistribution of energy in the loaded medium.

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Ryu, Jinsook, Kyuhyun Im, Wonjae Yu, Jaiwook Park, Taihyun Chang, Kwanyoung Lee, and Namsun Choi. "Molecular Weight Distribution of Branched Polystyrene: Propagation of Poisson Distribution." Macromolecules 37, no. 23 (November 2004): 8805–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma049064a.

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8

Zhang, Lei, and Li Su. "Design of Improved BP Decoders and Corresponding LT Code Degree Distribution for AWGN Channels." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (October 20, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9517840.

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This paper presents the performance of a hard decision belief propagation (HDBP) decoder used for Luby transform (LT) codes over additive white Gaussian noise channels; subsequently, three improved HDBP decoders are proposed. We first analyze the performance improvement of the sorted ripple and delayed decoding process in a HDBP decoder; subsequently, we propose ripple-sorted belief propagation (RSBP) as well as ripple-sorted and delayed belief propagation (RSDBP) decoders to improve the bit error rate (BER). Based on the analysis of the distribution of error encoded symbols, we propose a ripple-sorted and threshold-based belief propagation (RSTBP) decoder, which deletes low-reliability encoded symbols, to further improve the BER. Degree distribution significantly affects the performance of LT codes. Therefore, we propose a method for designing optimal degree distributions for the proposed decoders. Through simulation results, we demonstrate that the proposed RSBP and RSDBP decoders provide significantly better BER performances than the HDBP decoder. RSDBP and RSTDP combined with the proposed degree distributions outperformed state-of-the-art degree distributions in terms of the number of encoded symbols required to recover an input symbol correctly (NERRIC) and the frame error rate (FER). For a hybrid decoder formulated by combining RSDBP with a soft decision belief propagation decoder, the proposed degree distribution outperforms the other degree distributions in terms of decoding complexity.

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9

Song, Sam Hong, and Jeong Moo Lee. "The Characteristics of Propagation for Mixed-Mode Fatigue Crack under Stress Re-Distribution at Fatigue Crack Tip." International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, no. 08n09 (April 10, 2003): 1922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979203019885.

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The practical condition of applied load represents mixed-mode loading condition due to complications of element geometry and applied load. Also, the characteristics of fatigue crack propagation under mixed mode were affected by constrained shape of structures and applied load variation. There are continuous variations of stress condition at crack tip on the fatigue crack during propagation. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the propagation behavior of mixed-mode fatigue crack under stress redistribution condition. We established the experimental method in order to form the stress redistribution condition. It is assumed that the stress around the crack tip under mixed-mode fatigue loading is redistributed. This test consisted of the 1st and the 2nd round of tests. The stress re distribution was formed by changing the loading direction at propagating mixed-mode fatigue crack tip. In this study, the behavior of mixed-mode fatigue crack affected by stress redistribution was investigated by comparing fatigue crack propagation rate, fatigue crack propagation paths and fatigue crack branch angle. From the experiment, as loading application angle and thickness change, the fatigue crack propagation rate and angle under mixed mode were affected by stress redistribution.

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10

Sakamoto, Kazufumi, Shota Aoki, Yuhei Tanaka, Kenji Shimoda, Yoshitsune Hondo, and Kenji Yasuda. "Geometric Understanding of Local Fluctuation Distribution of Conduction Time in Lined-Up Cardiomyocyte Network in Agarose-Microfabrication Multi-Electrode Measurement Assay." Micromachines 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11121105.

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We examined characteristics of the propagation of conduction in width-controlled cardiomyocyte cell networks for understanding the contribution of the geometrical arrangement of cardiomyocytes for their local fluctuation distribution. We tracked a series of extracellular field potentials of linearly lined-up human embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived cardiomyocytes and mouse primary cardiomyocytes with 100 kHz sampling intervals of multi-electrodes signal acquisitions and an agarose microfabrication technology to localize the cardiomyocyte geometries in the lined-up cell networks with 100–300 μm wide agarose microstructures. Conduction time between two neighbor microelectrodes (300 μm) showed Gaussian distribution. However, the distributions maintained their form regardless of its propagation distances up to 1.5 mm, meaning propagation diffusion did not occur. In contrast, when Quinidine was applied, the propagation time distributions were increased as the faster firing regulation simulation predicted. The results indicate the “faster firing regulation” is not sufficient to explain the conservation of the propagation time distribution in cardiomyocyte networks but should be expanded with a kind of community effect of cell networks, such as the lower fluctuation regulation.

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11

Mortensen, Peter, Hao Gao, Godfrey Smith, and Radostin D. Simitev. "Action potential propagation and block in a model of atrial tissue with myocyte–fibroblast coupling." Mathematical Medicine and Biology: A Journal of the IMA 38, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 106–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imammb/dqaa014.

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Abstract The electrical coupling between myocytes and fibroblasts and the spacial distribution of fibroblasts within myocardial tissues are significant factors in triggering and sustaining cardiac arrhythmias, but their roles are poorly understood. This article describes both direct numerical simulations and an asymptotic theory of propagation and block of electrical excitation in a model of atrial tissue with myocyte–fibroblast coupling. In particular, three idealized fibroblast distributions are introduced: uniform distribution, fibroblast barrier and myocyte strait—all believed to be constituent blocks of realistic fibroblast distributions. Primary action potential biomarkers including conduction velocity, peak potential and triangulation index are estimated from direct simulations in all cases. Propagation block is found to occur at certain critical values of the parameters defining each idealized fibroblast distribution, and these critical values are accurately determined. An asymptotic theory proposed earlier is extended and applied to the case of a uniform fibroblast distribution. Biomarker values are obtained from hybrid analytical-numerical solutions of coupled fast-time and slow-time periodic boundary value problems and compare well to direct numerical simulations. The boundary of absolute refractoriness is determined solely by the fast-time problem and is found to depend on the values of the myocyte potential and on the slow inactivation variable of the sodium current ahead of the propagating pulse. In turn, these quantities are estimated from the slow-time problem using a regular perturbation expansion to find the steady state of the coupled myocyte–fibroblast kinetics. The asymptotic theory gives a simple analytical expression that captures with remarkable accuracy the block of propagation in the presence of fibroblasts.

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12

Ren, Junchao, Yong Wang, Xiangyu Meng, Xianbo Shi, Lahsen Assoufid, and Renzhong Tai. "In-plane wavevector distribution in partially coherent X-ray propagation." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 4 (June 14, 2019): 1198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519005253.

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The MOI (Mutual Optical Intensity) code for propagating partially coherent radiation through beamline optics is updated by including the in-plane wavevector in the wavefield calculation. The in-plane wavevector is a local function and accurately describes the average phase distribution in a partially coherent wavefield. The improved MOI code is demonstrated by beam propagation through free space and non-ideal mirrors. The improved MOI code can provide more accurate results with lower numbers of elements, and thus has a higher calculation efficiency. Knowledge of the in-plane wavevector also enables detailed studies of wavefield information under different coherence conditions. The improved MOI code is available at http://www.moixray.cn.

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13

Liu, G. R., J. Tani, K. Watanabe, and T. Ohyoshi. "Lamb Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Laminates." Journal of Applied Mechanics 57, no. 4 (December 1, 1990): 923–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2897662.

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The wave propagation in arbitrary anisotropic laminates is investigated on the basis of an exact theory. The dispersion relations of Lamb waves are determined for graphite/epoxy symmetric angle-ply laminates and hybrid composite ones which consist of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy layers. The dispersion and anisotropy of phase velocities for fundamental modes are discussed in detail. The energy distributions in the thickness direction of laminates are calculated for each kind of Lamb wave. A hybrid composite laminate is found to have better capability in absorbing impact energy by analyzing the strain energy distribution during the wave propagation. The results of the strain energy distribution are useful in determining the arrangement and the fiber orientation of the layers of hybrid composite laminates.

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14

Sailov, Rahib Aqaqul, Fazil Ali Veliev, and Qusni Kadir Kerimov. "DETERMINATION OF THE HEAT DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAW COTTON PACKED IN THE COIL." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 3 (May 31, 2017): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2017.00359.

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As a result of experimental studies, a special mathematical model of raw cotton is developed. The effect of density change on the thermal conductivity coefficient is determined. A nonlinear differential equation of heat propagation in coils is obtained. The dependence of the density of raw cotton on the coil height is determined experimentally. The heat flux is intense propagating from denser layers of raw cotton to less dense ones. In a saturated form, the effect of density changes on the propagation of heat is less than in the coils. Pocket spontaneous heating occurs locally with sharp boundaries. An expression is found, which is the general solution of the mathematical model of heat propagation in raw cotton in coils, on the basis of which a number of physical real models can be constructed. The model allows to preliminarily give an estimation of the likely picture of the temperature field in the given microvolumes of raw cotton.

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15

Zhao, Hui, Huiyuan Li, Haitao Zhao, Leisheng Li, and Jian Li. "The Influence of Pipe Bending Curvature on H2-O2 Gaseous Detonation Wave Front." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 3951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093951.

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The influence of different bend curvatures on the detonation wave propagation was analyzed by an advanced numerical simulation system. The mechanism of propagation properties is revealed by cellular structure, internal and external boundary pressure distribution, propagation process of detonation wave and chemical reaction. The cellular structure and detonation wave front of bend with different curvature are very different. The simulation results show that the detonation wave with regular cell structure propagating through the curved parts induces detonation cell size increased by diffraction near the inner wall while detonation reflected on the bottom surface resulting in decrease of cell size. Detonation wave was affected by the rarefaction wave and compression wave in the bent pipe. The pressure distribution of the bend shows that the peak pressure in the 450 curvature is the largest, which should be paid more attention in industrial design. The chemical reaction could indicate the propagation characteristics of detonation wave, and different propagation characteristics have different profiles of chemical components.

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16

Wang, Zhi, Wenwu Zhu, Xiangwen Chen, Lifeng Sun, Jiangchuan Liu, Minghua Chen, Peng Cui, and Shiqiang Yang. "Propagation-based social-aware multimedia content distribution." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 9, no. 1s (October 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2523001.2523005.

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17

Mak, S. T. "Propagation of transients in a distribution network." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 8, no. 1 (1993): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.180354.

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18

Fan, Zheyi, Jiao Jiang, Shuqin Weng, Zhonghang He, and Zhiwen Liu. "Adaptive density distribution inspired affinity propagation clustering." Neural Computing and Applications 31, S1 (May 2, 2017): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-017-3024-6.

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19

Manrique, Luis Carlos, Anthony Weiss, and Sandra Puentes. "Simulating Wave Propagation Distribution Through GIS Integration." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS 18 (July 7, 2021): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23209.2021.18.11.

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The use of electronic devices designed for user location estimation has become widely popular in the last decade. This is thanks to emergent technologies such as Bluetooth Low Energy, Radio-Frequency Identification, and Ultra-WideBand (UWB) among others. In the present study; the authors provide a method for using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to define spatial constraints, in order to simulate the lines of sight of anchors to make an informed selection of adequate locations for installation. By leveraging GIS, researchers or enterprises can improve the installation process by reducing costs while setting up arrangements that will ensure reliable data collection. We include a scenario illustrating the possibility of budget reduction of around 30% related to the orientation and survey of the devices.

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20

Blochwitz, C., D. Heinrich, and R. Frenzel. "Microcrack propagation in fatigued F.c.c. monocrystals I: Crack-depth distribution and propagation rate." Materials Science and Engineering: A 118 (October 1989): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(89)90059-2.

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21

Ojo, J. S., and S. E. Falodun. "NECOP Propagation Experiment: Rain-Rate Distributions Observations and Prediction Model Comparisons." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/913596.

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Empirical distribution functions for one-minute average rain-rate values were compiled for three station year of observations at Nigeria environmental and climatic observatory (NECOP) propagation experiment terminal sites. The empirical distribution functions were compared with cumulative distribution functions generated using four different rain-rate distribution models. It is found that although each of the models shows similar qualitative features at lower exceedance of time, the characteristic at higher time percentages shows quantitative difference from the experimental data except the improved version of Moupfouma model. The results further show that the rainfall rate and the microwave propagation characteristics in this region are out of accord with International Telecommunication Union predictions. This information is vital for predicting rain fading cumulative probability distributions over this region.

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22

Karmakar, Subhankar. "Propagation of uncertainties in water distribution systems modeling." Desalination and Water Treatment 33, no. 1-3 (September 2011): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2633.

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23

Senoussi, S., S. Hadjoudj, C. Weyl, and J. P. Fondere. "Flux propagation and distribution in YBa2Cu3O7 hollow cylinders." Physica C: Superconductivity 165, no. 2 (January 1990): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(90)90168-e.

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24

Maurel, Agnès, Vincent Pagneux, Denis Boyer, and Fernando Lund. "Elastic wave propagation through a distribution of dislocations." Materials Science and Engineering: A 400-401 (July 2005): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2005.02.074.

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25

Peterson, Ryan S., Bernard Wong, and Emin Gun Sirer. "A content propagation metric for efficient content distribution." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 41, no. 4 (October 22, 2011): 326–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2043164.2018474.

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26

Arts, Theo, and Gisela Nordhorn-Richter. "Epipterygium tozeriin Europe, its distribution and vegetative propagation." Journal of Bryology 14, no. 1 (January 1986): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jbr.1986.14.1.91.

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27

Clark, Robert M., Walter M. Grayman, Richard M. Males, and Alan F. Hess. "Modeling Contaminant Propagation in Drinking‐Water Distribution Systems." Journal of Environmental Engineering 119, no. 2 (March 1993): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1993)119:2(349).

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28

KARWEIT, MICHAEL, and PHILIPPE BLANC-BENON. "TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACOUSTIC RAY PROPAGATION THROUGH "INFINITE" AND "BOX MODEL" TURBULENCE." Journal of Computational Acoustics 03, no. 03 (September 1995): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x95000094.

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In this work, we investigate the temporal characteristics of acoustic ray propagation through simulated, weakly turbulent temperature fields. In a first set of experiments, we generate ensembles of random scalar fields from randomly oriented Fourier temperature modes. Then, by integrating the ray trace equations, we estimate the distribution of arrival times for rays propagating a distance R through them. We demonstrate that these arrival time distributions are Gaussian for both axial and 3-D propagation and are primarily determined by the lower wave numbers of the 1-D fluctuation spectrum. In a second set of experiments, we generate random fields comprised of Fourier modes prescribed on a lattice, as in "box model" turbulence. In these simulations, we find that acoustic travel times are significantly affected both by the periodicity of the fields and by the direction of acoustic propagation with respect to the orientation of the box. Both effects can ultimately be attributable to an inadequate representation of the low wave number region of the 1-D spectrum. We suggest that these artifacts of simulated periodic fields may preclude their use for acoustic propagation studies.

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29

Ajayamohan, R. S., Suryachandra A. Rao, and Toshio Yamagata. "Influence of Indian Ocean Dipole on Poleward Propagation of Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations." Journal of Climate 21, no. 21 (November 1, 2008): 5437–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli1758.1.

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Abstract The influence of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) on the poleward propagation of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillations (BSISOs) is examined using observed datasets. This study finds that coherent (incoherent) poleward propagation of precipitation anomalies from 5°S to 25°N are observed during negative (positive) IOD years. Disorganized poleward propagation of BSISO in the south equatorial Indian Ocean is observed during positive IOD years. The rationale behind such an anomaly in the poleward propagation of BSISO in contrasting IOD years is identified based on the theory of northward-propagating BSISO, which suggests the influential role of air–sea interaction on the genesis and propagation of BSISO. It is found that the mean structure of moisture convergence and meridional specific humidity distribution undergoes radical changes in contrasting IOD years, which in turn influences the meridional propagation of BSISO. This study assumes significance, considering the critical role of BSISO in modulating the seasonal mean summer monsoon rainfall.

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30

Sopori, Bhushan, Vishal Mehta, Srinivas Devayajanam, Mike Seacrist, Gang Shi, J. Chen, Aditya Deshpande, Jeff Binns, and Jesse Appel. "Defect Generation and Propagation in Mc-Si Ingots: Influence on the Performance of Solar Cells." Solid State Phenomena 205-206 (October 2013): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.205-206.55.

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This paper describes results of our study aimed at understanding mechanism (s) of dislocation generation and propagation in multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) ingots, and evaluating their influence on the solar cell performance. This work was done in two parts: (i) Measurement of dislocation distributions along various bricks, selected from strategic locations within several ingots; and (ii) Theoretical modeling of the cell performance corresponding to the measured dislocation distributions. Solar cells were fabricated on wafers of known dislocation distribution, and the results were compared with the theory. These results show that cell performance can be accurately predicted from the dislocation distribution, and the changes in the dislocation distribution are the primary cause for variations in the cell-to-cell performance. The dislocation generation and propagation mechanisms, suggested by our results, are described in this paper.

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31

Xun, Wang, Huang Kelin, Liu Zhirong, and Zhao Kangyi. "Nonparaxial Propagation of Vectorial Elliptical Gaussian Beams." International Journal of Optics 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6427141.

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Based on the vectorial Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral formulae, analytical expressions for a vectorial elliptical Gaussian beam’s nonparaxial propagating in free space are derived and used to investigate target beam’s propagation properties. As a special case of nonparaxial propagation, the target beam’s paraxial propagation has also been examined. The relationship of vectorial elliptical Gaussian beam’s intensity distribution and nonparaxial effect with elliptic coefficientαand waist width related parameterfωhas been analyzed. Results show that no matter what value of elliptic coefficientαis, when parameterfωis large, nonparaxial conclusions of elliptical Gaussian beam should be adopted; while parameterfωis small, the paraxial approximation of elliptical Gaussian beam is effective. In addition, the peak intensity value of elliptical Gaussian beam decreases with increasing the propagation distance whether parameterfωis large or small, and the larger the elliptic coefficientαis, the faster the peak intensity value decreases. These characteristics of vectorial elliptical Gaussian beam might find applications in modern optics.

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32

Akiniwa, Yoshiaki, Keisuke Tanaka, and Hidehiko Kimura. "Measurement of Stress Distribution Near Fatigue Crack in Ultra-Fine Grained Steel by Synchrotron Radiation." Materials Science Forum 490-491 (July 2005): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.490-491.118.

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Single-edge-notched specimens of ultrafine-grained steel were fatigued. The mean grain size of the steel is about 2 micrometers. Propagation behavior of fatigue cracks was observed with the crack closure. The resistance of the crack propagation of ultrafine-grained steel was larger than that of conventional steels. The crack closure acted as an important role for the larger resistance of fatigue crack propagation. After fatigue tests, stress distribution near the fatigue crack was measured by monochromatic X-rays from synchrotron radiation. The irradiated area was 100 µm x 100 µm. Residual and loading stress distributions ahead of the crack tip and on the crack wake was measured at the maximum stress intensity factor and zero applied load. The stress was determined by sin2ψ method. The measured stress was compared with the value calculated by FEM and the fatigue crack propagation model. The stress distribution at the maximum load and residual stresses agreed very well with the calculated results. The crack opening stress calculated by the residual stresses agreed with the experimental result.

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33

Mesnard, Frédéric, and Henri Sauvageot. "Climatology of Anomalous Propagation Radar Echoes in a Coastal Area." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 49, no. 11 (November 1, 2010): 2285–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jamc2440.1.

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Abstract Anomalous propagation (AP) of ground-based radar beam results in the detection of ground echoes beyond the horizon. One year of data gathered with an S-band meteorological radar located on the coast in southwest France is used to analyze the spatial distribution of AP ground echoes (APE). The APE distributions of duration and reflectivity in the radar-observed area are found to be strongly related to the main feature of the regional orography and topography up to the farthest distance (250 km) observed by the radar, notably the nature of the surface, the topographic orientation with respect to the radar beam direction, and the altitude. The distribution of APE in the studied area is found to be strongly anisotropic around the radar, with wide differences between land and sea. Rain accumulation equivalent to the APE is, in certain places, of the same order or higher than the real rain depth. The distribution of the ground surfaces, as calculated from a ground numerical model, compares qualitatively well with the APE radar reflectivity distribution.

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34

Shi Yan, Mingde Gao, Baoxin Qi, and Xuelei Jiang. "Blast Wave Propagation and Casualty Distribution Evaluation in the Subway Station Subjected to Internal Blast Loading." SIJ Transactions on Advances in Space Research & Earth Exploration 2, no. 1 (February 7, 2014): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/sijasree/v2i1/0202540402.

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35

Marinescu, Nicolae, and Rudolf Nistor. "Quantum Features of Microwave Propagation in a Rectangular Waveguide." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 45, no. 8 (August 1, 1990): 953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1990-0803.

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AbstractThe formal analogy between the distribution of the electromagnetic field in waveguides and microwave cavities and quantum mechanical probability distributions is put into evidence. A waveguide of a cut-off frequency ωc acts on an electromagnetic wave as a quantum potential barrier Ug = hωc. A non-habitual time independent Schrödinger equation, describing guided wave propagation, is established

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36

Huang, Hong Zhong, Li Du, Qiang Miao, Zong Lai Wang, and Q. Ma. "Fuzzy Method to Determine Probability Distribution Type of Fatigue Crack Data." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2557.

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Since the number of fatigue crack propagation data is related to cost and time and the crack propagation data are generally finite, adopting median rank or average rank as the probability value of a test datum will result in significant error. On the basis of analyzing disadvantages of traditional methods to identify distribution functions, which begin with overall fitting effect, this paper proposed a method by applying numerical simulation and fuzzy linear regression. It can be used to determine the distribution function of crack propagation data. Through fuzzy linear regression, the result that crack propagation size under certain load cycles are in logarithmic normal distribution can be acquired. In the same way, the number of load cycles is also in logarithmic normal distribution when the crack propagates to a certain size.

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Turechek, W. W. "Spatial Distribution of Crown Gall in a Commercial Nursery of Weeping Fig." Plant Health Progress 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2012-1126-01-rs.

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Agrobacterium larrymoorei causes tumors on weeping fig. The association between propagation and pathogen spread in mother trees and daughter branches was studied in a commercial nursery. The mother tree planting was scouted for tumors prior to and after propagation. Branches selected for propagation were tagged to track disease development. The spatial distribution of crown gall in the mother tree planting was characterized with runs, join-count, and spatial autocorrelation analyses. The association of disease in mother trees and daughter branches was characterized with cross-correlation analysis. The incidence of crown gall in the mother tree planting increased from 7% prior to propagation to 32% eight months after propagation. Of the 4193 daughter branches monitored, 3.8% developed tumors. Runs analysis indicated significant clustering of diseased mother trees. Significant cross-correlations between mother trees and daughter branches with symptoms of crown gall were detected out to a distance of two plants from the source. Although pruning shears were routinely soaked in a disinfectant in this nursery, the degree of sterilization achieved apparently was not sufficient to prevent pathogen transmission. This study suggests that alternative sanitation measures should be sought and that infected mother trees and their neighbors should be avoided for propagation. Accepted for publication 5 November 2012. Published 26 November 2012.

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Ahmad-Shariff, A., D. C. Swailes, and A. V. Metcalfe. "Stochastic Crack Propagation in Offshore Structures: The Sensitivity of Component Lifetime to Wave Distribution Models." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 120, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829519.

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Stress variations induced by wave loading can lead to fatigue crack growth in structural components of offshore structures. This paper is concerned with the influence of the form of the statistical distributions for wave height on the damage accumulation and lifetime of a structural component. Damage accumulation is modeled by a stochastic Paris-Erdogan equation in which the increase in crack size is proportional to a power (m) of the range of the stress intensity factor. Analytic expressions for the mean and variance of damage, and approximate mean lifetime, of a component are derived for the case in which m equals 2. It is seen that these depend on both the mean and variance of the stress distribution. The results are compared with those obtained by simulation, and the adequacy of the approximation is demonstrated. Simulation results using Rayleigh and Weibull distributions for wave heights are also given for the case in which m equals 3. It is shown that the Weibull distribution gives a better fit to empirical wave height distributions than does the Rayleigh distribution. Furthermore, when m equals 3, there is a substantial difference between results obtained by fitting Rayleigh and Weibull distributions to wave height data. The former leads to considerable overestimation of lifetimes. It is argued that Weibull distributions are more appropriate in determining lifetimes since the two parameters in the distribution allow more accurate representation of the mean and variance of the stress distribution.

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Sun, Xizhen, Fanbao Meng, Ce Zhang, Xucai Zhan, and He Jiang. "Progressive Failure and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Red Sandstone with Different Geometry Parallel Cracks under Uniaxial Compression Loading." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (March 11, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5569091.

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The geometric distribution of initial damages has a great influence on the strength and progressive failure characteristics of the fractured rock mass. Initial damages of the fractured rock were simplified as parallel cracks in different geometric distributions, and then, the progressive failure and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of specimens under the uniaxial compression loading were analyzed. The red sandstone (brittle materials) specimens with the parallel preexisting cracks by water jet were used in the tests. The energy peak and stress attenuation induced by the energy release of crack initiation were intuitively observed in the test process. Besides, three modes of rock bridge coalescence were obtained, and wing crack was the main crack propagation mode. The wing crack and other cracks were initiated in different loading stages, which were closely related to the energy level of crack initiation. The propagation of wing crack (stable crack) consumed a large amount of energy, and then, the propagation of shear crack, secondary crack, and anti-wing crack (unstable crack) was inhibited. The relationship between the crack propagation mode and the geometric distribution of existing cracks in the specimen was revealed. Meanwhile, the strength characteristic and failure mode of fractured rock with the different geometric distributions of preexisting crack were also investigated. The energy evolution characteristics and crack propagation were also analyzed by numerical modeling (PFC2D).

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Somisetti, Venkata Satya Santhi, and Sri Harshitha Palla. "Efficient Clustering of Water Distribution Network Using Affinity Propagation." Ingénierie des systèmes d information 25, no. 4 (September 20, 2020): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/isi.250414.

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Fascella, G., G. Giardina, P. Maggiore, A. Giovino, and S. Scibetta. "DISTRIBUTION, HABITATS, CHARACTERIZATION AND PROPAGATION OF SICILIAN ROSE SPECIES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1064 (January 2015): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1064.2.

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Ngo, VietCuong, Wenchuan Wu, and Yining Lou. "Revised constraint-propagation method for distribution interval state estimation." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 14, no. 7 (April 14, 2020): 1329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.1679.

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Khalique Junejo, Abdul, Ghullam Mustafa Bhutto, Abdul Sattar Saand, and Muhammad Usman Keerio. "Analysis of Unsymmetrical Voltage Sag Propagation Trough Distribution Transformer." Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 13, no. 5 (September 5, 2016): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.13.2958.

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Wada, Keiji, Hideaki Fujita, and Hirofumi Akagi. "Analysis of Harmonic Propagation in a Power Distribution System." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 120, no. 11 (2000): 1335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.120.1335.

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Hu, Ying, Anthony Kuh, Tao Yang, and Aleksandar Kavcic. "A Belief Propagation Based Power Distribution System State Estimator." IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine 6, no. 3 (August 2011): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mci.2011.941589.

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Stutt, C. A., W. C. Hughes, R. C. Rustay, and J. T. Gajjar. "Experimental verification of distribution feeder PLC propagation model computations." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 9, no. 1 (1994): 519–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.277724.

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Li, Yaoyi, and Hongtao Lu. "Multi-modal constraint propagation via compatible conditional distribution reconstruction." Neurocomputing 426 (February 2021): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2020.09.067.

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Zawieja, D. C., K. L. Davis, R. Schuster, W. M. Hinds, and H. J. Granger. "Distribution, propagation, and coordination of contractile activity in lymphatics." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 264, no. 4 (April 1, 1993): H1283—H1291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.264.4.h1283.

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The propagation and coordination of lymphatic contractions were studied in the mesentery of the rat small intestine using in situ microscopic observation. Indexes of lymphatic diameter were simultaneously measured at two adjacent lymphangions in spontaneously contracting lymphatics (n = 51). Diameter index, contraction frequency, and the percentage of the intersegmental contractions that were propagated and coordinated (PP) were determined at both sites. The conduction velocity of the contractile activity and the percentage of the coordinated contractions that were propagated both antegrade to the direction of lymph flow and retrograde to the flow stream were determined. The results indicate that 1) 80-90% of the lymphatic contractions in the vessels we evaluated were propagated, 2) the wave of contractile activity propagated both centrally and peripherally, and 3) the conduction velocity of the contractile activity was approximately 4-8 mm/s. We tested the hypothesis that gap junctional communication is responsible for the coordination of the contractile event. To accomplish this, we used the gap junction blockers n-heptanol and oleic acid. PP was 90 +/- 4% under normal conditions and fell to a minimum value of 55 +/- 7% during the gap junction blockade. These results indicate that gap junctional communication played an important role in the propagation and coordination of contractions that occurred in spontaneously active lymphatics.

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Lu Kun-Quan, Hou Mei-Ying, Wang Qiang, Jiang Ze-Hui, and Liu Ji-Xing. "Propagation, distribution and detection principle of seismic precursory signals." Acta Physica Sinica 60, no. 11 (2011): 119101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.60.119101.

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Bløtekjær, Kjell. "Strain distribution and optical propagation in tension-coiled fibers." Optics Letters 18, no. 13 (July 1, 1993): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.18.001059.

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