Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pronunciation standard'

The nature of Estuary English is investigated in this paper. The description of phonemic variety of this pronunciation standard is analyzed. The Popularity of the Pronunciation Standard is given.
У статті розглянуто вимовний варіант англійської мови Ест’юарі, подано опис фонемічної варіативності цієї вимовної норм та популярність цього вимовного стандарту. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2749

The pronunciation dictionary is a key resource required during the development of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. In this thesis, we adapt a British English pronunciation dictionary to Standard South African English (SSAE), as a case study in dialect adaptation. Our investigation leads us in three different directions: dictionary verification, phoneme redundancy evaluation and phoneme adaptation. A pronunciation dictionary should be verified for correctness before its implementation in experiments or applications. However, employing a human to verify a full pronunciation dictionary is an indulgent process which cannot always be accommodated. In our dictionary verification research we attempt to reduce the human effort required in the verification of a pronunciation dictionary by implementing automatic and semi-automatic techniques that find and isolate possible erroneous entries in the dictionary. We identify a number of new techniques that are very efficient in identifying errors, and apply them to a public domain British English pronunciation dictionary. Investigating phoneme redundancy involves looking into the possibility that not all phoneme distinctions are required in SSAE, and investigating different methods of analysing these distinctions. The methods that are investigated include both data driven and knowledge based pronunciation suggestions for a pronunciation dictionary used in an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. This investigation facilitates a deeper linguistic insight into the pronunciation of phonemes in SSAE. Finally, we investigate phoneme adaptation by adapting the KIT phoneme between two dialects of English through the implementation of a set of adaptation rules. Adaptation rules are extracted from literature but also formulated through an investigation of the linguistic phenomena in the data. We achieve a 93% predictive accuracy, which is significantly higher than the 71 % achievable through the implementation of previously identified rules. The adaptation of a British pronunciation dictionary to SSAE represents the final step of developing a SSAE pronunciation dictionary, which is the aim of this thesis. In addition, an ASR system utilising the dictionary is developed, achieving an unconstrained phoneme accuracy of 79.7%.
Thesis (M.Ing. (Computer Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (MPhil (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is interested in the relationship between accent and hearers’ perception of the speaker. It investigates the kinds of stereotypes related to phonological features of the speaker’s language. Specifically this thesis focused on the perceptions that high school girls have of their Mathematics teachers who speak English with a non-standard accent. The general aims of the study were to establish whether high school girls perceived non-standard English speaking Mathematics teachers negatively and, if so, whether this perception changed as the girls mature. Twenty-seven Grade 8 learners and 14 Grade 12 learners from a private English-medium school in the Gauteng Province of South Africa participated in this study. The school attracts learners from the affluent socio-economic group, and the majority of the learners are white (76.8%) and first language speakers of English (86%). These participants completed questionnaires using the matched-guise technique (Lambert, Hodgson, Gardner and Fillenbaum 1960) to determine their perceptions of six accents. Five speakers were recorded reading the same Mathematics lesson in English. One reader read the same passage twice, using a so-called Standard South African English accent for one recording and a second language accent of an isiZulu mother tongue speaker for the second recording. The results of this investigation indicate that high school girls are inclined to stereotype teachers according to the teachers’ accents. Some of the characteristics attributed to the non-standard English speaking teachers were positive, but generally learners held a negative perception of such teachers. There was very little change in this perception from Grade 8 to Grade 12. Of particular importance in the National Curriculum Statement for Grades 10 to 12 is that learners emerge from this phase of their schooling being “sensitive to issues of diversity such as poverty, inequality, race, gender, language, age, disability and other factors” (www.sabceducation.co.za/). The school where the research was conducted has addressed diversity in numerous ways in an attempt to prepare the learners for life in multilingual and multicultural South Africa. That the Grade 12 learners in this study, whether first language speakers of English or not, still display accent prejudice suggests that the life skills objectives are not adequately met and that this form of prejudice needs to be addressed in more creative ways.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:: Hierdie studie stel belang in die verhouding tussen aksent en hoorders se waarneming van die spreker. Dit ondersoek die soort stereotipering wat saamhang met die fonologiese eienskappe van die spreker se taal. Hierdie tesis het spesifiek gefokus op die persepsies wat hoërskoolmeisies het van hul Wiskunde-opvoeders wat Engels met ‘n nie-standaard aksent praat. Die algemene doelstellings van die studie was om vas te stel of hoërskoolmeisies hierdie opvoeders negatief beoordeel op grond van hul aksent en, indien wel, of hierdie oordeel minder fel raak met ouerdom. Sewe-en-twintig Graad 8-leerders en 14 Graad 12-leerders aan ‘n privaat- Engels-medium skool in die Gauteng Provinsie van Suid-Afrika het aan die studie deelgeneem. Die skool se leerders kom uit die hoë sosio-ekonomiese groep, en die meerderheid is Wit (76.8%) en eerstetaalsprekers van Engels (86%). Die deelnemers het vraelyste voltooi as deel van sogenaamde “matched guise”- (Lambert, Hodgson, Gardner en Fillenbaum 1960) navorsing om hul persepsies van ses aksente te bepaal. Vyf sprekers is op band opgeneem terwyl hulle dieselfde Wiskunde-les in Engels lees. Een leser het die les twee maal gelees, een maal met ’n sogenaamde Standaard Suid-Afrikaanse Engelse aksent en een maal met ’n tweedetaal aksent tipies van ‘n isiZulu moedertaalspreker. Die resultate van hierdie ondersoek dui daarop dat hoërskoolmeisies geneig is om opvoeders te stereotipeer op grond van die opvoeders se aksent. Party eienskappe wat aan die nie-standaard Engelssprekende opvoeders toegeskryf is, was positief, maar oor die algemeen het leerders ’n negatiewe persepsie van sulke opvoeders gehad. Baie min verandering in hierdie persepsies het van Graad 8 tot Graad 12 plaasgevind. Van besondere belang in die Graad 10 tot 12 Nasionale Kurrikulm is dat leerders aan die einde van hierdie fase ‘n sensitiwiteit sal hê vir kwessies aangaande “diversiteit, soos armoede, ongelykheid, ras, geslag, taal, ouderdom, gestremdheid en ander faktore” (www.sabceducation.co.za/). Die skool waar hierdie navorsing gedoen is, spreek diversiteit op velerlei maniere aan in ’n poging om leerders voor te berei vir lewe in veeltalige en multikulturele Suid-Afrika. Die feit dat Graad 12- leerders in hierdie studie, of hulle eerstetaalsprekers van Engels is al dan nie, steeds aksentvooroordele toon, dui aan dat die doelstellings van lewensvaardigheid onderrig nie voldoende bereik word nie en dat hierdie vorm van vooroordeel op meer kreatiewe maniere aangespreek moet word.

The aim of this paper is to explore the features that combine to make up the distinctive accent of the actor Sir Sean Connery. This study outlines the subject’s basic vowel system and compares it to data collected on the vowel systems of Received Pronunciation (RP) and Scottish Standard English (SSE) from previous research (Stuart-Smith 1999, Hawkins & Midgely 2005, Fisk 2006). Furthermore, this essay examines the degree to which other elements associated with SSE are present in the subject’s accent. These features include the Scottish Vowel Lengthening Rule (SVLR), the presence of dark /l/, rhoticity and T-glottalling. It is hypothesised that the subject speaks a modified variety of SSE yet retains the aforementioned qualities typically associated with SSE.

The speech analysis software programs Wavesurfer (version 1.4.7.) and Praat (version 4.4.33.) were used to analyse sections of sound taken from a speech given by the subject at an awards ceremony. Instrumental analysis of this nature was deemed appropriate in order to establish a high degree of objectivity in this study. Of the wide range of recorded material available the subject’s acceptance speech was judged most suitable for analysis. This is a passage of spontaneous speech as opposed to a movie script, where the subject talks of his background and career.

Having analysed the subject’s accent in this way, certain sociolinguistic implications can be drawn. The results suggest that Sir Sean Connery does indeed speak a variety of SSE however rather surprisingly the subject’s accent appears quite typical of his Edinburgh origins. The vowel system not only identifies the subject as an SSE speaker but also indicates traces of his working-class background e.g., the frontal quality to Connery’s realisation of /u/ and his low /I/ are typical of a working-class SSE speaker. Moreover, the general low quality found in Connery’s basic vowel system can be interpreted as revealing a little of his working-class origins.

Evidence of the other features associated with SSE was also found in the subject’s accent. Durational evidence indicates (albeit tentatively at this stage) that the SVLR operates within his accent while dark /l/ and t-glottalling were also observed.

While it is also apparent that Connery speaks a rhotic variety of English it is the nature and variety of his /r/ production that is most interesting. The subject appears to produce a retroflex realisation of /r/ which affects other consonants in its environment. This /r/ may be indicative of an earlier Irish influence over Connery’s accent.

It should be stated that due to the nature and the limited size of this study, all findings are preliminary and more research is needed into this area before any firm conclusions can be drawn.

Worldwide, mariners use a variety of English as an International Language known as Maritime English regardless of the first language spoken by the crew or port in which they enter. English knowledge and ability is therefore critical to a mariner's livelihood at sea and is also mandated by the International Maritime Organization. The ability to understand and be understood is paramount to safety at sea. This study investigated which accents of English a subset of Chinese mariners found easy or difficult to understand. The data from 39 Chinese mariners who listened to 8 Standard Marine Communications phrases was analyzed. The phrases were spoken in English by native speakers of Japanese, Russian, Chinese, and English. The participants provided verbatim responses followed by their assessment of the speakers' intelligibility and accent. Results indicated that participant position on board the vessel had a statistically significant effect on the intelligibility rating of the phrase heard and the overall understandability assessed of the speaker's accent. Moreover, participants reported that the phrases were deck commands. For deck officers who participated in the study, the phrases were easy to understand, for engineers, they were more difficult. These findings suggest that within the field of Maritime English, further specification of English training is warranted and necessary to provide all mariners with authentic language relevant to their jobs. Initial Maritime English instruction at Maritime Education and Training (MET) institutions must include reading, writing, listening, and speaking which includes the spectrum of scenarios which all cadets may find themselves. Follow-on English classes for mariners beyond the academies or maritime universities must necessarily be situated in the context of the mariner and be flexible enough to adjust to the needs of the mariners. Finally, assessment of the mariner's Maritime English language abilities must also strive to test authentic use of the language as indicated by the position.

This thesis investigates sociolinguistic variation among highly fluent Slovak-English bilingual women and also long-term immigrants residing in Edinburgh, Scotland. The present study adds to existing literature on urban migratory experiences (Block, 2008; Forsberg, Lundell and Bartning, 2015; Howley, 2015), comparing cross-cultural variation of immigrants' speech with their local peers (Drummond, 2010, 2012; Meyerhoff et al., 2009), by exploring linguistic and social constraints on language attitudes and accent acquisition among bilingual Slovak immigrants. Sociolinguistic interview data were obtained from 32 women, ages 22-46: 20 Slovak immigrants, 8 Edinburgh Scottish participants, and 6 bilingual Slovak teachers of English in Slovakia. By considering linguistic and social factors that influence Slovak immigrants' variation, in this thesis I ask not just whether and to what extent do local language communities shape immigrants' identity, but also how their identity affects their language attitudes and pronunciation. The thesis pays particular attention to how implicit and explicit language attitudes combine to establish what Block (2008) called a "multidimensional" identity in immigrants. Further investigation establishes a link between identity and production (Redinger and Llamas, 2014; Podesva et al., 2015) by drawing on the variationist sociolinguistic methodologies set out by Labov (1966, 2001, 2006). Implicit language attitudes were collected via a Verbal Guise Task (VGT), during which participants evaluated speakers of foreign and native English accents (Campbell- Kibler, 2006; McKenzie, 2015; McKenzie and Carrie, 2018). Explicit attitudes were collected via a questionnaire designed to elicit attitudes in a casual setting (Dörnyei and Csizér, 2012). The combination of methodologies revealed that immigrant participants in the study held complex attitudes and motivations in relation to their host country. The results for language attitudes suggested that long-term Slovak immigrants experienced shifts to their identity while residing in Scotland, with most adopting a transnational identity that made them amenable to local language communities while maintaining connections with their home country. Their identity represented a degree of integration with Scottish communities, but transnational immigrants often felt separate from both home and host countries as a result. The present study also explores connection between identity and production which is now well recognised (Kobiałka, 2016; Regan, 2016; Regan and Ni Chasaide, 2010; Bucholtz, 2011). Immigrant participants' pronunciations of FACE and GOAT vowel lexical sets (Wells, 1982) were evaluated in comparison to two language groups that represented different standards of pronunciation: native Scottish participants in Edinburgh, with more monophthongal pronunciations (Schützler, 2015); and English-Slovak bilinguals residing in Trnava, Slovakia, whose vowel productions were highly diphthongal and similar to Received Pronunciation (RP) constructions. Comparative study of pronunciations revealed that the immigrants' FACE and GOAT realisations were relatively more monophthongal than the non-immigrant Slovak group, yet more diphthongal than the native Scottish group - effectively making immigrant Slovaks' mean pronunciations separate and distinct from both native standard varieties. However, the immigrant's pronunciations varied widely, and data modelling revealed associations between key social factors and pronunciation. Settings of high formality, strong European and Slovak identities, and intentions to return to Slovakia were associated with relatively more diphthongal pronunciations. Decreased formality, strong Scottish identities, and lack of formal education before immigration were associated with relatively more monophthongal pronunciations. Key findings in the study reinforce observations of multi-cultural identities in longterm Slovak immigrants. Drawing on work that explores variation in language attitudes (Clark and Schleef, 2010) and production in migratory settings (Meyerhoff and Schleef, 2014), I argue that there is a tendency for immigrants to shape their multi-cultural identities in response to linguistic and social contexts. However, internal contexts such as self-definition were equally important in shaping identities, which in turn affected language attitudes and pronunciation.

The English diction texts by Madeleine Marshall and Kathryn LaBouff are two ofthe most acclaimed manuals on singing in this language. Differences in style between the two have separated proponents to be primarily devoted to one or the other. An in-depth study, comparing the precepts of both authors, and applying their principles, has resulted in an understanding of their common ground, as well as the need for the more comprehensive information, included by LaBouff, on singing in the dialect of American Standard, and changes in current Received Pronunciation, for British works, and Mid-Atlantic dialect, for English language works not specifically North American or British. Chapter 1 introduces Marshall and The Singer’s Manual of English Diction, and LaBouff and Singing and Communicating in English. An overview of selected works from Opera America’s resources exemplifies the need for three dialects in standardized English training. Chapter 2 reviews notational and diction resources, and use of the International Phonetic Association’s alphabet (IPA). Chapter 3 directly compares Marshall and LaBouff’s views of the importance of the unstressed syllable, often schwa [ә] or open I [ɪ], as vital to allowing the audience to understand the flow of the sung text, and contrasts their differences regarding < r >. Chapter 4 discusses observations in applying the tenets with singers, focusing on three arias coached for this dissertation. Chapter 5 states conclusions and opportunities for further research. Figures include materials from the Juilliard School Archives. Appendices include interviews.

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This dissertation is situated in the area of Portuguese Language Description and limited aspects of nasal vowels articulation pre, post and tonic in Brazilian Portuguese. There has been concern in the quantitative and qualitative description of the standardized pronunciation, by TV Globo, the nasal vowels of Brazilian Portuguese. The aim of this work is to contribute to studies of identity of a standard pronunciation of Brazilian Portuguese, in order to provide the "desestrangeiração" students, speakers of other languages who are learning Brazilian Portuguese. It has specific goals for: 1 - The qualitative and quantitative description of the pronunciation of nasal vowels pre-stress; 2 - The qualitative and quantitative description of the pronunciation of nasal vowels post-tonic; 3 - The qualitative and quantitative description of the pronunciation of nasal vowels tonic; The procedure of analysis was descriptive and explanatory materials being collected in the database of pronunciation stander, file this one from Prof. Dr. Regina Celia Pagliuchi da Silveira. The results enabled the formulation of rules for the pronunciation of Brazilian Portuguese idiom: 1-The pre-stress nasal vowels are articulated following the control of the letter; 2-The vowels post-tonic is made by nasal vowel or the vowel reduction or desnasalação; 3-Vowels tonic is made by nasal vowels monotongações or ditongações, depending on the number of syllables in the word, The 4-ditongações preferably are increasing; We conclude that there is a standardized pronunciation for the nasal vowels of Brazilian Portuguese and this is controlled by phonological rules, phonetic and morfofonológicas
Esta dissertação situa-se na área da Descrição de Língua Portuguesa e delimitada aspectos articulatórios das vogais nasais pré, pós e tônicas do português brasileiro. Tem-se por tema, a descrição quantitativa e qualitativa da pronúncia standardizada, pela TV Globo, das vogais nasais do português brasileiro. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é contribuir com os estudos identitários de uma pronúncia standar do português brasileiro, a fim de propiciar a desestrangeiração de alunos, falantes de outras línguas que estão aprendendo o português brasileiro. Tem-se por objetivos específicos: 1- A descrição qualitativa e quantitativa da pronúncia das vogais nasais prétônicas; 2- A descrição qualitativa e quantitativa da pronúncia das vogais nasais pós tônicas; 3- A descrição qualitativa e quantitativa da pronúncia das vogais nasais tônicas; O procedimento de análise foi descritivo e explicativo, sendo os materiais coletados no banco de dados da pronúncia standar, arquivo este da Profª Drª Regina Célia Pagliuchi da Silveira. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram a formulação de regras para a pronúncia idiomática do português brasileiro: 1-As vogais pré-tônicas nasais são articuladas seguindo o controle da letra; 2-As vogais pós-tônicas são realizadas pela vogal nasal ou pela redução vocálica ou desnasalação; 3-As vogais tônicas são realizadas por vogais nasais monotongações ou ditongações, dependendo do nº de sílabas da palavra; 4-As ditongações preferencialmente são crescentes; Conclui-se que há uma pronúncia standardizada para as vogais nasais do português brasileiro e esta é controlada por regras fonológicas, fonéticas e morfofonológicas

This thesis aims to explore an aspect of the history of vernacular speech through analysis of some eighteenth century verse texts. These satirical anti-Jesuit pamphlets by Nicolas Jouin, known as the 'Sarcelades', were collected posthumously in 'Le Vrai Recueil des Sarcelles' of 1764. The texts purport to be in the patois of the peasants of Sarcelles and show features which may be paralleled in the vernacular speech of Paris and elsewhere, and even correspond with features of contemporary colloquial French. The study may appeal to French historical sociolinguists interested in reconstructing spoken language of the past, and particularly in the history of vernacular speech of Paris since the Middle Ages through to the eighteenth century, in the context of the development of urban dialects. In order to set the scene for a linguistic description of Jouin’s work the limited biographical information available was collated. Then a period of bibliographical research led to acquisition of copies of the texts which were to be studied in order to identify and examine their non-standard linguistic features. Firstly the process of growth of urban dialects was discussed, and then the development of the Paris vernacular in particular. Then attention was turned to direct written evidence in the form of commentary and to a number of texts from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries containing features of the Paris vernacular. These had already been analysed by certain historical linguists, although the texts in the 'Sarcelades' had hitherto only been briefly mentioned. However, here they are considered to be of sufficient interest to be examined more closely, although it had to be established whether Jouin’s texts containing a selection of non-standard features could be regarded as an accurate depiction of the Paris vernacular at the period. The non-standard phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features in the texts were therefore compared with findings in other texts by previous commentators. Following these analyses it was noted to what extent the relative frequency of the variables correlates with the salience of certain features in popular speech in Paris at the period, as already observed in other texts by previous commentators, and it was concluded that in general established characteristics of the 'patois de Paris' at the period are to be found in the 'Sarcelades', even though there do remain certain features which do not appear to be generally attested elsewhere. Nevertheless, despite reservations concerning the authenticity of some of the non-standard features employed by Jouin, by bringing attention to this little-known series of texts this study may help to claim a place for the Sarcelades amongst the corpus of texts which reflect aspects of the lower-class sociolect, the 'patois de Paris', at the period.

This study is a descriptive analysis of the occurrence of the sociolinguistic variables of pronunciation associated with all forms of ‘there’ and Non-Standard There-tag (NST-tag) in Bathurst English. Participants were interviewed and the occurrences of ‘there’ were obtained through the use of sociolinguistic interviews with 15 speakers. The incidences of ‘there’ were sorted based on grammatical category and pronunciation and were subsequently analyzed based on age and gender. The results indicate that older speakers use non-standard pronunciations of ‘there’ more than younger speakers and they also use NST-tag more than younger speakers. Younger speakers mostly use standard pronunciations of ‘there’ and use NST-tag very little. This may indicate age and gender grading or a change in progress in that vernacular is giving way to more standard speech in this community.

The thesis investigates speech sound characteristics of three different television talk show hosts. Using the experimental analysis it tries to inspect all their typical attributes, especially the suprasegmental features of their speeches. The selected television hosts are both from public and commercial television stations. The first part of the theoretical section introduces the talk show television programming genre and specifies its broadcasting share among the observed television channels, next the diversity of Czech talk shows is introduced together with the individual hosts whose utterances will be analyzed, also the role of communication in mass media as well as the host journalist figure is presented, and the features of publicly spoken speeches are described. Within the part devoted to languages and speeches the linguistic discipline of phonetics is introduced followed by the individual continuous speech sound properties and their specific attributes. The practical section researches performance of the particular hosts and it specifically tries to deal with their sound aspects in order to evaluate whether some typical attributes can be found (primarily within the areas of intonation, pauzation and tempo). Further it observes whether some same sound attributes are shared among the talk...

The current diploma thesis examines Czech listeners' perception of various accents of English from the points of view of comprehensibility, pleasantness, socioeconomic status, and model suitability. The main aim of the study is to contribute to the discussion on how accent variation within the Anglophone world is perceived by non-native speakers, and what aspects influence their evaluations of the accents. The theoretical part of the thesis defines several terms related to the domain, describes selected pronunciation varieties of English, and summarizes research which has focused on native accents of English in the perception of non-native speakers. The research part of the thesis consists of a study, in which 39 Czech students from two types of schools evaluated six accents of English and provided information about their experience with English and Anglophone cultures. The results showed that standard varieties are favoured by the students in all four respects, but also that students' evaluations, especially for pleasantness, may be affected by their relations to the Anglophone world. Key words: Native Accent, Regional Variation, L2 learner, Comprehensibility, Socioeconomic Status, Pronunciation Model, Standard

Rozprawa odnosi się przede wszystkim do zaburzeń artykulacji, które, podobnie jak wszystkie inne nieprawidłowości, ograniczają człowieka. Wady wymowy stanowią bowiem poważny problem już we wczesnych latach życia, gdy dziecko bywa wyśmiewane ze względu na swoje problemy, a także w okresach późniejszych, stanowiąc przeszkodę w pełnieniu obowiązków lektora, aktora, prawnika czy nauczyciela. Wadliwa artykulacja, wbrew powszechnej opinii, nie jest najprostszym zaburzeniem mowy, z jakim mierzy się logopeda. Doświadczenia praktyków pokazują jednoznacznie, że terapia wskazanych tu nieprawidłowości w niektórych przypadkach jest bardzo trudna i rozciągnięta w czasie, dlatego istnieje tak wielka potrzeba stworzenia nowego podręcznika na temat kształtowania i automatyzacji głosek języka polskiego, którego wyraźnie brakuje po opublikowanym w 1967 roku „Jak usuwać seplenienie i inne wady wymowy” D. Antos, G. Demel i I. Styczek. Pierwsze rozdziały rozprawy doktorskiej, stanowiące część teoretyczną, zawierają rozważania na temat systemu fonologicznego języka polskiego, normy wymawianiowej, zaburzeń artykulacji, właściwości mowy dziecięcej oraz metody i techniki pracy z dziećmi z dyslalią.W drugiej części pracy, w której zamieszczono opis badań własnych, omówione zostały zagadnienia metodologiczne przeprowadzonego eksperymentu, tj. cele i przedmiot badań, założenia terminologiczne oraz podstawy ujęcia statystycznego wyników. W kolejnych rozdziałach przedstawiono analizę wyników badań na temat dziecięcego poczucia poprawności językowej, wyniki badań eksperymentalnych, metodykę postępowania logopedycznego w poszczególnych grupach badawczych oraz propozycję artykulacyjnego minimum sprawnościowego. Głównym zagadnieniem poruszonym w pracy jest metodyka wywoływania i utrwalania głosek w terapii dzieci z dyslalią obwodową. Poddane eksperymentowi techniki terapeutyczne zostały podzielone na potrzeby przeprowadzonego badania na dwie grupy metod, nazywanych tu ingerującymi i nieingerującymi. Głównym kryterium takiego podziału była stymulacja dotykowa pacjenta lub jej brak. Celem teoretycznym przeprowadzonego eksperymentu było poznanie wpływu metod ingerujących (zakładających kontakt dotykowy logopedy z pacjentem) i nieingerujących (bez kontaktu dotykowego) na poprawę umiejętności artykulacyjnych dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym. Badania miały również odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy dostarczenie większej ilości bodźców zmysłowych (dotykowych, czuciowych) wpływa na skuteczność prowadzonej terapii wad wymowy. Praktyczne wnioski płynące z badań wiążą się z dostarczeniem niezbędnej wiedzy na temat właściwego wykorzystywania określonych metod i technik terapeutycznych w procesie wywołania normatywnych głosek języka polskiego. Eksperyment miał zatem odpowiedzieć na pytanie, jakie działania powinien podjąć terapeuta, by proces poprawy artykulacji był szybszy i efektywniejszy. Przedstawione wyniki ogólne potwierdzają zasadność postawionej na początku pracy tezy o wyższej skuteczności terapii wad wymowy dzięki wykorzystaniu metod i technik ingerujących. Zaprezentowane w pracy próby warg i języka stanowią podstawę artykulacyjnego minimum sprawnościowego, w obrębie którego znajdują się także ćwiczenia ukierunkowane tylko i wyłącznie na terapię określonej głoski lub grupy głosek. Za podstawę uzyskania dźwięku uznawano zatem pełen zasób prób warg i języka oraz określone ruchy dedykowane prowadzonej korekcji mowy.Badania miały za zadanie wykazać, że umiejętnie stosowane metody ingerujące są skutecznym sposobem na przyspieszenie i uatrakcyjnienie terapii. Dzięki powstającym ciągle pomocom logopedycznym, opartym na wnikliwej analizie ich skuteczności, możliwe jest stosowanie metod zgodnych z zasadami sensomotoryki człowieka, które dążą do celu ostatecznego – poprawy funkcjonowania pacjenta w społeczeństwie.
The work primarily refers to disorders of articulation, which, like all other abnormalities, restrain a human being. Speech defects constitute a serious problem already in the early years of life, when a child is sometimes ridiculed because of its problems, and also in later periods, obstructing the performance of duties of a reader, an actor, a lawyer or a teacher.Defective articulation, contrary to popular belief, is not the easiest speech disorder, faced by a speech therapist. Practitioners' experience clearly demonstrate that therapy of the abnormalities indicated here, in some cases, turns out to be very difficult and stretched in time, which is why there is so great a need for a new manual on shaping and automation of the sounds in the Polish language, which is clearly missing after "How to remove lisp and other speech defects" by D. Antos, G. Demel and I. Styczek, the published in 1967.The first chapters, constituting the theoretical part, contain considerations on the Polish phonological system, standards of pronunciation, articulation disorders, properties of children's speech, and methods of dealing with peripheral dyslalia. The next section discusses the methodological issues of the experiment conducted, i.e. the objectives and the target of the research, the terminology assumptions and the basics of statistical presentation of results. The third and fourth chapters present detailed findings of the research and the minimum articulation skill.A description of the results of the experiment was divided into three main parts: the detailed results, the aggregate results of all the research groups and the methodology of logopedic conduct during the therapy of individual speech defects. The above sequence of discussion is justified primarily by the fact that differences in the higher efficacy of interfering methods over the non-interfering ones grow in direct proportion to the increase in the level of generalization of results, i.e. the greater the data range, the higher the statistical significance confirming the thesis formulated in this dissertation.The main focus of the work is the methodology of developing and saving sounds in the treatment of children with peripheral dyslalia. The therapeutic techniques subjected to the experiment were divided for the purpose of the research conducted into two groups of methods, referred to as interfering and non-interfering here. The main criterion for such a division was the patient's tactile stimulation or its lack.The theoretical aim of the conducted experiment was the exploration of the impact of the interfering and non-interfering methods on the correction of articulation skills in preschool children. The research was also supposed to answer the question of whether providing more sensory stimuli (tactile, sensory) affects the effectiveness of the therapy of speech defects.The practical conclusions from the research are associated with delivering the necessary knowledge about the proper use of specific methods and therapeutic techniques in the process of calling normative Polish language sounds. The experiment was therefore to answer the question of what action should be taken by a therapist to make the process of articulation improvement more efficient and more effective.Exercises to lips and tongue presented in this work, form the basis of minimum articulation skills, within which there are also exercises targeted exclusively to the treatment of specific sound or group of sounds. A full resource of lips and tongue trials and specific movements dedicated to the conducted speech correction is therefore considered as the basis for obtaining a sound.